References and Bibliography

AASHTO M 295-11, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, AASHTO, Washington, DC.

AASHTO M 321-04, Standard Specification for High-Reactivity Pozzolans for Use in Hydraulic-Cement Concrete Mortar and Grout, AASHTO, Washington, DC.

ACAA. n.d.a. Coal Combustion Products Production and Use Reports, https://acaa-usa.org/Publications/Production-Use-Reports, accessed March 2024.

ACAA. n.d.b. 2015 Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production and Use Survey Report, https://acaa-usa.org/wp-content/uploads/coal-combustion-products-use/2015-Survey_Results_Table.pdf, accessed March 2024.

ACAA. 2020. Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production and Survey Report (1966–2019), American Coal Ash Association, Denver, CO.

ACI 207.1R-05, Mass Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.

ACI 232.1R-12, Report on the Use of Raw or Processed Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI.

ACI 232.2R-18, Report on the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI.

ACI 232.3R-14, Report on High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete for Structural Applications, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI.

ACI 233R-17, Guide to the Use of Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI.

ACI 234R-06, Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete, American Concrete Institute (ACI), reapproved 2012, Farmington Hills, MI.

ACI 363R-10, Report on High-Strength Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, March 2010.

ACI PRC-232.5-21, Harvested Fly Ash as a Supplementary Cementitious Material—TechNote, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, MI.

Aïtcin, P.C., P. Pinsonneault, and G. Rau. 1981. The Use of Condensed Silica Fume in Concrete, Proceedings, Symposium N on Effects of Fly Ash Incorporation in Cement and Concrete, S. Diamond, ed., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA, pp. 316–325.

Ali, H.A., D. Xuan, B. Zhang, C. Xiao, B. Zhao. 2022. Cementitious Characteristics and Environmental Behavior of Vitrified MSW Incineration Fly Ash Slag, Journal of Cleaner Materials, 4, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100092.

Al-Shmaisani, S., R. Kalina, M. Rung, R.D. Ferron, and M. Juenger. 2018. Implementation of a Testing Protocol for Approving Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs): Natural Minerals and Reclaimed and Remediated Fly Ashes, Texas Department of Transportation Project Number 5-6717-01, http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/ctr-publications/5-6717-01-1.

Al-Shmaisani, S., R. D. Kalina, R.D. Ferron, and M. Juenger. 2019. Evaluation of Beneficiated and Reclaimed Fly Ashes in Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, V. 116, No. 4, July.

Armaghani, J., T. Larsen, and D. Romano. 1992. Aspects of Concrete Strength and Durability, Transportation Research Record, No. 1335, Washington, DC.

Armaghani, J., and T.L. Cavalline. 2020. NCHRP Synthesis 544: Concrete Technology for Transportation Applications, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, https://doi.org/10.17226/25701

ASTM C618-15, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C989/C989M-18a, Standard Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag for Use in Concrete and Mortars, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C595-19, Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C618-23, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C1567-13, Standard Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Materials and Aggregate (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C1293-20a, Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C1778-20, Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C311-13, Standard Test Method for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM E3183-19, Standard Guide for Harvesting Coal Combustion Products Stored in Active and Inactive Storage Areas for Beneficial Use, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C125-15, Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C441-05, Standard Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of Concrete due to the Alkali Silica Reaction, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C618-23e1, Standard Specification for Coal Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C989/C989M-24, Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C1240-20, Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C1709, Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C1866/C1866M-22, Standard Specification for Ground-Glass Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM C1897-20, Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Isothermal Calorimetry and Bound Water Measurements, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

Barger, G.S., M.R. Lukkarila, D.L. Martin, S.B. Lane, E.R. Hansen, M.W. Ross, and J.L. Thompson. 1997. Evaluation of a Blended Cement and a Mineral Admixture Containing Calcined Clay Natural Pozzolan for High Performance Concrete, Proceedings of the 6th International Purdue Conference on Concrete Pavement Design and Materials for High Performance, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.

Bentz, D.P., C.F. Ferraris, and K.A. Snyder. 2013. Best Practices Guide for High-Volume Fly Ash Concretes: Assuring Properties and Performance, NIST Technical Note 1812, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Sept.

