A
A. W. Mellon Foundation, 152, 161
Ablative materials, 112
Accelerometers, 94
Acoustic positioning technology, 194-195
Adams, Laurence J., 346 n.37
Advanced Research Projects Agency, 132, 133, 322 n.41, 331 n.47
Advisory Group for Aeronautical Research and Development (AGARD), 317 n.44
Aerodynamics Institute (Aachen, Germany), 308 n.41
Agnew, Spiro, 215, 221, 335 n.25
Air defense systems
AICBMs, 105
Cold War priorities and status, 90-97, 110-111, 117, 119, 319 n.19
Korean War and, 96
SDI, 258-263
Air Defense Systems Engineering Committee (ADSEC), 92, 93, 94, 96, 100, 102, 313 n.9
Air Force (U.S.), 66, 67, 78-83, 89
Cambridge Research Laboratories, 313 n.9, 331 n.47
chief scientist, 90, 96, 315 n.25
Office of Scientific Research, x, 99
restructuring of research, 142-143
Project 823, 341 n.11
Scientific Advisory Board (SAB), 66, 77, 84, 89-90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 97, 99, 105, 106, 111-114, 117, 127, 128, 132, 139, 141, 143-144, 157, 164, 268, 311 n.37, 313 n.1, 317 n.44, 318 n.58
Scientific Advisory Group, 89-90, 311 n.37
Systems Command, 141, 142-143, 326 n.45
Air Research and Development Command (ARDC) , 96, 97, 99, 105, 139, 140, 141, 317 n.43, 319 n.5, 322 n.47
Western Development Division, 104, 119, 316 n.41, 319 n.5, 326 n.45
Airborne Instruments Laboratory, Inc., 313 n.9
Aircraft
B-47 bomber, 58, 104, 105, 107
B-52 Stratofortress, 82, 105, 107-108, 312 n.46; pl. 13
B-58 Hustler, 108
commercial, 93, 101, 107, 317 n.45, 323 n.53
dirigibles, 311 n.40
F-86 Sabre jet, 96
F-102 interceptor, 317 n.45
flight simulators, 314 n.21
KC-135 refueling tanker, 107, 108, 317 n.45
materials science and, 193
NC-4, 311 n.40
nuclear powered, 78-83, 121, 312 nn.41-46
shock tube testing, 86-87, 101
subsonic, 72, 93, 101, 309 n.22
supersonic transport, 184, 203, 328 n.16
TF-131 Trainer, pl. 9
transonic and supersonic, 58, 68, 72-78, 80, 82, 86, 87, 93, 101, 108, 136, 184, 310 n.27, 314 n.14; pl. 9
turbojets, 58, 63, 80, 87, 93, 108, 308-309 nn.6&22-23
U-2 spy plane, 111, 112, 318 n.60, 320 n.28
Alan T. Waterman Award, 220, 336 n.32
Alberts, Bruce, 267
Alcan, 241
Alcoa, 150
Aldrin, Buzz, 137
Allegheny County Development Corporation, 157
Allen, Lew, Jr., 348 n.61
ALSOS mission, 40, 306-307 n.25
Altman, David, 346 n.37
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 272
American Association of University Professors, 154
American Conservatory Theater, 324 n.9
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 145
American Physical Society, 9, 144
American Rocket Society, 145
American Society of Newspaper Editors, 118
Amplifiers, 302 n.8
Amundssen, Roald, 197, 332 nn.56&57
Anderson, Robert C., 346 n.37
Andrew Carnegie Society, 299
Angel, Pierce, 341 n.10
Antarctic Treaty, 331 n.52, 332 n.62
Antarctica, 196-200, 202, 210, 227, 294, 296, 331 n.52, 332 nn.53,55-57,59,61,64, 333 n.8; pls. 21, 24
Apollo missions, 138, 342 n.11
Archambault, Bennett, 29, 33, 39, 40, 43, 48, 50, 54, 308 n.40, 322 n.42
Armistice Day, 2
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 203
Army Air Force (U.S.), 62-63, 66, 75, 311 nn.35&37, 313 n.1
Army Ballistic Missile Agency, 132, 134
Army Defense Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE, UK), 30-31, 306 n.17
Army Services Forces (U.S.) , 66
Arnold, Henry H. (Hap), 57, 89, 312 n.45
Atkinson, Richard, 220, 227; pl. 18
Atlas Corporation, 140
Atomic bomb, 40, 52, 65, 306-307 n.25, 311 n.39, 317 n.49, 320 n.22
Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 311 n.39
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 78-83, 86, 99, 104, 122, 130, 144, 181 196, 266, 311 n.39, 328 n.14, 329 n.29, 334 n.9, 335 n.30
Associated Universities, Inc., 266
Astin, Allen V., 315 n.26
Astronomy, discoveries in, 191, 192, 296-297
Astrophysical Journal, 302 n.5
AT&T, 26
Aude, Professor, 8
Auroras, 9
Auston, David H., 348 n.61
B
Bach, Gordon Leland, 154
Bacher, Robert, 80
Bagg, Al, 307 n.27
Bainbridge, Kenneth, 305 n.11
Baker, William O., 237, 292, 326 n.45
Balikei, Asen, 336 n.54
Ball, William, 324 n.9
Balzhiser, Richard E. , 335 n.28
Barlow, Ed, 318 n.58
Barnett, Vince, 157
Barr, Joseph, 170
Baruch, Jordan, 271
Baskett, Forest, 348 n.61
Bauman, Robert, 233
Bedford Field, 95
Behns, Sosthenes, 52
Bell, Professor, 19
Bell Aircraft Company, 73
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 27, 39, 44, 63, 69, 95, 106, 130, 177, 310 n.29, 318 nn.58&60, 320 n.27, 321 n.34, 326 n.45
Belov, Yevgeny and Madame, 208, 209, 210
Bennett, Donald, 37
Bennett, Harry, 10
Berg, Paul, 251
Berkner, Lloyd, 126
Berlin airlift, 87-88, 313 n.52
Bernhard, Prince (Netherlands), 32
Bethlehem Steel, 243, 248-249, 251, 257, 342 n.14
Beyond the Milky Way (Hale), 302 n.5
Biotechnology industry, 251-252
Bisplinghoff, Ray, 86, 102, 187, 189, 205, 220, 227, 334 n.9
Blanpied, William, 315 n.32, 336 n.50
Blickwede, Don, 248
Bloom, Barry R., 348 n.61
Blumenthal, Jack L., 346 n.37
Blyth, Nanny, 107
Bode, Hendrick, 318 n.58, 321 n.34
Boland, Edward P., 232, 233, 338 n.57
Bolger, Father Henry, 303 n.18
Boundary layer theory, 308 n.41
Bounded rationality concept, 324 n.6
Bovard, Jim, 149
Bowen, Eddie, 304 n.5
Bowen, Harold (Admiral) , 304 n.5
Bowles, Eddie, 41
Boyce, Joseph, 55
Bradley, Omar, 48
Bradner, Hugh, 14, 16-17; pl. 3
Branscomb, Lewis, 271
Breazeale, Bill, 43
Breit, Gregory, 55
Brezhnev, Leonid, 211, 334 n.18
British Air Commission, 27
British Countermeasures Board, 38
British General Electric Company, 33
Brooklyn Flint Glass Works, 301 n.1
Brooks, Harvey, 209
Brown, Gordon Stanley, 121, 124, 146
Brown, Priscilla, 153
Bruner, Jerome, 336 n.54
Brzenzinski, Zbigniew, 345 n.24
Buchsbaum, Solomon, 343 n.10
Buckley, Oliver, 320 n.27
Bundy, McGeorge, 204
Bureau of Aeronautics, 81
Bureau of Ships, 81
Bureau of the Budget, 99
Burgundy Farms Country Day School, 107
Burke, Arleigh, 128
Bush, George H. W., 277, 281, 344 n.14; pl. 19
Bush, George W., 283
Bush, Vannevar, 20, 26, 27, 42, 54, 55, 63-64, 65-67, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76, 77, 97-98, 99, 100, 180, 206, 227, 240, 280, 289, 294, 304-305 nn.5&9, 309 n.15, 311 n.35, 328 n.13, 347 n.50
Byrd, Richard E., 197, 332 nn.57&59
Byron, Fletcher and Peg, 271, 326 n.49
C
California Institute of Technology, 6.
