References

ABA Coding Coalition. (n.d.). Billing codes. https://abacodes.org/codes/

____. (2022). Model coverage policy for adaptive behavior services. https://abacodes.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Model-Coverage-Policy-for-ABA-01.25.2022.pdf

Aldous, C., Dancis, B. M., Dancis, J., & Oldfield, P. R. (2024). Wheel replacing pyramid: Better paradigm representing totality of evidence-based medicine. Annals of Global Health, 90(1). https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4341

Allen, L. L., Mellon, L. S., Syed, N., Johnson, J. F., & Bernal, A. J. (2024). Neurodiversity-affirming applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-024-00918-0

Aman, M. G., McDougle, C. J., Scahill, L., Handen, B., Arnold, L. E., Johnson, C., Stigler, K. A., Bearss, K., Butter, E., Swiezy, N. B., Sukhodolsky, D. D., Ramadan, Y., Pozdol, S. L., Nikolov, R., Lecavalier, L., Kohn, A. E., Koenig, K., Hollway, J. A., Korzekwa, P., . . . Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Autism Network. (2009). Medication and parent training in children with pervasive developmental disorders and serious behavior problems: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(12), 1143–1154. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181bfd669

Amanat, M., Salehi, M., Lotfi, A., Ahmad, A., & Gunturu, S. (2024). Characteristics and comorbidities of autism spectrum disorder as predictors of severity: A national survey in the United States (P1-8.006). Neurology, 102(17 Suppl 1), 3811. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000205395

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. (2025). Adaptive behavior. https://www.aaidd.org/intellectual-disability/definition/adaptive-behavior

American Medical Association. (2018). Coding update: Reporting adaptive behavior assessment and treatment services in 2019. CPT® Assistant, 28(11), 3–6. https://ababcc.abainternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/CPT-Assistant.pdf

____. (2023). Medical review: Definitions of “screening” and “medical necessity” (H-320.953). https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/H-320.953?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-0-2625.xml

American Occupational Therapy Association. (2025). What is occupational therapy? https://www.aota.org/about/what-is-ot

American Psychiatric Association (APA). (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.).

____. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).

____. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

Anderson, C., Law, J. K., Daniels, A., Rice, C., Mandell, D. S., Hagopian, L., & Law, P. A. (2012). Occurrence and family impact of elopement in children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 130(5), 870–877. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0762

Anderson, C. M., Iovannone, R., Smith, T., Levato, L., Martin, R., Cavanaugh, B., Hochheimer, S., Wang, H., & Iadarola, S. (2021). Thinking small to think big: Modular approach for autism programming in schools (MAAPS). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(1), 193–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04532-1

Anderson, L. K. (2023). Autistic experiences of applied behavior analysis. Autism, 27(3), 737–750. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221118216

Arnold-Saritepe, A. M., Phillips, K. J., Taylor, S. A., Gomes-Ng, S., Lo, M., & Daly, S. (2023). Generalization and maintenance. In J. L. Matson (Ed.), Handbook of applied behavior analysis for children with autism (pp. 415–433). Autism and Child Psychopathology Series. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27587-6_21

Asbury, K., Fox, L., Deniz, E., Code, A., & Toseeb, U. (2021). How is COVID-19 affecting the mental health of children with special educational needs and disabilities and their families? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51, 1772–1780. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04577-2

Asperger, H. (1944). The “autistic psychopaths” in childhood. Archives of Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases, 117(1), 76–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01837709

Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs. (2018). Family navigation implementation strategies: Improving systems of care. https://amchp.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Final-issue-brief_3.12.pdf

Augustsson, H., von Thiele Schwarz, U., Stenfors-Hayes, T., & Hasson, H. (2015). Investigating variations in implementation fidelity of an organizational-Level occupational health intervention. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-014-9420-8

Autistic Self-Advocacy Network. (n.d.). For whose benefit? Evidence, ethics and effectiveness of autism interventions [White paper]. https://autisticadvocacy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ACWP-Ethics-of-Intervention.pdf

Autism Services Demonstration Project for TRICARE Beneficiaries Under the Extended Care Health Option Program, 72 F.R. 68130 (2007). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2007/12/04/E7-23477/autism-services-demonstration-project-for-tricare-beneficiaries-under-the-extended-care-health

Autism Services Demonstration Project for TRICARE Beneficiaries Under the Extended Care Health Option Program Extension, 75 F.R. 8927 (2010). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2010/02/26/2010-3990/autism-services-demonstration-project-for-tricare-beneficiaries-under-the-extended-care-health

Autism Speaks. (n.d.a). Applied behavior analysis (ABA). https://www.autismspeaks.org/applied-behavior-analysis

____. (n.d.b). ASD levels of severity. https://www.autismspeaks.org/levels-of-autism

____. (n.d.c). Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). https://www.autismspeaks.org/childrens-health-insurance-program

____. (2020a). Autism Speaks applauds Department of Veterans Affairs for including vital autism care in insurance coverage for families of disabled veterans. https://www.autismspeaks.org/advocacy-news/va-disability-autism

____. (2020b). State regulated health benefit plans. https://www.autismspeaks.org/state-regulated-health-benefit-plans

____. (2022a). Marketplace health insurance. https://www.autismspeaks.org/marketplace-health-insurance

____. (2022b). Medicaid EPSDT. https://www.autismspeaks.org/medicaid-epsdt

____. (2022c). Self-funded health benefit plans. https://www.autismspeaks.org/self-funded-health-benefit-plans

Aydin, O. (2024). Rise of single-case experimental designs: A historical overview of the necessity of single-case methodology. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 34(3), 301–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2023.2181191

Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M., & Risley, T. R. (1968). Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 1(1), 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91

____. (2012). Guidelines: Health plan coverage of applied behavior analysis treatment for autism spectrum disorder. Behavior Analyst Certification Board, Inc.

Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB). (n.d.). U.S. licensure of behavior analysts. https://www.bacb.com/u-s-licensure-of-behavior-analysts/

____. (2014). Applied behavior analysis treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Practice guidelines for healthcare funders and managers. Behavior Analyst Certification Board, Inc.

____. (2020). Ethics code for behavior analysts. https://bacb.com/wp-content/ethics-code-for-behavior-analysts/

____. (2021). RBT ethics code (2.0). https://www.bacb.com/wp-content/rbt-ethics-code

____. (2025). Board certified assistant behavior analyst handbook. https://www.bacb.com/bcaba-handbook

Belbasis, L., Bellou, V., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2022). Conducting umbrella reviews. BMJ Medicine, 1(1), e000071. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjmed-2021-000071

Bellomo, T.R., Prasad, S., Munzer, T., Laventhal, N. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 13(3), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.3233/PRM-200740"10.3233/PRM-200740

Berge v. United States, 879 F. Supp. 2d 98 (D.D.C. 2012). https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2010cv00373/141042/134/

Bienia, K. (2021, September 23). What’s new in TRICARE’S Autism Care Demonstration [Webinar]. https://newsroom.tricare.mil/Portals/154/TRICARE_Webinar_September_2021_Autism_Care_Demonstration_508.pdf?ver=hPr1tPWknM0xh-SZTCrVaw%3D%3D&timestamp=1680835552000

____. (2023a). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Independent analysis of DoD’s autism care demonstration introductions [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC.