Brown, J.H. 1980. Effect of Two Different Pulverized-Fuel Ashes upon the Workability and Strength of Concrete, Technical Report No. 536, Cement and Concrete Association, Wexham Springs, UK.

Cackler, T. 2018. Recycled Concrete Aggregate Usage in the U.S. National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, https://intrans.iastate.edu/app/uploads/2018/09/RCA_US_usage_summary_w_cvr.pdf.

Caltrans. 2018. Construction Manual, State of California, California State Transportation Agency, Department of Transportation, Chapter 4: Construction Details, Section 90: Concrete, https://dot.ca.gov/programs/construction/construction-manual/section-4-90-concrete.

Carette, G.G., and V.M. Malhotra. 1983. Mechanical Properties, Durability, and Drying Shrinkage of Portland Cement Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume, Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 5, No. 1.

Carvalho, C.M., N.P. Barbosa, U.T. Bezerra, T.B. Simas. 2020. Red Ceramic Industry Residues: Used to Produce Portland Cement, Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00449.

Cavalline, T.L., and L. Sutter. 2024. Use of Industrial Byproducts in Concrete Paving Applications, Report FHWA-HIF-24-049, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.

Cavalline, T.L., A. Bansal, M.B. Snyder, and P. Taylor. 2024. Use of Construction Byproducts in Concrete Paving Mixtures, Technical Brief: National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

Cavalline, T., and D. Weggel. 2013. Recycled Brick Masonry Aggregate Concrete: Use of Brick Masonry from Construction and Demolition Waste as Recycled Aggregate in Concrete, Structural Survey, 31(3), 160–180.

CDOT. 2017. Colorado Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, Division 600 Miscellaneous Construction, https://www.codot.gov/business/designsupport/cdot-construction-specifications/2023-construction-specifications/2023-specs-book/2023-division-600.

Chandler, A.J., T.T. Eighmy, J. Hartlén, P. Helmar, D.S. Kosson, S.E. Sawell, H.A. van der Sloot, and J. Vehlow. 1997. Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Residues, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Cho, B.H., B.H. Nam, J. An, and H. Youn. 2020. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Ashes as Construction Materials—A Review, Materials, 13:3143, https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143143.

Crillesen, K., J. Skaarup, and K. Bojsen. 2006. Management of Bottom Ash from WtE Plants, International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), Working Group Thermal Treatment, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Day, R.L., and C. Shi. 1995. Microstructure and Reactivity of Natural Pozzolans, Fly Ash and Blast Furnace Slag, Proceedings of 17th International Cement Microscopy Conference.

Dhole, R., A. Thomas, K.J. Foliard, and T. Drimalas. 2013. Characterization of Fly Ashes for Sulfate Resistance, ACI Materials Journal, V. 110, No. 2, Mar.–Apr.

Diaz-Loya, I., M. Juenger, S. Seraj, and R. Minkara. 2019. Extending Supplementary Cementitious Material Resources: Reclaimed and Remediated Fly Ash and Natural Pozzolans, Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 101, Aug.

Duchesne, J., A. Rodrigues, and B. Fournier. 2021. Concrete Damage Due to Oxidation of Pyrrhotite-Bearing Aggregate: A Review, RILEM Technical Letters, Open Access Scientific Journal of RILEM, Vol 6, pp. 82–92, https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.138.

Dunstan, E., 1984. Fly Ash and Fly Ash Concrete, Report No. REC-ERC-82-1, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO.

El-Dieb, A.S., and R.D. Hooton. 1995. Water Permeability Measurement of High-Performance Concrete Using a High Pressure Triaxial Cell, Cement and Concrete Research, V. 25, No. 6.

EPA. 2020. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet; Assessing Trends in Materials Generation and Management in the United States, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-11/documents/2018_ff_fact_sheet.pdf.

Escudero-Restrepo, S., F. Cabrera-Poloche, and S. Alvarez-Zuluaga. 2020. Valorization of Waste from Sand Wash Muds of an Aggregates Plant: Evaluation as a Supplementary Cementitious Material, Applied Ceramic Technology, 17(6) pp. 2669–2680, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.13597.

