Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (2022)

Chapter: Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Appendix E

UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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TABLE E.1 Avobenzone

Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
AlgaePhaeodactylum tricornutumSWPopulation growth rate72-h EC509,4502Vieira Sanches et al., 2021Highest exposure was 10,000 μg/L, nominal
Raphidocelis subcapitataFWPopulation growth rate96-h EC50> 551ECHATested as saturated solution, measured exposure
InvertebrateDaphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50> 301ECHAUsed filtrate (5μM) of 100 mg/L; measured concentration 0-h 0.194 mg/L; 48-h < 0.04 mg/L (i.e., below LOD) thus decreased over exposure time
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC501,9502Park et al., 2017Nominal conc.; DMSO 0.0001%
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC501,2002Boyd et al., 2021DMSO 0.1%; Used both controls. Cite following OECD guidelines for Daphnia Treatment conc 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 μg/L.
Daphnia magnaFWMortality48-h LC506,8002Boyd et al., 2021DMSO 0.1%; used both controls; cited following OECD guidelines for Daphnia treatment conc 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 μg/L
Balanus amphitriteSWImmobilization24-h EC50> 10,0002Tsui et al., 2019DMSO 0.01%
FishCyprinus carpioFWMortality96-h LC50> 302ECHA10-fold dilution series of filtrate (5 μm) of 100 mg/L, measured below LOD 40 μg/L; concentrations less than 80% of initial concentration
Chronic or Long Term
InvertebrateDaphnia magnaFWReproduction; body length; daily immobilization21-d NOEC≥ 31ECHATested at maximal solubility; DMF solvent used; flow-through system; no effect observed
Daphnia magnaFWMortality21-d NOEC201Boyd et al., 2021Noted no survival at 150 μg/L at 7-d
Chironomus riparius (sediment-water test)FWMortality28-d NOEC≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW1Kaiser et al., 2012aNominal
Chironomus riparius (sediment-water test)FWReproduction (# clutches, # eggs per egg mass, mean emergence time, Sex ratio)28-d NOEC≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW1Kaiser et al., 2012aNominal
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Lumbriculus variegatus (sediment-water test)FWBiomass. (#worms/replicate)28-d NOEC≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW1Kaiser et al., 2012aNominal
Melanoides tuberculate (sediment-water test)FWReproduction (# embryos per snail)28-d NOEC≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW1Kaiser et al., 2012aNominal
Potamopyrgus antipodarum (sediment-water test)FWReproduction Mean # embryos per snail56-d NOEC≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW1Kaiser et al., 2012aNominal
Invertebrate (Coral)Stylophora pistillataSWPhotosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm)35-d NOEC872Fel et al., 2019Unfiltered natural seawater used; measured concentrations; likely non-soluble fraction included
FishDanio rerio (embryo) (sediment-water test)FWMortality48-h NOEC100,000 μg/kg DW1Kaiser et al., 2012aNominal
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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TABLE E.2 Dioxybenzone

Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
AlgaeRaphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWPopulation growth rate72-h EC501,2701ECHAMeasured geometric mean
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWBiomass72-h EC509071ECHAMeasured geometric mean
InvertebrateBalanus amphitriteSWImmobilization24-h EC502,2002Tsui et al., 2019DMSO 0.01%
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC504,2701ECHA21.1% of filtrate at 100 mg/L
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC503,5501Liu et al., 2015DMSO solvent < 0.1%; test concentration range was not defined
Dugesia japonicaFWMortality48-h LC504,4001Li, 2012Solute: ISO water
Dugesia japonicaFWMortality96-h LC503,3001Li, 2012
FishDanio rerioFWMortality24-h LC504,494.2 (18.4 μM)2Meng et al., 2020DMSO solvent did not exceed 0.1%; hatching delayed at all concentrations and time points, NOEC not determined; was stable via measuring over 96h; dose: 1-5 μM for 96 h; reported only a DMSO control
Danio rerioFWMortality96-h LC501,147.9 (4.7 μM)2Meng et al., 2020
Danio rerioFWHatching delay48-h LOEC2,44.5 (1 μM)2Meng et al., 2020
Oryzias latipes (7-dph larvae)FWMortality24-h LC503,529 (14.45 μM)1Thia et al., 2020DMSO solvent at 0.0125%; static exposure; solvent control used as a blank control 1–50 uM (comparing UVFs in paper); cited OECD and Taiwan guidelines; concentrations were based on 3–4 range finding test
Oryzias latipes (7-dph larvae)FWMortality96-h LC50395.6 (1.62 μM)1Thia et al., 2020
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Chronic or Long Term
AlgaeRaphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWPopulation growth rate72-h EC101,0401ECHAMeasured geometric mean
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWBiomass72-h EC105491ECHAMeasured geometric mean
Invertebrate (coral)Pocillopora damicornis (adult nubbins)SWBleaching1-14d NOEC1002He et al., 2019cMethanol solvent at 2 μl/10ml (0.02%); included range finder experiments; Used blank and solvent controls; 0.10–1000 μg/L in filtered natural seawater; measured different endpoints for the 2 coral species; measured concentrations for treatments; indicates neither control impacted coral larvae or nubbins
Pocillopora damicornis (adult nubbins)SWMortality14-d NOEC1002He et al., 2019cNominal conc reported, but did have analytical measurements in supplement
Pocillopora damicornis (larvae)SWLarval settlement14-d no effectNo effect2He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)SWBleaching14-d LOEC1002He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)SWBleaching14-d NOEC102He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)SWMortality6-d LOEC1002He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)SWMortality6-d NOEC102He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)SWLarval settlement14-d EC50539.12He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)SWLarval settlement14-d NOEC12He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)SWLarval settlement14-d LOEC102He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)SWBleaching14-d LOEC2502He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)SWMortality14-d LC50≥ 1,0002He et al., 2019c
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)SWMortalityLOEC502He et al., 2019c
Pocillopora damicornis (larvae)SWBleaching14-d LOEC> 1,000He et al., 2019c
Pocillopora damicornis (larvae)SWMortality14-d LOEC> 1,000He et al., 2019c
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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TABLE E.3 Homosalate

Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
AlgaeRaphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWPopulation growth rate72-h EC50> 8,9001ECHANo solvent used; measured geometric mean; followed OECD 201
InvertebrateBalanus amphitriteSWImmobilization24-h EC50> 10,0002Tsui et al., 2019Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50> 100,0001ECHANominal concentrations used as saturated solution
FishDanio rerioFWMortality96-h LC50> 82,0001ECHAMeasured concentration
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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TABLE E.4 Octinoxate

Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
AlgaeChlorella vulgarisFWGrowth inhibition72-h IC50≥ 1,0002Pablos et al., 2015Used acetone solvent at 0.5%
Chlorella vulgarisFWGrowth inhibition72-h NOEC≥ 1,0002Pablos et al., 2015
Desmodesmus subspicatusFWGrowth inhibition72-h IC10702Sieratowicz et al., 2011Used ethanol solvent at 0.05% and cited to OECD 201 method
Phaeodactylum tricornutumFWPopulation growth rate (ISO 10253)72-h EC502,3302Vieira Sanches et al., 2021Nominal concentrations; highest exposure was 10,000 μg/L
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth inhibition72-h EC501,8002Molins-Delgado et al., 2016Treatments prepared in culture medium and followed ISO 8692 guideline using Algaltoxkit F
Raphidocelis subcapitata (=Selenastrum capricornutum)FWGrowth rate72-h EC50> 100,0002ECHANominal loadings of WAF with initial concentrations above solubility limits; measurements showed that by 72-h concentrations were below detection levels indicating loss; pH increased
Scenedesmus vaculoatuFWGrowth inhibition24-h EC501902Rodil et al., 2009Used DMSO solvent at 0.1%; included both controls and a test range of 24–400 μg/L
InvertebrateArtemia salinaSWMortality24-h LC50No effect2Gackowska et al., 2018Used the Artoxkit M test
Balanus amphitriteSWImmobilization24-h EC50> 10,0002Tsui et al., 2019Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%
Chironomus riparius (4th instar larvae)FWMortality24h-LC50> 10,0002Ozáez et al., 2013Tested with 3 nominal concentrations using ethanol solvent at 0.02%; concentrations (100, 1000, 10000 μg/L)
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50≥ 271ECHAUsed OECD 202; analysis revelaed decline in exposure concentrations to < 80% during test; median value between 0-48-h was used to judge exposure
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h NOEC≥ 271ECHA
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC505702Sieratowicz et al., 2011Used OECD 202 guideline with ethanol solvent at 0.05%
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC502,7302Park et al., 2017
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC503,4002Molins-Delgado et al., 2016Used ISO6341 guidelines
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC502,1702Jang et al., 2016Used OECD 202 guideline with methanol solvent at 0.001%
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50151.22Pablos et al., 2015Used acetone solvent at 0.1%
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50No effect2Gackowska et al., 2018Used Daphtoxkit F test
Ficopomatus enigmaticusSWPercent normal larval development48-h EC502,8102Vieira Sanches et al., 2021Used nominal concentration; 20% abnormal development in control was set as threshold; tests used approximately 300 fertilized eggs/replicate from wild-caught parents
Mytilus galloprovincialisSWLarval development48-h EC503,118.192Paredes et al., 2014Used DMSO solvent at < 0.1% with nominal and measured concentrations
Mytilus galloprovincialisSWLarval development48-h NOEC5002Paredes et al., 2014
Paracentrotus lividusSWLarval development48-h EC502842Paredes et al., 2014
Paracentrotus lividusSWLarval development48-h NOEC6002Paredes et al., 2014
Siriella armataSWMortality96-h LC50199.432Paredes et al., 2014
Tetrahymena thermophilaFWGrowth inhibition24-h EC50> 15,0002Gao et al., 2013Used DMSO solvent at <0.1% and a dose range of 1–15,000 μg/L
Invertebrate (coral)Pocillopora damicornis (adult)SWMortality7-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019b
Pocillopora damicornis (adult)SWVisual bleaching7-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019b
Pocillopora damicornis (adult)SWZooxanthellae density7-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019b
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult)SWMortality7-d LOEC1,0002He et al., 2019b
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult)SWVisual bleaching7-d LOEC1,0002He et al., 2019b
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult)SWZooxanthellae density7-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019b
FishCyprinus carpioFWMortality96-h LC50> 100,0001ECHAUsed OECD 203 method; test solutions were WAF at 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L with % dilutions then filtered to yield clear solution
Danio rerioFWMortality96-h NOEC> 2,0001Cahova et al., 2021Used OECD 236 with DMSO solvent at 0.01%
Danio rerioFWHatching96-h NOEC> 2,0001Cahova et al., 2021
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Danio rerioFWMalformations96-h NOEC> 2,0001Cahova et al., 2021
Danio rerioFWMortality96-h LC501,216,1002ECHAUsed OECD 203; test solutions reported to be turbid with fat-like droplets on surface; test used concentrations up to 4,640 mg/L
Danio rerioFWHatch rate %6-d NOEC> 4,0002Jang et al., 2016Used OECD 212 with methanol solvent at 0.001%; nominal concentrations included 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 μg/L; EC or LC50s were not determined; supplement to paper indicates a LOEC
Danio rerioFWAbnormal development %6-d LOEC2,0002Jang et al., 2016
Danio rerioFWMortality6-d LOEC2,0002Jang et al., 2016
Danio rerio (embryos)FWMortality48-h NOEC≥ 1,000,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal)1Kaiser et al., 2012aUsed DIN 38415-6 protocol with 10, 100, 1,000 mg/kg sediment DW.; included sediment negative and positive controls, aqueous negative and positive controls, and a solvent control
Danio rerio (embryos)FWDevelopmental anomalies48-h NOEC100,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal)1Kaiser et al., 2012a
PlantLemna minorFWDry weight7-d EC50> 601ECHAUsed OECD 221 guideline
Lemna minorFWYield or growth7-d EC50> 601ECHA
Lemna minorFWFrond area7-d EC50> 601ECHA
Chronic or Long Term
AlgaeChlorella sp.FWGrowth inhibition8-d LOEC2282Tian et al., 2021Used ethanol solvent at 0.01%; effects were observed at all test concentrations
Chlorella sp.FWGrowth inhibition8-d NOEC< 2282Tian et al., 2021
Raphidocelis subcapitata (=Selenastrum capricornutum)FWGrowth rate72-h NOEC32,0002ECHA
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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InvertebrateCaenorhabditis elegansFW (soil)Growth (body length)72-h NOEC< 290.42Huang et al., 2022Used DMSO solvent at 0.1% in culture media with E.coli food source; nominal concnetrations included 1, 5, 10, 100, and 500 μM without analytical verification in test media
Caenorhabditis elegansFW (soil)Reproduction (eggs in utero)72-h NOEC290.42Huang et al., 2022
Caenorhabditis elegansFW (soil)Reproduction (eggs in utero)72-h IC503,6002Huang et al., 2022
Caenorhabditis elegansFW (soil)Reproduction (eggs in utero)72-h IC1095.112Huang et al., 2022
Caenorhabditis elegansFW (soil)Reproduction (brood size)72-h NOEC14522Huang et al., 2022
Caenorhabditis elegansFW (soil)Reproduction (brood size)72-h LOEC2,9042Huang et al., 2022
Chironomus riparius (sediment study)FWMortality28-d NOEC≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal) ≥ 43,509 μg/kg DW sediment (Measured geo. Mean)1Kaiser et al., 2012aUsed OECD 218 guideline and tested at 0.08, 0.4, 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg DW sediment
Chironomus riparius (sediment study)FWReproduction (# clutches, # eggs per egg mass, mean emergence time, sex ratio)28-d NOEC≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal) ≥ 43,509 μg/kg DW sediment (Measured geo. Mean)1Kaiser et al., 2012a
Daphnia magnaFWMortality21-d NO-ELR≥601ECHAUsed OECD 211 guideline with a static renewal test and weekly changes
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction21-d NO-ELR≥ 601ECHA
Daphnia magnaFWGrowth21-d NO-ELR≥ 601ECHA
Daphnia magnaFWTotal # molts21-d LOEC122Lambert et al., 2021
Daphnia magnaFWDelayed development (curved tail spine but recovered)21-d LOEC752Lambert et al., 2021
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction21-d NOEC≥ 152Pablos et al., 2015Used acetone solvent at 0.1%
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction21-d NOEC402Sieratowicz et al., 2011Used OECD 211 guideline with ethanol solvent at 0.05%
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction21-d LOEC802Sieratowicz et al., 2011
Lumbriculus variegatusFWBiomass. (# worms per replicate)28-d NOEC≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal)1Kaiser et al., 2012aUsed OECD 225 guideline with nominal exposure concentrations of 0.08, 0.4, 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg DW sediment and all controls
≥ 32,125 μg/kg DW sediment (measured geo mean)
Melanoides tuberculataFWReproduction (# embryos per snail)28-d NOEC2,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal);1Kaiser et al., 2012a
Potamopyrgus antipodarumFWReproduction (Mean # embryos per snail)56-d NOEC80 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal)1Kaiser et al., 2012aControl, solvent control used. Ethyl acetate solvent. Measured conc at beginning/end 0.00064, 0.0032, 0.016, 0.08, and 0.4 mg/kg sediment DW
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Potamopyrgus antipodarumFWReproduction (Mean # embryos per snail)56-d LOEC400 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal) 212.6 μg/kg DW sediment (measured geo mean)1Kaiser et al., 2012a
FishDanio rerioFWGonadal histology and hepatotoxicity63-d NOEC< 46.91ECHAUsed OECD 234
Danio rerioFWGonadal histology and hepatotoxicity63-d LOEC46.91ECHA
Danio rerioFWLength and weight63-d NOEC< 46.91
Danio rerioFWLength and weight63-d LOEC46.91
Danio rerioFWMortality63-d NOEC≥ 46.91ECHA
Danio rerioFWSex ratio63-d NOEC≥ 46.91ECHA
Danio rerioFWHatch rate63-d NOEC≥ 46.91ECHA
Oryzias latipes (F0: 24-hpf began exposure through 154-d; mating period: 106-d-154-d)FWReproduction (eggs/brood/d)154-d NOEC< 501Lee et al., 2019Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%; included water and solvent controls; test involved 5 nominal concentrations including 1 w/in water solub. 0.05-5 mg/L
Oryzias latipes (F0: 24-hpf began exposure through 154-d; mating period: 106-d-154-d)FWReproduction (eggs/brood/d)154-d LOEC501Lee et al., 2019
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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TABLE E.5 Octocrylene

Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
AlgaeDesmodesmus subspicatusFWGrowth rate (OECD 201)72-h EC50;> 220,0002ECHAUsed OECD GD 23 guideline with no solvent; nominal exposure concentrations included 10, 22, 46, 100, 220 mg/L
InvertebrateBalanus Amphitrite (nauplii)SWImmobilization24-h EC50> 10,0002Tsui et al., 2019Used DMSO solvent at 0.01% 5 nominal exposure concentrations (100, 300, 1,000, 3,000, 10,000 μg/L)
Chironomus riparius (4th instar larvae)FWSurvival24-h effectNo effect @ 10,0002Ozáez et al., 2013Used ethanol solvent at 0.02%; tested nominal concentrations of 100, 1,000, 10,000 μg/L
Chironomus riparius (4th instar larvae)FWMortality96-h LC5095,9002Ozáez et al., 2016Used ethanol solvent at 0.02% and tested at 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000 μg/L nominal
Chironomus ripariusFWHatching (eclosion) in eggs (3d)3-d effectSignificant reduction @ 1,000 (75% hatch cf. solvent control 87%)2Ozáez et al., 2016Used ethanol solvent at 0.1% with one exposure concentration of 1000 μg/L nominal
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50> 23 (measured)1ECHA
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50> 100,0001ECHAUsed OECD 202 guideline. 4 nominal concentrations (12,5, 25, 50, 100 mg/L); solutions prepared by stirring and centrifugation
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC503,1802Park et al., 2017Used a modified OECD 202 guideline with 11 nominal concentrations (625-640,000μg/L); did not include analytical verifiction; particles observed at highest concentrations
Daphnia magnaFWFeeding rate (inhibition)24-h NOEC502Pablos et al., 2015Used DMSO solvent at 0.01% with 5 nominal exposure concentrations with 3 greater than solubility limit
Daphnia magna (<24h neonates)FWMortality48-h LC503,6002Boyd et al., 2021LC50 concentrations based on 100–50,000 μg/L (all above solubility)
Daphnia magna (<24h neonates)FWImmobilization48-h EC50302Boyd et al., 2021EC50 concentrations based on 20–200 μg/L
FishDanio rerioFWMortality96-h LC50> 5002ECHAUsed EU Method C.1. limit test with a saturated solution (one nominal concentration of 0.5 mg/L)
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Danio rerio (embryos)FWMortality96-h NOEC> 2502Cahova et al., 2021Used OECD embryo toxicity test with DMSO solvent at 0.01%, 6 concentrations were tested (0.1-250 μg/L); solvent and no solvent controls used
Danio rerio (embryos)FWHatching (percent)96-h NOEC> 2502Cahova et al., 2021
Danio rerio (embryos)FWMalformation*96-h NOEC> 2502Cahova et al., 2021
Leuciscus idusFWMortality96-h LC50> 10,000,0002ECHAUsed DIN 38412 part 15 with 2 concentrations: 5,000 and 10,000 mg/L; undissolved chemical was observed at the bottom of aquaria and on the water surface
Chronic or Long Term
AlgaeDesmodesmus subspicatusFWGrowth rate (OECD 201)72-h NOEC100,0002ECHAUsed OECD GD 23 without solvent; tested at nominal concentrations of 10, 22, 46, 100, 220 mg/L
Phaeodactylum tricornutumSWGrowth inhibition (cell density)72-h EC2013,9502Vieira Sanches et al., 2021Nominal concentrations; highest test concentration was 10,000 μg/L
InvertebrateChironomus riparius (water-sediment study)FWMortality; male and female emergence time; sex ratio; # egg clutches; # eggs/mass; 3d hatch-ability28-d NOECAll > 50,000; (60,000 measured) μg/kg DW1Kaiser et al., 2012aUsed OECD TG218 with ethyl acetate solvent (amount not reported); 5 nominal sediment concentrations (0.08, 0.4, 2, 10, 50 mg/kg sediment); measured concentrations are the geometric means at the start and end of the test
Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvaeFWLarval growth (length)10-d NOEC5; (1.27 measured) mg/kg WW2Campos et al., 2017aOECD TG 218 modified method with artificial sediment; ethanol was used as a solvent to intoduce the UV filter to the sediment but was evaporated off before initiating the experiment; 3 nominal concentrations were tested (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg sediment WW) and verification measurements revealed 0.53, 1.27, and 2.33 mg/kg WW
Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvaeFWEmergence28-d NOEC> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW2Campos et al., 2017a
Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvaeFWDevelopment time (males)28-d NOEC> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW2Campos et al., 2017a
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvaeFWDevelopment time (females)28-d NOEC> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW2Campos et al., 2017a
Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvaeFWWeight imagoes (males)28-d NOEC> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW2Campos et al., 2017a
Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvaeFWWeight imagoes (females)28-d NOEC> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW2Campos et al., 2017a
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction21-d NOEC3.1 (2.66 measured)1ECHAUsed OECD 211 (semi-static, daily renewal) with DMF solvent (<83 ul/L); nominal and analytical verification of time weighted means for 5 conc. (3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50 μg/L)
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction (OECD 211)21-d NOEC2.662ECHAUsed OECD 211 using DMF solvent (<83 ul/L); with 5 concentrations with one just above solubility limit
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction OECD 211, 3d renewal)21-d NOEC> 502Pablos et al., 2015Used 0ECD 211 with DMSO solvent (0.01%); tested 5 concentrations
Daphnia magnaFWBody length21-d effectNo effect2Pablos et al., 2015
Lumbriculus variegatus (water-sediment test)FWNumber worms28-d NOEC> 391Kaiser et al., 2012aUsed ethyl acetate in a sediment test with 5 nominal concentrations (0.08, 0.4, 2, 10, 50 mg/kg DW); analytical verification provided for mean measured low and high dose (0.065, 39 mg/kg DW)
Lumbriculus variegatus (water-sediment test)FWBiomass28-d NOEC> 391Kaiser et al., 2012a
Melanoides tuberculata (adult; 1.8-2 mm height) (water-sediment test)FWGrowth (fresh weight)28-d NOEC> 431Kaiser et al., 2012a
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Melanoides tuberculata (adult; 1.8-2 mm height) (water-sediment test)FWReproduction (# embryos in brood pouch)28-d NOEC> 431Kaiser et al., 2012a
Potamopyrgus antipodarum (water-sediment test)FWReproduction (# embryos per snail)56d-NOEC> 50 mg/kg DW1Kaiser et al., 2012aSediment test employing ethyl acetate as a solvent; testing included 7 nominal concentrations from 0.00064 to 50 mg/kg DW)
Invertebrate (coral)Stylophora pistillata (adult fragments)SWPhotosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm)35-d NOEC5,000 (1,318 measured)2Fel et al., 2019Used methanol solvent at 0.0067% with 3 test concentrations (above solubility limits) and analytical verification
Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments)SWMortality7-d LOEC≥ 1,000 (784 measured)2He et al., 2019bUsed methanol solvent at 0.01% in static test; analytical verification on unfiltered samples revealed decline in exposure concentrations over time so the mean measured values were used
Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments)SWVisual bleaching7-d LOEC≥ 1,000 (784 measured)2He et al., 2019b
Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments)SWZooxanthella density7-d LOEC≥ 1,000 (784 measured)2He et al., 2019b
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments)SWMortality7-d LOEC≥ 1,000 (831 measured)2He et al., 2019b
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments)SWVisual bleaching7-d LOEC≥ 1,000 (831 measured)2He et al., 2019b
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments)SWZooxanthella density7-d LOEC≥ 1,000 (831 measured)2He et al., 2019b
FishDanio rerio (approx. 2 years old)FWSurvival and hatch rate (embryo test)144-h effectsNo effects up to 2,000 (925 measured)2Blüthgen et al., 2014Used DMSO solvent at 0.005%; 3 nominal concentrations were tested (100, 1,000, 2,000 μg/L) with analytical measurements indicating exposure concentrations were 69, 293, 925 μg/L
Danio rerio (approx. 6 months)FWMortality, behavior, condition factor28-d effectNo effects up to 3,000 (1,249 measured)2Zhang et al., 2016Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%; tested with nominal concentrations of 100, 1,000, 3,000 μg/L; analytical measurements revealed exposure concentrations of 29, 506, and 1249 μg/L
Danio rerio (sediment – water test)FWMortality48h-NOEC> 1,000 mg/kg. DW1Kaiser et al., 2012Used an acetone solvent; tested with 3 sediment concentrations (10, 100, 1,000 mg/kg DW)
Gasterosteus aculeatus (1 yo female)FW/SWSurvival21-dNo effects. @ 20 (4.85 measured)1ECHAUsed OECD GD 148 with a DMF solvent; tested one concentration (20 μg/L)
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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TABLE E.6 Oxybenzone

Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
AlgaeChlamydomonas reinhardtiiFWGrowth inhibition96-h EC505,2202Esperanza et al., 2019Used 0.1% MeOH solvent with 10 nominal concentrations; solvent control
Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiFWGrowth inhibition10-d EC501,8502Mao et al., 2017
Chlorella vulgarisFWGrowth inhibition96-h EC502,9802Du et al., 2017Used Chinese National Standards test method used: GB/T 21805-2008; DMSO solvent used unknown volume
Desmodesmus subspicatusFWGrowth inhibition72-h EC501,4001ECHA1993 supporting study (reliability score 2); DMF/Tween 80 solvent used 46 μl/L
Desmodesmus subspicatusFWGrowth inhibition72-h IC509602Sieratowicz et al., 2011Used ethanol solvent at 0.05%
Microcystis aeruginosaFWGrowth inhibition10-d EC502,4602Mao et al., 2017Used methanol solvent at 0.1%; 10 nominal concentrations; only solvent controls
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitataFWBiomass72-h EbC504101ECHAJapanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitataFWGrowth rate72-h ErC506701ECHAJapanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used
Scenedesmus obliquuusFWGrowth inhibition96-h EC503,6402Lee et al., 2020Used OECD TG 201 with no details on whether a solvent was used; tested 5 nominal concentratons (100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 μg/L); one control
InvertebrateBalanus amphitrite (nauplii)SWImmobilization24-h EC50> 10,0002Tsui et al., 2019Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%; tested 5 concentrations; one control
Daphnia carinata Daphnia magnaFW FWMortality Immobilization24-h LC50 48-h EC502,180 1,6701 2Du et al., 2019aSieratowicz et al., 20118 concentrations (5 above solubility 8-128 mg/L); no solvent used Used ethanol solvent at 0.05%; tested 5 concentrations (one above solubility; 10 mg/L); unclear on controls used
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC1010,2402Sieratowicz et al., 2011
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC503,0302Jang et al., 2016Used Daphtox Kit F (based on OECD 202 test) with methanol solvent at 0.001%; tested 5 concentrations (1000-10,000 μg/L); solvent and non solvent controls used
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Daphnia magna (neonates)FWMobility48-h EC501,8701ECHAUsed Japanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used
Daphnia magna (neonates)FWMortality48-h LC501,0902Du et al., 2017Used DMSO solvent at 0.1%; number of test concentrations were not reported
Daphnia magna (neonates)FWImmobilization48-h EC502,0102Liu et al., 2015
Daphnia magna (neonates)FWImmobilization48-h EC501,2002Boyd et al., 2021Used DMSO solvent at 0.1%
Daphnia magna (neonates)FWMortality48-h LC501,7002Boyd et al., 2021
Dugesia japonica (adult)FWMortality96-h LC505002Li, 2012Tested 5 concentrations
Mytilus galloprovincialis (embryo)SWDevelopment48-h EC503,472.592Paredes et al., 2014Used DMSO solvent at no more than 0.1%; 3 concentrations were tested
Paracentrotus lividusSWDevelopment48-h EC503,2802Paredes et al., 2014
Paracentrotus lividusSWDevelopment48-h EC102,4232Paredes et al., 2014
Cassiopea frondosa (planulae)SWMortality72-h LOEC2282Fitt and Hofmann, 2020Tested 5 concentrations; one control
Cassiopea xamachana (planulae)SWMortality72-h LOEC2282Fitt and Hofmann, 2020
Tetrahymena thermophilaFWGrowth inhibition24-h EC507,5442Gao et al., 2013Used DMSO solvent at max of 0.1%; 7 concentrations; one control; cell viability in top 2 concentrations showed decreased viability with time
Invertebrate (coral)Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragment)SWMortality96-h LC506,1501Conway et al., 2021Used methanol solvent at 100ul/L except top dose which used 200ul/L with second solvent control; included independent tests, 5 concentration definitive range, measured concentrations (dissolved, particulate), control and solvent controls; top dose nominal; concentration dependent losses in exposures over 24hr and losses during analytical processing
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragment)SWMortality96-h LC506,3701Conway et al., 2021Static, daily renewal
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragment)SWMortality96-h LC507,060 (4,450 measured)1Conway et al., 2021
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)SWBleaching visual96-h EC504,4002Conway et al., 2021
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)SWBleaching visual96-h EC505,3502Conway et al., 2021
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)SWBleaching visual96-h EC50310 (measured)2Conway et al., 2021
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)SWChlorophyll-a content96-h EC507,1202Conway et al., 2021
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)SWChlorophyll-a content96-h EC505,0802Conway et al., 2021
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)SWChlorophyll-a content96-h EC502,810 (measured)2Conway et al., 2021
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)SWPSII yield96-h EC5018,6302Conway et al., 2021
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)SWPSII yield96-h EC5010,9402Conway et al., 2021
Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)SWPSII yield96-h EC504,190 (measured)2Conway et al., 2021
Stylophora pistillata (planula)SWMortality24-h LC50799dark, 139light2Downs et al., 2016Used DMSO solvent at 5ul/L; preliminary log-concentration range. Static, renewal 8h
Stylophora pistillata (planula)SWDeformity24-h EC50137light, 49dark2Downs et al., 2016
FishDanio rerioFWbiological response index [(unhatched egg involving dead eggs + total dead larva + survival abnormal larva)/ (initial) x 100]48-h EC502,4102Jang et al., 2016Used Daphtox Kit F based on OECD 202 test with methanol solvent at 0.001%; tested 5 concentrations (1,000-10,000 μg/L); solvent and non solvent controls used and from graphs mortality seems <10%; MeOH use at 0.001%.
Danio rerio (embryo)FWMortality; hatch rate; deformation; length96-h NOEC0.00082Cormier et al., 2019Used DMSO solvent at 0.01% and one concentration; control and solvent control with no control mortality; study also exposed embryos/larvae to 10, 100 mg/L coated on microplastics; finding no effects except a 3h pulse exposure increase in EROD but not after 96hr exposure.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Danio rerio (embryos)FWMortality96-h NOEC> 20001Cahova et al., 2021Used OECD embryo toxicity test with DMSO solvent at 0.01%; concentration range (0.1-2000 μg/L); solvent and no solvent controls used and no mortality in either controls.