See also Jet Propulsion Laboratory
administration, 157, 287, 305 nn.10&11, 328-329 n.19; pl. 4
astronomy department, 287
Athenaeum, 10, 11, 18, 21, 287; pl. 4
faculty, 16, 18, 19-20, 52, 55, 75, 84, 302 nn.6&10, 303 nn.16&18, 307 n.32, 310 n.29, 318 n.58
funding sources, 287
Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory, 58, 67, 72, 73, 78, 308 n.41
guided missile research, 54-55, 268
strengths, 287-288
California State University at Fullerton, 338 n.56
Carnarvon, Fifth Lord, 6
Carnegie, Andrew, 150, 162, 163, 323 n.2, 325 n.18
Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government, 166, 277, 278-283
Carnegie Corporation of New York, 14, 164, 279, 287, 347 n.48
Carnegie Institution of Washington, 55, 99, 304 n.9
Carter, Ashton, 343 n.10
Carter, Howard, 6
Carter, Jimmy, 227, 238-239, 242, 267-268, 280, 338 n.60, 339 n.65, 342 n.12
Carnegie Institute of Technology (Carnegie Mellon University)
administrative staff, 153
College of Engineering and Science, 162
College of Humanities and Social Sciences, 154, 160, 162, 163, 177
Community Orchestra, 157
computer science department, 150, 152, 155, 177, 323 n.1, 324 n.7
drugs on campus, 167-168
enrollments, 165
faculty, 153-154, 155, 159, 162, 166, 175, 323 n.1, 325 n.18
funding and financial problems, 158-160, 164-176, 177, 181
Graduate School of Business Education, 323 n.1
Graduate School of Industrial Administration, 150, 153-154, 162, 324 n.6
H. John Heinz III School of Public Policy and Management, 159-160, 325 n.18
Margaret Morrison College, 150, 154-155, 160, 163, 174
Mellon College of Science, 162, 177
merger with Mellon Institute, 160-163, 164-165, 177; pl. 11
Scaife Hall for Engineering, 162
School College Orientation Program, 168
School of Urban and Public Affairs, 159, 162
Skibo Hall, 177
student demonstrations, 167, 169-173, 174, 175
Sun Coast Clan of Carnegie alumni, 174
symposium on higher education, 157-158
Transportation Research Institute, 159, 177
trustees, 150
University of Pittsburgh and, 150, 155-156
Warner Hall for Administration, 162
Carnegie Mellon Action Program, 168
Carnegie Mellon University, see Carnegie Institute of Technology
Casals, Pablo, 157, 324-325 n.16
Case Institute of Technology, 137
Caterpillar, 244, 248, 249-250, 251, 257
Ceaucescu, Nicolae, 213, 334 n.20
Central Intelligence Agency, 32, 74, 260-261, 307 n.33
Chaffee, Mike, 307 n.27
Challenger disaster, 258, 272-276, 278
Chamberlin, E. K., 31-32
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanya, 303 n.18
Chapman, Sidney, 319 n.17
Chemung River flood of 1935, 1-2
Chipman, John, 122
Chu, Lan Jen, 72
Churchill, Winston, 24, 39, 62, 87-88
Ciberg, Seymour, 344 n.10
Civil rights movement, 167, 168, 174, 181
Clark, Eloise, 220
Clarke, Arthur, 103
Clauser, Francis, 310 n.29, 315 n.26
Clem, Robert, 343 n.10
Clemente, Roberto, pl. 19
Cloud chambers, 12
Coast Artillery and Antiaircraft Command, 41
Cochran, Jacqueline, 140
Cockcroft, John, 304 n.5, 306 n.17
Cohn Benedit, Daniel, 175
Cold War
Berlin airlift, 87-88, 313 n.52
brinksmanship, 118
containment policy, 62
Cuban Missile Crisis, 141
defense spending, 62-64
“first strike” strategy, 119
Hungarian uprising, 118
“massive retaliation” concept, 118-119
“mutually assured destruction” concept, 119, 259, 262, 263, 298
mutual deterrence policy, 116, 118-119, 260, 292
nuclear weapons, 65, 79, 84, 89, 91, 118, 119, 293
and research funding, 62-63, 79, 327 n.12
security environment, 84-85
Colgate University, 1-2, 7-10, 149, 157, 189, 241, 299
Collbohm, Franklin, 81, 310 n.29, 312 n.45
Columbia University, 23, 39, 178, 322 n.46
Combined Intelligence Operations Section, 51
Commission on Critical Choices for America, 336 n.40
Commission on the Patent System, 157
Committee on Guided Missiles, 65, 66, 68
Committee on Radar Research and Development, 34
Committee on Valve Development (UK), 30, 55
Communications, command, and control (C3) systems, 92-93, 105, 143
Compton, Karl, 34, 304 n.5, 328 n.13
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, 341 n.11
Computer technology
and acoustic positioning technology, 194-195
digital, 93, 94, 95, 105, 314 n.21, 315 n.35
innovations, 143, 292, 296, 297, 314-315 n.21, 324 n.8
instruction methods, 227
radar data analysis, 95, 105, 113, 314 n.21
Soviet detente and, 208
von Neumann processors, 315 n.35
Comstock, George C., 313 n.9
Conant, James B., 120-121, 328 n.13
Considine, Bob, 3
Considine, Ethylene, 3
Considine, Paul, 3
Considine, Phil, 3
Conzen, Willibald, 251
Cook, James, 197
Cook, Paul, 302 n.7
Cooke, Dr., 210
Cooper, William, 159
CORONA satellite, 320 n.28
Cornell University, 149, 184, 195, 201, 241, 264, 331 n.47
Aeronautical Laboratory, 92, 313 n.9
Corning, New York, 1-6
Corning Glass Works, 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 22, 256, 301 nn.1&5; pl.2
Cortland State College, 5
Cosmic-ray research, 9, 11, 12-19, 92
Council of Environmental Quality, 204, 335 n.30
Council for Science and Technology, 222, 225, 260
Courant, Richard, 55
Cox, Archibald, 215
Craig, Paul, 335 n.28
Cripps, Stafford, 34
Cuban Missile Crisis, 141
Curtis, Carl, 339 n.62
Cutton, George Barton, 9
Cyclotrons. See Particle accelerators
Cyert, Richard, 154
D
Daddario, Emilio Q., 227
Daniel Guggenheim Medal, 321 n.33
David, Edward E., Jr., 177, 183, 188, 202, 205, 208; pl.16
Davis, Otto, 159
Dee, P. I., 306 n.17
Deep Sea Drilling Program, 194
Defense Support Program, 341 n.11
DeFrance, Smitty, 321 n.34
Delauer, Richard, 246, 340 n.9
Demler, Marvin C., 143
Den Hartog, Jacob P., 52, 121-122
Deng Xiaoping, 345 n.24
Department of Defense, 66, 73, 131, 132, 141, 203, 206, 208, 238, 247, 261, 290, 329 n.29, 331 n.47
Department of Energy, 265, 266, 290, 332 n.60, 335 n.30, 344 n.16
Depths of the Universe (Hale), 302 n.5
Devore, Irven, 336 n.54
Dewey, Bradley, 66, 67, 70, 71
di Benedetti, Sergio, 175
Discovery shuttle, 277
DNAX, 251-252
Dobrynin, Ambassador and Madame, 209, 210, 211-212
Dole, Robert, 338 n.61
Dominick, Peter H., 328 n.15
Donovan, Allen, 92-93, 313 n.9, 315 n.26
Donovan, Paul, 335 n.28
Doolittle, Jimmy, 83-84, 106, 107, 114-115, 117, 127, 128, 132, 137, 140, 145, 292, 312-313 n.48; pl. 9
Dorian, Fritz and Sadie, 157
Douglas Aircraft Company, 54-55, 93, 310 n.29, 312 n.45, 315 n.26
Douglas, James, 128
Draper, Charles Stark, 94, 96, 121, 122-123, 313 n.9, 321 n.34
Drell, Sidney D., 343 n.10
Dryden, Hugh, 132, 133, 136-137, 308 n.45, 321 nn.33&34
Dubbs, Spike, 212
Dubridge, Lee, 26, 27, 35, 39, 65, 157-158, 175-176, 177, 184, 203, 205, 305 nn.10&11, 306 nn.20&24, 309 n.15, 328-329 n.19; pl.16
Dulles, John Foster, 118
Duncan, Robert Kennedy, 160
Dustin, Dan, 318 n.58
E
E3 Report, 280-281
Eagle blind bombing system, 36-37
Education Development Center, 336 n.54
Eggers, Alfred J., Jr., 329-330 n.31, 334 n.9
Egypt, 270-271
Eighth Air Force (U.S.), 36, 40, 313 n.48
Einstein, Albert, 315 n.35
Einstein’s photoelectric equation, 302 n.6
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 41, 52, 104, 109, 110, 116, 118, 119, 126, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 142, 172, 203, 204, 205, 223-224, 319 n.19
Electroscopes, 12, 13-14, 15-16
Ellender, Allan J., 328 n.15
Ellsberg, Daniel, 330 n.36
Energy crisis/issues, 212, 216-217, 219, 220-221, 226, 238, 241, 242, 281, 294, 298, 335 n.30
Energy Research and Development Administration, 248, 332 n.60, 335 n.30
Engineering achievements of twentieth century, 20 greatest, 284-285
Engineering revolution, 2-3
Enrico Fermi Award, 320 n.22, 341 n.9
Environmental issues, 217, 218-219, 281-282, 335 n.30
Environmental Protection Agency, 335 n.30
Epstein, Professor, 19, 20, 21
Erlichman, John, 188, 215, 330 n.36
Essex Corporation, 254
Evans, Daniel J., 348 n.61
Evans, Robley, 72
Everett, Robert, 93
Explorer satellites, 132-133, 134, 135, 303 n.16, 303 n.22
F
Fairchild, Muir S., 90
Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, 324 n.8
Fairchild Space and Defense, 340 n.9
Family values issue, 228, 229-230, 235
Fast Fourier Transform algorithm, 335 n.29
Federal Council for Science and Technology, 207
Federal Energy Administration, 335 n.30
Federal Energy Office, 204
Federal science and technology.