FDOT. 2024. FDOT Specification 346, Portland Cement Concrete, Standard Specification for Roads and Bridge Construction.

Feng, Y., Q. Zhang, Q. Chen, D. Wang, H. Guo, L. Liu, and Q. Yang. 2019. Hydration and Strength Development in Blended Cement with Ultrafine Granulated Copper Slag, PLoS One, 14. 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215677.

Feng, Y., Q. Chen, Y. Zhou, Q. Yang, Q. Zhang, L. Jiang, and H. Guo. 2020. Modification of Glass Structure via CaO Addition in Granulated Copper Slag to Enhance Its Pozzolanic Activity, Construction and Building Materials, 240, 117970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117970.

Fidjestøl, P., and J. Frearson. 1994. High Performance Concrete Using Blended and Triple-Blended Binders, High-Performance Concrete, Proceedings of the ACI International Conference, SP-149, V.M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.

Flesoura, G., N. Dilissen, G. Dimitrakis, J. Vleugels, and Y. Pontikes. 2021. A New Approach for the Vitrification of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Bottom Ash by Microwave Irradiation, Journal of Cleaner Production, 284, 124787, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124787.

Fořt, J., J. Šál, R. Ševčík, M. Doleželová, M. Keppert, M. Jerman, M. Záleská, V. Stehel, and R. Černý. 2021. Biomass Fly Ash as an Alternative to Coal Fly Ash in Blended Cements: Functional Aspects, Construction and Building Materials, 271, 71–73, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121544.

Gholizadeh-Vayghan, A., S. Nasiri, and P. Ghassemi. 2021. Optimization of the Strength Activity of Rice Husk Ash in Cementitious Mixtures, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 33, pp. 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003838.

Glatstein, X.D.A., and S.E. Burns. 2020. Mineral Phases and Carbon Content in Weathered Fly Ashes, USEIA, Electricity Data Browser, https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/browser/index.php?tbl=T01.02#/?f=A.

Grutzeck, M.W., D.M. Roy, and D. Wolfe-Confer. 1982. Mechanism of Hydration of Portland Cement Composites Containing Ferrosilicon Dust, Proceedings, 4th International Conference on Cement Microscopy, Las Vegas, International Cement Microscopy Association, Duncanville, TX.

Hallet, V., N. De Belie, and Y. Pontikes. 2020. The Impact of Slag Fineness on the Reactivity of Blended Cements with High-Volume Non-Ferrous Metallurgy Slag, Construction and Building Materials, 257, 119400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119400.

Harish, K.V., and P. Rangaraju. 2013. Material Characterization Studies on Low- and High-Carbon Rice Husk Ash and Their Performance in Portland Cement Mixtures, Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, V. 2, No. 1, http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20120056.

Harish, K.V., and P. Rangaraju. 2014. Effect of Grinding of Low-Carbon Rice Husk Ash on the Microstructure and Performance Properties of Blended Cement Concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, 55(10), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.09.021.

Hogan, F. J., and J.W. Meusel. 1981. Evaluation for Durability and Strength Development of a Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, V. 3, No. 1.

Hooton, R. D., and J.J. Emery. 1990. Sulfate Resistance of a Canadian Slag, ACI Materials Journal, V. 87, No. 6, Nov.–Dec. 1990.

Hooton, R.D., K. Gruber, K. and A. Boddy. 1997. The Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete Containing High-Reactivity Metakaolin, Proceedings of the PCI/FHWA International Symposium on High-Performance Concrete, New Orleans, LA.

Hooton, R.D., C.A. Rogers, C.A. MacDonald, and T. Ramlochan. 2013. 20-Year Field Evaluation of Alkali-Silica Reaction Mitigation, ACI Materials Journal, V. 110, No. 5, Sept.–Oct.

Hoppe Filho, J., C.A.O. Pires, O.D. Leite, M.R. Garcez, and M.H.F. Medeiros. 2021. Red Ceramic Waste as Supplementary Cementitious Material: Microstructure And Mechanical Properties, Construction and Building Materials. 296, 123653, https://doi.Org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123653.