____. (2023b). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: Independent analysis of DoD’s autism care demonstration: Meeting #2 [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41094_11-2023_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-meeting-1

Bisgaier, J., & Rhodes, K. V. (2011). Auditing access to specialty care for children with public insurance. New England Journal of Medicine, 364(24), 2324–2333. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1013285

Bishop, S. L., & Lord, C. (2023). Commentary: Best practices and processes for assessment of autism spectrum disorder — the intended role of standardized diagnostic instruments. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 64(5), 834–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13802

Black, B. (2023, July 12). Two in five Americans report unreasonable health care wait times. American Association of Nurse Practioners News. https://www.aanp.org/news-feed/two-in-five-americans-report-unreasonable-health-care-wait-times

Blanchard, A., Chihuri, S., DiGuiseppi, C. G., & Li, G. (2021). Risk of self-harm in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 4(10), e2130272. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30272

Boyd, B. A., Stahmer, A. C., Odom, S. L., Wallisch, A., & Matheis, M. (2022). It’s time to close the research to practice gap in autism: The need for implementation science. Autism, 26(3), 569–574. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211064422

Brondino, N., Fusar-Poli, L., Rocchetti, M., Provenzani, U., Barale, F., & Politi, P. (2015). Complementary and alternative therapies for autism spectrum disorder. EvidenceBased Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2015(1), 258589. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/258589

Brookman-Frazee, L., Lau, A. S., Roesch, S. C., Jobin, A., Chlebowski, C., Mello, M., Caplan, B., Naar, S., Aarons, G. A., & Stahmer, A. C. (2025). Effectiveness of multilevel implementation strategies for autism interventions: Outcomes of two linked implementation trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, S0890-8567(25)000048. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2025.01.003

Brown, T. W., McLellan, S. E., Scott, J. A., Mann, M. Y. (2022). Introducing the blueprint for change: A national framework for a system of services for children and youth with special health care needs. Pediatrics, 149(Suppl 7). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-056150B

Cabiao, K. (2024). TRICARE’s Autism Care Demonstration (ACD) program & the potential barriers to enrollment [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41985_04-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-virtual-information-gathering-session-3

Carr, J. E., & Nosik, M. R. (2017). Professional credentialing of practicing behavior analysts. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4(1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732216685861

Cartwright, N. (2007). Are RCTs the gold standard? BioSocieties, 2(1), 11–20.

Casarini, F., Du, L., & Galanti, E. (2024). Low-intensity ABA intervention for young children with ASD in Italy. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 25(2), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2024.2417494

Case-Smith, J., & Arbesman, M. (2008). Evidence-based review of interventions for autism in or of relevance to occupational therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 416–429. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.62.4.416

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). Incidence. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/sources-definitions/incidence.htm

____. (2023a). Autism data visualization tool. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data/index.html

____. (2023b). Data & statistics on autism spectrum disorder. Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) network. https://www.cdc.gov/autism/data-research/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html

Chapman, R. (2021). Neurodiversity and the social ecology of mental functions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1360–1372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620959833

Cheng, W. M., Smith, T. B., Butler, M., Taylor, T. M., & Clayton, D. (2023). Effects of parent-implemented interventions on outcomes of children with autism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(11), 4147–4163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-022-05688-8

Chikezie-Darron, O., Sakai, J., & Tolson, D. (2025). Analysis of disparities in diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in the Military Health System pediatrics population. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06703-w

Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative. (n.d.). 2021-2022 National Survey of Children’s Health data query. Data Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health supported by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Bureau. https://www.childhealthdata.org/browse/survey/results?q=10476&r=1&g=1125

Cohen, H., Amerine-Dickens, M., & Smith, T. (2006). Early intensive behavioral treatment: Replication of the UCLA model in a community setting. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(2), S145–S155. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200604002-00013

Cohen, I. L. (2019). Analysis of data & conclusions presented to Congress in the Department of Defense reports on the Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration [Presentation]. Presentation prepared for congressional staff at request of National Coalition for Access to Autism Services.

____. (2020). Technical report to the National Coalition for Access to Autism Services (NCAAS): Department of Defense reports to the Congress regarding the Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration (ACD) projects. Use and analyses of the PDD Behavior Inventory (PDDBI).

____. (2024). The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine presentation [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41338_01-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-meeting-2

Cohen, J. (1988). The effect size. In Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (pp. 77–83). Routledge.

Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration, 79 Fed. Reg. 34291 (2014). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2014/06/16/2014-14023/comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration

Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Amendment, 80 Fed. Reg. 30664 (2015). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/05/29/2015-13001/comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-amendment

Contreras, B. P., Hoffmann, A. N., & Slocum, T. A. (2021). Ethical behavior analysis: Evidence-based practice as a framework for ethical decision making. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-021-00658-5

Coo, H., Ouellette-Kuntz, H., Lloyd, J. E., Kasmara, L., Holden, J. J., & Lewis, M. E. (2008). Trends in autism prevalence: Diagnostic substitution revisited. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(6), 1036–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-007-0478-x

Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Pearson.

Cooper, K., Loades, M. E., & Russell, A. J. (2018). Adapting psychological therapies for autism - therapist experience, skills and confidence. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 45, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2017.11.002

Council of Autism Service Providers (CASP). (2014). Applied behavior analysis treatment of autism spectrum disorders: Practice guidelines for healthcare funders and managers (2nd ed.). https://bhcoe.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ABA-Practice-Guidelines-for-Funders-and-Managers.pdf

____. (2024). Applied behavior analysis practice guidelines for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder: Guidance for healthcare funders, regulatory bodies, service providers, and consumers (3rd ed.). https://www.casproviders.org/asd-guidelines

Cox, D. J. (2025). Ethical behavior analysis in the age of artificial intelligence (AI): The importance of understanding model building while formal AI literacy curricula are developed. Perspectives on Behavioral Science 48, 621–631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-025-00459-z

Cramm, H., Smith, G., Samdup, D., Williams, A., & Rühland, L. (2019). Navigating health care systems for military-connected children with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative study of military families experiencing mandatory relocation. Paediatrics & Child Health, 24(7), 478–484. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy179

Defense Health Agency (DHA). (2013). About DHA. https://web.archive.org/web/20131213001347/http://www.tricare.mil/tma/AboutDHA.aspx

____. (2021a). Autism Care Demonstration – Policy changes. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Publications/2022/04/26/Autism-QandA-set-2

____. (2021b). Autism Care Demonstration program changes: An overview of what TRICARE beneficiaries need to know [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tvePIBWc0Ms

____. (2021c). TRICARE Autism Care Demonstration [Fact sheet]. https://tricare.mil/Publications/Fact-Sheets/autism

____. (2023a). Department of Defense (DoD) Chapter 18, Section 4 (Change 131, Dec 14, 2023). In TRICARE operations manual 6010.59-M, April 1, 2015. Demonstrations and pilot projects (except value-based initiatives). https://manuals.health.mil/pages/DisplayManualHtmlFile/2023-12-14/AsOf/TO15/C18S4.html

____. (2023b). Chapter 9, Section 3.1 (Change 116, August 21, 2023). In TRICARE policy manual 6010.60-M, April 1, 2015. Extended Care Health Option. https://manuals.health.mil/pages/DisplayManualHtmlFile/2024-09-20/AsOf/TP15/C9S3_1.html

____. (2025). TRICARE Autism Care Demonstration [Fact sheet]. https://tricare.mil/Publications/Fact-Sheets/autism

Dekker, M. C., Koot, H. M., Ende, J. V. D., & Verhulst, F. C. (2002). Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(8), 1087–1098. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00235

Dempsey, I., & Keen, D. (2008). A review of processes and outcomes in family-centered services for children with a disability. Topics in Early Childhood Special Education, 28(1), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271121408316699

Den Houting, J. (2019). Neurodiversity: An insider’s perspective. Autism, 23(2), 271–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318820762

Department of Defense (DoD). (2012a). DoD instruction 1342.22: Military family readiness. http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodi/134222p.pdf

____. (2012b). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: The Department of Defense Enhanced Access to Autism Services Demonstration. July 2012 semiannual report to Congress. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2012/10/25/Enhanced-Access-to-Autism-Services-Demonstration

____. (2013a). Department of Defense directive. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/513613p.pdf

____. (2013b). Implementation of Military Health System governance reform [Memorandum for Secretaries of the Military Departments]. https://www.health.mil/Reference-Center/Policies/2013/03/11/Implementation-of-Military-Health-System-Governance-Reform

