Clinical Follow-Up and Care for Those Impacted by the JP-5 Releases at Red Hill (2026)
Chapter: Appendix E: Timeline of Known Spills at Red Hill
Appendix E
Timeline of Known Spills at Red Hill
This appendix presents a timeline of major known spill events at the Red Hill Bulk Fuel Storage Facility (BFSF) and surrounding areas since the storage tanks were completed in 1943. The tanks sit above an important freshwater aquifer. The timeline highlights incidents involving petroleum releases as well as other chemical spills, such as aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) containing perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and notes response actions where information is available. The timeline is not intended to be comprehensive but reflects a compilation of reported incidents, and the coordinated response by various actors relevant to this study.
1948
February 19: The Red Hill well was taken offline in response to the first documented fuel contamination from Red Hill BFSF in which 500 gallons of fuel leaked (OIG, 2024a).
1998
November 10: Navy submitted its first report to Hawai‘i State Department of Health (HDOH) of a jet fuel release from Red Hill (EPA Region 9, 2015).
2005
December 28: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, 2005) Public Health Assessment detected contaminants in shallow groundwater at Red Hill, though no exposure was detected.
2014
January 13: Navy discovered a loss of about 27,000 gallons of fuel from Tank #5 (after it had undergone routine maintenance and was placed back into service December 9, 2013) and began transferring fuel from Tank #5 to other tanks (EPA Region 9, 2015).
January 16: Navy verbally notified HDOH and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of a confirmed release from Tank #5 (EPA Region 9, 2015).
January 18: Navy completed transfer of all fuel from Tank #5 (EPA Region 9, 2015).
April 24: Hawai‘i State Legislature adopted Senate Concurrent Resolution 73 to assemble a task force to study the effects of the January 2014 fuel tank leak at the Red Hill BFSF and submit a report of the task force’s findings and recommendations (Red Hill Fuel Storage Facility Task Force, 2015) (expanded in 2015 to include all underground storage tanks in the state) (Hawai‘i State Senate, 2015).
2015
September 28: EPA and HDOH entered into Red Hill Administrative Order of Consent with Navy and Defense Logistics Agency (DLA). The order requires Navy and DLA, with HDOH and EPA approval, to respond to fuel releases and “implement infrastructure improvements to protect human health and the environment” (EPA, 2025a; see also EPA Region 9, 2015).
2019
December 7: 1,500 gallons of AFFF released from the Red Hill BFSF into the environment, requiring the surrounding contaminated soil to be excavated (BWS, 2025).
2020
March 17: Navy notified HDOH of a release of fuel into surface water of Hotel Pier, though the public was not informed of this until June 2021—over a year later (OIG, 2024b).
June 2: Hotel Pier fuel leak resumed and Navy reported it to HDOH (OIG, 2024b).
September 29: Approximately 5,000 gallons of AFFF-liquid concentrate released in underground pumphouse at Red Hill BFSF following a trigger of the fire suppression system (BWS, 2025).
December 21: HDOH sent a letter to Navy requiring them to locate and secure the source of the March 17 and June 2 fuel releases, remediate the spill, and conduct additional pipeline testing (OIG, 2024b).
2021
January 20 and 23: HDOH used two failed leak detection tests and an oil sheen as sufficient evidence to confirm fuel was leaking from Red Hill BFSF’s pipeline (OIG, 2024a).
January 21: Navy captain emailed that “active” leak would be bad optics with upcoming contested case hearing (Jedra, 2021).
January 28: Navy captain asserted “no leak has been confirmed” (Jedra, 2021).
February 1: HDOH case hearings began: Sierra Club versus Navy over contested 2019 application by Navy for a permit to operate the Red Hill BFSF another 5 years (HDOH, 2022a).
February 2: Navy contractor for Pacific Environmental Corporation (PENCO), an oil spill cleanup company, determined that there was an active leak that was pushing out older product. The $2 million contract between PENCO and Navy was bound by a nondisclosure agreement, so all media inquiries are redirected to Navy (Jedra, 2021).
February 3: Commander Darrell Frame testified that he knew of no fuel releases into the environment from Red Hill since 1988, except for the 2014 spill (Jedra, 2021).
May 6: A fuel transfer operation resulted in two piping joint ruptures causing the release of JP-5 fuel. A fire suppression system sump pump transferred about 19,000 gallons of the fuel into an overhead retention line, causing the pipe to slowly sag (OIG, 2024a).
May 18: HDOH (2021a) received letter from Navy dated February 16, 2021, in which Navy describes two failed pipeline tests in January 2021.
May 26: Soil vapor monitoring data reported missing from the 4 days surrounding the May 6 fuel release (Cocke, 2021).
June 30: Letter sent from K Kawaoka (Deputy Director for Environmental Health, HDOH) to Rear Admiral Timothy Kott reminding Navy they must notify HDOH of all leaks within 7 days of a confirmed release (HDOH, 2021a).
