Evidence-based screening approaches have contributed to improved patient outcomes, and research continues to develop and evaluate the potential of new strategies for early cancer detection. However, there are a number of challenges related to ensuring effective, high-quality cancer screening. This workshop examined key gaps in the evidence base for screening; opportunities and challenges in developing, validating, and implementing new technologies for cancer screening; strategies to help patients understand the benefits, risks, and costs of screening and participate in shared-decision making; and opportunities to reduce disparities in cancer outcomes by facilitating access to high-quality screening and follow-up care.