Page 215 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Appendix C

UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data

Page 216 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE C.1 Reported Concentrations of UV Filters in Water (ng/l for organic and μg/L for inorganic)

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Bargar et al., 2015	Trunk Bay, USVI	6,073		1,413	ND
Bargar et al., 2015	Hawksnest Bay, USVI	> 1,000; < 10,000		> 100; < 1,000	ND
Downs et al., 2021	Hanauma Bay, HI	30–27,880 with 40% > 1,000
Tsui et al., 2014b	Hong Kong Harbor	39–5,429	54–389	66–2,812	103–6,812	61–1,030
Bratkovics et al., 2015	Fishing Pier at Folly Beach area, SC	39–5,429	ND		ND–3,730; summer average = 2,016
Díaz-Cruz et al., 2019	Evrotas River (Greece)	< 0.2–2,031			ND
Bratkovics and Sapozhnikova, 2011	Wash Out Beach at Folly Beach, SC	ND–1,766; summer average = 787	ND		ND–1,375; summer average = 745
Downs et al., 2016	Trunk Bay, USVI	580,000–1,395,000
Kung et al., 2018	Wanlitong Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	1,233
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018	Sorobon, Bonaire August 2018	1,540			810
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Tropical Beach, Okinawa, Japan	2.2–1,258		0.8–214	0.5–50	ND–2.1
Bratkovics et al., 2015	County Park and beach on Folly Island, SC	ND–2,126; summer average = 1,264	ND		ND–1,060; summer average = 878
Tarazona et al., 2010	3 beaches on Mediterranean coast of Spain in summer	1,340–3,300
Downs et al., 2016	Hawknest Bay, USVI	75,000–95,000
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach AM	91.0 (median); 12.7–2,675.7	4.85; < 1.3–163.5	24.3; < 2.4–319.0	160.4 (median); 30.7–766.7
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach MG	343.2 (median); 54.2–3,316.7	29.6 (median); < 4.2–144.4	151.7 (median); 10.8–526.1	497.8 (median); 37.8–1,324.9
Bargar et al., 2015	Cinnamon Bay, USVI	> 100; < 1,000		ND–100	ND
Bargar et al., 2015	Maho Bay, USVI	> 100; < 1,000		> 10–< 100	ND

Page 217 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)
41				ND
> 10; < 100				ND

89–4,043	24–721	64–117		95–182
ND–438; summer average = 166	ND–1,298; summer average = 597	ND		ND–191; summer average = 110	0.5–7,806
ND				up to 25.1
ND–172; summer average = 108	ND–366; summer average = 235	ND		ND–1.55; summer average = ND	Maximum = 3,634; average = 530

		ND

ND–32 ND–154; summer average = 44	ND–303; summer average = 173	ND		ND ND	Maximum = 3,093; average = 160
		ND

10.5 (median); < 1.6–276.8	65.5 (median); < 6.7–792.0
57.2 (median); < 5.2–260.2	422.6 (median); 19.8–1770.3
~10				ND
ND–~10				ND

Page 218 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Lee Blaney, 2021 Presentation to Committee	Chester River, Chesapeake Bay, MD	~50–~125		~10–~25	~25–~50
Lee Blaney, 2021 Presentation to Committee	Lower Eastern Shore, Chesapeake Bay, MD	~50–~150		~100–~200	~10–~50
Horricks et al., 2019	Grand Anse Beach, Grenda	123
Kung et al., 2018	Houwan Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	566
Kung et al., 2018	Houbiu Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	118
Kung et al., 2018	South Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	230
Kung et al., 2018	Small Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	216
Langford and Thomas, 2008	Sandvika Beach, Baerum, Norway in July at 3 locations	13.4–439.9			65.3–7,301
Langford and Thomas, 2008	Huk Beach, near Oslo Norway	5.4–32.1			ND–63.2
O’Malley et al., 2021	Enogerra Reservoir, Australia based on bar charts and reported values	~200–~700	ND (not commonly used in Australia)		1,380–4,660	Present at low levels
Tsui et al., 2014b	New York City including Jamaica Bay, Upper New York Bay, and East River near WWTP discharges	23–178	89–574	91–114	117–128	ND
Tsui et al., 2014b	Los Angeles at Huntington Beach	227–601	ND	142–270	145–377	53–120
Tsui et al., 2014b	Shantou, China at beach	55–188	ND	ND	75–107	ND
Tsui et al., 2014b	Chao Phraya River at Bangkok, Thailand	86–116	89–95	29–59	153–205	28–56
Li et al., 2018	Popular beaches along coastline of Shenzhen, China	ND–172

Page 219 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)
ND–~150
~10–~25
ND				ND
		ND
		ND
		ND
		ND
60.4–389.9
38.6–159.2
Present at low levels	424–1,130	Present at low levels			2,550–7,330
89–150	70–87	72–92		ND
91–138	67–109	29–96		ND
52–78	53–100	ND		ND
88–95	36–38	63–71		ND
ND–89		ND–69		ND–10.1	ND–644

Page 220 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach PR	238.7 (median); 32.8–979.8	14.7 (median); < 4.2–228.7	60.6 (median); 9.2–536.2	374.5 (median); 61.2–973.1
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Emerald Beach, Okinawa, Japan	ND–141		ND–34	0.2–78	ND–10
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Sunset Beach, Okinawa, Japan	10–448		0.6–87	0.5–27	ND–3.3
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan	0.5–428		0.6–67	2.3–79	ND–2.1
Grabicova et al., 2013	Recreational ponds in Czech Republic	21–550	4–46
Tovar-Sánchez, 2013	Popular beaches on Majorca Island, Spain, sampled 2 days in August	76–155 with max at 1 beach of 400 at midday to afternoon
Bratkovics et al., 2015	Coast Guard Stations Estuarine Research Reserve, SC	ND–467: summer average = 2332			ND–311; summer average = 162
Nguyen et al., 2011	3 locations along the Ligurion coast (Italy) sampled monthly June –August 2010	ND–118
He et al., 2019a	Manokin River, Chesapeake Bay, MD	52.7–113.7		71.9–187.9	24.5–43.7
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Waikiki Beach Hawaii Nearshore	8.8–142.7		93.7–686.6	0.3–29.1	39.1–66
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Waikiki Beach Hawaii–offshore	9.4–73.1		107.3–192.0	2.7–8.6	43.1–79.1
Bratkovics et al., 2015	Myrtle Beach, SC	ND–575; summer average = 329	ND		ND–382; summer average = 261
Bratkovics et al., 2015	North Inlet National Estuarine Research Reserve, SC	ND–138; summer average = 34	ND		ND–77; summer average = 26
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach AL	3.7 (median); < 1.4–158.0	< 1.3 (median); < 1.3–34.7	< 2.4(median); < 2.4–84.8	20.9 (median); < 2.8–183.2
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach CA	9.6 (median); < 1.4–182.6	< 1.3 (median); < 1.3–176.3	< 2.4 (median); < 2.4–102.2	52.7 (median); < 2.8–768.5
Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013	Llobregat River, NE Spain for 5 samples in 2011	ND–37.8	30.4–862

