An ad hoc steering committee will organize a one and a half day public workshop sponsored by the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, to discuss issues of conducting research on small, underrepresented population subgroups in health research. There continue to be communities that are often difficult to include in research studies because of the size, dispersion, and/or accessibility of the subpopulation, and the workshop will consider ways of addressing the challenges of research and interventions with small population groups, including alternative study designs, innovative methodologies, and innovative statistical techniques. Specifically, the workshop will address approaches for identification, recruitment, and retention strategies for maximizing the sample sizes of small groups in intervention and research studies; epidemiological design and analytics approaches for small samples; and intervention design and analytic approaches for subpopulations. Background papers will be commissioned and distributed in advance of the workshop. A proceedings of the workshop and a brief proceedings of a workshop will be prepared by a rapporteur and reviewed according to institutional policy. Presentation materials will be posted on the Internet.