Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives (1987)
Chapter: Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950
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Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
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Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
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Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
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Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
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Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 67.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 68.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 69.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 70.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 71.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 72.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 73.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 74.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 75.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 76.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
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Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
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Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 79.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 80.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 81.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 82.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 83.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 84.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 85.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 86.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 87.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 88.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 89.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 90.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 91.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 92.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 93.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 94.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 95.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 96.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
There was a problem loading page 97.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
Suggested Citation:
"Machines Instead of Clerks: Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950." National Research Council. 1987. Computer Chips and Paper Clips: Technology and Women's Employment, Volume II: Case Studies and Policy Perspectives. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/951.
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