Hossain, Z., and A. Elsayed. 2018. Use of Rice Hull Ash (RHA) as a Sustainable Source of Construction Material, Transportation Consortium of South-Central States (Tran-SET), Project No. 17CASU02.

Hower, H.C., J.G. Groppo, U.M. Graham, C.R. Ward, I.J. Kostova, M.M. Maroto-Valer, S. Dai. 2017. Coal-Derived Unburned Carbons in Fly Ash: A Review, Int. Journal of Coal Geology, 179.

Idorn, G.M., and K.R. Henriksen. 1984. State of the Art for Fly Ash Uses in Concrete, Cement, and Concrete Research, V. 14, No. 4, July.

Jahren, P. 1983. Use of Silica Fume in Concrete, Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, Proceedings of the First CANMET/ACI International Conference, SP-79, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.

Kaladharan, G., A. Gholizadeh-Vayghan, and F. Rajabipour. 2019. Review, Sampling, and Evaluation of Landfilled Fly Ash, ACI Materials Journal, V. 116, No. 4, July.

Kaminsky, A., M. Krstic, P. Rangaraju, A. Tagnit-Hamou, and M.D.A. Thomas. 2020. Ground-Glass Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, Concrete International, Vol. 42, No. 11, pp. 24–32.

Khayat, K.H., A. Yahia, and M. Sayed. 2008. Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Rheological Properties, Bleeding, and Strength of Structural Grouts, ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 6, Nov.–Dec., pp. 585–593.

Kosmatka, S.H., and L. Wilson. 2011. Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 15th Edition, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.

Kosmatka, S.H., H. Steven, and L. Wilson. 2016. Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 16th Edition, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.

Kostuch, J.A., G.V. Walters, and T.R. Jones. 1993. High-Performance Concretes Incorporating Metakaolin—A Review, Proceedings of Concrete 2000, R.K. Dhir and M.R. Jones, eds., pp. 1799–1811.

Krisanda, J.M., and USGS. 2017 Minerals Yearbook, U.S. Department of the Interior, Reston, VA.

LaDOTD. 2016. 2016 Standard Specifications for Roads and Bridges Manual, Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Baton Rouge, LA, http://wwwsp.dotd.la.gov/Inside_LaDOTD/Divisions/Engineering/Standard_Specifications/Pages/Standard%20Specifications.aspx, accessed May 8, 2025.

Lane, R. O. 1983. Effects of Fly Ash on Freshly Mixed Concrete, Concrete International, V. 5, No. 10, Oct., pp. 50–52.

Lankard, D. 1992. Evaluation of Concretes for Bridge Deck Applications, Report No. I-2930-1 to Ohio Department of Transportation, Lankard Materials Laboratory, Columbus, OH.

Li, L., and M. Wu. 2022. An Overview of Utilizing CO2 for Accelerated Carbonation Treatment in the Concrete Industry, J. CO2 Util, 60, 102000, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102000.

Li, L., W. Liu, Q. You, M. Chen, and Q. Zeng. 2020. Waste Ceramic Powder as a Pozzolanic Supplementary Filler of Cement for Developing Sustainable Building Materials, Journal of Cleaner Production, 259, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120853.

Lim, S., D. Kestner, D. Zollinger, and D.W. Fowler. 2003. Characterization of Crushed Concrete Materials for Paving and Non-paving Applications, Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.

Lovewell, C.E. 1971. Pozzolans in Highway Concrete in Admixtures in Concrete, Special Report No. 119, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC.

Lu, B., C. Shi, J. Zhang, and J. Wang. 2018. Effects of Carbonated Hardened Cement Paste Powder on Hydration and Microstructure of Portland Cement, Construction and Building Materials, 186, 699–708, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.159.

Martins, N.P., S. Srivastava, F. Veiga, H. Niu, P. Perumal, R. Snellings, M. Illikainen, H. Chambart, and G. Habert. 2021. In: Exploring the Potential for Utilization of Medium and Highly Sulfidic Mine Tailings in Construction Materials: A Review, Sustainability, 13(21). pp. 1–23, https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112150.