Page 221 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)
71.0 (median); < 1.6–756.4	307.5 (median); 35.6–1,163.2
ND–143				ND–0.6
0.1–14				ND–0.8
ND–25				ND
			24–930
						ND	1 (but higher in surface micro-layer)
ND–235; summer average = 37	ND–138; summer average = 69	ND		ND–28; summer average = 9	Maximum = 744; average = 192
ND–83
21.0–28.9
ND–1.5	ND			0.1–4.5	184.8–791.5
ND	ND			2–12.4	187.6–298.6
ND–35; summer average = 12	ND–425; summer average = 160	ND		ND–104; summer average is 35	Maximum = 1,287; average = 327
ND–140; summer average = 55	ND–158; summer average = 71	ND		ND–77; summer average = 28	Maximum = 554; average = 118
< 5.2 (median); < 1.6–65.4	< 6.7 (median); < 2.0–314.3
7.3 (median); < 1.6–109.9	23.5 (median); < 2.0–737.1

Page 222 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Pedrouzo et al., 2010	3 rivers in Catalonia, Spain; part of methods development	6–28			ND
Wick et al., 2010	sampling in 2 streams located downstream from the last discharge of a WWTP in September; streams are tributaries to the Main River in Germany	ND–47	332–1,980
Balmer et al., 2005	Lake Greifensee, Switzerland	surface 20–30			surface < 2–5
Balmer et al., 2005	Lake Hüttnersee, Switzerland	surface 23–35			< 2
Tsui et al., 2014b	Tokyo Bay	24–86	71–136	65–110	87–108	71–95
Langford and Thomas, 2008	Near offshore WWTP outfall (VEAS) from city of Oslo, Norway, July	ND–15.5			ND–31.2
Langford and Thomas, 2008	Open waters of fjord off Baerum and Oslo, Norway, July	5.4–32.1			ND–63.2
Li et al., 2018	Less popular or undeveloped beaches along the Shenzhen, China coastline	ND–28.7
Bargar et al., 2015	Leinster Bay, USVI	ND–< 100		ND–< 100	ND
Bargar et al., 2015	Brown Bay, USVI	1.6–133		53–633.5	ND
Bargar et al., 2015	Great Lameshure Bay, USVI	ND–< 100		ND–< 100	ND
da Silva et al., 2015	Tieta River at Jau Brazil (river water intake) 6 months of sampling	ND–24			ND–208	ND
Downs et al., 2016	Maunalua Bay, Oahu, HI	> 100–19,200

Page 223 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)
				ND
			1,310–3,240
Surface < 2
surface 3–5
46–95	78–104	76–96		ND
164.1–189.3
38.6–159.2
ND–53		ND–49		ND–7.6	ND–67
ND–~10				ND
15–20				ND
> 10; < 100				ND
ND–755

Page 224 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Ekpeghere et al., 2016	Rivers in South Korea determined from box plots. Rivers include Nakdong River (9 sites), Guemho River (1 site) and Nam River (1 site)	~5–~50				~30–~150
Tsui et al., 2014b	Chaozhou, China at beach	37–49	ND–49	ND	36–102	121–128
Tsui et al., 2014b	Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea	17–33	ND	ND	26–31	ND
Fent et al., 2010	River Glatt below a WWTP, Switzerland	56 and 68
He et al., 2019a	Chester River, Chesapeake Bay, MD	52–96		15.5–22.2	21.6–42.4
Emnet et al., 2015	Erubus Bay near a research station, Antarctica	2.6–88.4
He et al., 2019a	Holland Straights, Chesapeake Bay,MD	40.4–59.3		78.4–99.8	11.9–20.6
He et al., 2019a	Kitts Creek, Chesapeake Bay,MD	31.1–32		78.4–91.3	12.0–13.3
Kung et al., 2018	Boli River Estuary, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	41.4
Kung et al., 2018	Scichong River Estuary, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	45.4
Kung et al., 2018	Baisha Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	23
Kung et al., 2018	Big Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	18.8
Labille et al., 2020b	3 beaches along French Mediterranean in the bathing area (over 1 day)	< 1–78			< 5–420

Page 225 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)
~20–~250
ND–79	ND	ND
25–66	18–70	2–3.3
6
ND–115.0

12.0–21.4
7.6–18.6
		ND
		ND
		ND
		ND
< 5–8.8	< 5–309	< 8				3.6–541	ND–11.9

Page 226 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Labille et al., 2020b	3 beaches along French Mediterranean beyond bathing area (over 1 day)	< 1–26.7			< 5–141.6
Dominguez-Morueco et al., 2021	Northern Atlantic Peninsula	ND–59
Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008a,b	River Taff (South Wales) in segment above and below wastewater discharges, 4 locations reported, based on several months of sampling from Nov 2006 to Aug 2007	ND–44	ND–371
Kameda et al., 2011	Rivers (18) and streams (2) in Japan considered polluted to varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and September 2008	ND–41		ND–29	ND–9	ND–38
Tovar-Sanchez, 2013	Undeveloped coastal location on Majorca Island, Spain–1 day in September	36
Wu et al., 2013	2 rivers in northern Taiwan that receive direct discharges of municipal wastewater	12.3–15.4		ND		ND–10.6
Rodil et al., 2008a	2 recreational lakes around Leipzig Germany in June 2007	27–55		ND–4	126–250	51
Rodil et al., 2008a	2 rivers around Leipzig Germany in May 2007	ND–30		ND–5	ND–16	ND
Tsui et al., 2017	Ung Kong, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons	25.8 (wet); 29.1 (dry)			13.1 (wet); ND (dry)

Page 227 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)
< 5	< 5–48.1	< 8				4.7–5.9	ND–3.7


