Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice (2024)
Chapter: Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators
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Appendix C: Screening Tools Examined by the Committee
Appendix D
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
Appendix D
Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators
This appendix includes a list of datasets that could be considered for inclusion in tools such as CEJST. Identifying appropriate indicators and datasets through an inclusive, community-informed process could lead to improved and more informed identification of representative data, and scientific and technical advances may drive improvements in data quality and completeness. To select appropriate indicators, it is necessary to understand the relationships between burden, indicator, and dataset. These relationships are described in Chapter 3 as part of the discussion on the conceptual foundation for constructing composite indicators. Table D.1 is organized into 10 categories of what the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) labels “burdens” in CEJST— Climate Change, Energy, Health, Housing, Legacy Pollution, Transportation, Water and Wastewater, Workforce Development, Racial Segregation, and Structural Racism. Each of these categories contains a set of indicators that are intended to represent the burden category. The spatial resolution of each indicator and the year of the latest version of the dataset(s) used are also provided. The committee does offer suggestions of other datasets that could be considered at a variety of scales. The column labeled “Spatial Resolution” in Table D.1 represents the minimum resolution or spatial unit at which data or measure is currently available or can be computed. This may or may not be the most appropriate scale depending upon for the tool objective or measure. Data selection criteria, including such characteristics as scale, need to be established by tool developers based on a structured tool development process, the objectives of the tool, and the concepts to be measured.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
TABLE D.1 Example Datasets for Consideration for Environmental Justice Tool Indicators
| Potential Indicators | Dataset Name, Source (Date Accessed) | Latest Year | Spatial Resolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Climate Change | |||
| Deaths from climate disasters |
U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental Information, https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/ (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | County |
| Days with maximum temperature above 35°C |
Repository supporting the implementation of FAIR principles in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group 1 (IPCC-WG1) Atlas. Iturbide M. et al., https://github.com/IPCC-WG1/Atlas (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | Tract |
| Days with maximum temperature above 40°C |
Repository supporting the implementation of FAIR principles in the IPCC-WG1 Atlas. Iturbide M. et al., https://github.com/IPCC-WG1/Atlas (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | Tract |
| Frost days |
Repository supporting the implementation of FAIR principles in the IPCC-WG1 Atlas. Iturbide M. et al., https://github.com/IPCC-WG1/Atlas (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | Tract |
| Maximum of maximum temperatures |
Repository supporting the implementation of FAIR principles in the IPCC-WG1 Atlas. Iturbide M. et al., https://github.com/IPCC-WG1/Atlas (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | Tract |
| Mean temperature |
Repository supporting the implementation of FAIR principles in the IPCC-WG1 Atlas. Iturbide M. et al., https://github.com/IPCC-WG1/Atlas (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | Tract |
| Urban Heat Island Extreme Heat Days |
Repository supporting the implementation of FAIR principles in the IPCC-WG1 Atlas. Iturbide M. et al., https://github.com/IPCC-WG1/Atlas (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | Tract |
| Sea level rise (meters) |
Repository supporting the implementation of FAIR principles in the IPCC-WG1 Atlas. Iturbide M. et al., https://github.com/IPCC-WG1/Atlas (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | Tract |
| Heat wave— annualized frequency |
National Risk Index Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/ (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
| Potential Indicators | Dataset Name, Source (Date Accessed) | Latest Year | Spatial Resolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cold wave— annualized frequency |
National Risk Index FEMA, https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/ (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Drought— annualized frequency |
National Risk Index FEMA, https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/ (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Coastal flooding— annualized frequency |
National Risk Index FEMA, https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/ (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Riverine flooding— annualized frequency |
National Risk Index FEMA, https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/ (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Hurricane—annualized frequency |
National Risk Index FEMA, https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/ (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Tornado— annualized frequency |
National Risk Index FEMA, https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/ (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Winter weather— annualized frequency |