Danio rerio (embryos)FWHatching (percent)96-h NOEC> 20001Cahova et al., 2021
Danio rerio (embryos)FWMalformation96-h NOEC> 20001Cahova et al., 2021
Danio rerio (juvenile)FWMortality96-h LC503,8902Du et al., 2017Used Chinese National Standards test method GB/T 21805-2008 with DMSO solvent at unknown volume
Danio rerio (juvenile)FWMortality96-h LC5020,4002ECHA
Danio rerio (embryos)FWMortality96-h LC5018.2 μM2Meng et al., 2020Used DMSO solvent at 0.1%; tested 6 concentrations (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 μM); only solvent control
Danio rerio (embryos)FWHatching Rate96-h (LOEC?)8 μM2Meng et al., 2020
Oryzias latipesFWMortality96-h LC509361Thia et al 2020DMSO solvent used (0.0125%)
Oryzias latipes (Juvenile)FWMortality96-h LC503,8001ECHAJapanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used, no control mortality. Other endpoints reported in bioassay section (reliability score 1)
Chronic or Long Term
AlgaeChlamydomonas reinhardtiiFWGrowth inhibition10-d EC206402Mao et al., 2017Used methanol solvent at 0.1% and 10 nominal concentrations
Desmodesmus subspicatusFWGrowth inhibition72-h IC106102Sieratowicz et al., 2011Used ethanol solvent at 0.05%
Desmodesmus subspicatusFWGrowth inhibition72-h NOEC1,1001ECHA1993 supporting study (reliability score 2); DMF/Tween 80 solvent used 46ul/L
Microcystis aeruginosaFWGrowth inhibition10-d EC201,1702Mao et al., 2017Used methanol solvent at 0.1% and 10 nominal concentrations below solubility
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWBiomass72-h NOEC801ECHAUsed Japanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth rate72-h NOEC1801ECHAUsed Japanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
InvertebrateDaphnia magnaFWReproduction21-d NOECNo effect2Pablos et al 2015Used acetone solvent at 0.02%; tested 5 concentrations (12.5-200 μg/L)
Daphnia magnaFWBody length21-d NOEC> 2002Pablos et al 2015
Daphnia magnaFWMortality, molting & release of broods21-dNo effect2Boyd et al., 2021Used modified OECD 211 test with 48hr exposure and 19 day post-exposure in control water with DMSO solvent at 0.1%; tested 4 nominal concentrations (0.2-200 μg/L)
Daphnia carinata (neonates)FWMortality21-dEffects observed2Du et al., 2019aTested 3 nominal concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10) with no use solvent reported; control mortality not reported; effects were not concentration dependent.
Daphnia carinata (neonates)FWGrowth & various reproductive endpoints21-dNo significant effects except at lowest dose for time first brood2Du et al., 2019a
Invertebrate (coral)Pocillopora damicornis (adult nubbins)SWMortality (static, no renewal)7-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019cUsed methanol solvent at 200 μl/L; includes range finder and definitive tests; used lower light intensity; no renewal of exposure solutions; limited analytical showing high loss of analyte at end of experiment; solvent and no solvent controls
Pocillopora damicornis (adult nubbins)SWZooxanthellae density7-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019c
Pocillopora damicornis (planula)SWMortality (static, no renewal)14-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019c
Pocillopora damicornis (planula)SWBleaching14-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)SWMortality (static, no renewal)7-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)SWZooxanthellae density7-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)SWBleaching7-d LOEC1,0002He et al., 2019c
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)SWMortality (static, no renewal)14-d LOEC1,0002He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)SWMortality (static, no renewal)14-d LC50> 1,0002He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)SWSettlement14-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)SWSettlement14-d EC50> 1,0002He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)SWBleaching14-d LOEC1,0002He et al., 2019c
FishBetta splendensFWMortality28-d NOEC> 1,0002Chen et al., 20163 test concentration (10, 100, 1000 μg/L; measured at 0 and 48h); solvent control (0.1% EtOH); control mortality 90%. Data determined from graphs.
Betta splendensFWCondition Factor28-d LOEC1,0002Chen et al., 2016
Betta splendensFWGSI28-d NOEC> 1,0002Chen et al., 2016
Danio rerioFWBiological response index [(unhatched egg involving dead eggs + total dead larva + survival abnormal larva)/ (initial) x 100]48-h EC502,4102Jang et al., 2016Used Daphtox Kit F test (based on OECD 202) and methanol solvent at 0.001%; tested 5 nominal concentrations (1,000-10,000 μg/L); solvent and non solvent controls used
Danio rerio (adult)FWWeight (growth); mortality; behaviour14-d NOEC3122Blüthgen et al 2012Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%; 3 nominal concentrations were tested (10, 200, 600 μg/L) and analytical measurements indicated test concentrations of 2.4, 84, 312 μg/L; employed control and solvent controls; NOECs derived from statements in text not stated by author
Danio rerio (larvae)FWMortality, growth60-d3881Kinnberg et al., 2015
Danio rerio (larvae)FWMortality12-d2681Kinnberg et al., 2015
Oryzias latipesFWHatch (%)21d-LOEC6202Coronado et al., 2008Used acetone solvent at 0.1%; tested 3 nominal concentrations (10, 100, 1,000 μg/L) with supporting measurements (16, 132, 620 μg/L); control and solvent controls
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Oryzias latipesFWIncreased hatch time21d-LOEC162Coronado et al., 2008
Oryzias latipesFWNumber eggs7-21-d effectno significant decrease at 21 days2Coronado et al., 2008
Oryzias latipes (adult)FWMortality, growth28-d NOEC902Kim et al., 2014
Oryzias latipes (adult)FWEgg production28-d Effect262Kim et al., 2014
Oryzias latipes (adult)FWHatching rate28-d Effect90Kim et al., 2014
Oryzias latipes (juvenile)FWWeight, survival, length, condition index30-d Effect302Kim et al., 2014
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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TABLE E.7 Sulisobenzone

Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
AlgaeChlamydomonas reinhardtiiFWGrowth inhibition96-h EC5038,0002Esperanza et al., 2019Used methanol solvent at 0.05%; nominal concentrations, solvent controls
Chlorella vulgarisFWGrowth inhibition72-h EC50109,5501ECHA
Chlorella vulgaris (acclimated)FWGrowth inhibition96-h EC50140,7601Huang et al., 2018Acclimation by 10-d pre-exposure to sulisobenzone 10 mg/L; used BG11 medium for solutions
Chlorella vulgaris (acclimated)FWChlorophyll content reduced13-d LOEC5,0002Huang et al., 2018
Chlorella vulgaris (wild type FACHB-24)FWGrowth inhibition96-h EC5065,1601Huang et al., 2018
Chlorella vulgaris (wild type FACHB-24)FWGrowth inhibition96-h EC50201,0002Du et al., 2017Used DMSO solvent of unknown amount; included blank and solvent controls from prepared stock sol in BG11 liquid medium
Chlorella vulgaris (wild type FACHB-24)FWChlorophyll content reduction13-d LOEC> 100,0002Huang et al., 2018
InvertebrateBalanus amphitriteSWImmobilization24-h EC50No effect to 10,0002Tsui et al., 2019Used DMSO solvent at 0.01% and wild caught animals
Daphnia carinata (neonate)FWMortality24-h LC5082,2701Du et al., 2019aSolutions made in COMBO medium without use of solvent; tested at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 mg/L dose range
Daphnia magna (adult)FWImmobility48-h EC0100,0001ECHA
Daphnia magna (neonate)FWImmobilization48-h EC50570,0002Liu et al., 2015Used OECD 202 with DMSO solvent at <0.1%
Daphnia magna (neonate)FWImmobilization48-h EC5030,4001Molins-Delgado et al., 2016Used Daphtoxkit F - ISO 6341 guideline without solvent
Daphnia magna (neonate)FWImmobilization72-h EC5025,9001Molins-Delgado et al., 2016
Daphnia magna (neonate)FWMortality48-h LC5047,4701Du et al., 2017Stocks were prepared in tap water and unclear if solvents were used; blank and control groups
Dugesia japonicaFWMortality48-h LC50146,0001Li, 2012Solute: ISO water
Dugesia japonicaFWMortality96-h LC5077,0001Li, 2012Solute: ISO water
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Mytilus galloprovincialisSWLarval development48-h EC50> 10,0002Paredes et al., 2014
Paracentrotus lividusSWLarval development48-h EC50> 10,0002Paredes et al., 2014
Siriella armataSWMortality96-h LC50> 10,0002Paredes et al., 2014
FishDanio (=Brachydanio) rerioFWMortality96-h LC50633,0002Du et al., 2017Few details
Leuciscus idusFWMortality96-h LC50> 215,000 < 464,0001ECHA
Oryzias latipesFWMortality (larval 7-dph)96-h LC501,803.61Thia et al., 2020Used OECD guidelines with DMSO solvent at 0.0125% in a static test, without renewal; tested wihtin concentration range of 1-50 μM
Chronic or Long Term
InvertebrateDaphnia magnaFWReproduction21-d NOEC5,0001ECHA
Invertebrate (coral)Pocillopora damicornisSWLarval bleaching14-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019cUsed methanol solvent at 0.02%; tested with nominal concntrations of 10, 100, 250, 750, 1000 μg/L
Pocillopora damicornisSWLarval mortality14-d LOEC> 1,0002He et al., 2019c
Pocillopora damicornisSWNubbin mortality2-d LC50< 1,0002He et al., 2019cUsed methanol solvent at 0.02%; tested with nominal concentrations of 10, 100, 250, 750, 1000 μg/L; reported 100% mortality at highest concentration
Seriatopora caliendrumSWLarval bleaching14-d LC50 not achievedNo effect2He et al., 2019cLC50 not achieved – only 3 conc tested mortality
Seriatopora caliendrumSWLarval mortality14-d LC50 not achievedNo effect2He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrumSWLarval settlement14-d LC50 not achievedNo effect2He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrumSWNubbin bleaching14-d LC50 not achievedNo effect2He et al., 2019c
Seriatopora caliendrumSWNubbin mortality14-d LC50 not achievedNo effect2He et al., 2019c
FishPimephales promelasFWJuvenile growth14-d NOEC1,0481ECHA
Pimephales promelasFWMortality14-d NOEC> 4,8971ECHA
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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TABLE E.8 Titanium Dioxide1

Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
AlgaeRaphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth inhibition72-h EC505,8301Aruoja et al., 2009Nano form
Raphidocelis (Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth inhibition72-h EC5035,9001Aruoja et al., 2009Bulk form
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth inhibition72-h IC5025,3001Lee and An 2013Nano form, with and without visible, UVA, UVB
InvertebrateArtemia salinaSWGrowth inhibition48-h EC504,0002Clemente et al., 2014Nano anatase/rutile mixture in presence of UV
Artemia salinaSWGrowth inhibition48-h EC504,0002Clemente et al., 2014Nano anatase in presence of UV
Artemia salinaSWMortality96-h LC50> 100,0001Ates et al., 2013aNano form
Artemia salinaSWGrowth inhibition48-h EC50> 100,0001Clemente et al., 2014Nano form (anatase/rutile and anatase), visible light only
Caenorhabditis elegansFWReproduction96-h NOEC3,0001Angelstorf et al., 2014Nano form
Caenorhabditis elegansFWReproduction96-h NOEC> 100,0001Angelstorf et al., 2014Bulk form
Ceriodaphnia dubiaFWMortality48-h LC507,6001Hall et al., 2009Nano form
Ceriodaphnia dubiaFWMortality48-h LC50> 10,0001Griffitt et al., 2008Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality48-h LC5020,000,0001ECHA
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50> 100,0001ECHA
Daphnia magnaFWMortality48-h LC50> 500,0001Lovern and Klaper 2006Nano form, commercial particles, a mixture of anatase and rutile