ND–1,040				ND–2

		ND
20–33				2–5
ND–21				ND–3
ND		ND

Page 228 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Tsui et al., 2017	Sharp Island, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons	24.4 (wet); 31.7 (dry)			9.7 (wet); ND (dry)
Tsui et al., 2017	Wu Pai, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons	13.9 (wet); 13.8 (dry)			11.9 (wet); ND (dry)
Tsui et al., 2017	Sung Kong, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons	13.2 (wet)			8.9 (wet); ND (dry)
Grabicova et al., 2013	Rivers with pollution in Czech Republic	16–67	4.6–390
da Silva et al., 2015	Araraquara or Tietje Rivers at Araraquara, Brazil (river water intake) monthly sampling over 1 year	ND–38			ND	ND
da Silva et al., 2015	Tiete River at Bauru (river water intake) 6 months sampling	ND–28			ND–188	ND
da Silva et al., 2015	Feij≥o River at S≥o Carlos Brazil (river water intake) 6 months of sampling	ND–44			ND	ND
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Kaneohe Bay Hawaii Shallow	4.7–11.3		ND	ND–2.9	ND
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Kaneohe Bay Hawaii Deep	0.1–48.1		ND–457.6	0.3–45.5	ND
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over1 year at beach MP	4.6 (median); < 1.4–27.1	< 1.3 (median); < 1.3–< 4.2	< 2.4 (median); < 2.4–51.5	23.8 (median); < 9.3–359.1
Tsui et al., 2019	Coastal Hong Kong and adjacent South China Sea (concentrations decrease with distance seaward)	2.2–36.7	2.9–27.8	3.6–41.8	2.2–71.9	0.8–27.8
Fisch et al., 2017	Rivers draining to Baltic and coastline, Germany	ND–11.4	ND		ND–30.8

Page 229 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)
ND		ND
ND		ND
ND		ND
			11–500
ND–65
ND–669
ND–101
ND	ND			0.1–3.9	6.4–15.4
ND	ND			0.1–9.1	6.2–467.6
< 1.6 (median); < 1.6–16.1	< 6.7 (median); < 2.0–188.4
3.8–55.6		ND
ND

Page 230 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008b	River Ely (South Wales, UK) in segment above and below wastewater discharges, 4 locations reported, based on several months of sampling from Nov 2006 to Aug 2007	ND	ND–323
Balmer et al., 2005	Lake Zürichsee, Switzerland	surface 10–20; deep (20 m) 10–11			surface < 2–~3; deep (20 m) < 2
Balmer et al., 2005	Lake Jörisee, Switzerland	< 2			< 2
Allinson et al., 2018	Three estuaries flowing into Port Philp Bay, around Melbourne, Australia (4 water grab samples) in August 2011 (winter)	4.3–7.1			2–109	ND–31.6
Bargar et al., 2015	Trunk Bay, USVI at 210 m from shoreline	2.7		116.3	ND
Wick et al., 2010	Rhine River in Koblenz, Germany, in March 2008	ND	51
Downs et al., 2016	Caneel Bay, USVI	ND
Downs et al., 2016	Kapalua Bay, Maui, HI	ND
Downs et al., 2016	Kahekili Beach, Maui, HI	ND
Horricks et al., 2019	Grand Anse Bay, Grenada deep	7
Horricks et al., 2019	Grand Mal, Grenada surface	7
Horricks et al., 2019	Grand Mal, Grenada deep	ND
Horricks et al., 2019	True Blue, Grenada surface	ND
Horricks et al., 2019	Quarantine Reef, Grenada surface	ND
Horricks et al., 2019	Quarantine Reef, Grenada deep	ND

Page 231 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)

surface < 2–7; deep (20 m) < 2
< 2
8.9–640				ND–0.4
5.8				ND
			48



ND				ND
				ND
8				ND
ND				ND
ND				ND
ND				ND

Page 232 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Ka’a’awa Bay, Hawaii–nearshore	2.6–7.1		38.5–119.0	0.3–25.4	46–121.2
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Ka’a’awa Bay, Hawaii–offshore	0.1–7.5		120.7–456.4	0.3–4.2	27.5–60.4
Fagervold et al., 2019	Villeneuve de la Raho Lake, France	< 5
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018	Sorobon, Bonaire November, 2018	< 10			160
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018	Mangrove Lac Bay, Bonaire during August	10			< 20
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018	Cai Reef, Bonaire	< 10			< 20
Li et al., 2018	Drinking water reservoir in Shenzhen, China	9.2
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Shirahi River, Okinawa, Japan	ND–9		ND–0.8	ND–2.5	ND–1.8
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	CR coral reef site 660 m from Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan	ND–0.4		ND	ND–8.1	ND–0.6
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	BR Reef Site, 520 m from Emerald Bay, Okinawa, Japan	ND–3.8		ND–3.2	ND–0.5	ND–0.1
Rodil et al., 2012	6 locations along Mero River in Galicia Spain, samples were collected on several occasions from November 2007 to September 2008	ND	ND–603
Barbosa et al., 2018	Ave River, Portugal
Barbosa et al., 2018	Antua River, Portugal
Barbosa et al., 2018	Certima River, Portugal
Barbosa et al., 2018	Leca River, Portugal
Gondikas et al., 2014	Old Danube Recreational Lake, Vienna, Austria

Page 233 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)
ND	ND			ND–0.1	108.8–251.1
ND–1.5	ND			0.1–7.8	166.9–534.5
	14.5 (average for July and August)



ND		29.59		ND	161
ND–3.9				ND
ND–1.5				ND
ND–2.3				ND
			< 10–< 100
ND–168
ND–~225
ND–562
ND–~125
						~1–~4 with Ti/Al ratios indicating elevated Ti during the bathing season

Page 234 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Sulisobenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene	Octisalate
Woodley (unpublished data)	Near-shore waters Buck Island and Salt River Bay, St.Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands
Woodley (unpublished data)	Popular snorkeling reefs in the Florida Keys during a time of low visitation
Picot-Groz et al., 2018	3 shoreline/beach sites along Gulf of Lion–1 day in July at beginning of tourist season				ND–369 and illustrates diurnal variation
Sankoda et al., (2015)	4 beaches in Japan during summer					4.3–23.1 for mean concentrations
Sankoda et al., (2015)	4 beaches in Japan during winter					2.0–3.8 for mean concentrations
Total Measurements		122	30	46	79	35

Page 235 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Ensulizole	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic	Titanium Dioxide (µg/L)	Zinc Oxide(µg/L)
	0.1–31
	4.1–13.3
ND–106 and illustrates diurnal variation
210–1,080 for mean concentrations
11–20 for mean concentrations
92	32	36	5	49	16	4	3

Page 236 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE C.2 Spatial Analysis of Oxybenzone Measurements