National Risk Index FEMA, https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/ (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Increased PM2.5 mortality— cardiovascular disease (ages 65+) | Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the US, EPA 430-R-21-003, https://www.epa.gov/cira/technical-appendices-and-data (March 15, 2024) | 2021 | Tract |
| Increased ozone mortality (all ages) | Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the US, EPA 430-R-21-003, https://www.epa.gov/cira/technical-appendices-and-data (March 15, 2024) | 2021 | Tract |
| Various |
Climate-related hazards U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit/Global Change.gov, https://resilience.climate.gov/ (March 15, 2024) |
Various | Various |
| Energy | |||
| Ozone |
EPA model-monitor fusion dataset EPA’s Office of Air and Radiation, https://cfpub.epa.gov/ols/catalog/catalog_full_record.cfm?&FIELD4=CALLNUM&INPUT4=454%2FS%2D15%2D001&LIBCODE=&COLL=&SORT_TYPE=YRDESC&item_count=1 (March 15, 2024) |
2019 | |
| Other PM2.5 |
Satellite-derived PM2.5 van Donkelaar et. al. (2021), https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.1c05309 (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | 0.01 x 0.01 degree |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
| Potential Indicators | Dataset Name, Source (Date Accessed) | Latest Year | Spatial Resolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electric vehicle charging station proximity |
Alternative Fuels Data Center U.S. Department of Energy, https://afdc.energy.gov/stations/#/analyze?country=US&fuel=ELEC (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Health | |||
| Health care access indicators |
PLACES: Local Data for Better Health Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), https://www.cdc.gov/places/about/index.html (March 15, 2024) |
Various | Multiple |
| Self-reported physical health |
PLACES: Local Data for Better Health CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/places/about/index.html (March 15, 2024) |
Various | Multiple |
| Self-reported mental health |
PLACES: Local Data for Better Health CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/places/about/index.html (March 15, 2024) |
Various | Multiple |
| Lack of health insurance |
PLACES: Local Data for Better Health CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/places/about/index.html (March 15, 2024) |
Various | Multiple |
| Alchohol abuse |
PLACES: Local Data for Better Health CDC, https://www.cdc.gov/places/about/index.html (March 15, 2024) |
Various | Multiple |
| Food access |
Food Access Research Atlas U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas/download-the-data/ (March 15, 2024) |
2019 | Tract |
| Medically underserved areas |
HRSA Data Explorer Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), https://data.hrsa.gov/tools/data-explorer (March 15, 2024) |
2020 | Tract |
| Proximity to hospitals | Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data (HIFLD) U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), https://hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/geoplatform::nursing-homes/about (March 15, 2024) | 2017 | Tract |
| Proximity to nursing homes | HIFLD, DHS, https://hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/geoplatform::nursing-homes/about (March 15, 2024) | 2017 | Tract |
| Location of hospital and nonhospital healthcare facilities |
Provider of Services File—Hospital & Non-Hospital Facilities Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, https://data.cms.gov/provider-characteristics/hospitals-and-other-facilities/provider-of-services-file-hospital-non-hospital (March 15, 2024) |
2023 | Address |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
| Potential Indicators | Dataset Name, Source (Date Accessed) | Latest Year | Spatial Resolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Locations of doctors and clinicians | Doctors and Clinicians national downloadable file Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, https://data.cms.gov/provider-data/dataset/mj5m-pzi6 (March 15, 2024) | 2023 | Address |
| Housing | |||
| HUD Public Housing units |
Real Estate Assessment Center (REAC) Physical Inspection Scores U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/pis.html (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | Tract |
| Housing affordability (renters): HUD criteria |
Office of Policy Development and Research Consolidated Planning/CHAS Data HUD, https://http://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/cp.html#2006-2018_query (March 15, 2024) |
2018 | Tract |
| Housing affordability (owners): HUD criteria |
Office of Policy Development and Research Consolidated Planning/CHAS Data HUD, https://http://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/cp.html#2006-2018_query (March 15, 2024) |
2018 | Tract |
| Number and area of parks |
National Neighborhood Data Archive Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, https://doi.org/10.3886/E117921V1 (March 15, 2024) |
2018 | Tract |
| Legacy Pollution | |||
| Hazardous waste landfills |
Hazardous Waste Incinerators/Landfills Locations EPA, https://app.box.com/s/h4zayqq6lwsli7b5a6basp59za-1z10i7 (March 15, 2024) |
Various | |
| GHG emissions |
Facility Level Information on GHG Tool EPA, https://ghgdata.epa.gov/ghgp/main.do#/facility/ (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | State |
| Agricultural pesticides |
Estimated Annual Agricultural Pesticide Use for Counties |
2020 | County |
| Transportation | |||
| NO2 |
TROPOMI NO2 in the United States Goldberg, D. L. et al., https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EF001665 (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | Tract |
| Noise pollution |
National Transportation Noise Map Bureau of Transportation Statistics, https://www.bts.gov/geospatial/national-transportation-noise-map (March 15, 2024) |