See also Missiles and rockets;
National Science Foundation;
Presidential science advisors;
Radar
budgets, 73, 75-76, 78, 118, 139, 181-182, 186-187, 202, 206, 283, 291, 330 n.38
Carnegie Commission reports, 278-283
Cold War, 62-63, 79, 279, 327 n.12
concurrency approach, 79, 82, 83
conflicts of interest, 144, 145
defense vs. nondefense spending, 339-340 n.4
“democratic principle,” 63-64, 74
economic competitiveness and, 279, 281-283, 291, 298-299
fields for, 98
interdisciplinary nature of, 297
national R&D effort, 347 n.51
Nixon and, 202-207
postwar structure, 97-99, 186-187, 279, 290-291, 291-292, 294
prewar, 286
“soft money” for academic research, 165
space race and, 129, 139, 141, 280
Steelman Report, 280
systems approach, 105, 141, 142
Vietnam War and, 181
World War II, 24-60, 181, 288-290, 296, 297, 304-305 n.9, 327 n.12
Federal Power Commission, 218
Fefferman, Charles L., 336 n.31
Fenton, Edwin, 323 nn.4&5, 325 n.18, 326 n.41
Fermi, Enrico, 24
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 263-265, 266, 267, 344 nn.16&22
Feynman, Richard, 273, 344 n.18
Fink, Daniel J., 343 n.10
Fisher, Aiken, 161, 164, 174, 325 n.20; pls. 11, 13
Fisher Scientific Company, 325 n.20, 326 n.49
Fishhoff, Baruch, 348 n.61
Fisk, James, 27
Fites, Don, 249
Fletcher, James, 275
Floyd, Adelaide Louise Risley. See Stever, Bunny
Floyd, Cleaveland, 71
Food and Drug Administration, 339 n.65
Ford, Gerald, 221-226, 235, 237, 238, 239, 241, 248, 280, 293, 336 n.34, 338 n.60, 345 n.24; pls. 17, 18
Ford, Henry, 10
Ford Foundation, 123-124
Ford Motor Company, 9-10, 22, 142
Foreign Intelligence Committee, 321 n.30
Forney, Robert C., 346 n.37
Forrester, Jay, 93
Foster, John S., Jr., 246-247, 341 n.9
Fowler, William (Willie), 11, 18, 19, 303 n.18
Foy, Fred, 326 n.49; pl. 13
Foynes seaplane base (Ireland), 28
Fox, Marye Anne, 348 n.61
Friedman, Fran, 312 n.41
Fulbright, J. William, 329 n.29
Furer, Julius, 306 n.20
G
Gagarin, Yuri, 138
GALLEX detectors, 330 n.43
Gang of Four, 267, 268, 344 n.23
Gardner, Trevor, 103, 104, 109-110, 111, 117, 316 nn.38&40, 317 n.49
Garwin, Richard, 343 n.10
Gaylord, Hattie and Perry (aunt and uncle), 3, 7
Geiger counter experiments, 12, 20, 21-22, 303-304 nn.21-22
General Accounting Office, 233-234, 235-236
General Electric, 26, 27, 63, 67, 69, 82, 310 n.29, 318 n.58
Gent, Alan N., 346 n.37
George Washington University, 320 n.22
Georgia Institute of Technology, 268
Getting, Ivan, 55, 309 n.15, 318 n.58
GI Bill of Rights, 87
Gibbons, John H., 261
Gilmore, Bob, 249
Gilruth, Robert, 310 n.29, 318 n.58, 321 n.34
Glenn, John, 138
Glennan, T. Keith, 137, 322 n.38
Global Atmospheric Research Program, 190, 191
Global Marine, Inc., 194
Glomar Challenger (Ocean drilling ship), 194, 195
Goddard, Robert, 63
Goetz, Dr., 14
Goldberg, Leo, 322 n.46
Golden, William, 280, 348 n.55
Goodman, Clark, 312 n.41
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, 244, 251, 252-253, 254-255, 257
Göring, Hermann, 58
Gorn, Michael, 321 n.33
Goss, Wilbur, 100
Goudsmit, Sam, 28, 40, 52, 306 n.25
Graham, Bill, 318 n.58
Graham, Daniel, 262
Gray, Colin, 343 n.10
Great Depression, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9
Great Malvern (UK), 30-31
Greenspan, Alan, 239
Greenstein, Jesse, 305 n.10
Griggs, David, 320 n.24
Groves, Leslie, 306 n.25
Gulf Oil Company, 174
Guyler, Noah, 343 n.10
Gyroscopes, 94
H
Habibie, B. J., 342 n.18
Hahn, Otto, 307 n.25
Haldeman, H. R., 188, 215, 330 n.36
Hale, George Ellery, 11, 287, 301 nn.5-6; pl. 4
Hamburg, David, 347 n.48
Hamilton, John, 197-198
Handler, Philip, 184-185, 210, 267, 329 n.22
Hanink, Dean K., 346 n.37
Hannah, Congressman, 209
Hansen, Clifford, 339 n.62
Harth, Sidney, 157
Harvard University, 9, 10, 52, 120, 122, 130, 159, 305 n.11, 336 n.54
Havens, Byron, 19
Harvey Mudd College, 307 n.26
Haverford College, 154, 324 n.11
Haworth, Leland J., 328 n.13
Hawthorne, William R, 314 n.9
Heinz, H.J., 325 n.18
Heinz, John (Jack), 157, 159-160
Heinz, Vera, 326 n.49
Heisenberg, Werner, 307 n.25
Helms, Jesse, 339 n.62
Henderson, Larry, 310 n.29.
