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Ruth Ellen Bulger is vice president for scientific affairs, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Rockville, Maryland. Before assuming that position in 1993, she was director, Division of Health Sciences Policy, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. From 1978 to 1988, she was professor in the graduate school of biomedical sciences at the University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston. She is the co-editor of The Ethical Dimensions of the Biological Sciences (1993) and supervised or helped prepare approximately 40 studies at the Institute of Medicine, including several on women's health. She holds a Ph.D. in anatomy from the University of Washington.
C. Thomas Caskey is Senior Vice President of Research at Merck Research Laboratories, West Point since January 1, 1995. Prior to his departure from Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, he served as chairman of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, director of Baylor's Human Genome Center and an investigator with Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is also president of the international Human Genome Organization, an organization of scientists involved in the Human Genome Project. A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Caskey received his medical degree from Duke University Medical School and did postdoctoral work in genetics at the National Heart and Lung Institute, National Institutes of Health.
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Rebecca S. Eisenberg is professor of law at the University of Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, where she has taught courses in intellectual property, protection of technology, trademarks and unfair competition, and legal issues in scientific research. She received a J.D. degree from the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law. She has lectured and written on patent rights in the Human Genome Project, has a grant from the Department of Energy to study the role of patents in technology transfer in the Human Genome Project, and is a member of the National Institutes of Health–Department of Energy Working Group on the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Human Genome Research.
Suzanne Giannini Spohn is senior scientists at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation. Her areas of expertise include microbiology and parasitology. She has done extensive research in the field of communicable diseases. She is a member of EPA's Risk Assessment Forum and Cancer Risk Assessment Group. Before going to EPA, Dr. Giannini Spohn was a full-time member of the faculty at the University of Maryland Medical School, where she holds an appointment as adjunct associate professor.
M. R. C. Greenwood was associate director for science, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy when she and Rachel Levinson coauthored this chapter. She has since returned to the position of dean of graduate studies and vice provost for academic research at the University of California, Davis. She is also professor in the departments of nutrition and internal medicine. Her research interests are in developmental cell biology, genetics, physiology, and nutrition. Dr. Greenwood's work over the past 25 years, focusing on the genetic causes of obesity, is recognized worldwide. In 1992, she was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
Daniel E. Koshland, Jr., is professor emeritus of molecular biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and was the long-time editor-in-chief of Science magazine until recently. He helped establish and was chairman of the Academy Forum, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences that is charged with helping to develop policy on issues that pose dilemmas at the interface between science and societal problems. Dr. Koshland's research has produced major advances in the understanding of enzymes and protein chemistry. He is an international leader in research on short-and long-term memory. His awards include the National Medal of Science, the Pauling Award of the American Chemical Society, and election to the National Academy of Sciences.
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Neal F. Lane is director of the National Science Foundation, an independent agency of the federal government that provides support for research and education in science, mathematics, and engineering. Before becoming NSF director in October 1993, Dr. Lane was provost and professor of physics at Rice University. He is the former chancellor of the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs and former director of the Division of Physics of the National Science Foundation. Dr. Lane has authored or co-authored more than 90 scientific papers and publications, including a textbook on quantum physics. He is a fellow of the American Physical Society and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Louis Lasagna is dean of the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston. He is also academic dean at the school of medicine, professor of psychiatry, and professor of pharmacology. He has served on or consulted with numerous government agencies and committees, including the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Advisory Committee on the Food and Drug Administration and the National Committee to Review Current Procedures for Approval of New Drugs for Cancer and AIDS. His many honors include the J. Allyn Taylor International Prize in Medicine in 1993.
Rachel E. Levinson is the assistant director for life sciences, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Ms. Levinson is on detail from the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, where she was involved in policy issues related to biotechnology and technology transfer, oversight of recombinant DNA research, and initiation of the NIH Human Genome Project. From 1973 until 1983, Ms. Levinson was in the National Cancer Institute intramural research program where her work focused on glycoproteins and structural proteins associated with cancer.
Kathleen S. Matthews is Harry C. and Olga K. Weiss Professor of Biochemistry & Cell Biology at Rice University and was chair of the department from 1987 to 1995. Her major research interests are chemistry and molecular biology of proteins; studies on DNA regulatory proteins employing chemical modification, genetic modification, spectroscopy, and other physical methods. She has been a member of the advisory committee to NIH, NSF, HHMI, and the state of Texas and is associate editor of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. She holds a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of California, Berkeley.
Larry V. McIntire is the E. D. Butcher Professor of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering at Rice University. He is also chair of the Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering and director of the Cox Laboratory for
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Biomedical Engineering within the Institute. His research interests include the effects of flow on mammalian-cell metabolism, molecular mechanisms of cell adhesion, tissue engineering, mammalian-cell culture, and bioengineering aspects of vascular biology. Dr. McIntire is the recipient of a National Institutes of Health MERIT award and is a founding fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering.
Barbara Mishkin is an attorney who concentrates on health regulatory issues, particularly the federal regulation of biomedical research, scientific misconduct, institutional and medical staff bylaws, and the credentialing and disciplining of practitioners. Before joining Hogan & Hartson in 1983, Ms. Mishkin served as deputy director of the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. She was previously staff director, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Ethics Advisory Board.
