Previous Chapter: 2 New Materials and Structures
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 137.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 138.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 139.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 140.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 141.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 142.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 143.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 144.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 145.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 146.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 147.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 148.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 149.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 150.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 151.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 152.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 153.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 154.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 155.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 156.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 157.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 158.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 159.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 160.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 161.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 162.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 163.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 164.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 165.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 166.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.

There was a problem loading page 167.

Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 137
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 138
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 139
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 140
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 141
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 142
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 143
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 144
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 145
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 146
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 147
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 148
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 149
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 150
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 151
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 152
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 153
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 154
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 155
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 156
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 157
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 158
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 159
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 160
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 161
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 162
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 163
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 164
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 165
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 166
Suggested Citation: "3 Novel Quantum Phenomena." National Research Council. 1999. Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: Basic Research for Tomorrow's Technology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/6407.
Page 167
Next Chapter: 4 Nonequilibrium Physics
Subscribe to Email from the National Academies
Keep up with all of the activities, publications, and events by subscribing to free updates by email.