____. (2016). Report to the Senate Armed Services Committee: The Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. First Annual Report FY 2016. https://www.health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2016/05/11/Annual-Report-on-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2017a). 2017 Demographics: Profile of the military community. http://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/Reports/2017-demographics-report.pdf

____. (2017b). Report to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate: The Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Second Annual Report FY 2017. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2017/08/16/Annual-Report-on-the-Autism-Care-Demonstration

____. (2018a). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives: The Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Third Annual Report based on FY 2017 claims data. https://iacc.hhs.gov/meetings/iacc-meetings/2019/full-committee-meeting/january16/autism_care_demo.pdf

____. (2018b). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Second Quarter, Fiscal Year 2018. https://www.health.mil/Reference-Center/Congressional-Testimonies/2018/10/09/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2019a). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives: The Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Fourth Annual Report FY 2018. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2019/06/10/Annual-Report-on-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2019b). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Third Quarter, Fiscal Year 2018. https://www.health.mil/Reference-Center/Congressional-Testimonies/2019/01/07/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2019c). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Fourth Quarter, Fiscal Year 2018. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Congressional-Testimonies/2019/05/08/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2019d). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. First Quarter, Fiscal Year 2019. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Congressional-Testimonies/2019/07/30/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2019e). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Second Quarter, Fiscal Year 2019. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Congressional-Testimonies/2019/10/25/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2020a). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives: The Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Fifth Annual Report, FY 2019. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Congressional-Testimonies/2020/06/25/Annual-Report-on-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2020b). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Third Quarter, Fiscal Year 2019. https://www.health.mil/Reference-Center/Congressional-Testimonies/2020/02/21/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program-FY-2020

____. (2020c). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Fourth Quarter, Fiscal Year 2019. https://www.health.mil/Reference-Center/Congressional-Testimonies/2020/06/12/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2020d). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. First Quarter, Fiscal Year 2020. https://www.health.mil/Reference-Center/Congressional-Testimonies/2020/09/14/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2020e). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Second Quarter, Fiscal Year 2020.

____. (2021a). Extended Care Health Option [Fact sheet]. https://www.tricare.mil/Publications/Fact-Sheets/echo

____. (2021b). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives: The Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Sixth Annual Report based on FY 2020 claims data. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2021/12/03/Annual-Report-on-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program-for-FY-21

____. (2021c). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Third Quarter, Fiscal Year 2020 [Provided to the committee by DHA].

____. (2022a). 2022 demographics profile of the military community. https://www.militaryone-source.mil/data-research-and-statistics/military-community-demographics/archive/

____. (2022b). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Fourth Quarter, Fiscal Year 2021. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2022/08/18/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2022c). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Fourth Quarter, Fiscal Year 2020. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2022/02/17/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2022d). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: Department of Defense Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Quarterly Report to Congress. Third Quarter, Fiscal Year 2021. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2022/07/18/3rd-quarter-for-FY-2021-TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program

____. (2023a). DoD instruction 1315.19: Exceptional Family Member Program. https://www.esd.whs.mil/portals/54/documents/dd/issuances/dodi/131519p.pdf

____. (2023b). Report to the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives: Parent Stress Index analysis. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2023/12/19/Parent-Stress-ndex

____. (2023c). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives: Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Seventh Annual Report, FY 2021. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2024/01/08/Annual-Report-on-Autism-Care-Demonstration

____. (2023d). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives: TRICARE Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. Third Quarter, Fiscal Year 2022. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2023/07/17/TRICARE-Comprehensive-Autism-Care-Demonstration-Program-FY22-Q3

____. (2024a). Report to the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives: Report on affects to beneficiaries from the change in policy regarding reimbursement for providers of applied behavior analysis in schools and community settings. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2024/09/04/ABA-Provider-Reimbursement-Report

_____. (2024b). Report to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives: Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. Eighth Annual Report, FY 2022. https://health.mil/Reference-Center/Reports/2024/01/08/Annual-Report-on-Autism-Care-Demonstration

Di Pietrantonj, C., Rivetti, A., Marchione, P., Debalini, M. G., & Demicheli, V. (2020). Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4(4), CD004407. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4

DiGuiseppi, C., Rosenberg, S. A., Tomcho, M. A., Colborn, K., Hightshoe, K., Gutiérrez-Raghunath, S., Cordova, J. M., Dooling-Litfin, J. K., & Rosenberg, C. R. (2021). Family navigation to increase evaluation for autism spectrum disorder in toddlers: Screening and linkage to services for autism pragmatic randomized trial. Autism, 25(4), 946–957. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320974175

Downey, R., & Rapport, M. J. (2012). Motor activity in children with autism: A review of current literature. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 24(1), 2–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0b013e31823db95f

Dubuque, E. (2024, January 11). Applied behavior analysis (ABA) industry standard. [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41338_01-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-meeting-2

Dwyer, P. (2022). The neurodiversity approach(es): What are they and what do they mean for researchers? Human Development, 66(2), 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1159/000523723

Eccles, M. P., & Mittman, B. S. (2006). Welcome to implementation science. Implementation Science, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-1-1

Eckes, T., Buhlmann, U., Holling, H. D., & Möllmann, A. (2023). Comprehensive ABA-based interventions in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder–a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04412-1

Ehrhart, M. G., & Raver, J. L. (2014). The effects of organizational climate and culture on productive and counterproductive behavior. In B. Schneider & K. M. Barbera (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of organizational climate and culture (pp. 153–176). Oxford University Press.

Eldevik, S., Eikeseth, S., Jahr, E., & Smith, T. (2006). Effects of low-intensity behavioral treatment for children with autism and mental retardation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 211–224.

Eldevik, S., Hastings, R. P., Hughes, J. C., Jahr, E., Eikeseth, S., & Cross, S. (2009). Meta-analysis of early intensive behavioral intervention for children with autism. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(3), 439–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410902851739

Eldevik, S., Hastings, R. P., Jahr, E., & Hughes, J. C. (2012). Outcomes of behavioral intervention for children with autism in mainstream pre-school settings. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(2), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1234-9

Eldevik, S., Titlestad, K. B., Aarlie, H., & Tønnesen, R. (2019). Community implementation of early behavioral intervention: Higher intensity gives better outcome. European Journal of Behavior Analysis, 21(1), 92–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/15021149.2019.1629781

Elliott, S. J., Marshall, D., Morley, K., Uphoff, E., Kumar, M., & Meader, N. (2021). Behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9(9), CD013173. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013173.pub2

Employee Benefits Security Administration. (2023). MHPAEA comparative analysis report to Congress. Department of Labor, Department of Health & Human Services, and Department of the Treasury. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa/laws-and-regulations/laws/mental-health-parity/report-to-congress-2023

____. (2025). MHPAEA report to Congress. Department of Labor, Department of Health & Human Services, and Department of the Treasury. https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ebsa/laws-and-regulations/laws/mental-health-parity/report-to-congress-2024.pdf

Extension of Autism Services Demonstration Project for TRICARE Beneficiaries Under the Extended Care Health Option, 78 Fed. Reg. 78342 (2013). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2013/12/26/2013-30670/extension-of-autism-services-demonstration-project-for-tricare-beneficiaries-under-the-extended-care

Extension of the Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration for TRICARE Eligible Beneficiaries Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder, 82 Fed. Reg. 58186 (2017). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2017-12-11/pdf/2017-26567.pdf

Extension of the Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration for TRICARE Eligible Beneficiaries Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder, 87 Fed. Reg. 47731 (2022).