Robert M. Nerem is institute professor and Parker H. Petit Distinguished Chair for Engineering in Medicine, George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. Dr. Nerem is president of the International Union for Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine and immediate past president of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering. He is the president of the newly established American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering. In 1988, Professor Nerem was elected to the National Academy of Engineering and in 1992, to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences. Research interests include biofluid mechanics, cardiovascular devices, cellular engineering, vascular biology, atherosclerosis, and tissue engineering.
Gene F. Parkin is professor and chair of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Iowa. He is director of the Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination and serves on the executive committee of the Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing. He holds a Ph.D. degree in environmental engineering from Stanford University. His teaching interests have been in biological treatment processes and environmental chemistry. His research has been directed toward anaerobic biological processes and bioremediation of waters contaminated with organic chemicals.
Mark Rothstein is Law Foundation Professor of Law and director of the Health Law and Policy Institute at the University of Houston. He has concentrated his research on employment and occupational health law. He has written on a wide range of issues, including bioethics, disabilities
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law, drug abuse, employment law, genetics, health policy, and occupation health. He has served as a consultant or adviser to the Department of Energy, the Office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress, the American Medical Association, the National Center for Human Genome Research, and the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
Frederick B. Rudolph is professor and chair of Biochemistry & Cell Biology at Rice University. He is also executive director of the Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering and director of the Mabee Laboratory for Biochemical and Genetic Engineering within the institute. His research interests include factors and mechanisms involved in the control of metabolism, protein structure and function, regulation and control of nucleotide metabolism, new techniques in enzyme purification, effect of dietary nucleotides on immune function and tumor growth, and solvent production by bacterial fermentations.
Jerome Schultz has been director of the Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering at the University of Pittsburgh since its inception in 1987. Professor Schultz served with the National Science Foundation as Deputy Director for Cross-Disciplinary Research. In that capacity, he contributed to the development of the foundation's Engineering Research Center Program and was responsible of the development of programs in emerging engineering technologies such as biotechnology, bioengineering, and lightwave technology. After receiving his Ph.D. degree in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin, he worked for Lederle Laboratories developing antibiotics, enzymes, and steroids.
Michael L. Shuler is Samuel B. Eckert Professor of Chemical Engineering with joint appointment in the Institute of Food Science at Cornell University. He holds a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the University of Minnesota. His research interests in biochemical engineering include the areas of growth characteristics and product formation from plant cell tissue cultures, the development and experimental verification of models for the growth of individual cells, and the response of natural ecosystems to toxic chemicals and biodegradation.
Anna Marie Skalka is scientific director of the Institute for Cancer Research and vice president of the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia. Before assuming that position, she was head of the Department of Molecular Oncology at the Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Nutley, New Jersey. She holds a Ph.D. in microbiology from New York University.
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Judith P. Swazey is president of The Acadia Institute, a nonprofit center in Bar Harbor, Maine, that does research, consults, and develops educational programs dealing with issues concerning medicine, science, and society. Dr. Swazey, who received her Ph.D. in the history of science from Harvard University, also is an adjunct professor of social and behavioral sciences at Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health. Her work has focused on social, ethical, legal, and policy aspects of biomedical research and health care, professional ethics, and issues in graduate and professional education. She currently is principal investigator of the institute's study of professional values and ethical issues in the graduate education of scientists and engineers.
Eric Tomlinson is president and chief executive officer of GENEMEDICINE, INC., a biotechnology company based in The Woodlands, Texas, developing controllable gene therapy products for direct administration to patients. From 1984 to January 1990, he was worldwide head of advanced drug delivery research for Ciba-Geigy Pharmaceuticals with responsibility for creating and leading its multidisciplinary research and development program in site-specific (protein) drug delivery. He has authored or co-authored more than 200 scientific publications and articles in the pharmaceutical sciences. He received his doctor of science degree from the University of London. He is a fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, awarded for distinction in the science of pharmacy.
José E. Trías was vice president and general counsel of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) in Chevy Chase, Maryland, the largest private philanthropic biomedical research organization in the United States. HHMI's scientific, legal and administrative staff oversees implementation of the organization's policies on research integrity. A graduate of Yale Law School, Mr. Trías was the author of a report on human rights in Chile and served on the advisory board of the International Human Rights, Trial Observer Project of the American Bar Association. He had been the vice chairman of the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund.
Alexander Wlodawer is director of the Macromolecular Structure Laboratory of the Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland. He received his Ph.D. in molecular biology from the University of California, Los Angeles, with specialization in crystallography. He held appointments in Warsaw and Rome, at Stanford University, and at the National Bureau of Standards
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before joining the National Cancer Institute in 1987. He has wide interests in biophysical research and is on the board of Protein Science journal.
Savio Lau-Ching Woo is a professor of cell biology, molecular genetics, and pediatrics at Baylor College of Medicine. He is also director of the Center for Gene Therapy at Baylor and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is a member of the Human Genome Organization, the American College of Medical Genetics, and the board of Scientific Counselors for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Dr. Woo was recently elected to the board of directors for the American Society of Human Genetics.
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