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification	Intensity of Source
Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification
Group A: Measurements > 1,000 ng/l
Bargar et al., 2015	Trunk Bay, USVI	6,073	Beach	Swimming beach frequented by tourists
Bargar et al., 2015	Hawksnest Bay, USVI	> 1,000; < 10,000	Beach	Swimming beach frequented by tourists
Downs et al., 2021	Hanauma Bay, HI	30–27,880 with 40% > 1,000	Beach	At beach within bathing area with high density
Tsui et al., 2014b	Hong Kong Harbor	39–5,429	Beach	Considered highly polluted; highest values associated with a popular beach
Bratcovics et al., 2015	Fishing Pier at Folly Beach area, SC	ND–2,203; summer average = 1,533	Beach	Park with family amenities
Bratkovics and Sapozhnikova, 2015	Wash Out Beach at Folly Beach, SC	ND–1,766; summer average = 787	Beach	Mostly residential popular local beach
Downs et al., 2016	Trunk Bay, USVI	580,000–1,395,000	Beach	~180 in water; ~130 on beach at time of sampling
Kung et al., 2018	Wanlitong Beach, Taiwan; one summer sampling event	1,233	Beach	Popular beach
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018	Sorobon, Bonaire. August	1,540	Beach	Higher beach use in August
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Tropical Beach, Okinawa, Japan	2.2–1,258	Beach	Popular beach
Bratcovics et al., 2015	County Park and beach on Folly Island, SC	ND–2,126; summer average = 1,264	Beach	Park with family amenities; may receive inputs from adjacent inlet
Tarazona et al., 2010	3 beaches on Mediterranean coast of Spain in summer	1,340–3,300	Beach	Popular beach areas in summer months
Downs et al., 2016	Hawknest Bay, USVI	75,000–95,000	Beach	230 people on day of sampling
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach AM	91.0 (median); 12.7–2675.7	Beach	Most touristic activity is focused
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach MG	343.2 (median); 54.2–3316.7	Beach	Most touristic activity is focused
Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics
Group B: Measurements 100–999 ng/l
Bargar et al., 2015	Cinnamon Bay, USVI	> 100; < 1,000	Beach	Swimming beach frequented by tourists
Bargar et al., 2015	Maho Bay, USVI	> 100; < 1,000	Beach	Moderate tourist
Lee Blaney, Presentation to Committee	Chester River, Chesapeake Bay, MD	~50–~125	River	Rural watershed
Lee Blaney, Presentation to Committee	Lower Eastern Shore, Chesapeake Bay, MD	~50–~150	River	Rural watershed

Page 237 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Proximity to Source	Residence Time	# High	# Moderate	# Low
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low		# High	# Moderate	# Low

Along beach; nearshore	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	3	0	0
Along beach; nearshore	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	3	0	0
At the beach	Low tidal amplitude in semi-enclosed bay	3	0	0
Adjacent to sources and receives polluted inflows	Moderate mixing open to sea	2	1	0
At beach	Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy	2	1	0
At beach	Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy	2	1	0
Close proximity to beach and coral reef	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	3	0	0
Along beach	Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay but somewhat exposed	2	1	0
Close to beach	Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay	3	0	0
Close to beach	Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay	2	1	0
At beach	Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy	2	1	0
Within swimming area	Exposed to the open sea with low tidal range
Close proximity to beach and coral reef	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	3	0	0
At beach	Semi-enclosed; moderate tides	3	0	0
At beach	Semi-enclosed; moderate tides	3	0	0
		21	3	0

Close to beach	Low tidal amplitude; somewhat exposed to open water	2	1	0
Close to beach	Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay	2	1	0
Within watershed with diffuse sources	River flow and low/moderate tide	0	3	0
Within watershed with diffuse sources	River flow and low/moderate tide	0	3	0

Page 238 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification	Intensity of Source
Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification
Horricks et al., 2019	Grand Anse Beach, Grenda	123	Beach	Main tourist beach
Kung et al., 2018	Houwan Beach, Taiwan; one summer sampling event	566	Beach	Popular beach
Kung et al., 2018	Houbiu Beach, Taiwan; one summer sampling event	118	Beach	Popular beach
Kung et al., 2018	South Bay, Taiwan; one summer samplingevent	230	Beach	Popular beach
Kung et al., 2018	Small Bay, Taiwan; one summer samplingevent	216	Beach	Popular beach
Langford and Thomas, 2008	Sandvika Beach, Baerum, Norway in July at 3 locations	13.4–439.9	Beach	In bathing area with reported ~200 people (mostly children) at two of the locations
Langford and Thomas, 2008	Huk Beach, near Oslo Norway	5.4–32.1	Beach	No specifics in paper but apears to be a beach with moderate activity
O’Malley et al., 2021	Enogerra Reservoir, Australia based on bar charts and reported values	~200–~700	Lake (Reservoir)	Recreational reservoir
Tsui et al., 2014b	New York City including Jamaica Bay, Upper New York Bay, and East River near WWTP discharges	23–178	Coastal	Receives discharges from multiple sources
Tsui et al., 2014b	Los Angeles at Huntington Beach	227–601	Beach	Popular beach
Tsui et al., 2014b	Shantou, China at beach	55–188	Beach	Popular beach
Tsui et al., 2014b	Chao Phraya River at Bangkok, Thailand	86–116	River	Large watershed with agricultural and urban inputs as well as effluents
Li et al., 2018	Popular beaches along coastline of Shenzhen, China	ND–172	Beach	Popular beaches
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach PR	238.7 (median); 32.8–979.8	Beach	Most touristic activity is focused
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Emerald Beach, Okinawa, Japan	ND–141	Beach	Popular beach
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Sunset Beach, Okinawa, Japan	10–448	Beach	Popular beach
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan	0.5–428	Beach	Popular beach
Grabicova et al., 2013	Recreational ponds in Czech Republic	21–550	Lake (Reservoir	Recreational pond
Tovar-Sanchez, 2013	Popular beaches on Majorca Island, Spain, sampled two days in August	76–155 with max at one beach of 400 at midday to afternoon	Beach	Popular beach in summer

Page 239 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Proximity to Source	Residence Time	# High	# Moderate	# Low
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low		# High	# Moderate	# Low
Near beach	Low tidal amplitude; semi enclosed but open to ocean	2	1	0
Near beach	Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay	2	1	0
Near beach	Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay but more exposed	2	1	0
Near beach	Low to moderate tidal amplitude; somewhat exposed	2	1	0
Near beach	Low to moderate tidal amplitude; somewhat exposed	2	1	0
Within bathing area	Semi-enclosed area with limited flushing	3	0	0
Within the bathing area	Open to flushing with the fjord, considered in the paper to be a higher energy area than other sampled beach	1	2	0
At the beach	Low energy	3	0	0
Adjacent to many diffuse sources including wastewater effluents	Part of this area (Jamaica Bay) is poorly flushed and receives effluent	2	1	0
Within bathing area	Open to the ocean and higher energy	2	0	1
Within bathing area	Moderate mixing	2	1	0
Adjacent and downstream of diffuse sources	Dilution within a large river	3	0	0
Within bathing area	Exposed to sea and expected to have moderate mixing and transport	2	1	0
At beach	Semi-enclosed; moderate tides	3	0	0
Near beach	Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay	2	1	0
Near beach	Low to moderate tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay	2	1	0
Near beach	Low to moderate tidal amplitude; open to the sea	2	1	0
Near beach	Pond with long residence time	3	0	0
Within swimming area	Moderate, semi-enclosed	2	1	0