Hermann Göring Air Force Research
Hesburgh, Theodore, 271
Hess, Victor, 12
High Sierras, cosmic ray experiments, 12-19, 296; pl. 3
Hill, Al, 318 n.58
Hoffman, Sam, 321 n.34
Holography, 193-194
Hoover, Herbert, 3
Hornig, Donald F., 205; pl.16
Hottel, Hoyt, 72
Houghton, Amory, 301 n.1
Houghton family, 2
Houghton, Henry, 314 n.9
Houston, Professor, 19
Howard, Leslie, 28
Hoy, Bob, 14, 15, 16, 17; pl. 3
Hubble Space Telescope, 138
Hughes Aircraft, 340 n.6, 341 n.9
Hughes Electronics, 93
Hughes, Robert E., 266, 338 n.56
Hummel, Arthur, 256
Humphrey, Hubert, 235, 266, 267
Hungerford, Barbara, 302 n.7
Hunsaker, Jerome C., 78, 85, 121, 145, 311 n.40
Hyde, Frank, 6
Hystad, Carlyle E. , 186
I
ICSU, see International Geophysical Year
Institute for Advanced Studies, 303 n.19, 315 n.35
Institute of Aeronautical Sciences, 145
Institute of Aerospace Sciences, 148
Institute of Medicine, 345 n.25, 347 n.48
Integrated circuits, 324 n.8
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 281
International Biological Program, 191, 196
International Council of Scientific Unions, 126
International Decade of Ocean Exploration, 191
International Geophysical Year, 103, 125, 126, 191, 296, 319 n.18, 331 n.52, 332 n.63
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 272
International Polar Year, 126
International Telephone and Telegraph, 52
Introduction to Outer Space (PSAC), 131
Invention that Changed the World (Buderi), 304 n.3
Iowa State University, 321 n.34
J
Jackson, Shirley A., 348 n.61
Jackson State College, 172, 173
Jacoby, Truman (“Jake”) and Ruth, 4
James, Henry, 242
James Forrestal Memorial Award, 341 n.9
Jansky, Karl, 195
JASONS, 339 n.65
Javits, Jacob K., 235, 328 n.15
Jefferson, Thomas, 226
Jeffs, George, 343 n.10
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 55, 58, 63, 67-68, 72, 93, 134, 136, 290, 303 n.16, 321 n.34
John Heinz III Foundation, 160
Johns Hopkins University
Applied Physics Laboratory, 55, 56, 67, 69, 71, 100, 126, 290
McCollum-Pratt Institute, 184
Johnson, Jack and Jane, 178
Johnson, Lyndon, 131, 132, 136, 157, 173, 204, 205, 272
Johnson, Norman, 168
Johnson Space Flight Center, 310 n.29
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 65, 68, 76, 309 n.13
Joint Consultative Committee on Egypt, 270-271
Joint New Weapons Committee, 66-67
Jones, David, 343 n.10
Jones, Reginald V., 43, 307 n.33
Jouille, W., 51
K
KCET (PBS station) , 305 n.10
Kelly, Mervyn (“Iron Mike”), 106
Kennan, George, 62
Kennedy, Arthur, 324 n.9
Kennedy, Donald, 238
Kennedy, Edward, 209, 222, 225, 226, 234, 236, 328 n.15
Kennedy, John F., 83, 142, 143, 172, 204, 205, 215, 223-224, 239; pl. 15
Kennedy, Robert, 174
Kennedy Space Center, 273, 276; pl. 22
Kent State University, 172, 173, 178
Kerchkoff Reservoir, 14-15, 16, 18
Keyworth, George, 260
Khrushchev, Nikita, 129
Kilgore, Harley, 99
Killian, James, 78, 109, 110, 115, 117, 126, 129, 132, 136, 137, 145, 161, 203, 204, 205, 206, 223, 292, 320 n.27, 328 n.13; pls. 15, 16
Killian, Liz, 161
Killian Committee (Technological Capabilities Panel), 109-111, 115, 318 n.58
King, Ernest J., 77
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 168, 174
King Tut’s tomb, discovery, 6
Kirillin, Vladimir, 212; pls. 18, 20
Kistiakowsky, George, 124-125, 145, 203, 204, 205, 206, 223, 292; pl.16
Kitt Peak National Observatory, 190, 191
“Klieg eyes,” 22-23
Kleindienst, Richard, 215
Kogan, Richard, 251
Korean War, 95-96, 104, 180, 320 n.27, 327 n.12
Kornberg, Arthur, 251
Kosygin, Alexsei, 213
L
Labor union politics, 10
Laird, Melvin, 333 n.1
Lake Tulainyo, 15, 16, 296, 303 n.17; pl. 3
Land, Edwin, 292
Langer, Jim, 175
Langmuir, David, 29, 30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 54, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 210, 334 n.13
Langmuir, Nancy, 33
Lawrence, E. O., 305 n.11
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 259, 318 n.58, 320 n.22, 341 n.9
Lederberg, Joshua, 280, 348 n.55
Lederman, Leon, 265
Lemay, Curtis E., 90, 105, 108, 140, 142
Lemnitzer, Lyman, 128
Lenin, 63
Leptons, 302 n.13
Levy, Robert I., 348 n.61
Lewis, C. S., 146
Lewis Laboratories, 68, 321 n.34
Licklider, J. C. R., 322 n.46
Liddy, G. Gordon, 215
Liebling, A. J., 52
Lindbergh, Charles, 3 , 111-112, 318 n.59
Lindbloom, Mildred, 7
Lisbon, Portugal, 28
Litchfield, Edward, 150, 155-156, 160
Lockheed Aircraft, 315 n.25, 318 n.60
Long, Donlin, 277
Long, Franklin, 184, 328-329 n.19
Long, Russell, 328 n.15
Longacre, Andy, 318 n.58
Loomis, Alfred, 304 n.5, 305 n.13
Loomis, Wheeler, 312 n.41
LORAN, 38
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 80, 303 n.19, 320 n.22
Lovegrove, Helen, 302 n.7
Luciano, Robert, 251
Luciferase, 328 n.17
Luna satellites, 135
M
Mach, Ernst, 310 n.27
Magruder, Captain, 108
Mahoney, Richard J., 348 n.61
Man—A Course of Study (MACOS), 228-236, 336 n.54
Manhattan Project, 79, 80, 303 n.19, 304 n.9, 306 n.25, 317 n.49
Mansfield Amendment, 329 n.29
Mansfield, Mike, 256, 329 n.29
Mao Tse Tung, 84, 267, 269, 344 n.23
Mar, James W., 346 n.37
Marchetti, John, 313 n.9
Marburger, John, 344 n.22
Mariner missions, 303 n.16
Markham, John, 73
Marshall, Lauriston (Larry), 39, 40
Maser-laser principle, 302 n.8
Massachusetts College of Art, 241
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 287.
See also Radiation Laboratory
administration, 34, 69, 78, 115, 117, 120, 124-125, 157, 304 n.5
aeronautics and astronautics
department, 72, 130, 311 n.40, 332 n.60
Commission on Industrial Productivity, 241-242
departmental structure, 122-123
faculty, 52, 55, 72, 77, 120-121, 314 n.9322 n.46
Gas Turbine Laboratory, 72
Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory, 72, 73, 78
Instrumentation Laboratory in Aeronautical Engineering, 122-123, 321 n.34
International Motor Vehicle Program, 342 n.17
Lincoln Laboratory, 94-95, 123, 219, 290, 318 n.58
Radar School, 27
Research Laboratory for Electronics, 69, 71-72, 95, 122; pl. 5
research support, 122-124
Temporary Building 20, 78, 311 n.38; pl. 5
Transonic Aircraft Control Project, 86-87
Materials science, 193
May, Michael M. , 343 n.10
Mayer, Kay and Eddie, 107
McAuliffe, Sharon Christa, 272, 346 n.34
McCarn, Doris, 336 n.50
McCarthy, Joseph, 85
McClure, James, 339 n.62
McCord, James W., Jr., 215
McCormack, John, 131
McCormack, Mike, 225
McDonald, Alan, 347 n.40
McElroy, Neil H., 133, 139, 141
McElroy, William, 177, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 227, 328 n.13, 329 n.29
McGill University, 241
McKnight, Steven L., 348 n.61
McLean, Bill, 68
McLelland, H. M., 306 n.20
McNair, Ronald E., 346 n.34
McNair, Walter, 310 n.29
McNamara, Robert S., 142, 144, 261-262, 343 n.10
McNutt, Marcia K., 348 n.61
Mead, Margaret, 95
Medaris, John Bruce, 132
Mellon, Alisa, 323 n.3
Mellon, Andrew, 323 n.3
Mellon, Paul, 163, 164, 323 n.3, 325 n.20; pl. 11
Mellon, Richard Beatty, 323 n.3
Mellon, Richard K., 150, 160, 174, 323 n.3
Mellon, Thomas, 325 n.18
Mellon, William Larimer, 153
Mellon Institute, 156, 160-163
Mendeleev, Dmitri, 213
Mesotrons (muons, mu-mesons), 12-13, 20, 264, 302 n.13, 303 n.14
Metro Goldwyn Mayer, 22-23
Mettler, Ruben, 245-246, 247, 252, 318 n.58, 340 n.6; pl. 20
Metzger, Norman, x-xi
Microwave Early Warning (MEW) system, 39, 40-41
Microwave radar detectors, 9, 25
Middlebury College, 241
Miller, S. E., 318 n.58
Millikan, Clark, 310 n.29
Millikan, Robert A., 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 19, 287, 288-289, 302 n.6; pl. 4
Missiles and rockets.
