This consensus study examined the issues surrounding capability surprise, both operational and technical, facing the U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard. The study selected a few surprises from across a continuum of surprises, from disruptive technologies, to intelligence-inferred capability developments, to operational deployments, and assessed what the Naval Forces are doing (and could do) about them while being mindful of future budgetary declines. The study examined which processes are in place or could be in place in the Navy, the Marine Corps, and the Coast Guard to address such surprises, with targeted recommendations for consideration.