Mather, B. 1958. The Partial Replacement of Portland Cement in Concrete, Cement, and Concrete, STP-205, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

Mather, K. 1982. Current Research in Sulfate Resistance at the Waterways Experiment Station, George Verbeck Symposium on Sulfate Resistance of Concrete, SP-77, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 63–74.

Medina, J.M., I.F. Saez del Bosque, M. Frías, M.I. Sanchez de Rojas, and C. Medina. 2019. Design and Properties of Eco-Friendly Binary Mortars Containing Ash from Biomass-Fueled Power Plants, Cement and Concrete Composites 104, 103372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103372.

Mehta, P.K., and G.E. Gjørv. 1982. Properties of Portland Cement Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Condensed Silica Fume, Cement and Concrete Research, V. 12, No. 5.

Mehta, P.K. 1992. Rice Husk Ash—A Unique Supplementary Cementing Material, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Advances in Concrete Technology, SP-154, V.M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.

Meusel, J.W., and J.H. Rose. 1983. Production of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag at Sparrows Point, and the Workability and Strength Potential of Concrete Incorporating the Slag, Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, SP-79, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, Vol. 1.

Milla, J., T. Rupnow, R. Minkara, I. Diaz-Loya, and A. Raghavendra. 2019. Evaluating the Feasibility of Reclaimed Landfilled Class C Fly Ash for Concrete Applications, Proceedings, World of Coal Ash, St. Louis, MO.

Mindess, S., J.F. Young, and D. Darwin. 2002. Concrete, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Mirzahosseini, M., and K. Riding. 2014. Effect of Curing Temperature and Glass Type on the Pozzolanic Reactivity of Glass Powder, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 58, pp. 103–111.

MnDOT. 2022. Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) Certification Process for Evaluation of Coal Combustion Ash Not Approved by ASTM C618 for Use in Concrete, March 29.

MnDOT. 2024a. Standard Specifications for Construction and Supplemental Specifications, https://www.dot.state.mn.us/pre-letting/spec/.

MnDOT. 2024b. Development of Concrete Mix Designs/Matrix of Materials, Performance Properties, and Construction Field Sampling and Testing Expectations During Construction, https://www.dot.state.mn.us/mnroad/nrra/structure-teams/rigid/sustainable-concrete-mix-selection.html.

Mohajerani, A., J. Vajna, T.H.H. Cheung, H. Kurmus, A. Arulrajah, and S. Horpibulsuk. 2017. Practical Recycling Applications of Crushed Waste Glass in Construction Materials: A Review, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 156, pp. 443–467.

Neal, R.E., and P. Ramsburg. 2002. The Use of a Natural Pozzolan to Enhance the Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Conference Proceedings of the First North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Center for Advanced Cement-Based Materials, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

Nielsen, P., R. Baciocchi, G. Costa, M. Quaghebeur, and R. Snellings. 2017. Carbonate-bonded construction materials from alkaline residues, RILEM Technical Letters, 2, 53–58, https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2017.50.

NYSDOT. 2014. 711-15 Miscellaneous Supplementary Materials, New York State Department of Transportation Standard Specifications (US Customary Units), pp. 1035–1037, https://www.dot.ny.gov/main/business-center/engineering/specifications/english-spec-repository/espec9-4-14english.pdf.

Obla, K.H., R.L. Hill, M.D. Thomas, and R.D. Hooton. 2000. Durability of Concrete Containing Fine Pozzolan, PCI/FHWA/FIB International Symposium on High Performance Concrete, Orlando, FL.

Ozyildirim, C. 1994. Resistance of Penetration of Chlorides into Concrete Containing Latex, Fly Ash, Slag, and Silica Fume, Durability of Concrete, SP-145, K.P. Chong, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.

Pan, D., L. Li, X. Tian, Y. Wu, N. Cheng, and H. Yu. 2019. A Review on Lead Slag Generation, Characteristics, And Utilization, Resource Conservation and Recycling, 146 (2019) 140–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.036.