See also Aircraft;
Space program
AICBMs, 90, 105, 111-114, 119, 129, 321 n.34
antiaircraft, 42, 54, 55, 57, 59
Army Air Force programs, 62-63
Atlas, 91, 103, 104, 111, 119, 120, 135, 316 n.41, 319 nn.5&6, 341 n.9; pl. 14
Bumblebee Project, 56, 67, 69, 100, 310 n.26
countermeasures, 67
feasibility studies, 73-75, 96-97, 311 n.35
guided, 42, 54-57, 65-75, 93-94, 96-97, 100, 310 nn.29&30, 321 n.34
Hawk, 318 n.58
Hermes Project, 69
ICBMs, 65, 67, 74, 76-77, 80, 84, 88, 91, 102-105, 108, 109, 110-111, 117-118, 129, 133, 143, 203, 292, 310 n.30, 311 n.35, 313 n.4, 316 n.41, 319 n.5, 340 n.5
inertial guidance systems, 75, 77, 94, 103, 110, 118, 307 n.35, 321 n.34
IRBMs, 45, 94, 111, 118, 119, 133, 139
Juno rockets, 134
Jupiter, 111, 119, 120, 132-133, 135, 139
liquid-fueled rockets, 68, 103, 119, 138, 143, 145
multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, 143
Nike series, 69, 114, 116, 310 n.29, 318 nn.58&60, 321 n.34
nuclear warheads, 65, 66, 67, 76, 77, 82, 102-105, 111, 112, 114, 118
Patriot, 318 n.58
Poseidon, 111
postwar programs, 63, 66-70, 75-76
radar guidance systems, 55, 72, 93-94
Redstone missile, 119
rocket-powered missiles, 55, 103, 310 n.29
Saturn rockets, 134
service rivalries, 66, 119, 132, 133, 139
skip principle, 81
solid-fueled, 119, 143, 203, 273-276
Soviet program, 77, 88, 109, 111, 112, 119, 129
and space program, 55, 132-133
Strategic Defense Initiative, 258-263
surface-to-air, 67, 69, 71, 74-75, 109
surface-to-surface, 55, 67, 91
Talon, Terrier/Tartar, Typhon, and Triton, 310 n.27
Titan, 119, 120, 133, 316 n.41, 341 n.9; pl. 14
V-1 and V-2 rockets, 42, 44-45, 46-47, 54, 56, 59, 65, 68, 69, 75, 104, 307 nn.34&35, 310 n.29
Viking rocket, 127
Mission to Planet Earth, 278
MIT Corporation, 127
Moore, Allie, 3
Moore, James, 3
Moore, Melvin, 3
Moore, Rhea, 3
Morgan, Lee, 249
Morgenstern, Oskar, 292
Morton Thiokol, 274, 275, 347 n.40
Mosher, Charles, 209, 232, 234, 236
Moss, Frank, 226
Mount Palomar telescope, ix, 1-2, 6, 10, 286, 287, 301-302 n.5; pl. 2
Mount Wilson Observatory, 302 n.5
N
Natcher, William, 338 n.57
National Academy of Engineering, 248, 267, 268-269, 274, 298, 332 n.60, 340-341 nn.6&9, 342 n.18, 345 n.25
National Academy of Sciences, 102, 126, 131, 209, 220, 225, 266, 267, 283, 297, 302 n.5, 326 n.45, 329 n.22, 345 n.25
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 56, 68, 84, 86, 102, 131, 132, 136, 137, 286, 309-310 n.25, 318 n.58, 321 n.33
Ames Laboratory, 286, 321 n.34
Pilotless Aircraft Research and Development unit, 310 n.29
Lewis Propulsion Laboratory, 321 n.34
Special Committee on Space Technology, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139
Wallop’s Island Test Firing Range, 321 n.34
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 55, 56, 151, 309-310 n.25, 334 n.9
administration, 220, 321 n.33, 322 n.38, 332 n.60
Apollo-Soyuz hookup program, 208, 334 n.10
budget, 322 n.41
and Challenger disaster, 273-276
safety reporting system, 274
structure and programs, 136, 137
National Aeronautics and Space Council, 204, 206, 333 n.7
National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (Arecibo), 191, 195-196, 331 n.48
National Bureau of Ordnance, 67
National Bureau of Standards, 315 n.26
National Center for Atmospheric Research, 191
National Center for Supercomputer Applications, 250
National Civil Service League Career Service Award, 321 n.33
National Defense Research Committee, 20, 304 n.9, 309 n.15
Microwave Committee, 26
National Forum on Science and Technology Goals, 281
National Institute of Standards and Technology, 342 n.12
National Institutes of Health, 99, 122, 181, 196, 231, 290, 328 n.14, 338 n.57
National Medal of Science, 214-215, 335 n.29; pls. 15, 16, 19
National Military Establishment, 66
National Physical Laboratories, 42
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 191
National Research Council, 267, 273-274, 302 n.5, 343 n.9, 345 n.25, 346 n.38
National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976, 234
National Science Board, 11, 176-177, 184, 185, 198, 205-206, 231, 326 n.45, 329 n.22, 338 n.56
National Science Foundation (NSF), 131, 136, 176-177, 280, 290, 315 n.32
administration, 220
applied vs. basic research, 122, 184, 186, 187-188, 189, 279, 329 nn.25&29
Antarctic program, 196-200, 294
Biological, Behavioral, and Social Sciences Directorate, 220, 234, 213, 334 n.23
Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, 229
budget/appropriations, 99, 180-185, 186, 187, 189-190, 195, 197, 202, 219, 221, 228, 232, 233, 234, 279, 294, 338 n.60
directors, 181, 182, 227, 328 n.13
energy issues, 217-218, 219, 226, 238, 294
exchanges of science and technology, 207-214, 219, 221, 226
Interdisciplinary Research Relevant to Problems of Our Society (IRRPOS), 186
large-scale programs and facilities supported by, 180, 190-191, 194-200, 213
Nixon and, 183, 184-185, 186, 188, 202-203, 205-207, 221, 328-329 n.19
Office of Energy research and development Policy, 217-218, 219
peer review system, 124-125, 182, 231, 232, 233, 234, 328 n.14
purpose and principal role, 98, 179, 180, 189-190, 202
Research Applications Directorate, 187, 329-330 n.31
Research Applied to National Needs (RANN), 187-188, 189, 218, 227, 334 n.9
science advisory functions transferred to, 205-207, 214, 218
Science and Technology Policy Office, 207
science education programs, 187, 189, 190, 228-236, 294, 336 n.51
Science Indicators, 200, 214, 221-222
social sciences research, 187-188, 227-228, 232, 327 n.5
Washington politics and, 185-186
National Security Act of 1947, 66, 74
National Security Council, 73-74, 131, 110-111, 206, 208, 321 n.30
NATO, 317 n.44
Naval Ordnance Test Station, 68
Naval Research Laboratory, 127, 304 n.5
Navy Bureau of Ordnance, 69
Neddermeyer, Seth, 12
Neher, Victor, 11, 12, 13-14, 18, 19, 20, 26, 40, 55, 299; pls. 4, 22
Netsilik Eskimos, 229-230, 233
Neureiter, Dick, 208
Neureiter, Gigi, 210
Neutrinos, 192-193, 265, 330 n.43
New York University, 55
New Zealand Antarctica Authority, 198
Nierenberg, William, 238, 339 n.65
Nikolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, 213
Ninth Air Force (U.S.), 40, 41
Nixon, Richard, 172, 173, 177, 184-185, 186, 188, 202-207, 210, 211-212, 214, 215, 216, 221, 222, 225, 265, 293, 305 n.10, 328-329 n.19, 330 n.36, 336 n.34, 345 n.24, 346 n.35; pl.16
Nobel laureates, 18, 26-27, 145, 251, 265, 280, 302 nn.6, 7, & 12, 303 nn.14&18, 305 n.11, 322 n.46, 324 n.6, 348 n.55
North American Air Defense Command, 259
North American Aviation, 81, 93, 321 n.34
Northrup, 93
Noyes, Arthur A., 11, 287, 302 nn.6,10; pl. 4
Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA), 79, 80, 82, 312 n.42
Nuclear fission, 24
Nuclear power, 79, 81, 181-182, 213, 216, 217
Nuclear reactor development, 78, 79, 81-83
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 335 n.30
Nuclear submarines, 81-82, 111