Page 240 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification	Intensity of Source
Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification
Bratcovics et al., 2015	Coast Guard Stations Estuarine Research Reserve, SC	ND–467: summer average = 233	Beach	Some beach use
Nguyen et al., 2011	3 locations along the Ligurion coast (Italy) sampled monthly June–August 2010	ND–118	Coastal	Not specified but Ligurion Sea is bordered by several cities
He et al., 2019a	Manokin River, Chesapeake Bay, MD	52.7–113.7	River	Rural watershed
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Waikiki Beach Hawaii Nearshore	8.8–142.7	Beach	Popular beach area; unclear on number of people
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Waikiki Beach Hawaii–offshore	9.4–73.1	Coastal	Popular beach area; unclear on number of people
Bratcovics et al., 2015	Myrtle Beach, SC	ND–575; summer average = 329	Beach	Popular beach area; unclear on number of people
Bratcovics et al., 2015	North Inlet National Estuarine Research Reserve, SC	ND–138; summer average = 34	River	Drains watershed
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach AL	3.7 (median); < 1.4–158.0	Beach	Local community beach
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach CA	9.6 (median); < 1.4–182.6	Beach	Local community beach
Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics
Group C: 10–99 ng/l
Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013	Llobregat River, NE Spain for 5 samples in 2011	ND–37.8	River	Watershed has diffuse sources
Pedrouzo et al., 2010	3 rivers in Catalonia, Spain; part of methods development	6–28	River	Rivers drain agricultural and urban areas
Wick et al., 2010	Sampling in 2 streams located downstream from the last discharge of a WWTP in September	ND–47	River	WWTPs upstream
Balmer et al., 2005	Lake Greifensee, Switzerland	surface 20–30	Lake	Inputs of UV filters are expected; important recreational area
Balmer et al., 2005	Lake Hüttnersee, Switzerland	surface 23–35	Lake	The number of bathers relative to the lake volume and water throughflow is considered high
Tsui et al., 2014b	Tokyo Bay	24–86	Coastal	Diffuse sources
Langford and Thomas, 2008	Near offshore WWTP outfall (VEAS) from city of Oslo, Norway, July	ND–15.5	Coastal	Near WWTP outfall located offshore of Oslo Norway
Langford and Thomas, 2008	Open waters of fjord off Baerum and Oslo, Norway, July	5.4–32.1	Coastal	Located in open waters of fjord

Page 241 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Proximity to Source	Residence Time	# High	# Moderate	# Low
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low		# High	# Moderate	# Low
Near beach	Moderate tide and river flow	0	3	0
Offshore location	Open water with higher energy	0	2	1
Within watershed with diffuse sources	River flow and low/moderate tide	0	3	0
Bathing area of beach	Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy	1	2	0
Offshore location	Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy	0	2	1
At beach	Moderate tide; open face to ocean, higher energy	1	2	0
Represents sources entering the watershed	Moderate tide and river flow	0	3	0
At beach	Open to ocean; moderate tides	1	1	1
At beach	Open to ocean; moderate tides	1	1	1
		50	41	5

Adjacent and downstream from diffuse sources	Mixing and dilution in large river	0	3	0
Adjacent and downstream from diffuse sources	Major rivers offering dilution	0	3	0
Downstream	Some dilution in the streams	0	3	0
Within recreational waters	High input to volume with P/Q of 0.303 persons/ m3/d	1	2	0
Remote location but used heavily for recreation	P/Q of 0 people/m3/d; short residence time of ~120 days	2	0	1
Adjacent to but distant from sources	Moderate flushing	0	3	0
Various distances from outfall; sampling was at the surface and effluent subject to initial dilution	Deep water high energy area; sampling was near the surface	1	1	1
Distant from recreational areas and discharges	High energy flushing	0	0	3

Page 242 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification	Intensity of Source
Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification
Li et al., 2018	Less popular or undeveloped beaches along the Shenzhen, China coastline	ND–28.7	Beach	Less popular beach
Bargar et al., 2015	Leinster Bay, USVI	ND–< 100	Beach	Moderate tourist
Bargar et al., 2015	Brown Bay, USVI	1.6–133	Beach	Low tourist
Bargar et al., 2015	Great Lameshure Bay, USVI	ND–< 100	Beach	Low tourist
da Silva et al., 2015	Tieta River at Jau Brazil (river water intake) 6 months of sampling	ND–24	River	Pollution is known to exist well upriver but is retained to some extent by reservoirs such as the Barra Bonita Reservoir
Downs et al., 2016	Maunalua Bay, Oahu, HI	> 100–19,200	Beach	Collected within a public swimming area
Ekpeghere et al., 2016	Rivers in South Korea determined from box plots. Rivers include Nakdong River (nine sites), Guemho River (one site) and Nam River (one site)	~5–~50	River	Paper reports continuous inputs to the rivers
Tsui et al., 2014b	Chaozhou, China at beach	37–49	Beach	Popular beach
Tsui et al., 2014b	Arctic Ocean and Chukchi Sea	17–33	Coastal	No major direct sources
Fent et al., 2010	River Glatt below a WWTP, Switzerland	56 and 68	River	River downstream of WWTP
He et al., 2019a	Chester River, Chesapeake Bay, MD	52–96	River	Rural watershed
Emnet et al., 2015	Erubus Bay near a research station, Antarctica	2.6–88.4	Coastal	Remote location but near a research station
He et al., 2019a	Holland Straights, Chesapeake Bay, MD	40.4–59.3	Coastal	Low contact recreation
He et al., 2019a	Kitts Creek, Chesapeake Bay, MD	31.1–32	River	Rural watershed
Kung et al., 2018	Boli River Estuary, Taiwan; one summer samplingevent	41.4	River	Diffuse, mixed, river flow
Kung et al., 2018	Scichong River Estuary, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	45.4	River	Diffuse, mixed, river flow
Kung et al., 2018	Baisha Beach, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	23	Beach	Popular beach
Kung et al., 2018	Big Bay, Taiwan; 1 summer sampling event	18.8	Beach	Popular beach
Labille et al., 2020	Three beaches along French Mediterranean in the bathing area (over 1 day)	< 1–78	Beach	Active on day of sampling
Labille et al., 2020	Three beaches along French Mediterranean beyond bathing area (over 1 day)	< 1–26.7	Beach	Active on day of sampling

