Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night (2025)

Chapter: Appendix F: Infographics

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix F: Infographics." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29225.
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APPENDIX F.

Infographics

A line graph titled “30-years of U. S. Pedestrian Fatalities (1993 to 2022) by Daytime versus Nighttime.” The horizontal axis shows the years from 1993 to 2022 in increments of 1. The vertical axis shows pedestrian fatalities from 0 to 6,000 in increments of 100. The graph shows two trend lines: one rising line labeled “Nighttime” and a lower, flatter line labeled “Daytime,” both tracking pedestrian fatalities over time. The line for Nighttime begins at 62 percent and reaches 77 percent. The line for Daytime begins at 33 percent and ends at 19 percent. (Source: Fatality Analysis Reporting System 1993a to 2022.)
Page 189
Suggested Citation: "Appendix F: Infographics." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29225.
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An illustration shows the demographics of pedestrians killed. The illustration has three sections. The first section shows a scale with the numbers 1, 15, 34, and 100, where the range of 15 to 34 is highlighted. The text reads, “30 percent of pedestrians killed were 15 to 34 years old. Yet 43 percent of drivers who killed were 15 to 34 years old.” The second section is labeled “2010 to 2020 pedestrian fatalities at night by race, per 100,000 population.” They are as follows: Pacific Islander: 82. American Indian or Alaska Native: 43. Black: 22. Hispanic or Latino: 14. White: 11. Multiple races or other race: 6. Asian: 5 [Source: Fatality Analysis Reporting System (2010 to 2020); U. S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States: 2015]. The third section reads, “72 percent of pedestrians killed were males.”
Page 190
Suggested Citation: "Appendix F: Infographics." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29225.
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An illustration shows the Safe System Pyramid for pedestrian safety at night. The pyramid consists of five tiers with text. The text given in the pyramid from bottom tier to the top is as follows: Tier 1, the base of the pyramid, is Socioeconomic Factors, that is, comprehensive transit, high-density housing, mental health access, etc. Tier 2 is the Built Environment, that is, consistent pedestrian lighting, sidewalk network, curb ramps, slow streets, street lighting, traffic calming, crossing islands, daylights, road diets, etc. Tier 3 is Latent Safety Measures, that is, design standards, M U T C D, safety countermeasure policy, rest on red, auto braking, speed management policies, posted speed limit, automatic enforcement. Tier 2 is Active Measures, that is, rectangular rapid flashing beacons, pedestrian hybrid beacons, signals, signs, vehicle headlights, police enforcement, etc. Tier 1, the top of the pyramid, is Education, that is, traffic safety campaign. Along the left side of the pyramid, a continuum is shown with the words “Population Health Impact” at the base and the words “Individual Effort” at the top and a double-sided arrow between these labels. (Source: Adapted from Ederer et al. 2023.)
Page 191
Suggested Citation: "Appendix F: Infographics." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29225.
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A horizontal bar graph shows the distance covered at different vehicular speeds under daytime and nighttime conditions. The graph does not have a horizontal axis. The vertical axis shows three speed limits from 20 to 40 miles per hour in increments of 10. Each speed limit shows two bars representing daytime and nighttime, respectively. Each bar consists of two sections: Detection and Braking. The total distance for detection and braking shown at each speed is as follows: 20 miles per hour: daytime, 63 feet, and nighttime 93 feet. 30 miles per hour: daytime, 109 feet, and nighttime, 153 feet. 40 miles per hour: daytime, 164 feet, and nighttime, 223 feet. A vertical dotted line marked Pedestrian crossing is drawn along 100 feet. The note at the bottom of the graph reads as follows: Daytime calculations from NACTO’s City Limits using a detection time of 1.5 seconds and a deceleration rate of 22.6 feet per second squared. Nighttime calculations assume extra seconds for detection time and maintain the same deceleration rate. These calculations assume a standard vehicle on a dry and flat surface.
An infographic titled “Key Nighttime Countermeasures for Pedestrian Safety at Night” lists safety strategies with icons. The safety measures include road reallocation; speed feedback signs; automatic speed enforcement; daylighting or curb extensions; crossing island; sidewalks, walkways, shared-use paths; roadway lighting; pedestrian lighting; high-visibility crosswalk markings; signalized pedestrian phase or indications; pedestrian hybrid beacon; and rectangular rapid flashing beacon. (Source: Adapted from Ederer et al. 2023.)
Page 188
Suggested Citation: "Appendix F: Infographics." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29225.
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Page 188
Page 189
Suggested Citation: "Appendix F: Infographics." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29225.
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Page 189
Page 190
Suggested Citation: "Appendix F: Infographics." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29225.
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Page 190
Page 191
Suggested Citation: "Appendix F: Infographics." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Night. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29225.
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Page 191
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