Peys, A., T. Hertel, and R. Snellings. 2022. Co-Calcination of Bauxite Residue with KaoliniteiIn Pursuit of a Robust and High-Quality Supplementary Cementitious Material, Frontiers in Materials, 9, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.913151.

Ramanathan, S., M. Tuen, and P. Suraneni. 2022. Influence of Supplementary Cementitious Material and Filler Fineness on Their Reactivity in Model Systems and Cementitious Pastes, Materials and Structures, 55, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-01980-2.

Rashidian-Dezfouli, H., and P.R. Rangaraju. 2018. Evaluation of Selected Durability Properties of Portland Cement Concretes Containing Ground Glass Fiber as a Pozzolan. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2672, No. 17, pp. 88–98.

Russell, H.G. and B.A. Graybeal. 2013. Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: A State-of-the-Art Report for the Bridge Community, FHWA-HRT-13-060, June.

Saad, M.N.A., W.P. de Andrade, and V.A., Paulon. 1982. Properties of Mass Concrete Containing an Active Pozzolan Made from Clay, Concrete International, V. 4, No. 7, pp. 59–65.

SCA. n.d.a. Slag Information Sheet 1: What Is Slag Cement, Slag Cement Association (SCA), Farmington Hills, MI, https://www.slagcement.org/_files/ugd/7a9259_00c7c69e432c47a8a593ea58f94d5898.pdf, accessed March 2024.

SCA. n.d.b. Slag Information Sheet 2: Concrete Proportioning, Slag Cement Association (SCA), Farmington Hills, MI, https://www.slagcement.org/_files/ugd/7a9259_da9f25b822584f23b814ae72e0cbbf87.pdf, accessed March 2024.

SCA. n.d.c. Slag Information Sheet 5: Producing and Placing Slag Cement Concrete, Slag Cement Association (SCA), Farmington Hills, MI, https://www.slagcement.org/_files/ugd/7a9259_f090ac7fec6246d1a61a9cc33c5cd42e.pdf, accessed March 2024.

SCA. n.d.d. Slag Information Sheet 8: Mitigating the Risk of Alkali Silica Reaction, Slag Cement Association (SCA), Farmington Hills, MI, https://www.slagcement.org/_files/ugd/8d54fa_b653f7f7ceb44db6931a8db38056c8cf.pdf, accessed March 2024.

SCA. 2013. Mitigating Sulfate Attack, Slag Cement Association (SCA), Farmington Hills, MI, https://www.slagcement.org/_files/ugd/8d54fa_48c6f8aa2be94ae5b950f52c492d6112.pdf, accessed March 2024.

SFA. 2022. Silica Fume – User’s Manual, 2nd edition, Silica Fume Association, https://www.silicafume.org/pdf/silicafume-users-manual.pdf. Accessed March 2024.

Shah, I.H., S.A. Miller, D. Jiang, and R.J. Myers. 2022. Cement Substitution with Secondary Materials Can Reduce Annual Global CO2 Emissions by up to 1.3 Gigatons, National Community. 13, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33289-7.

Shayan, A., and A. Xu. 2006. Performance of Glass Powder as a Pozzolanic Material in Concrete: A Field Trial on Concrete Slabs, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 36, pp. 457–468.

Shi, C., Y. Wu, Y. Shao, and C. Reifler. 2004. Alkali-Aggregate Reaction of Concrete Containing Ground Glass Powder, Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, October 15–19, Beijing, China, International Academic Publishers, pp. 789–795.

Sigvardsen, N.M., G.M. Kirkelund, P.E. Jensen, M.R. Geiker, and L.M. Ottosen. 2019. Impact of Production Parameters on Physiochemical Characteristics of Wood Ash for Possible Utilization in Cement-Based Materials, 2019, Resources, Conservation, and Recycling. 145, 230–240, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.02.034.

Snellings, R., and K.L. Scrivener. 2016. Rapid Screening Tests for Supplementary Cementitious Materials: Past and Future, Materials and Structures, 49, 3265–3279, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0718-z.