Page 243 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Proximity to Source	Residence Time	# High	# Moderate	# Low
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low		# High	# Moderate	# Low
Within bathing areas	Relatively exposed and higher energy	1	2	0
Close proximity to beach	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	2	1	0
Close proximity to beach	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	2	0	1
Close proximity to beach	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	2	0	1
Downstream of Barra Bonita Reservoir and upstream sources	One of the largest rivers in S≥o Paulo estado (state) so large flow expected	0	2	1
Close proximity to beach	Low tidal range; open face to ocean	2	1	0
Adjacent	Mixing and advection in river flow. Nakdong River is one of the longest and largest rivers in South Korea; the other two rivers are among its tributaries	2	0	1
Within bathing areas	Exposed with higher energy	2	1	0
Distant from known sources	High energy environment	0	0	3
Receives point and nonpoint sources	Mixed within small river system: 9 m³/s	1	2	0
Within watershed with diffuse sources	River flow and low/moderate tide	0	3	0
Near a research station but relatively remote	Open to the ocean	0	2	1
Distant from nonpoint sources	Open water	0	2	1
Within watershed with diffuse sources	River flow and low/moderate tide	0	3	0
Many sources but sampling is distant from them	River flow with mixing at delta	0	1	2
Many sources but sampling is distant from them	River flow with mixing at delta	0	1	2
Near beach	Small tidal amplitude but exposed to open water	2	0	1
Near beach	Small tidal amplitude but exposed to open water	2	0	1
At beach	Open to sea	2	1	0
At beach	Open to sea	2	1	0

Page 244 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification	Intensity of Source
Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification
Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008a,b	River Taff (South Wales) in segment above and below wastewater discharges, 4 locations reported, based on several months of sampling from Nov 2006 to Aug 2007	ND–44	River	Water bodies received domestic wastewater
Kameda et al., 2011	Rivers (18) and streams (2) in Japan considered polluted to varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and September 2008	ND–41	River	Water bodies received domestic wastewater
Tovar-Sanchez, 2013	Undeveloped coastal location on Majorca Island, Spain–1 day in September	36	Coastal	Remote location
Wu et al., 2013	2 rivers in northern Taiwan that receive direct discharges of municipal wastewater	12.3–15.4	River	Rivers receive municipal wastewater
Rodil et al., 2008a	2 recreational lakes around Leipzig Germany in June 2007	27–55	Lake	Recreational lakes but early in the season
Rodil et al., 2008a	2 rivers around Leipzig Germany in May 2007	ND–30	River	Drains agricultural and urban areas
Tsui et al., 2017	Ung Kong, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons	25.8 (wet); 29.1 (dry)	Coastal	Coral reef adjacent to remote island; diver destination
Tsui et al., 2017	Sharp Island, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons	24.4 (wet); 31.7 (dry)	Coastal	Coral reef adjacent to remote island; diver destination
Tsui et al., 2017	Wu Pai, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons	13.9 (wet); 13.8 (dry)	Coastal	Coral reef adjacent to remote island; diver destination
Tsui et al., 2017	Sung Kong, Hong Kong for wet and dry seasons	13.2 (wet)	Coastal	Coral reef adjacent to remote island; low degree of visitation due to strong currents
Grabicova et al., 2013	Rivers with pollution in Czech Republic	16–67	River	Rivers known to have pollution
da Silva et al., 2015	Araraquara or Tietje Rivers at Araraquara, Brazil (river water intake) monthly sampling over 1 y	ND–38	River	Urban and agricultural development in watershed; no information on recreational use
da Silva et al., 2015	Tiete River at Bauru (river water intake) 6 months sampling	ND–28	River	Pollution is known to exist well upriver but is retained to some extent by reservoirs such as the Barra Bonita Reservoir
da Silva et al., 2015	Feij≥o River at S≥o Carlos Brazil (river water intake) 6 months of sampling	ND–44	River	Urban and agricultural development in watershed; no information on recreational use
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Kaneohe Bay Hawaii Shallow	4.7–11.3	Beach	High impact tourist, scuba and recreation site

Page 245 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Proximity to Source	Residence Time	# High	# Moderate	# Low
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low		# High	# Moderate	# Low
Upstream and downstream	Large river with high dilution from receiving waters	1	1	1
Downstream	Moderate with dilution from receiving waters	1	2	0
Remote	Open to the sea	0	0	3
Downstream	Moderate dilution expected following initial dilution	0	3	0
Likely in bathing area	Lakes have longer residence times	0	3	0
Adjacent and down river from diffuse sources	Dilution afforded by the river flow	0	3	0
At coral reef	Open to ocean; expected higher energy	0	2	1
At coral reef	Open to ocean; expected higher energy	0	2	1
At coral reef	Open to ocean; expected higher energy	0	2	1
At coral reef	Strong currents; high energy environment	0	1	2
Downstream	Mixed with river flow	0	2	1
Watershed adjacent to river	Smaller river system	0	3	0
Downstream of Barra Bonita Reservoir and upstream sources	One of the largest rivers in S≥o Paulo estado (state) so large flow expected	0	2	1
Drains large watershed	River flow would cause mixing and advection	0	3	0
Near surface	Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy	0	3	0

