Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise (2025)
Chapter: 5 Foundation Model Challenges
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4 Strategic Considerations and Directions for Department of Energy Foundation Models
Next Chapter: Appendix A: Statement of Task
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
Suggested Citation:
"5 Foundation Model Challenges." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Foundation Models for Scientific Discovery and Innovation: Opportunities Across the Department of Energy and the Scientific Enterprise. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29212.
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