Falligant, J. M., Kranak, M. P., McNulty, M. K., Schmidt, J. D., Hausman, N. L., & Rooker, G. W. (2021). Prevalence of renewal of problem behavior: Replication and extension to an inpatient setting. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 54(1), 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.740

Farmer, C. A., & Aman, M. G. (2011). Aggressive behavior in a sample of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(1), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.04.014

Ferster, C. B., & DeMyer, M. K. (1962). A method for the experimental analysis of the behavior of autistic children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 32(1), 89–98. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1962.tb00267.x

Fombonne, E. (2003). The prevalence of autism. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(1), 87–89. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.1.87

Frazier, T. W. (2024). Developing and implementing a useful outcome measurement process for ABA. [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41338_01-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-meeting-2

Frazier, T. W., Chetcuti, L., & Uljarevic, M. (2025). Evidence that intervention dosage is associated with better outcomes in autism. JAMA Pediatrics, 179(1), 101–102. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.4710

Frazier, T. W., Klingemier, E. W., Anderson, C. J., Gengoux, G. W., Youngstrom, E. A., & Hardan, A. Y. (2021). A longitudinal study of language trajectories and treatment outcomes of early intensive behavioral intervention for autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(12), 4534–4550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04900-5

Freeman, H. P., & Rodriguez, R. L. (2011). The history and principles of patient navigation. Cancer, 117(15), 3537–3540. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.26262

Furar, E., Wang, F., Durocher, J. S., Ahn, Y. A., Memis, I., Cavalcante, L., Klahr, L., Samson, A. C., Herwegen, J. V., Dukes, D., Alessandri, M., Mittal, R., & Eshraghi, A. A. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on individuals with ASD in the US: Parent perspectives on social and support concerns. PLoS One 17(8), e0270845. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270845

Gabis, L. V., Attia, O. L., Goldman, M., Barak, N., Tefera, P., Shefer, S., Shaham, M., & Lerman-Sagie, T. (2022). The myth of vaccination and autism spectrum. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology, 36, 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.011

Gabitova, G., & Burke, N. J. (2014). Improving healthcare empowerment through breast cancer patient navigation: A mixed methods evaluation in a safety-net setting. BMC Health Services Research, 14, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-407

Garey, J. (2024). The controversy around ABA: Why some autism parents and advocates find fault with the therapy. Child Mind Institute. https://childmind.org/article/controversy-around-applied-behavior-analysis/

Genovese, A., & Butler, M. G. (2023). The autism spectrum: Behavioral, psychiatric and genetic associations. Genes, 14(3), 677. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14030677

Gerdts, J., Mancini, J., Fox, E., Rhoads, C., Ward, T., Easley, E., & Bernier, R. A. (2018). Interdisciplinary team evaluation: An effective method for the diagnostic assessment of autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 39(4), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000549

Giardino, A. P., Hudak, M. L., Sood, B. G., Pearlman, S. A., & Committee on Child Health Financing. (2022). Considerations in the determination of medical necessity in children: Application to contractual language. Pediatrics, 150(3), e2022058882. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-058882

Gitimoghaddam, M., Chichkine, N., McArthur, L., Sangha, S. S., & Symington, V. (2022). Applied behavior analysis in children and youth with autism spectrum disorders: A scoping review. Perspectives on Behavior Science, 45(3), 521–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40614-022-00338-x

Gottlieb, L. M., Hessler, D., Long, D., Laves, E., Burns, A. R., Amaya, A., Sweeney, P., Schudel, C., & Adler, N. E. (2016). Effects of social needs screening and in-person service navigation on child health: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 170(11), e162521. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2521

Granpeesheh, D., Tarbox, J., & Dixon, D. R. (2009). Applied behavior analytic interventions for children with autism: A description and review of treatment research. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists, 21(3), 162–173.

Granpeesheh, D., Tarbox, J., Najdowski, A. C., & Kornack, J. (2014). Evidence-based treatment for children with autism: The CARD model. Elsevier.

Green, A. E., Albanese, B. J., Shapiro, N. M., & Aarons, G. A. (2014). The roles of individual and organizational factors in burnout among community-based mental health service providers. Psychological Services, 11, 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035299

Green, G. (2024). Applied behavior analysis: Research, standards of care, and health insurance coverage [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41338_01-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-meeting-2

____. (2025). [Applied behavior analysis and the TRICARE Autism Care Demonstration: Standards, policies, and outcomes]. Paper commissioned by the Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Guiot, C., Grasso, F., Rocchetti, M., & Brondino, N. (2022). Complementary and alternative therapies. In J. L. Matson & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorder: Assessment, diagnosis, and treatment (pp. 1437–1464). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88538-0_64

Guivarch, J., Jouve, E., Avenel, E., Poinso, F., & Conforti-Roussel, L. (2021). Effect of physical therapy on 7- to 10-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder: A retrospective study in a university day hospital. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 85(4), 385–404. https://doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2021.85.4.385

Hariton, E., & Locascio, J. J. (2018). Randomised controlled trials—the gold standard for effectiveness research. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 125(13), 1716.

HealthNet Federal Services (HNFS). (n.d.). DSM-5 diagnostic checklist. https://www.tricare-west.com/content/dam/hnfs/tw/prov/resources/pdf/forms/dsm-5-diagnostic-checklist.pdf

____. (2024). Autism Care Demonstration: Parent toolkit. https://www.tricare-west.com/content/dam/hnfs/tw/bene/resources/pdf/HNFS_ACD_Parent_Toolkit.pdf

Hieneman, M., & Dunlap, G. (2000). Factors affecting the outcomes of community-based behavioral support: I. Identification and description of factor categories. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 2(3), 161–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/109830070000200304

Hill, A. T., & Blue-Banning, M. (2023). Military-connected children with special health care needs and their families: A literature review. Armed Forces & Society, 51(1), 204–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X231197992

Horner, R. H., & Carr, E. G. (1997). Behavioral support for students with severe disabilities: Functional assessment and comprehensive intervention. Journal of Special Education 31, 84–104.

Horner, R. H., Carr, E. G., Halle, J., McGee, G., Odom, S., & Wolery, M. (2005). The use of single-subject research to identify evidence-based practice in special education. Exceptional Children, 71(2), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440290507100203

Huerta, M., & Lord, C. (2012). Diagnostic evaluation of autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 59(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2011.10.018

Hughes, M. M., Shaw, K. A., DiRienzo, M., Durkin, M. S., Esler, A., Hall-Lande, J., Wiggins, L., Zahorodny, W., Singer, A., & Maenner, M. J. (2023). The prevalence and characteristics of children with profound autism, 15 sites, United States, 2000-2016. Public Health Reports, 138(6), 971–980. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549231163551

Hume, K., Steinbrenner, J. R., Odom, S. L., Morin, K. L., Nowell, S. W., Tomaszewski, B., Szendrey, S., McIntyre, N. S., Yücesoy-Özkan, S., & Savage, M. N. (2021). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism: Third generation review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04844-2

Hus, Y., & Segal, O. (2021). Challenges surrounding the diagnosis of autism in children. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 17, 3509–3529. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S282569

Hviid, A., Hansen, J. V., Frisch, M., & Melbye, M. (2019). Measles, mumps, rubella vaccination and autism: A nationwide cohort study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 170(8), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.7326/M18-2101

Hyman, S. L., Levy, S. E., Myers, S. M., Council on Children with Disabilities, Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, S., Davidson, L. F., Ellerbeck, K. A., Foster, J. E. A., Noritz, G. H., O’Connor Leppert, M., Saunders, B. S., Stille, C., Yin, L., Weitzman, C. C., Childers, D. O. Jr., Levine, J. M., Peralta-Carcelen, A. M., Poon, J. K., . . . Bridgemohan, C. (2020). Identification, evaluation, and management of children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics, 145(1), e20193447. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-3447

James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 2). Dover Publications, Inc.

Jamshidi, L., Heyvaert, M., Declercq, L., Fernández-Castilla, B., Ferron, J. M., Moeyaert, M., Beretvas, S. N., Onghena, P., & Van den Noortgate, W. (2022). A systematic review of single-case experimental design meta-analyses: Characteristics of study designs, data, and analyses. Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention, 17(1), 6–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/17489539.2022.2089334

Johnston, J. M., Carr, J. E., & Mellichamp, F. H. (2017). A history of the professional credentialing of applied behavior analysts. The Behavior Analyst, 40, 523–538. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31976964/

Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2(3), 217–250.