Page 246 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification	Intensity of Source
Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Kaneohe Bay Hawaii Deep	0.1–48.1	Coastal	Tourist, scuba and recreation site
Sánchez Rodríguez et al., 2015	Beaches in the Canary Islands over 1 year at beach MP	4.6 (median); < 1.4–27.1	Beach	Most touristic activity is focused
Tsui et al., 2019	Coastal Hong Kong and adjacent South China Sea (concentrations decrease with distance seaward)	2.2–36.7	Coastal	Coastal and open ocean locations
Fisch et al., 2017	Rivers draining to Baltic and coastline, Germany	ND–11.4	River	Rivers known to have pollution
Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics
Group D: < 10 ng/l
Kasprzyk-Hordern et al., 2008b	River Ely (South Wales, UK) in segment above and below wastewater discharges, 4 locations reported, based on several months of sampling from Nov 2006 to Aug 2007	ND	River	Water bodies received domestic wastewater
Balmer et al., 2005	Lake Zürichsee, Switzerland	Surface 10–20; deep (20 m) 10–11	Lake	Significant direct and indirect
Balmer et al., 2005	Lake Jörisee, Switzerland	< 2	Lake	Negligible input from watershed or recreation
Allison et al., 2018	3 estuaries flowing into Port Philp Bay, around Melbourne, Australia (4 water grab samples) in August 2011 (winter)	4.3–7.1	River	Small WWRP in upper catchments, urban runoff, recreational use low because of winter
Bargar et al., 2015	Trunk Bay, USVI at 210 m from shoreline	2.7	Beach	Popular beach but rain kept people away
Wick et al., 2010	Rhine River in Koblenz, Germany in March 2008	ND	River	Diffuse sources along the river
Downs et al., 2016	Caneel Bay, USVI	ND	Beach	17 people on beach over 48h
Downs et al., 2016	Kapalua Bay, Maui, HI	ND	Beach	14 swimmers on day of sampling
Downs et al., 2016	Kahekili Beach, Maui, HI	ND	Beach	71 swimmers within 200 m at time of sampling
Horricks et al., 2019	Grand Anse Bay, Grenada deep	7	Coastal	Diving
Horricks et al., 2019	Grand Mal, Grenada surface	7	Coastal	Nearer shore
Horricks et al., 2019	Grand Mal, Grenada deep	ND	Coastal	Diving
Horricks et al., 2019	True Blue, Grenada surface	ND	Beach	Nearer shore

Page 247 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Proximity to Source	Residence Time	# High	# Moderate	# Low
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low		# High	# Moderate	# Low
At depth	Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy	0	2	1
At beach	Open to ocean; moderate tides	2	1	0
Some locations at distance from source areas	Open ocean areas	0	3	0
Downstream	Mixed with river flow	0	2	1
		30	78	33

Upstream and downstream	Small shallow river with limited dilution	1	2	0
Adjacent to or downstream of diffuse sources	P/Q of 0.043 people/m³/d	1	2	0
Distant from sources	P/Q of 0 people/m³/d	0	0	3
Downstream of sources	Mixing with river water and estuarine flushing with the Bay	0	3	0
Close proximity of beach	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	2	0	1
Adjacent to or downstream of diffuse sources	Large river with associated dilution	0	2	1
Close proximity to beach and coral reef	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	2	0	1
Close proximity to beach and remnant coral	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	2	0	1
Close proximity of beach	Low tidal range; open face to ocean	1	2	0
Offshore location	Exposed to open ocean	0	0	3
Considered upcurrent of source areas	Exposed to open ocean	0	1	2
Considered upcurrent of source areas	Exposed to open ocean	0	0	3
Near beach	Low tidal range; semi enclosed	2	1	0

Page 248 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification	Intensity of Source
Citation	Location	Oxybenzone (µg/L)	Environment Classification
Horricks et al., 2019	Quarantine Reef, Grenada surface	ND	Coastal	Divers
Horricks et al., 2019	Quarantine Reef, Grenada deep	ND	Coastal	Divers
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Ka’a’awa Bay, Hawaii Nearshore	2.6–7.1	Coastal	Area of low recreational use and remote from communities
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Ka’a’awa Bay, Hawaii–offshore	0.1–7.5	Coastal	Area of low recreational use and remote from communities
Rohée et al., 2019	Villeneuve de la Raho Lake, France	< 5	Lake	Popular recreational area
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018	Sorobon, Bonaire November, 2018	< 10	Beach	Lower beach use due to rain
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018	Mangrove Lac Bay, Bonaire during August	10	Coastal	Nearby beach with elevated levels
Schaap and Slijkerman, 2018	Cai Reef, Bonaire	< 10	Coastal	Divers, at distance from beach with elevated levels
Li et al., 2018	Drinking water reservoir in Shenzhen, China	9.2	Lake	Area of low recreational use and remote from communities
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	Shirahi River, Okinawa, Japan	ND–9	River	Diffuse, mixed, river flow
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	CR coral reef site 660 m from Araha Beach, Okinawa, Japan	ND–0.4	Coastal	Divers
Tashiro and Kameda, 2013	BR Reef Site, 520 m from Emerald Bay, Okinawa, Japan	ND–3.8	Coastal	Divers
Rodil et al., 2012	6 locations along Mero River in Galicia Spain, samples were collected over a year	ND	River	River drains agricultural and urban areas
Total Intensity of Spatial Characteristics

Page 249 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Proximity to Source	Residence Time	# High	# Moderate	# Low
Orange: High, Yellow: Moderate, Blue: Low		# High	# Moderate	# Low
Offshore of beaches, periodic divers	Exposed to open ocean	0	0	3
Offshore of beaches, periodic divers	Exposed to open ocean	0	0	3
Within bathing area and near fringe reef	Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy	1	0	2
Offshore	Low tidal amplitude; open face to ocean, higher energy	0	0	3
At beach		2	1	0
Near beach	Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay	2	0	1
At distance from beach	Small tidal amplitude; semi enclosed bay	1	1	1
Dive site	Open to ocean, adjacent to channel	0	1	2
Sources not proximal	Moderate mixing and residence time as this is a reservoir	0	2	1
Many sources but sampling is distant from them	River flow with mixing at delta	0	1	2
Dive site distant from beach	Exposed to open ocean	0	1	2
Dive site distant from beach	Exposed to open ocean	0	1	2
Adjacent to diffuse sources	Moderate dilution with river flow	0	3	0
		17	24	37

Page 250 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE C.3 Reported Concentrations of UV Filters in Sediments (ng/g)