June–September: Fuel detected in Navy water sampling of Red Hill Shaft (Horton and Demirjian, 2021).
July 16: Approximately 150 gallons of fuel released from a pipeline at Kilo Pier in a restricted area due to a “corrosion-induced hole” in the pipe system (HDOH, 2021b).
July 23: Navy confirmed release at Kilo Pier. Approximately 110 gallons were recovered (HDOH, 2021c).
September 12: HDOH released decision to recommend approval of extending Navy’s permit at Red Hill for an additional 5 years of operation (Ladao, 2021).
October 26: A water pipeline ruptured releasing 300,000 gallons of water at the Red Hill BFSF. Navy officials believe AFFF from the December 7, 2019, incident could have been absorbed in the soil and mixed with the water from the 300,000-gallon release (BWS, 2025).
October 27: HDOH issued fine to Navy of more than $325,000 for operations and maintenance violations at Red Hill (HDOH, 2021d).
November 3: Hawaiian Congressional Delegation (Senators Hirono and Schatz and Representatives Case and Kahele) sent a letter to Acting Inspector General Sean O’Donnell calling for an independent investigation to determine if Navy officials properly executed notification to HDOH of January 2021 leak (Hirono et al., 2021).
November 20: The fuel that was trapped in the fire suppression system on May 6, 2021, was released following a human error incident; approximately 5,542 gallons remained unrecovered, potentially reaching the drinking water source; Navy said there were no signs the fuel had escaped into the environment and that drinking water was safe (BWS, 2021b; NEIC, 2022; OIG, 2024b); 911 dispatchers in Honolulu received calls from residents of Foster Village and the Āliamanu Military Reservation reporting a strong odor of gasoline. Unable to locate the source, the responding firefighters believed the odors came from nearby refueling operations and closed the case (Kajihiro, 2024).
November 27: Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickham (JBPHH) housing manager received first customer complaint of a chemical smell in the water (NEIC, 2022).
November 28: Navy took their water well offline but did not disclose this until December 2. Navy indicated water was safe. The well was reactivated from 7:55pm to 9:20pm for additional water test samples to be collected (NEIC, 2022).
November 29: According to data from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system, Red Hill main pump #2 was turned on from 12:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. (NEIC, 2022); Navy flushed contaminated water onto sidewalks and residential streets and into storm drains (Teruya, 2021); HDOH advised over Twitter that “all Navy water system users avoid using the water for consumption (drinking, cooking, or oral
hygiene)” (as reported in Cruz et al., 2021, and HDOH, 2021e); Captain Erik Spitzer told JBPHH residents that “there are no immediate indications that the water is not safe” and that he and his staff were drinking the water (Toropin and Kime, 2022). Navy recommended JBPHH military housing residents avoid ingestion of their potable water as a cautionary measure “if chemical or petroleum odors are present” (Commander, Navy Region Hawai‘i, 2021a, 2021b; see also Kim and McCullough, 2021).
December 1: Preliminary testing from HDOH showed the presence of petroleum product in a water sample from Red Hill Elementary, which was on the Navy water system (HDOH, 2021f).
December 2: U.S. Army authorized water distribution stations and/or lodging allowances for residents in affected areas (Army Hawaii Public Affairs, 2021); The Honolulu Board of Water Supply (BWS) shut down Hālawa Shaft as a precaution, though no contaminants were detected in subsequent reports of the Hālawa Shaft (BWS, 2021a).
December 3: Navy authorized evacuation and/or lodging allowances for residents in affected areas (JBPHH, 2021).
December 5: Navy divers enter the well and water-development tunnel to visually inspect for evidence of contamination (JBPHH–Safe Waters, 2022).
December 6: HDOH issued an emergency order for Navy to suspend operation, defuel the underground storage tanks, install a drinking-water treatment system at Red Hill well, and perform independent third-party assessment of BFSF (OIG, 2024b).
December 7: The Secretary of the Navy ordered full compliance with HDOH’s emergency order, halting all fuel transfers and isolating the well indefinitely (OIG, 2024b); within 30 days of emergency order, Navy must “submit a workplan and implementation schedule, prepared by a qualified independent third party approved by the Department, to assess operations and system integrity of the Facility” (HDOH, 2021c, p. 4). Divers in the well and water-development tunnel confirm presence of contamination (JBPHH–Safe Waters, 2022).
December 9: HDOH reported diesel fuel levels were more than double their limit1 for drinking water in the Navy’s ‘Aiea–Hālawa Shaft, a level that “poses a public health threat and is considered unsafe to drink” (HDOH, 2021g). As a precaution, BWS also shut down its ‘Aiea well (BWS, 2021b).
December 17: Interagency Drinking Water System Team between Navy,
___________________
1 “A level of 920 parts per billion (ppb) of total petroleum hydrocarbons diesel range organics (TPH-d) was reported by the Navy. The DOH Environmental Action Level (EAL) for TPH-d is 400 ppb” (HDOH, 2021g).