____. (1944). Early infantile autism. The Journal of Pediatrics, 25, 211–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(44)80156-1

Kapp, S. K., Gillespie-Lynch, K., Sherman, L. E., & Hutman, T. (2013). Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Developmental Psychology, 49(1), 59–71. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0028353

Kazdin, A. E. (2021). Single-case experimental designs: Characteristics, changes, and challenges. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 115(1), 56–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeab.638

Kim, S. H., & Lord, C. (2012). New autism diagnostic interview-revised algorithms for toddlers and young preschoolers from 12 to 47 months of age. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(1), 82–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1213-1

Kim, Y. S. (2024). Is ASD increasing: TRICARE Autism Study [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41989_05-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-virtual-information-gathering-session-7

Koegel, R. L., & Koegel, L. K. (1987). Generalization issues in the treatment of autism. Seminars in Speech and Language, 8(3), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-00000076

Koegel, R. L., & Schreibman, L. (1977). Teaching autistic children to respond to simultaneous multiple cues. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 24(2), 299–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0965(77)90008-X

Kratochwill, T. R., Hitchcock, J., Horner, R. H., Levin, J. R., Odom, S. L., Rindskopf, D. M., & Shadish, W. R. (2010). Single-case designs technical documentation. What Works Clearinghouse. http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/pdf/wwc_scd.pdf

Kurtz, P. F., Leoni, M., & Hagopian, L. P. (2020). Behavioral approaches to assessment and early intervention for severe problem behavior in intellectual and developmental disabilities. Pediatric Clinics, 67(3), 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2020.02.005

Lamberski, N. (2022). Utilizing a theory of change for better health outcomes. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 929365. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.929365

Leaf, J. B., Cihon, J. H., Leaf, R., McEachin, J., Liu, N., Russell, N., Unumb, L., Shapiro, S., & Khosrowshahi, D. (2022). Concerns about ABA-based intervention: An evaluation and recommendations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(6), 2838–2853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05137-y

Li, F., Li, Q., Shen, Q., Zhang, X., Leng, H., Liu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2025). Family navigation programs for children with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review. Pediatrics, 155(4), e2024067947. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2024-067947

Linn, M. A. (2024). Provider perspective [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41338_01-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-meeting-2

Linstead, E., Dixon, D. R., French, R., Granpeesheh, D., Adams, H., German, R., Powell, A., Stevens, E., Tarbox, J., & Kornack, J. (2016). Intensity and learning outcomes in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder. Behavior Modification, 41(2), 229–252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445516667059

Linstead, E., Dixon, D. R., Hong, E., Burns, C. O., French, R., Novack, M. N., & Granpeesheh, D. (2017). An evaluation of the effects of intensity and duration on outcomes across treatment domains for children with autism spectrum disorder. Translational Psychiatry, 7(9), e1234. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.207

Loo, K. K., Yang, S. J., & Cheng, J. C. (2025). Autism screening using the parent’s observation of social interactions in a large integrated healthcare system. The Journal of Pediatrics, 278, 114434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114434

Lovaas, O. I. (1987). Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.55.1.3

Lovaas, O. I., Koegel, R., Simmons, J. Q., & Long, J. S. (1973). Some generalization and follow-up measures on autistic children in behavior therapy. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6(1), 131–165. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1973.6-131

Luke, M. (2024). The state of the ABA workforce [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41338_01-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-meeting-2

Lyon, A. R., Connors, E., Jensen-Doss, A., Landes, S. J., Lewis, C. C., McLeod, B. D., Rutt, C., Stanick, C., & Weiner B.J. (2017). Intentional research design in implementation science: Implications for the use of nomothetic and idiographic assessment. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 7(3), 567–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13142-017-0464-6

Ma, Z., & Travers, J. C. (2022). Adjusting intervention intensity to support students with autism spectrum disorder. Intervention in School and Clinic, 57(5), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/10534512211032596

Maenner, M. J. (2024). Tracking autism prevalence in the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) network [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41989_05-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-virtual-information-gathering-session-7

Maenner, M. J., Shaw, K. A., Bakian, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Esler, A., Furnier, S. M., Hallas, L., Hall-Lande, J., Hudson, A., Hughes, M. M., Patrick, M., Pierce, K., Poynter, J. N., Salinas, A., Shenouda, J., Vehorn, A., Warren, Z., Constantino, J. N., . . . Cogswell, M. E. (2021, December 3). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 70(11), 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1

Maenner, M. J., Warren, Z., Williams, A. R., Amoakohene, E., Bakin, A. V., Bilder, D. A., Durkin, M. S., Fitzgerald, R. T., Furnier, S. M., Hughes, M. M., Ladd-Acosta, C. M., McArthur, D., Pas, E. T., Salinas, A., Vehorn, A., Williams, S., Esler, A., Grzybowski, A., Hall-Lande, J., . . . Shaw, K. A. (2023, March 24). Prevalence and characteristics of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 72(2), 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7202a1

Mathur, S. K., Renz, E., & Tarbox, J. (2024). Affirming neurodiversity within applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 17(2), 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-024-00907-3

Matson, J. L., Hattier, M. A., & Belva, B. (2012). Treating adaptive living skills of persons with autism using applied behavior analysis: A review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6(1), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.008

McClintock, K., Hall, S., & Oliver, C. (2003). Risk markers associated with challenging behaviours in people with intellectual disabilities: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 47(6), 405–416. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00517.x

McKenney, K. M., Martinez, N. G., & Yee, L. M. (2018). Patient navigation across the spectrum of women’s health care in the United States. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218(3), 280–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.009

Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission. (2021). Implementation of the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act in Medicaid and CHIP. https://www.macpac.gov/publication/implementation-of-the-mental-health-parity-and-addiction-equity-act-in-medicaid-and-chip-2/

Mendez, B. H. P. (2023). Defense health primer: TRICARE Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF12345

Myers, S. M., Johnson, C. P., & American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Children With Disabilities. (2007). Management of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 120(5), 1162–1182. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-2362

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). (2018). Establishing effective patient navigation programs in oncology: Proceedings of a workshop. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25073

____. (2019). Strengthening the military family readiness system for a changing American society. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25380

____. (2022). Supporting children with disabilities: Lessons from the pandemic: Proceedings of a workshop. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26702

____. (2024a). Applied behavior analysis within the Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration: Proceedings of a workshop—in brief. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27800

____. (2024b). Programs and frameworks for autism interventions: Proceedings of a workshop—in brief. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/28030

____. (2024c). Expanding behavioral health care workforce participation in Medicare, Medicaid, and Marketplace plans. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27759

____. (2025). Understanding methods for measuring program effectiveness and clinical effectiveness: Proceedings of a workshop—in brief. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/29086

National Academy for State Health Policy. (2021). State definitions of medical necessity under the Medicaid EPSDT Benefit. https://nashp.org/state-tracker/state-definitions-of-medical-necessity-under-the-medicaid-epsdt-benefit/

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, H.R. 5122, 109th Congress. (2006). https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/house-bill/5122

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013, P.L. 112-239, 112th Congress. (2012). https://www.congress.gov/112/plaws/publ239/PLAW-112publ239.pdf

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 Report, S. 114-49, 114th Congress. (2015). https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/114th-congress/senate-report/49

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 Report, S. 114-255, 114th Congress. (2016). https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/114th-congress/senate-report/255

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, S.1605, 117th Congress. (2021). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/1605

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, H.R. 7900, 117th Congress. (2022). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/7900

National Research Council. (2001). Educating children with autism. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10017

National Research Council & Institute of Medicine. (2009). Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12480

Nilsen, P. (2015). Making sense of implementation theories, models, and frameworks. Implementation Science 3.0, 10, 53–79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-015-0242-0

Northridge, M. E., & Metcalf, S. S. (2016). Enhancing implementation science by applying best principles of systems science. Health Research Policy and Systems, 14, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-016-0146-8