Snellings, R., O. Cizer, L. Horckmans, P.T. Durdziński, P. Dierckx, P. Nielsen, K. Van Balen, and L. Vandewalle. 2016. Properties and Pozzolanic Reactivity of Flash Calcined Dredging Sediments, Applied Clay Science, 129 (2016) 35–39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.04.019.

Snellings, R., P. Suraneni, and J. Skibsted. 2023. Future and Emerging Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Cement and Concrete Research, 171, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107199.

Snyder, M.B., T.L. Cavalline, G. Fick, P. Taylor, and J. Gross. 2018. Recycling Concrete Pavement Materials: A Practitioner’s Reference Guide, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Ames, IA.

Soutsos, M., A. Hatzitheodorou, J. Kwasny, and F. Kanavaris. 2016. Effect of In Situ Temperature on the Early Age Strength Development of Concretes with Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Construction & Building Materials, V. 103.

Streeter, D.A. 1996. Developing High-Performance Concrete Mix for New York State Bridge Decks, Transportation Research Record, No. 1532, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

Suraneni, P. 2021. Recent Developments in Reactivity Testing of Supplementary Cementitious Materials, RILEM Technical Letters. 6, pp. 131–139, https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.150.

Sutter, L. 2015. Materials-Related Distress: Hardened Cement Paste – Best Practices for Jointed Concrete Pavements, Tech Brief, FHWA-HIF-15-018, Federal Highway Administration, Washington DC.

Sutter, L. 2016. Supplementary Cementitious Materials – Best Practices for Concrete Pavements, Tech Brief, FHWA-HIF-16-001, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, Feb. 2016.

Sutter, L.L., R.D. Hooton, and S. Schlorholtz. 2013. NCHRP Report 749: Methods for Evaluating Fly Ash for Use in Highway Concrete, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, https://doi.org/10.17226/22483.

Sutter, L.L., D.M. Vruno, G.C. Anzalone, and J. Dong. 2014. Laboratory Study for Comparison of Class C Versus Class F Fly Ash for Concrete Pavement, Wisconsin Highway Research Program Report No. WHRP 0092-12-04, Sept.

Sutter, L., G. Moulzolf, and M. Masten. 2018. Impact of Water/Cementitious-Based Concrete Mix Design Specification Changes on Concrete Pavement Quality, Report MN/RC 2018-25, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, MN.

Tikalsky, P.J., and R.L. Carrasquillo. 1993. Fly Ash Evaluation and Selection for Use in Sulfate Resistant Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, V. 90, No. 6, Nov.–Dec.

Thapa, V., D. Waldmann, C. Simon. 2019. Gravel Wash Mud: A Quarry Waste Material as Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM), Cement and Concrete Research. 124, 105833, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105833.

Thomas, B.S., J. Yang, K.H. Mo, J.A. Abdalla, R.A. Hawileh, and E. Ariyachandra. 2021. Biomass Ashes from Agricultural Wastes as Supplementary Cementitious Materials or Aggregate Replacement in Cement/Geopolymer Concrete: A Comprehensive Review, Journal of Building Engineering, 40, 102332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102332.

Thomas, M.D.A., M.H. Shehata, S.G. Shashiprakash, D.S. Hopkins, and K. Cail. 1999. Use of Ternary Cementitious Systems Containing Silica Fume and Fly Ash in Concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, No. 8.

Thomas, M.D.A., A. Scott, T.W. Bremner, A. Bilodeau, and D. Day. 2008. Performance of Slag Concrete in a Marine Environment, ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 6, Nov.–Dec.

Uchikawa, H., S. Uchida, and S. Hanehara. 1989. Relationship Between Structure and Penetrability of Na Ion in Hardened Blended Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete, Journal of Research of the Onoda Cement Company, V. 41, No. 121.

UDOT. 2025. 2025 Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction, Utah Department of Transportation, https://www.udot.utah.gov/connect/business/standards/.

USDA. 2022. Rice and Rice Sector at a Glance, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice/rice-sector-at-a-glance#:~:text=Four%20regions%20produce. Accessed in March 2024.