Nuclear waste management, 217
atomic bomb, 40, 52, 65, 306-307 n.25, 311 n.39, 317 n.49, 320 n.22
bomber delivery of, 104
detection of detonations, 341 n.11
deterrence policy, 116, 241, 259, 260
ICBMs and, 65, 66, 67, 76, 77, 82, 102-105, 111, 112, 114
laboratories, 259
Manhattan Project, 79, 80, 303 n.19, 304 n.9, 306 n.25, 317 n.49
reductions, 211, 212, 259, 262
Soviet development of, 88, 89, 91, 103, 109, 293
testing, 103, 104, 259-260, 293
O
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 79
Oakland Corporation, 156
Ober, Sharswell, 312 n.41
Oberth, Hermann, 63
OBOE navigation system, 36, 40
Odlum, Floyd, 140
Office of Aerospace Research, 141
Office of Emergency Preparedness, 206, 333 n.7
Office of Energy Policy, 335 n.30
Office of Management and Budget, 99, 181, 186, 189, 202, 205, 206, 219, 221, 222, 330 n.38, 333 n.8
Office of Naval Research, 66, 99, 181, 182, 207, 290, 314 n.21, 327-328 nn.12-14
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 222-226, 234, 239, 343 n.5; pl. 17
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 63, 304-305 n.9
closing of, 65, 66, 97, 280, 309 n.15
Foreign Liaison Office, 39
London Mission, 24, 27-34, 35, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 52, 57, 61, 65, 74, 120, 307 n.32, 308 n.40, 322 n.42; pl. 6
success of, 180
turf battle, 40
Office of Strategic Services, 32
Office of Technology Assessment, 261, 335 n.30, 343 n.9
Oil embargo, 212
Onizuka, Ellison S., 346 n.34
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 18-19, 80, 83, 85, 303 n.19, 306 n.25, 313 n.51, 317 n.49
Orbiting Geophysical Laboratory, 341 n.11
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 212, 216, 238
Oscillators, 302 n.8
P
Pace, Stanley, 340 n.7
Panofsky, Wolfgang K. H. (Pief), 11, 302 n.9, 318 n.58
Parshall, Raymond, 153
Particle accelerators, 12, 72, 263-267, 305 n.11
Particle physics, 192-193, 263-267, 297
Pash, Boris, 30-307 n.25
Patents, 21-22
Pennsylvania State University, 154
Peoples, John, 344 n.22
Peoples’ Republic of China, 84, 255, 256, 267-269, 271, 345 n.24, 346 n.28
Perkins, Courtland D., 267, 318 n.63
Perlis, Alan J., 150, 152, 155
Perry, William, 342 n.12
Philips Electronics, 53-54
Photoelectricity research, 9, 302 n.6
Physical Reviews (journal), 9, 19, 144
Physics, discoveries in, 191
Pickering, Muriel, 18
Pickering, William (Bill), 12, 18, 20, 55, 303 nn.16&17, 321 n.34
Pike, H. Allen, 343 n.10
Pioneer program, 135, 303 n.16, 341 n.11
Pittsburgh Council of Higher Education, 172
Pittsburgh Symphony, 157
Plate tectonics, 191, 192, 193, 194
Plant sciences, 196
Podgorny, Nikolai, 212, 334 n.18
Polish Academy of Sciences, 213
Pollack, Herman, 214
Porter, Richard, 310 n.29
Positrons, 302 n.12
Prandtl, Ludwig, 59
Pratt and Whitney Engine Company, 73, 323 n.53
President’s Commission on Science and Technology, 237-238
Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, 273-274, 346 n.35
President’s Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 129, 131, 132, 184, 203, 204-205, 207, 222, 333 n.6
Presidential Medal of Freedom, 340 n.9
Presidential science advisors, 129, 145, 176, 202-207, 215, 221, 223-224, 234, 260, 280, 283, 320 n.27, 336 n.31; pl.16
Press, Frank, x, 267, 268, 283, 345 n.24, 348 n.61
Press Report, 283
Price, Don, 181, 328 n.13, 329 n.25
Price, Edward W., 346 n.37
Princeton University, 219, 336 n.31
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102
Project Bumblebee, 56, 67, 69, 71, 100, 310 n.26
Project Hermes, 69
Project Meteor, 71-73, 77, 78, 100
Project Score, 135
Project Rand, 312 n.45
Project Whirlwind, 92-94, 292, 296, 314 n.21
Proximity fuzes, 53
Purdue University, 342 n.12
Pusey, Nathan, 159
Putt, Donald L., 105-106, 144, 145, 149, 150, 316-317 n.43; pl. 9
Q
Quantum electronics, 302 n.8
Quarles, Don, 117
R
R. K. Mellon Foundation, 152, 159
Rabi, I. I., 23, 26-27, 40, 145, 289, 292
Radar
air-to-surface (S-band, 10-cm), 31, 35-36, 39
American program, 34-36, 39, 91-92
antiaircraft activities, 42
blind bombing/landing technology, 36-38, 40
British Chain Home system, 25, 29
British program, 25, 29, 30-31, 34-36, 39, 306 n.17
cavity magnetron technology, 25-26, 27, 30-31, 39, 305 n.13
civilian unit, 41
countermeasures, 29, 36-38, 40, 46, 307 n.33
Great Malvern centers, 30-31
ground control approach, 37
height-finding (Appledore), 39
ionospheric measurements with, 55
jamming, 46
London OSRD mission, 24, 27-34
LORAN, 38
microwave detectors, 9, 25-27, 30, 31, 35, 36-37, 38, 39, 296, 304 n.4
ICBM early warning systems, 112, 116
missile guidance systems, 55
MIT Radar School, 27
pocket reference book, 34-35, 38-39, 306 n.24
Project Whirlwind, 92-94, 292, 296, 314 n.21
and radio astronomy, 195
real-time data processing, 95
SCR-584 gun-laying, 42, 44, 53
semiconductor crystal rectifiers, 33-34
vacuum tube technology, 27, 30
visual tracking aids, 50
Window, 36-38
X-band (3-cm), 31, 35, 36-37, 39, 40, 92
Radiation Laboratory, 64; pl. 5
British Branch of, 39-40, 41, 43, 52
colloquium, 306 n.24
establishment, 26, 289, 304-305, nn.3&9
faculty, 20, 26, 28, 33, 41, 65, 78, 92, 122, 176, 289, 305 n.10, 312 n.41
London radar mission, 24, 29, 31, 35, 36, 39, 42, 43, 65
turf battles, 39-41
Radio astronomy, 191, 195-196, 296
Ramo, Simon, 67, 246, 292, 316 n.38, 320 n.24, 326 n.45, 340-341 nn.7&9
RAND Corporation, 81, 93, 310 n.29, 312 n.45, 316 n.39, 318 n.58
Randolph Mountain Club, 121, 148
Ranger missions, 303 n.16
Ratcliffe, J. A., 306 n.17
Rathbun, Kenneth, 101-102
Raymond, Arthur, 310 n.29
Raytheon, 318 n.58
RCA, 26
Reagan, Ronald, 237, 258-260, 338 n.61
Recombinant DNA technology, 252
Reis, Victor, 343 n.5
Research and Development Board, 73-74, 75, 76, 77, 82
Research Corporation, 23
Resnik, Judith K., 273, 346 n.34
Revelle, Roger, 271
Review of Scientific Instruments (journal), 144, 145
Rice, Norman, 153
Rice, Stuart, 302 n.7
Richardson, Elliott, 215
Rickover, Hyman, 81
Ridenour, Louis, 96, 103, 292, 306 n.24, 315 n.25, 316 n.41
Ridenour Committee, 96, 100, 102, 139, 322 n.42
Risley, Lillian Newell, 115-116
Robertson, Howard P. (Bob), 43-44, 45-47, 91-92, 307 n.32
Rockefeller Foundation, 287
Rockefeller University, 280, 326 n.45
Rockefeller, Nelson, 224, 225, 226, 234-235, 237, 239, 336-337 nn.40&43, 338 n.61; pl. 17
Rockets. See Missiles and rockets
Rogers Commission, 273-274, 346 n.35
Rogers, William P., 346 n.35
Romaldi, Jim, 159
Romer, Paul M., 348 n.61
Roos, Daniel, 342 n.17
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 20, 24, 39, 57, 62, 65, 74, 111, 288, 304 n.9, 315 n.32
Rose, Alice, 7
Ross Gear, 246
Royal Air Force (UK), 27, 35-37, 39, 40, 53, 95, 307 n.33
Royal Aircraft Establishment, 42-43, 44
Rubber Research Institute, 255
Ruckelshaus, William D., 215, 335 n.30
Rumsfeld, Donald, 336 n.36
S
SAGE, see Semiautomated Ground Environment
Safeguard program, 203
Sarah Lawrence, 241
Satellites.