Odom, S. L., Hall, L. J., Morin, K. L., Kraemer, B. R., Hume, K. A., McIntyre, N. S., Nowell, S. W., Steinbrenner, J. R., Tomaszewski, B., Sam, A. M., & DaWalt, L. (2021). Educational interventions for children and youth with autism: A 40-year perspective. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 51(12), 4354–4369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-04990-1

Odom, S. L., Suhreinrich, J., Hall, L. J., & Melgarejo, M. (in press). Comprehensive programs for autistic children and youth. In F. Volkmar, K. Pelphrey, & G. Vivanti (Eds.), Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Office of People Analytics. (2022). 2022 Exceptional Family Member Program (EFMP) survey. Department of Defense. https://download.militaryonesource.mil/12038/MOS/EFMP/2022-efmp-survey-results.pdf

Office of the Inspector General. (2017). The Defense Health Agency improperly paid for autism-related services to selected companies in the TRICARE South Region (DODIG2017-064). https://www.dodig.mil/reports.html/Article/1189569/the-defense-health-agency-improperly-paid-for-autism-related-services-to-select/

____. (2018). TRICARE North Region payments for applied behavior analysis services for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder (DODIG-2018-084). https://www.dodig.mil/reports.html/Article/1468277/tricare-north-region-payments-for-applied-behavior-analysis-services-for-the-tr/

____. (2024). Indiana made at least $56 million in improper fee-for-service Medicaid payments for applied behavior analysis provided to children diagnosed with autism (A-09-22-02002). Office of Audit Services, Department of Health and Human Services. https://oig.hhs.gov/reports/all/2024/indiana-made-at-least-56-million-in-improper-fee-for-service-medicaid-payments-for-applied-behavior-analysis-provided-to-children-diagnosed-with-autism/

Osman, H. A., Haridi, M., Gonzalez, N. A., Dayo, S. M., Fatima, U., Sheikh, A., Puvvada, C. S., Soomro, F. H., & Khan, S. (2023). A systematic review of the efficacy of early initiation of speech therapy and its positive impact on autism spectrum disorder. Cureus, 15(3), e35930. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.35930

Paul, R. (2008). Interventions to improve communication in autism. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(4), 835–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.011

Pavlov, I. P. (1906). The scientific investigation of the psychical faculties or processes in the higher animals. Science, 24(620), 613–619. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.24.620.613

Penney, A. M., Bateman, K. J., Veverka, Y., Luna, A., & Schwartz, I. S. (2023). Compassion: The eighth dimension of applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-023-00888-9

Polyak, A., Kubina, R. M., & Girirajan, S. (2015). Comorbidity of intellectual disability confounds ascertainment of autism: Implications for genetic diagnosis. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 168(7), 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32338

Pukki, H., Bettin, J., Outlaw, A. G., Hennessy, J., Brook, K., Dekker, M., Doherty, M., Shaw, S. C. K., Bervoets, J., Rudolph, S., Corneloup, T., Derwent, K., Lee, O., Rojas, Y. G., Lawson, W., Gutierrez, M. V., Petek, K., Tsiakkirou, M., Suoninen, A., . . .Yoon, W. H. (2022). Autistic perspectives on the future of clinical autism research. Autism in Adulthood, 4(2), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2022.0017

Rajaraman, A., Austin, J. L., Gover, H. C., Cammilleri, A. P., Donnelly, D. R., & Hanley, G. P. (2022). Toward trauma-informed applications of behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 55(1), 40–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.881

Reichle, J., Ganz, J. B., Pierson, L., & Rodriguez, D. (2021). Treatment intensity: Considering persons with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability who have complex communication needs. Research and Practice for Persons with Severe Disabilities, 46(3), 146–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/15407969211036202

Reichow, B., & Barton, E. E. (2024). [Umbrella review protocol: Comprehensive behavioral treatments for young children with autism spectrum disorder]. Paper commissioned by the Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

Ridout, S., & Eldevik, S. (2024). Measures used to assess treatment outcomes in children with autism receiving early and intensive behavioral interventions: A review. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11(3), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-023-00355-9

Rincover, A., & Koegel, R. L. (1975). Setting generality and stimulus control in autistic children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 8(3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1975.8-235

Roane, H. S., Fisher, W. W., & Carr, J. E. (2016). Applied behavior analysis as treatment for autism spectrum disorder. The Journal of Pediatrics, 175, 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.04.023

Rodgers, M., Marshall, D., Simmonds, M., Le Couteur, A., Biswas, M., Wright, K., Rai, D., Palmer, S., Stewart, L., & Hodgson, R. (2020). Interventions based on early intensive applied behaviour analysis for autistic children: A systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. Health Technology Assessment, 24(35). https://doi.org/10.3310/hta24350

Rodgers, W., Lewis, T., O’Neill, R., & Vannest, K. (2018). Policy and position statement on single case research and experimental designs. Council for Exceptional Children. https://cecdr.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/CEC-DR_SCD_Policy.pdf

Rodriguez, K. A., Tarbox, J., & Tarbox, C. (2023). Compassion in autism services: A preliminary framework for applied behavior analysis. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 16(4), 1034–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-023-00816-x

Rogers, S. J., Estes, A., Lord, C., Vismara, L., Winter, J., Fitzpatrick, A., Guo, M., & Dawson, G. (2012). Effects of a brief Early Start Denver Model (ESDM)–based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(10), 1052–1065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.003

Rogers, S. J., Yoder, P., Estes, A., Warren, Z., McEachin, J., Munson, J., Rocha, M., Greenson, J., Wallace, L., Gardner, E., Dawson, G., Sugar, C. A., Hellemann, G., & Whelan, F. (2021). A multisite randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of intervention intensity and intervention style on outcomes for young children with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(6), 710–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.06.013

Roth, B. M., Kralovic, S., Roizen, N. J., Spannagel, S. C., Minich, N., & Knapp, J. (2016). Impact of autism navigator on access to services. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(3), 188–195. https://doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000000261

Rovane, A. K., Hock, R. M., & January, S. A. A. (2020). Adherence to behavioral treatments and parent stress in families of children with ASD. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 77, 101609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101609

Rue, H. (2024). Defining evidence-based practice and autism spectrum disorders. In J. Tarbox, D. R. Dixon, & P. Sturmey (Eds.), Handbook of early intervention for autism spectrum disorders: Research, policy, and practice (pp. 175–185). Springer Nature Switzerland.

Sackett, D. L. (1989). Rules of evidence and clinical recommendations on the use of antithrombotic agents. Chest, 95(2), 2S–4S.

Sackett, D. L., Rosenberg, W. M., Gray, J. M., Haynes, R. B., & Richardson, W. S. (1996). Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn’t. BMJ, 312(7023), 71–72. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7023.71

Sandbank, M., Bottema-Beutel, K., Crowley, S., Cassidy, M., Dunham, K., Feldman, J. I., Crank, J., Albarran, S. A., Raj, S., Mahbub, P., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2020). Project AIM: Autism intervention meta-analysis for studies of young children. Psychological Bulletin, 146(1), 1–29. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/bul0000215

Sandbank, M., Pustejovsky, J. E., Bottema-Beutel, K., Caldwell, N., Feldman, J. I., LaPoint, S. C., & Woynaroski, T. (2024). Determining associations between intervention amount and outcomes for young autistic children: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 178(8), 763–773. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.1832

Schreibman, L., Dawson, G., Stahmer, A. C., Landa, R., Rogers, S. J., McGee, G. G., Kasari, C., Ingersoll, B., Kaiser, A. P., Bruinsma, Y., McNerney, E., Weatherby, A., & Halladay, A. (2015). Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: Empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 2411–2428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2407-8