2020 | 30 meters |
| Railroads, marine, transit, roads, aviation |
Bureau of Transportation Statistics Open Data Site Geospatial at the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (arcgis.com) (March 15, 2024) |
Current | Tract |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
| Potential Indicators | Dataset Name, Source (Date Accessed) | Latest Year | Spatial Resolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Delay (congestion) per capita/ |
Urban Mobility Report Texas A&M Transportation Institute, https://mobility.tamu.edu/umr/ (March 15, 2024) |
2019 | Tract |
| Road quality and maintenance | International Roughness Index, U.S. Department of Transportation, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/hpms.cfm (March 15, 2024) | 2018 | Tract |
| Walkability |
Score of walkability and bikeability from 0 to 100 Walk Score, https://www.walkscore.com (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Bikability |
Score of walkability and bikeability from 0 to 101 Walk Score, https://www.walkscore.com (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Tract |
| Water/Wastewater | |||
| Drinking water violations or enforcement |
Safe Drinking Water Information System EPA, https://sdwis.epa.gov/ords/sfdw_pub/r/sfdw/sdwis_fed_reports_public/200 (March 15, 2024) |
1st quarter, 2023 | Quarterly summary |
| Facilities with enforcement or violation |
Significant Non-Compliance for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits EPA—Enforcement and Compliance History Online, https://echo.epa.gov/ (March 15, 2024) |
Current | National |
| CCR (Consumer Confidence Report) Compliance |
Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS) Federal Reporting Services EPA, https://sdwis.epa.gov/ords/sfdw_pub/r/sfdw/sdwis_fed_reports_public/200 (March 15, 2024) |
2023 | Community water system |
| Private domestic wells |
Well density EPA U.S. Private Domestic Wells, https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/be9006c30a2148f595 693066441fb8eb (March 15, 2024) |
2020 | Census-block group |
| Lead service lines |
Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment EPA Drinking Water State Revolving Fund, https://www.epa.gov/dwsrf/epas-7th-drinking-water-infrastructure-needs-survey-and-assessment (March 15, 2024) |
2023 | State |
| Workforce Development | |||
| Median earnings of full-time, year-round workers |
American Community Survey U.S. Census Bureau, https://data.census.gov/table (March 15, 2024) |
2020 | National |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
| Potential Indicators | Dataset Name, Source (Date Accessed) | Latest Year | Spatial Resolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Percent of working-age adults (19–64 years) with employer-based health insurance |
American Community Survey U.S. Census Bureau, https://data.census.gov/table (March 15, 2024) |
2020 | National |
| Racial Segregation | |||
| Dissimilarity Index | Decennial Census or American Community Survey U.S. Census Bureau Housing Patterns: Appendix B: Measures of Residential Segregation, https://www.census.gov/topics/housing/housing-patterns/guidance/appendix-b.html (March 15, 2024) | Revised 2021 | Census block |
| Gini Coefficient | Decennial Census or American Community Survey https://www.census.gov/topics/housing/housing-patterns/guidance/appendix-b.html (March 15, 2024) | Revised 2021 | Census block |
| Entropy Index/Information Index | Decennial Census or American Community Survey https://www.census.gov/topics/housing/housing-patterns/guidance/appendix-b.html (March 15, 2024) | Revised 2021 | Census block |
| Atkinson Index | Decennial Census or American Community Survey https://www.census.gov/topics/housing/housing-patterns/guidance/appendix-b.html (March 15, 2024) | Revised 2021 | Census block |
| Isolation Index | Decennial Census or American Community Survey https://www.census.gov/topics/housing/housing-patterns/guidance/appendix-b.html (March 15, 2024) | Revised 2021 | Census block |
| Delta Index | Decennial Census or American Community Survey https://www.census.gov/topics/housing/housing-patterns/guidance/appendix-b.html (March 15, 2024) | Revised 2021 | Census block |
| Structural Racism | |||
| Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) |
American Community Survey Krieger, N. et al. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0116-z. (March 15, 2024) |
2017 | Census-block group |
| Index of Disproportionality |
American Community Survey Chantarat, T. et al. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.13976. (March 15, 2024); Dougherty, G. et al. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.019. (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | Public Use Microdata Area (PUMA) or County |
| Other | |||
| Prison population |
American Community Survey U.S. Census Bureau, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/ (March 15, 2024) |
2021 | County |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
| Potential Indicators | Dataset Name, Source (Date Accessed) | Latest Year | Spatial Resolution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Undocumented population |
Unauthorized Immigrant Population Profiles Migration Policy Institute, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/us-immigration-policy-program-data-hub/unauthorized-immigrant-population-profiles#SD (March 15, 2024) |
2019 | County |
| School children |
Elementary/Secondary Information System National Center for Education Statistics, https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/elsi/ (March 15, 2024) |
2022 | School |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Example Datasets for Consideration for EJ Tool Indicators." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27317.
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