Army, EPA, and HDOH announced for restoration of the drinking-water system (OIG, 2024a).
December 27: State hearing recommended that Navy should comply with HDOH orders to defuel Red Hill BFSF (HDOH, 2021c).
December 2021–March 2022: Navy conducted flushing of water system (OIG, 2024b).
2022
January 7–February 10: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/ATSDR’s Initial Assessment of Chemical Exposures (ACE) survey conducted, which included all Navy water system users (ATSDR, 2024a; Troeschel et al., 2022).
January 27: HDOH permitted the Navy to flush up to 5 million gallons of treated water per day from the contaminated Red Hill Shaft into the Hālawa Stream (HDOH, 2022b).
February 14: First zone (I1) declared safe for drinking (OIG, 2024b).
February 18: Federal stopgap funding bill passed, including $350 million for response to water contamination at JBPHH (Dickstein, 2022).
February 23: Honolulu City Council (2022) unanimously approved a bill that would require a city permit to operate large underground storage tanks like those at Red Hill.
March: Navy began its 2-year long-term monitoring program (NCTF–RH, 2024).
March 7: Department of Defense said it will formally defuel and shut down Red Hill BFSF by June 2028 (GAO, 2024).
March 18: All 19 zones on the Navy water system were cleared for safe drinking and HDOH lifted its “do not drink or consume” advisory (OIG, 2024b).
April 1: About 30 gallons of a “fuel and water mixture” leaked during maintenance work to remove water from a fuel tank, according to Navy (Jedra, 2022).
April 4: Navy relieved Captain Albert Lee Hornyak as commanding officer of Naval Supply Systems Command Fleet Logistics Center due to “a series of leadership and oversight failures” at Red Hill (Navy, 2022).
May 6: HDOH (2022c) issued an updated emergency order to defuel Red Hill. Navy was ordered to provide the Secretary of Defense with its plan of action by May 31, the plan and implementation schedule to defuel by June 30, and the plan for closure of the facility by November 1.
May 27: Navy released a third-party assessment of the Red Hill BFSF. The 880-page document identifies various maintenance issues, such
as corroded piping, damaged coating, missing bracing, degraded pier structures, and more (Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc., 2022).
August 4: Honolulu BWS (2022) detected trace amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater monitoring in Moanalua Valley.
August–September: HDOH and ATSDR (2024b) conducted a follow-up ACE survey.
October 4: HDOH approved Navy’s plan to remove about 1 million gallons of fuel sitting in the pipes, a requirement before repairs and tank defueling could begin (Bodon, 2022a).
October 14: Water main breaks on the Navy’s system, leaving thousands of military residents on a boil water advisory and causing the Navy to postpone unpacking 1 million gallons of fuel sitting in Red Hill pipelines (Mongilio, 2022; Truesdale, 2022).
October 25–November 3: Military drained 1 million gallons of fuel sitting in pipelines connected to the Red Hill storage facility (McAvoy, 2022a, 2022b).
November 21: One year following the November 2021 fuel release at Red Hill, the Navy announced that the Red Hill Clinic was to be established (Bodon, 2022b).
November 29: Navy spilled approximately 1,300 gallons of AFFF into the facility and environment at the Adit 6 near the top of a tunnel at the Red Hill BFSF (EPA, 2025b; GAO, 2024).
December 27: Red Hill Clinic began scheduling appointments for Defense Enrollment Eligibility Reporting System–enrolled patients (DHA Region Indo-Pacific, 2022a, 2022b).
2023
January 3: Red Hill Clinic began seeing patients (DHA Region Indo-Pacific, 2022b).
April 10: Red Hill Clinic opened care for civilians impacted by Red Hill incident who received secretarial designation (Naval Health Clinic Hawaii, 2023).
October–December: Following further reports from residents that raised concerns about JBPHH drinking-water quality, the Navy conducted building plumbing investigations (NAVFAC Hawaii, 2024).
October 16: Defueling efforts of Red Hill BFSF began (DoD, 2023).
November 17: Joint Task Force crews removed 103 million gallons (99.5 percent) of fuel from the Red Hill facility (HNN Staff, 2023).
2024
March 2024: Long-term monitoring program of the public water systems was completed (Navy and Army, 2024).
March 6: Joint Task Force crews completed defueling of the Red Hill BFSF, removing over 104 million gallons of fuel. Charge of the facility was turned over to the Navy Closure Task Force–Red Hill (HDOH, 2024, 2025a).
April 2024–March 2025: Navy voluntarily implemented Extended Drinking Water Monitoring (EDWM) (NCTF–RH, 2024).
2025
June: Navy issued results of EDWM (NCTF–RH, 2024).
July 1: Navy reported a release of approximately 300 gallons of fuel in an underground fuel pumphouse at JBPHH. The fuel release was reportedly contained to concrete without impact to surrounding environment (HDOH, 2025b).
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