Schuck, R. K., Tagavi, D. M., Baiden, K. M. P., Dwyer, P., Williams, Z. J., Osuna, A., Ferguson, E. F., Jimenez Muñoz, M., Poyser, S. K., Johnson, J. F., & Vernon, T. W. (2021). Neurodiversity and autism intervention: Reconciling perspectives through a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention framework. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(10), 4625–4645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-021-05316-x

Shaheen, J., & Gillibrand, K. (2021). Letter from Senators Shaheen and Gillibrand to Secretary Cisneros. https://www.shaheen.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/12.21.21%20ACD%20Letter%20PDF%20FINAL_.pdf

Shattuck, P. T. (2006). The contribution of diagnostic substitution to the growing administrative prevalence of autism in US special education. Pediatrics, 117(4), 1028–1037. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1516

Shaw, K., Maenner, M., & Bakian, A. (2021). Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 70, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7010a1

Shaw, K. A., Williams, S., Patrick, M. E., Valencia-Prado, M., Durkin, M. S., Howerton, E. M., Ladd-Acosta, C. M., Pas, E. T., Bakian, A. V., Bartholomew, P., Nieves-Muñoz, N., Sidwell, K., Alford, A., Bilder, D., DiRienzo, M., Fitzgerald, R. T., Furnier, S. M., Hudson, A. E., Pokoski, O. M., . . . Maenner, M. J. (2025). Prevalence and early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 and 8 years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 74(2),1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.ss7402a1

Shenouda, J., Barrett, E., Davidow, A.L., Sidwell, K., Lescott, C., Halperin, W., Silenzio, V. M. B., & Zahorodny, W. (2023). Prevalence and disparities in the detection of autism without intellectual disability. Pediatrics, 151(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-056594

Simó-Pinatella, D., Mumbardó-Adam, C., Alomar-Kurz, E., Sugai, G., & Simonsen, B. (2019). Prevalence of challenging behaviors exhibited by children with disabilities: Mapping the literature. Journal of Behavioral Education, 28, 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10864-019-09326-9

Sims, B. (2024). ABA provider experience [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41338_01-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-meeting-2

Skinner, B. F. (1938). The behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts.

____. (1953). Science and human behavior. MacMillian.

Soke, G. N., Rosenberg, S. A., Hamman, R. F., Fingerlin, T., Robinson, C., Carpenter, L., Giarelli, E., Lee, L.-C., Wiggins, L. D., Durkin, M. S., & DiGuiseppi, C. (2016). Brief report: Prevalence of self-injurious behaviors among children with autism spectrum disorder—a population-based study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 3607–3614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2879-1

Song, J., Reilly, M., & Reichow, B. (2024). Overview of meta-analyses on naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-023-06198-x

Stahmer, A. C., Rieth, S., Lee, E., Reisinger, E. M., Mandell, D. S., & Connell, J. E. (2015). Training teachers to use evidence-based practices for autism: Examining procedural implementation fidelity. Psychology in the Schools, 52(2), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21815

Stahmer, A. C., Suhrheinrich, J., Yu, Y., Melgarejo, M., Schetter, P., & Young, G. A. (2023). Implementation readiness for evidence-based autism practices in school systems. Implementation Research and Practice, 4, 26334895231199465. https://doi.org/10.1177/26334895231199465

Starego, S. (2023). Autism prevalence rate and the capacity to support: Final report. Operations Analysis Directorate.

Steenfeldt-Kristensen, C., Jones, C. A., & Richards, C. (2020). The prevalence of self-injurious behaviour in autism: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 3857–3873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04443-1

Steinbrenner, J. R., Hume, K., Odom, S. L., Morin, K. L., Nowell, S. W., Tomaszewski, B., Szendrey, S., McIntyre, N. S., Yücesoy-Özkan, S., & Savage, M. N. (2020). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, National Clearinghouse on Autism Evidence and Practice Review Team. https://fpg.unc.edu/publications/evidence-based-practices-children-youth-and-young-adults-autism-spectrum-disorder-1

Studies and Demonstration Projects Relating to Delivery of Health and Medical Care, 10 U.S.C. § 1092 (2015). https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-2015-title10-section1092&num=0&edition=2015

Sturmey, P., Seiverling, L., & Ward-Horner, J. (2008). Assessment of challenging behaviors in people with autism spectrum disorders. Clinical Assessment and Intervention for Autism Spectrum Disorders, 131–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012373606-2.50007-3

Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request, 87 Fed. Reg. 47731 (2022). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-08-04/pdf/2022-16742.pdf

Suhrheinrich, J., Wang, T., Chan, J., Holt, T., Stahmer, A. C., Rieth, S. R., Roesch, S., & Sam, A. (2022). Developing an empirically-based adaptation and training model for intervention scale up of classroom pivotal response teaching: A protocol paper. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 3, 100107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2021.100107

Swanson, A. R., Warren, Z. E., Stone, W. L., Vehorn, A. C., Dohrmann, E., & Humberd, Q. (2013). The diagnosis of autism in community pediatric settings: Does advanced training facilitate practice change? Autism, 18(5), 555–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313481507

Taboas, A., Doepke, K., & Zimmerman, C. (2023). Preferences for identity-first versus person-first language in a US sample of autism stakeholders. Autism, 27(2), 565–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221130845

Taylor, L. E., Swerdfeger, A. L., & Eslick, G. D. (2014). Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies. Vaccine, 32(29), 3623–3629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085

The Joint Commission. (2024, June 20). Requirement, rationale, reference report, Issue 44. https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/standards/r3-reports/2024/rs-r3-final.pdf

Thompson, J. (2024). Experiences and perspective of a national ABA provider on the administration of ABA services through the Autism Care Demonstration Program [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41984_03-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-virtual-information-gathering-session-2

Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. The Psychological Review: Monograph Supplements, 2(4), i–109. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0092987

Townsend, D. B., Brothers, K. J., MacDuff, G. S., Freeman, A., Fry, C., Rozenblat, E., DeFeo, D., Budzinska, A., Ruta-Sominka, I., Birkan, B., Hall, L. J., Krantz, P. J., & McClannahan, L. E. (2023). Alliance for scientific autism intervention: System components and outcome data from high-quality service delivery organizations. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 17(2), 565–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-023-00898-7

TRICARE Management Activity (TMA). (2001). Part 199.5 – Program for Persons with Disabilities (PFPWD). Title 32 National Defense: Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS). https://manuals.health.mil/pages/DownloadManualFile.ashx?Manual=CFR&Change=2&Filename=CFR.zip

____. (2005a). Chapter 9, Section 17.1 (Change 17, 2005). In TRICARE policy manual 6010.54-M, August 1, 2002. Extended Care Health Option. https://manuals.health.mil/pages/DownloadManualFile.ashx?Manual=TP02&Change=17&Filename=TP02.zip

____. (2005b). Chapter 9, Section 16.1 (Change 17, 2005). In TRICARE policy manual 6010.54-M, August 1, 2002. Extended Care Health Option. https://manuals.health.mil/pages/DownloadManualFile.ashx?Manual=TP02&Change=17&Filename=TP02.zip

____. (2008). Chapter 20, Section 10 (Change 60, 2008). In TRICARE operations manual 6010.54-M, August 1, 2002. Demonstrations. https://manuals.health.mil/pages/DownloadManualFile.ashx?Manual=TO02&Change=60&Filename=TO02.zip

____. (2010). TRICARE Management Activity’s formal review decision. Appeal of Beneficiary Z, a TRICARE Prime beneficiary. Formal review No. AH101345. https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/x2ktpop3c3kkosjbjfcg2/19-Oct-2010-ABA-Not-Medically-Necessary-Determination-by-TMA.pdf?rlkey=flr94cg4wuv3sbf7js6m4f33y&e=1&dl=0

____. (2012). Chapter 7, Section 3.18 (Change 73, 2012). In TRICARE policy manual 6010. 57-M, February 1, 2008. Medicine. https://manuals.health.mil/pages/DownloadManualFile.ashx?Manual=TP08&Change=73&Filename=TP08.zip