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene
Baron et al., 2013	Conception Bay, Chile	ND
Baron et al., 2013	San Vencente Bay	ND–1.42
Baron et al., 2013	Lenga Estuary, Chile	ND–2.96
Baron et al., 2013	Biobio River, Chile	ND–1.05
Baron et al., 2013	Coronel Bay, Chile	ND
Baron et al., 2013	West Coastal Line, Colombia	ND–2.52
Baron et al., 2013	Bocas de Ceniza and Mallorquin Swamp, Colombia	ND–4.85
Baron et al., 2013	Magdalena River, Colombia	ND–5.38
Allinson et al., 2018	3 estuaries flowing into Port Philp Bay, around Melbourne, Austrailia (4 water grab samples) in August 2011 (winter)	ND		ND
Combi et al., 2016	Northern Adriatic	ND–0.23		4–40.7
Combi et al., 2016	Central Adriatic	ND–0.1		0.8–33.7
Combi et al., 2016	Southern Adriatic			0.9–19.0
Díaz-Cruz et al., 2019	Evrotas River, Greece	<LOQ		0.1–0.7
Fagervold et al., 2019	Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer, France	~ 10–50
Fagervold et al., 2019	Villeneuve de la Raho Lake, France	~ 10–20
Gago-Ferrero et al., 2015	Guadalquivir River, Spain			ND–22.5
Gago-Ferrero et al., 2011	Ebro River, Spain	up to 27		up to 2,400
Kaiser et al., 2012b	Lakes in RhineMain area near Frankfurt	up to 3.6		up to 642
Kaiser et al., 2012b	Rivers in RhineMain area near Frankfurt	ND		up to 25.2
Mizukawa et al., 2019	Palmital River, Brazil	ND–32.7		25.9–117
Mizukawa et al., 2019	Atuba River, Brazil	<LOQ–36.8		<LOQ–322.2
Mizukawa et al., 2019	Belem River, Brazil	<LOQ–50.9		48.5–313.8
Mizukawa et al., 2019	Iguaçu River, Brazil	<LOQ–67.2		<LOQ–160.8
Astel et al., 2020	Southern Baltic beach sediments	<LOD–0.074
Pintado-Herrera etal., 2017	Cadiz Bay, Atlantic coast (Andalusia, Spain)	0.1–1.6	0.1–9.8	4.6–43.6
Pintado-Herrera etal., 2017	Huelva Estuary, Atlantic coast (Andalusia, Spain)	0.5–1.2	0.1–2.4	1.7–38
Sánchez-Brunete etal., 2011	Sediments from 5 rivers in Spain	ND	ND
Sánchez-Brunete etal., 2011	Sediment from marine sediment, Spain	ND	ND

Page 251 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octisalate	Octinoxate	Dioxybenzone	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic
	ND
	ND
	ND
	ND
	ND
	ND–17.8
	ND–39.0
	ND–47
ND	ND–17.6		ND
	1–10.4
	0.9–6.9
	1.3–10



	7.5–22.9
			up to 4.4
	up to 6.8
	up to 3.4
	ND–43	ND	<LOQ
	ND–121.2	ND	<LOQ
	< LOQ–166.8	ND–<LOQ	<LOQ
	< LOQ–129.6	ND–<LOQ	<LOQ

0.2–7.7	0.4–23.8			8–74.4
4.3–6.4	0.4–17			10.7–58.2
ND–20
13.3

Page 252 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Citation	Location	Oxybenzone	Homosalate	Octocrylene
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Waikiki Beach, HI—nearshore	0.02–0.72	ND–9.08	0.02–27.54
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Waikiki Beach, HI—offshore	ND–0.02	ND–8.74	ND–0.98
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Kaneohe Bay, HI—shallow	ND–0.55	2.56–20.84	0.59–10.48
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Kaneohe Bay, HI—deep	ND–4.49	5.59–38.84	1.38–7.36
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Ka’a’awa Bay, HI—nearshore	ND–0.75	ND–5.53	ND–0.01
Mitchelmore et al., 2019	Ka’a’awa Bay, HI—offshore	ND–0.02	ND–5.86	ND–0.02
He et al., 2019a	Holland Straights, Chesapeake Bay, MD	8.2–10.1	50.4–74.2	0.9–2.9
He et al., 2019a	Kitts Creek, Chesapeake Bay, MD	8.1–9.4	47.6–48.8	0.2–1.3
He et al., 2019a	Manokin River, Chesapeake Bay, MD	6.9–10.8	20.0–60.5	0.2–0.8
Amine et al., 2012	3 rivers in Lebanon flowing to eastern Mediteranean, multiple samples from 3 months in 2010 and 2011			~15–~95 with max of 128
Amine et al., 2012	Coastal sediments off mouths of 3 rivers in Lebanon, multiple samples from 3 months in 2010 and 2011			~10–~65
Amine et al., 2012	Coastal sediments along El-Mina, Lebanon coastline influenced by sewage discharges			~40–~79
Amine et al., 2012	River sediments from Lez River, France downstream of a municipal wastewater discharge			32.8
Kameda et al., 2011	Rivers (18) and streams (2) in Japan considered polluted to varying degrees with domestic sewage and other pollutants sampled in August and September 2008	ND	ND–26	ND–635
Rodil et al., 2008b	3 recreational lakes around Leipzig Germany in August 2007			61–93
Tsui et al., 2017	Sampling at coral habitats aroud Hong Kong in wet and dry periods: Wu Pai	9.8 (wet); 17 (dry)		2.6 (wet); ND
Tsui et al., 2017	Sampling at coral habitats aroud Hong Kong in wet and dry periods: Sharp Island	6.5 (wet); 8.1 (dry)		2.7 (wet); ND
Tsui et al., 2017	Sampling at coral habitats aroud Hong Kong in wet and dry periods: Ung Kong	6.1 (wet); 4.2 (dry)		2.1 (wet); ND
Tsui et al., 2017	Sampling at coral habitats aroud Hong Kong in wet and dry periods: Sung Kong	8.5 (wet)		3.1 (wet)
Tsui et al., 2015	Hong Kong—13 locations including Victoria Harbor and Sai Kung in August	1–39.8	ND	0.04–15.2
Tsui et al., 2015	Hong Kong—13 locations including Victoria Harbor and Sai Kung in February	2.5–2.5	ND	5–12.4
Tsui et al., 2015	Hong Kong—13 locations including Victoria Harbor and Sai Kung in June (wet)	0.05–10.2	ND	0.7–15.6
Tsui et al., 2015	Tokyo Bay—8 locations in July	ND	ND	ND
Total Measurements		44	18	38

Page 253 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Octisalate	Octinoxate	Avobenzone	Dioxybenzone	Padimate O	Reported as Total Organic
ND–7.96	0–0.08	ND–7.99		ND	0.56–41.32
ND–3.9	ND	ND–0.08		ND	0.4–11.55
2.42–42.83	ND–31.43	0.48–7.73		ND	15.28–100.18
2.42–20.71	ND–7.79	ND–0.48		ND	24.87–72.49
ND–7.12	ND–0.05	ND–0.08		ND	0.3–12.73
ND–7.82	ND–0.08	ND		ND	0.02–13.34
	3.3–4.4
	3.6–3.7
	3.8–6.5
	ND–35.8 with max of 45			~1–~11 with max of 17.9
	ND–~8			~1–~4
	~5–~8			~5–~10
	7.9			ND
ND	ND–101			ND
	14–34
			ND
			ND
			ND
			ND
ND	1.4–447	4.3–43.9	2.7–42.2	8–81.6
ND	0.8–291	5.5.–18.6	0.8–38.4	15.2–21.8
ND	0.6–119	4.3–16	2.4–62.2	1.5–150
ND	0.3–54.5	2.5–64.5	1.3–14.1	0.8–13.9
16	40	10	12	21	8

Page 254 Cite Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.