See also individual programs communications, 130, 135, 13, 273, 341 n.11
IGY, 126, 135, 135, 143, 319 n.18
launch successes and failures, 133, 134-135, 138
reconnaissance, 118, 130, 138, 143, 203, 320 nn.26&28, 321 n.30
SDI and, 262-263
Saudi Arabia, 238
Sawhill, John, 335 n.30
Scaife Foundation, 152
Scaife, Richard, 174
Scannell, Helen and Gordon, 152
Schairer, George, 58, 308 n.45
Schatz, Edward K., 153, 161, 162, 178
Schatz, Virginia, 178
Schering-Plough Corporation, 243-244, 251-252, 254, 256, 257, 272, 342 n.16
Schlatter, David M., 97
Schneider, Ed, 78
Schneider, Stanley, 207, 334 n.9
Schoonover, Vernon, 8
Schriever, Bernard, 104-105, 127-128, 141, 292, 316 n.41, 319 n.5, 326 n.45
Schwartz, Stephen, 324 n.9
Schwarz, Melvin, 344 n.21
Schweiker, Richard S., 328 n.15
Schweikert, Rusty, 137
Schwitters, Roy, 266
Science and Life (Millikan), 302 n.6
Science and Public Policy (Steelman), 280
Science education, 187, 189, 190, 228-236, 282, 294, 336 n.51
Science Indicators, 200, 214, 221-222
Science, the Endless Frontier (Bush), 74, 97-98, 280, 227, 315 n.32, 347 n.50
Scobee, Francis R., 346 n.34
Scott, Hugh, 328 n.15
Scott, Robert, 197, 332 nn.56&61
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 194, 238, 339 n.65
Seaborg, Glenn, 266, 333-334 n.9
Seamans, Bob, 78, 198, 199, 202, 248, 332 nn.60&64; pl. 21
Seitz, Frederick, 145, 326 n.45, 343 n.10
Seldon, Robert, 343 n.10
Semiautomated Ground Environment (SAGE), 95, 105, 292, 314 n.21, 330 n.43
Sentinal program, 203
Sequeira, Luis, 348 n.61
Shackleton, Earnest, 332 n.61
Shapiro, Asher, 312 n.41
Shapiro, Harold T., 348 n.61
Shaw, Milt, 159
Sheingold, Leonard, 142
Sheingold Committee, 142
Shenandoah (dirigible), 311 n.40
Shepard, Alan, 138
Sherwin, Chalmers, 106, 112, 318 n.58
Shields, L. Donald, 338 n.56
Shulman, Marshall D. , 343 n.10
Shultz, George, 188, 202, 205, 206, 215
Signals from the Stars (Hale), 302 n.5
Silverstein, Abe, 321 n.34
Simon, Dorothea, 175
Simon, Herbert, 150, 152, 155, 169, 175, 178, 323 nn.1&6, 324 n.7
Singer, S. Fred, 319 n.17
Siple, Paul, 197, 199, 332 n.59
Smith, Alfred, 3-4, 301 nn.3-4
Smith, Gerard C., 343 n.10
Smith, Michael J., 346 n.34
Smith, Philip M., x, 197, 207, 238, 333 n.8, 345 n.24; pl. 18
Smith, Tim, 303 n.18
Smithsonian Institution, 194
Smythe, Professor, 19
Snow, C. P., 221
Society for British Aircraft Constructors, 102
Society of Mechanical Engineers, 102
Soderberg, C. Richard, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124
Soviet Academy of Sciences, 214
Soviet Union.
See also Cold War
detente, 205, 207-214, 219, 221
human rights issues, 213
intellectual property rights, 213
nuclear weapons, 88, 89, 91, 103, 109, 293
SDI and, 260-261
South Pole station at Vostok, 199-200, 210; pl. 21
space program, 119, 125-126, 133, 134-135, 138, 320 n.26
State Commission on Science and Technology, 211
technical advisors in China, 269
Space program, 103.
See also National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Challenger disaster and, 258, 272-276, 278
civilian vs military control, 127-128, 130-131, 132, 133, 138-139, 140-141
IGY and, 126-127
manned space flight, 137-138
organization and contol of, 131-132
public beliefs about, 320 n.26
SAB recommendations, 128-129
solar system exploration, 277-278
Soviet, 119, 125-126, 127-130, 133, 134-135, 138, 180, 320 n.26
Space Shuttle, 138, 258, 272-276, 278, 341 n.11, 347 n.40; pl. 22
Space Technology Laboratories, 244-245, 340 n.9
Spangler, Congressman, 209
Special Committee on Space Technology, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139
Spectroheliograph, 302 n.5
Sperry Corporation, 26
Sputnik, 119, 125-126, 127-130, 134, 139, 180, 184, 191, 203, 228-229, 280, 320 n.26, 331 n.47, 333 n.7
Staats, Elmer, 236
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 302 n.9, 318 n.58, 344 n.18
Stanford University, 23, 61, 100, 154, 227, 238, 251-252, 339 n.65
Stanton, Mr., 6
Stanton, Winifred, 302 n.7
Star Wars, 258-263
Starr, Chauncey, 81
Steinberg, Edwin, 160
Steinberger, Jack, 344 n.21
Steelman, John R., 280
Steelman Report, 280
Stelson, Tom, 159
Stevens, Sayre, 343 n.10
Stever, Alma (mother), 2; pl. 1
Stever, Bunny (wife), xi, 70-71, 73, 83, 90, 101, 106, 107, 125, 146, 147, 152, 155, 157, 163, 164, 170, 178, 201, 208-211, 240-241, 247, 254-256, 271, 274, 283, 284, 293, 299, 318 n.59, 331 n.48; pls. 10, 11, 17, 23
Stever, Guy (Horton Guyford)
academic administration, 78, 121, 124-125, 149-178
aerodynamics and jet propulsion
research, 84, 85-87, 101-102, 106, 121
on Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, 84, 90, 99, 105, 117, 119, 127, 128-129, 139, 141, 144, 148, 152, 157, 164, 294
Antarctic trips, 197-200, 227; pl. 21
in Ashbury Methodist Village, 284
awards and honors, 4, 8, 11, 102, 145, 276, 299; pl. 19
at Cair Paravel (Randolph, NH), 146-148, 201, 219; pl. 23
as CalTech graduate student, 10-22, 55, 61, 70, 240, 286, 293, 302 n.6; pl. 4
on Carnegie Commission, 277, 278-283
at Carnegie Institute of Technology, 149-178, 181, 293, 299; pl. 11
Challenger booster redesign, 274-276, 346 n.37; pl. 22
Chief Scientist of the Air Force, 90, 106-108, 110-111, 116, 119, 145, 183, 240, 294, 318 n.63
in China, 255, 256, 267-269, 345 n.24, 346 n.28
as Colgate University undergraduate, 1-2, 7-10, 70, 240, 286, 299; pl. 2
on Commission of the Patent System, 157
consulting in private sector, 22-23, 145, 148, 152, 156, 157, 164, 243-257; pl. 20
cosmic-ray research, 9, 11, 12-19, 20, 101, 296; pl. 3
early life in Corning, New York, ix, 2-6, 197, 299; pl. 1
in Egypt, 270-271
film on, 220-221
Geiger counter quenching research, 12, 20, 21-22, 101
Georgetown home, 294
Great Malvern trip, 30-31
guided missile research, 42-43, 45-59, 65-70, 71-73, 100, 103, 105, 145
health problems, 276, 277, 284
in high school, 5-6, 299; pl. 1
high-energy physics projects, 263-267
intelligence missions, 42, 43-44, 45-54
leisure activities, 115, 120-121, 125, 146-148, 151, 163-164, 170, 197-198, 200, 201, 220; pls. 10, 11, 23
London radar mission, 24, 27-34, 38, 39, 61, 65, 74, 120, 183, 240, 322 n.42; pl. 6
marriage and family life, 70-71, 73, 83, 88, 90, 101, 106, 107, 115-116, 120-121, 145-148, 150-151, 152-153, 157, 161, 163-164, 201, 240-241, 284, 293, 294, 318 n.59; pls. 10, 12, 23
MGM consulting job, 22-23
on MIT faculty, 73, 74, 77-78, 83-88, 100, 117, 120-121, 164, 292
at MIT Radiation Laboratory, 23, 26-27, 38-39, 40-41, 70, 183, 240, 289, 293
at MIT Research Laboratory for Electronics, 69-70, 71-72, 100
on National Science Board, 176-177, 184
as NSF director, 136, 176-177, 182-216, 220-221, 226-239, 240, 242-243, 255, 265, 283-284, 293-294, 325 n.22; pl. 18
patents, 21-22
personal characteristics and predilictions, 295, 299
as presidential science advisor, 206-207, 214, 218, 219-220, 221, 226-239, 235-236, 242-243, 293-294, 345 n.24; pls.16, 17
pro bono work at National Academies, 252, 267-272, 274-276
professional memberships, 144-145, 148