____. (2013a). Assessment of applied behavior analysis for autism spectrum disorders. [Document provided to the committee by the Defense Health Agency]

____. (2013b). Chapter 18, Section 15 Department of Defense Applied Behavior Analysis Pilot for non-active duty family members (Change 101, 2013). In TRICARE operations manual 6010.56-M, February 1, 2008. Demonstrations. https://manuals.health.mil/pages/DownloadManualFile.ashx?Manual=TO08&Change=101&Filename=TO08.zip

TRICARE; Individual Case Management Program; Program for Persons With Disabilities; Extended Benefits for Disabled Family Members of Active Duty Service Members; Custodial Care, 69 F.R. 51559 (2004). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2004/08/20/04-18600/tricare-individual-case-management-program-program-for-persons-with-disabilities-extended-benefits#page-51569

TRICARE; Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Treatment, 81 F. R. 61068 (2016). https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/09/02/2016-21125/tricare-mental-health-and-substance-use-disorder-treatment

Turner, A., Ricketts, T., & Leslie, L. K. (2020). Comparison of number and geographic distribution of pediatric subspecialists and patient proximity to specialized care in the US between 2003 and 2019. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(9), 852–860. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1124

U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2024). The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA). https://www.cms.gov/marketplace/private-health-insurance/mental-health-parity-addiction-equity

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). What is prevalence? National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/what-is-prevalence#:~:text=Incidence%20is%20a%20measure%20of%20the%20number%20of,regardless%20of%20when%20they%20first%20developed%20the%20characteristic

U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Self-compliance tool for the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA). https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/EBSA/laws-and-regulations/laws/mental-health-parity/mental-health-parity-compliance-tool.pdf

____. (2024). Final rules under the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) [Fact sheet]. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ebsa/about-ebsa/our-activities/resource-center/fact-sheets/final-rules-under-the-mental-health-parity-and-addiction-equity-act-mhpaea

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2023). Transmittal #142 CHAMPVA operational policy manual [Memorandum]. https://www.vha.cc.va.gov/system/templates/selfservice/va_ssnew/help/customer/locale/en-US/portal/554400000001036/content/554400000162219/Transmittal-142-CHAMPVA-Operational-Policy-Manual-OPM

U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). (2018a). Medicaid demonstrations: Evaluations yielded limited results, underscoring need for changes to federal policies and procedures. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-18-220

____. (2018b). Military personnel: DOD should improve its oversight of the Exceptional Family Member Program. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-18-348

____. (2024). Defense health care: DoD should improve accuracy of behavioral health provider information in TRICARE directories. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-106588?utm_campaign=usgao_email&utm_content=topic_natldefense&utm_medium=email&utm_source=govdelivery

U.S. Office of Personnel Management. (2017). ABA coverage in FEHB for 2017. https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/worklife/news-attachments/aba-coverage-in-fehb-for-2017-questions-answers.pdf

Vasa, R. A., Singh, V., Holingue, C., Kalb, L. G., Jang, Y., & Keefer, A. (2021). Psychiatric problems during the COVID-19 pandemic in children with autism spectrum disorder. International Society of Autism Research, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2574

Virues-Ortega, J., Rodríguez, V., & Yu, C. T. (2013). Prediction of treatment outcomes and longitudinal analysis in children with autism undergoing intensive behavioral intervention. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 13(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-2600(13)70012-7

Vivanti, G., & Stahmer, A. C. (2021). Can the Early Start Denver Model be considered ABA practice? Behavior Analysis in Practice, 14(1), 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40617-020-00474-3

Volkmar, F., Siegel, M., Woodbury-Smith, M., King, B., McCracken, J., State, M., & the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Committee on Quality Issues. (2014). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(2), 237–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.10.013

Volkmar, F. R. (2014). Editorial: The importance of early intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(12), 2979–2980. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2265-9

Vollmer, T. R., Hagopian, L. P., Bailey, J. S., Dorsey, M. F., Hanley, G. P., Lennox, D., Riordan, M. M., & Spreat, S. (2011). The Association for Behavior Analysis International position statement on restraint and seclusion. The Behavior Analyst, 34, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03392238

Wachtel, L. E., Escher, J., Halladay, A., Lutz, A., Satriale, G. M., Westover, A., & Lopez-Arvizu, C. (2024). Profound autism: An imperative diagnosis. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 71(2), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2023.12.005

Waizbard-Bartov, E., Fein, D., Lord, C., & Amaral, D. G. (2023). Autism severity and its relationship to disability. Autism Research, 16(4), 685–696. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2898

Waizbard-Bartov, E., & Miller, M. (2023). Does the severity of autism symptoms change over time? A review of the evidence, impacts, and gaps in current knowledge. Clinical Psychology Review, 99, 102230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102230

Waters, C. F. (2024). Public commentary [Presentation]. Committee on an Independent Analysis of Department of Defense’s Comprehensive Autism Care Demonstration Program. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC. https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/41984_03-2024_independent-analysis-of-the-comprehensive-autism-care-demonstration-program-virtual-information-gathering-session-2

Waters, C. F., Amerine Dickens, M., Thurston, S. W., Lu, X., & Smith, T. (2020). Sustainability of early intensive behavioral intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder in a community setting. Behavior Modification, 44(1), 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445518786463

Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20(2), 158–177.

Webb, S. J., & Jones, E. J. (2009). Early identification of autism: Early characteristics, onset of symptoms, and diagnostic stability. Infants and Young Children, 22(2), 100–118. https://doi.org/10.1097/IYC.0b013e3181a02f7f

Wehman, P., Schall, C., McDonough, J., Sima, A., Brooke, A., Ham, W., Whittenburg, H., Brooke, V., Avellone, V. L., & Riehle, E. (2020). Competitive employment for transition-aged youth with significant impact from autism: A multi-site randomized clinical trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50, 1882–1897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03940-2

Wells, K. J., Battaglia, T. A., Dudley, D. J., Garcia, R., Greene, A., Calhoun, E., Mandelblatt, J. S., Paskett, E. D., Raich, P. C., & Patient Navigation Research Program. (2008). Patient navigation: State of the art or is it science? Cancer, 113(8), 1999–2010. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23815

Wichers, R. H., van der Wouw, L. C., Brouwer, M. E., Lok, A., & Bockting, C. L. H. (2023). Psychotherapy for co-occurring symptoms of depression, anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 53(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291722003415

Wolf, M. M. (1978). Social validity: The case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 203–214. https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1978.11-203

Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., Brock, M. E., Plavnick, J. B., Fleury, V. P., & Schultz, T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 1951–1966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z

Wooldridge, S. (2023). Writing respectfully: Person-first and identity-first language. National Institutes of Health. https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/science-health-public-trust/perspectives/writing-respectfully-person-first-identity-first-language

Wu, Y., Ding, L., Zhang, Q., Dong, Y., Tao, C., Li, Z., Li, Z., & Lu, L. (2024). The effect of physical exercise therapy on autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 339, 116074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116074

Yaylaci, F., & Miral, S. (2017). A comparison of DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 diagnostic classifications in the clinical diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-2937-8

Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Rice, C. P., & Mervis, C. B. (2003). Prevalence of autism in a US metropolitan area. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.1.49

Yeh, K., Susi, A., Nylund, C., & Flake, E. (2025). The impact of COVID-19 on autism diagnosis and incidence in the military health system [Poster]. Presented at the Pediatric Academic Society.

Zwaigenbaum, L., Bauman, M. L., Choueiri, R., Kasari, C., Carter, A., Granpeesheh, D., Mailloux, Z., Smith Roley, S., Wagner, S., Fein, D., Pierce, K., Buie, T., Davis, P. A., Newschaffer, C., Robins, D., Wetherby, A., Stone, W., Yirmiya, N., Estes, A., . . . Natowicz, M. R. (2015). Early intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder under 3 years of age: Recommendations for practice and research. Pediatrics, 136(Suppl 1), S60–S81. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3667E