Vegas, I., K. Broos, P. Nielsen, O. Lambertz, and A. Lisbona. 2015. Upgrading the Quality of Mixed Recycled Aggregates From Construction and Demolition Waste by Using Near-Infrared Sorting Technology, Construction and Building Materials. 75, 121–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.109.

Wang, D., Q. Wang, and Z. Huang. 2020. Reuse of Copper Slag as a Supplementary Cementitious Material: Reactivity and Safety, Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, 162, 105037, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105037.

Wang, R., Q. Shi, Y. Li, Z. Cao, and Z. Si. 2021. A Critical Review on the Use of Copper Slag (CS) as a Substitute Constituent in Concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 292, 123371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123371.

Wang, Y., R. Sivakumar, L. Burris, R.D. Hooton, C.R. Shearer, and P. Suraneni. 2022. Reactivity of Unconventional Fly Ashes, SCMs, and Fillers: Effects of Sulfates, Carbonates, and Temperature, Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, 11, 2, https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20220003.

Wintour, N. 2015. The Glass Industry: Recent Trends and Changes in Working Conditions and Employment Relations, Working Paper No. 310, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

Wirth, X., D.A. Glatstein, and S.E. 2019. Burns, Mineral Phases, and Carbon Content in Weathered Fly Ashes, Fuel, V. 236.

You, I., G. Zi, D.-Y. Yoo, and D.A. Lange. 2019. Durability of Concrete Containing Liquid Crystal Display Glass Powder for Pavement. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 166, No. 6, pp. 87–94.

Zajac, M., J. Skibsted, J. Skocek, P. Durdzinski, F. Bullerjahn, and M. Ben Haha. 2020a. Phase Assemblage and Microstructure of Cement Paste Subjected to Enforced, Wet Carbonation, Cement and Concrete Research, 130, 105990, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.105990.

Zajac, M., J. Skocek, P. Durdzinski, F. Bullerjahn, J. Skibsted, and M. Ben Haha. 2020b. Effect of Carbonated Cement Paste on Composite Cement Hydration and Performance, Cement and Concrete Research, 134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106090.

Zajac, M., J. Skocek, J. Skibsted, and M. Ben Haha. 2021. CO₂ Mineralization of Demolished Concrete Wastes into a Supplementary Cementitious Material – A New CCU Approach for the Cement Industry, RILEM Technical Letters, 6, 53–60, https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.141.

Zajac, M., J. Skocek, M. Ben Haha, and J. Deja. 2022a. CO₂ Mineralization Methods in Cement and Concrete Industry, Energies, 15, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103597.

Zajac, M. J. Skibsted, F. Bullerjahn, and J. Skocek. 2022b. Semi-Dry Carbonation of Recycled Concrete Paste. Journal of CO₂ Utilization, 63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102111.

Zajac, M., J. Song, P. Ullrich, J. Skocek, M. Ben Haha, and J. Skibsted. 2024. High Early Pozzolanic Reactivity of Carbonated Recycled Cement Fines: A Study of the Hydration of Composite Cements with Carbonated Recycled Cement Paste, Cement and Concrete Research, 175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107345.

Zhang, M.H., and V.M. Malhotra. 1996. High-Performance Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash as a Supplementary Cementing Material, ACI Materials Journal, V. 93, No. 6.

Zhang, T., M. Chen, Y. Wang, and M. Zhang. 2023. Roles of Carbonated Recycled Fines and Aggregates in Hydration, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A Critical Review, Cement and Concrete Composites, 138, 104994, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.104994.

Zidol, A., M.T. Tognonvi, and A. Tagnit-Hamou. 2020. Concrete Incorporating Glass Powder in Aggressive Environments. ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 118, No. 2, pp. 43–51.

Zito, S.V., G.P. Cordoba, E.F. Irassar, and V.F. Rahhal. 2023. Durability of Eco-Friendly Blended Cements Incorporating Ceramic Waste From Different Sources, Journal of Sustainable Cementitious Materials, 12, 13–23, https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2021.2010242.