published papers, 19, 101-102, 144, 299
reunions, 299
scouting activities, 3, 6, 197
and SDI, 261-263
in Soviet Union, 212-213; pl.20
and space program, 127, 128-129, 133, 136-137, 140, 141, 274-276, 277-278
as Technical Observer #300, 42; pl. 6
travel with Bunny, 254-256
in World War II, 9, 23, 24-60; pl. 6
Stever, Guy, Jr. (son), 83, 88, 101, 106, 107, 120, 145, 147, 152-153, 164, 201, 241, 272; pls. 10, 11
Stever, Horton (grandfather), 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 299; pl. 1
Stever, Man of Science (film), 220-221
Stever, Margarette (sister), 3, 4, 5, 8; pl. 1
Stever, Margo (daughter), 106, 120, 146, 148, 164, 201, 241; pls. 10, 11
Stever, Mattie (grandmother), 2, 3, 4, 5, 299
Stever, Ralph (father), 2
Stever, Roy (son), 106, 120, 146, 148, 164, 201, 241; pls. 10, 11
Stever, Sarah (daughter), 88, 101, 106, 107, 120, 146, 152-153, 164, 201, 241; pls. 10, 11
Stever Ridge (Antarctica), pl. 24
Stewart, Homer Joe, 318 n.58
Stewart-Warner Corporation, 322 n.42
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (film), 22-23
Strangers and Brothers, 221
Strategic Air Command, 105, 108, 110, 140
Strategic Defense Initiative, see Missiles and rockets
Strategic Missile Evaluation Committee, 104
Stratton, Julius (Jay), 69, 77, 106, 117, 122, 146, 150, 152, 157
STS-26, 276
Suharto, President, 342 n.18
Sun Coast Clan of Carnegie alumni, 174
Super-Kamiokande detector, 330 n.43
Superconducting Supercollider, 266-267, 344 n.22
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Force, 41, 307 n.32
Surveyor lunar landings, 303 n.16
Swank, Erle, 178
Symington, James W., Jr., 232, 234, 236
Systems engineering approach, 105
T
Tagus River, 28
Taylor, Eddie, 72
Tea Pot Committee, 103, 104, 316 n.38, 319 n.5
Teague, Olin (Tiger), 225, 232, 234, 236
Technological Capabilities Panel, see Killian Committee
Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE, UK), 30-31, 306 n.17
Teller, Edward, 128, 259, 320 nn.22&24, 322 n.45, 326 n.45
Teller Committee, 128
Telstar, 130
Texas Tech University, 338 n.56
Thomas, John, 208, 209, 347 n.40
Thompson Products, 245, 340 n.5, 341 n.9
Thurmond, Strom, 174
Tigner, Maury, 266
Time, Matter, and Values (Millikan), 302 n.6
Toll, John, 344 n.22
Tolman, Professor, 20
Toomay, John, 344 n.10
Toward New Horizons (von Kármán), 57, 67, 84, 89, 311 n.35
Townes, Charles H. (Charley), 11, 302 n.8, 303 n.18, 322 n.46
Tracy, Spencer, 22-23
Train, Russell, 335 n.30
Transistors, 314 n.12
Trapeznikov, Acamedician and Madame, 209-211
Troost, Laurens, Jr., 122
Truman, Harry, 57, 62, 65, 75, 96, 99, 280, 294, 309 n.15, 315 n.32, 320 n.27, 348 n.55
Trump, John, 40
TRW, 67, 156, 243, 244-247, 248, 250, 251, 254, 255, 257, 318 n.58, 326 n.45, 340 nn.6&9, 341 n.11, 342 n.15
Tsien, H. S., 68, 72, 84-85, 268-269, 308 n.45
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 63
Turner, Louis, 35
Twenty-Eighth Infantry Division (U.S.), 52
Twining, Nathan, 106
U
U-2 spy plane, see Aircraft Uman, Myron F., 346 n.38
Union Glass Company, 301 n.1
United Aircraft Corporation, 73, 144, 145, 148, 152, 157, 164, 322 n.52
United Nations
Conference on Science and Technology for Development, 271-272
Conference on Trade and Development, 272
United Space Boosters, Inc., 274
United States Steel, 169
United Technologies Corporation, 322 n.52
Universities Research Association, Inc., 262, 265-266, 344 n.16
University of
Aberdeen, 307 n.33
Alberta, 303 n.18
Birmingham, 25
California at Berkeley, 10, 178
California at San Diego, 177, 188
Detroit, 241
Illinois, 10, 250, 312 n.41, 315 n.25
Kansas, 160
Montreal, 336 n.54
New Hampshire, 241
Pittsburgh, 150, 155-156, 160, 173, 178; pl. 13
Virginia, 55
Uranium isotope separation, 27, 79
U.S. Department of Agriculture 196
U.S.-Israeli Binational Science Foundation, 213-214, 219, 346 n.35
U.S. Navy Underwater Sound Laboratories, 322 n.38
U.S. Space Lab, 138
V
Vacuum Tube Development Committee, 55
Vacuum tube technology, 27, 30, 93, 109
Valley, George, 35, 92, 93, 94, 95, 142, 292
Valley Committee, 142
Van Allen, James, 126, 303-304 n.22, 321 n.34
Van Allen Radiation Belts, 134, 303-304 n.22
Vandenberg, Hoyt S., 97
Vanguard program, 127, 132, 134, 135
Vestine, Harry, 319 n.17
Vietnam War, 167, 172-173, 174, 184, 185, 186, 204, 207, 212, 216, 227-228
Volkenrode research establishment, 58, 68
Von Braun, Werner, 136, 310 n.29, 321 n.34
von Kármán, Theodore, 57-58, 59, 67, 68, 72, 73, 84, 89, 90, 103, 106, 124, 136, 215, 268, 291-292, 308 n.41, 310 n.29, 311 nn.35&37, 316 n.41, 317 n.44; pl. 15
von Neumann, John, 103, 114, 292, 315 n.35
W
Waimakariri River, water jet boating on, 197-198
Wales Lake, 16
Wallace Lake, 16
Ward, Professor, 19
Warhol, Andy, 324 n.9
Warner, Arthur, 41-42
Warner, John (Jake) C., 149, 150, 151, 154, 155-156, 160, 164, 176, 263-264, 323 n.1
Watergate scandal, 185, 188, 202, 215, 216, 221, 330 n.36, 335 n.26
Waterman, Alan, 181, 182, 328 n.13, 332 n.55, 336 n.50.
See also Alan T. Waterman Award
Watson-Watt, Robert, 25, 41, 54
Watt, Robert D. , 346 n.37
Wattendorf, Frank, 308 n.45
Webb, James, 322 n.38
Western Development Division, see Air Research and Development Command (ARDC)
Western Electric, 63
Westinghouse Corporation, 26, 27, 63, 303 n.18
Wheeler, George, 19
White, John P., 348 n.61
White House Office of Defense Mobilization, Science Advisory Committee, 129, 320 n.27
White House Office of Science and Technology, 177, 183, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 219, 224, 335 n.28
Whitman, Walter Gordon, 78, 79, 121, 312 n.41
Wiesner, Jerome, 204, 205, 239, 292; pl.16
Wilbur, John Benson, 121
Wilkinson, Squadron Leader, 44
Williams, Everard, 159
Williams, G. Mennen, 126
Williams, Glenn, 72
Williams, Harrison, 328 n.15
Wilson, Carroll, 304 n.5
Wilson, Charles, 104
Wind tunnel test facilities, 72-73, 84, 85-87, 101, 102, 286
Womack, Jim, 342 n.17
Women’s Air Force Service Pilots, 140
Woolridge, Dean E., 341 n.9
Works Progress Administration, 288
See also Radar
air raids and air raid shelters, 41-42, 45, 306 n.18e
ALSOS mission, 40, 52, 306-307 n.25
Battle of Bastogne, 56
Battle of Britain, 20, 30, 91, 95
Battle of the Bulge, 56
concentration camps and Nazi slave labor, 53, 59, 299
D-Day Remembered, 299
and federal research structure, 24-60, 181, 288-290, 296, 297, 304-305 n.9, 327 n.12
Hamburg fire bombing, 37
Little Blitz, 41-42
London Blitz, 25, 29, 31-32; pl. 5
Market Garden Operation, 53-54
missiles and rockets, 41-43, 53, 299
Normandy invasion, 41, 43, 45-54, 299, 307 n.32; pl. 6&7
rubber shortages, 255
Wright, Cardinal, 156
Wright, Jim, 267
Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy, 321 n.33
Wright Field, 54
Wulf, William A., 267, 284, 298
Wyman, Max, 303 n.18
Y
Yanofsky, Charles, 251
Young, Jack, 189
Yale University, 149
Yerkes Observatory, 302 n.5
York, Herb, 318 n.58
Yukawa, Hideki, 12-13, 303 n.14
Z
Zacharias, Jerrold, 33, 34, 81, 312 n.41
Zare, Richard N., 11
Zuckert, Eugene, 144