PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA (2026)

Chapter: 4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty

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Previous Chapter: 3 Federal Conservation Support and PFAS in Agricultural Systems
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Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 105 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 106
Page 107 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 108 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 109 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 109
Page 110 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 110
Page 111 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 111
Page 112 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 112
Page 113 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 113
Page 114 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 114
Page 115 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 115
Page 116 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 116
Page 117 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 117
Page 118 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 118
Page 119 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 119
Page 120 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 120
Page 121 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 121
Page 122 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 122
Page 123 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 123
Page 124 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "4 Decision-Making Under Uncertainty." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. PFAS in Agricultural Systems: Guidance for Conservation Programs at USDA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29272.
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Page 124
Next Chapter: 5 Applied Research Gaps for PFAS Management in the Context of Conservation
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