___________________

1 This table was modified after release of the prepublication version of the report to add details on the form of substance considered in some entries, and to add two missing entries.

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Daphnia magnaFWMortality48-h LC50> 100,0001Zhu et al., 2010Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality48-h LC50> 500,0001Ma et al., 2012Nano form, no UV
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC5035,3061Zhu et al., 2009Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality48-h LC50143,3901Zhu et al., 2009Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality48-h LC50> 500,0001Zhu et al., 2009Bulk form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality48-h LC50275,2701Zhu et al., 2009Bulk form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality48-h LC5029.82Ma et al., 2012Nano form, UVA (320–400 nm wavelength) 1,700 mW/cm2
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization72-h EC501,6201Zhu et al., 2010Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality72-h LC502,0201Zhu et al., 2010Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality8-h LC501392Mansfield et al., 2015Nano form, UV
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC5029,7001Amiano et al., 2012Nano form, no UV radiation
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC501,2002Amiano et al., 2012Nano form, 0.56 mW/cm2 UVA radiation
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50> 100,0001Wiench et al., 2009Nano and bulk, results from 19 of 25 tests
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization48-h EC50> 100,0001Zhu et al., 2010Nano form
Daphnia pulexFWMortality48-h LC509,2001Hall et al., 2009Nano form
Daphnia pulex (adult)FWMortality48-h LC50> 10,0001Griffitt et al., 2008Nano form
Daphnia similusFWGrowth inhibition48-h EC5060,1602Clemente et al., 2014Nano anatase/rutile mixture in presence of UV
Daphnia similusFWGrowth inhibition48-h EC50750,5502Clemente et al., 2014Nano anatase in presence of UV
Daphnia similusFWGrowth Inhibition48-h EC50> 100,0001Clemente et al., 2014Nano form (anatase/rutile and anatase), visible light only
Page 313 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Invertebrate (coral)Acropora sppSWExpulsion of zooxanthellae, bleaching48-h Effect> 6,3002Corinaldesi et al., 2018Surface coated and doped nano form, nonstandard assay, minimal test concentrations
FishCyprinodon variegatusSWMortality96-h LC50> 10,000,0001ECHA
Danio rerioFWMortality48-h LC50> 10,0001Griffitt et al., 2008Nano form
Oryzias latipesFWMortality96-h LC502,1902Ma et al., 2012Nano form, UVA (320–400 nm wavelength) 1,700 mW/cm2
Oryzias latipesFWMortality96-h LC50155,0001Ma et al., 2012Nano form, no UV
Pimephales promelasFWMortality96-h LC50> 1,000,0001ECHA
Pimephales promelasFWMortality96-h LC50500,0001Hall et al., 2009Nano form
AmphibianXenopus laevisFWMortality96-h LC50295,0001Zhang et al., 2012Nano form, no UV
Xenopus laevisFWMortality96-h LC5069,6002Zhang et al., 2012Nano form, with UV
Chronic or Long Term
AlgaeRaphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth inhibition72-h NOEC10,1001Aruoja et al., 2009Bulk form
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth inhibition72-h NOEC9801Aruoja et al., 2009Nano form
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth inhibition7-d IC251,000–2,0001Hall et al., 2009Nano form, added organic matter decreases toxicity
Prochlorococcus spp.FWCell density72-h Effect5002Dedman et al., 2021Nano form, nonstandard assay
InvertebrateCeriodaphnia dubiaFWReproduction7-d IC259,400–26,4001Hall et al., 2009Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction30-d LOEC10,0001ECHA IUCLID
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction21-d NOEC≥ 1,7201ECHA IUCLID
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction21-d NOEC≥ 2,9201ECHA IUCLID
Daphnia magnaFWGrowth21-d LOEC1001Zhu et al., 2010Nano form
Page 314 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction (total living offspring)21-d LOEC4601Zhu et al., 2010Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction (total living offspring)21-d NOEC2,6201Zhu et al., 2010Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWAdult mortality21-d NOEC30,0001Wiench et al., 2009Coated nano form
Daphnia magnaFWOffspring production21-d NOEC3,0001Wiench et al., 2009Coated nano form
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction and fitness21-d LOEC1,0002Campos et al., 2013Nano form, measured life history in relation to food depletion, limited concentrations tested
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction (progency counts), Growth21-d NOEC>2,0002Seitz et al., 2013P25 nano; flow through assay
Daphnia magnaFWReproduction (pro-greny counts)21-d LOEC602Seitz et al., 2013A-100 (∼330 nm) so larger than nanoparticle size; flow through assay
Invertebrate (coral)Montastraea (now Orbicella) faveolataSWExpulsion of zooxanthellae17-d Effect1002Jovanović and Guzmán 2014Nano form, nonstandard assay, tested 2 concentrations
FishDanio rerioFWGrowth (length)8-d LOEC1,000,0001ECHA
Danio rerioFWReproduction (progeny counts, number of ovarian follicles)91-d LOEC1002Wang et al., 2011Nano form
Danio rerioFWReproduction23-d LOEC8702Ramsden et al., 2013Nano form, only a couple of concentrations
Danio rerioFWMortality21-d LOEC12Bar-Ilan et al., 2013Nano form, UV exposure, significant aggregation over 1 um in exposures
Oryzias latipesFWMortality17-d NOEC142Paterson et al., 2011Nano form
Pimephales promelasFWGrowth7-d IC25> 340,0001Hall et al., 2009Nano form
Page 315 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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TABLE E.9 Zinc Oxide2

Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
AlgaeChlorella sp.FWAbundance6-d EC30100,0001Ji et al., 2011Bulk form
Chlorella sp.FWAbundance6-d EC3020,0001Ji et al., 2011Nano form
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth rate3-d NOEC201Aruoja et al., 2009Same for bulk and nano forms
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWGrowth rate3-d EC50421Aruoja et al., 2009Same for bulk and nano forms
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWPopulation growth rate3-d IC50631Franklin et al., 2007Bulk form
Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitataFWPopulation growth rate3-d IC50681Franklin et al., 2007Nano form
Skeletonema costatumSWPopulation growth rate4-d IC501,8501Wong et al., 2010Nano form, based on dissolved ion concentrations
Skeletonema costatumSWPopulation growth rate4-d IC502,3601Wong et al., 2010Nano form
Skeletonema costatumSWPopulation growth rate4-d IC502,9701Wong et al., 2010Bulk form
Thalassiosira pseudonanaFWPopulation growth rate4-d IC503,2801Wong et al., 2010Nano form, based on dissolved ion concentrations
Thalassiosira pseudonanaFWPopulation growth rate4-d IC504,5601Wong et al., 2010Nano form
Thalassiosira pseudonanaFWPopulation growth rate4-d IC506,6501Wong et al., 2010Bulk form
InvertebrateArtemia salinaSWMortality1-d LC50> 100,0001Ates et al., 2013bMultiple sizes of nano form
Caenorhabditis elegansFWProgeny counts/numbers5-d LOEC8001Wang et al., 2009Nano form

___________________

2 This table was modified after release of the prepublication version of the report to add details on the form of substance considered in some entries.

Page 316 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Caenorhabditis elegansFWProgeny counts/numbers5-d LOEC1,6001Wang et al., 2009Bulk form
Caenorhabditis elegansFWMortality1-d LC502,2001Wang et al., 2009Nano form
Caenorhabditis elegansFWMortality1-d LC502,3001Wang et al., 2009Bulk form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality2-d EC501,700–9,0002Blinova et al., 2010Nano form, depends on river water used
Daphnia magnaFWMortality2-d EC506,900–16,2002Blinova et al., 2010Nano form, depends on river water used
Daphnia magnaFWMortality2-d EC502,6001Blinova et al., 2010Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality2-d EC507,1001Blinova et al., 2010Bulk form
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization2-d LC508,8001Heinlaan et al., 2008Bulk form
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization2-d NOEC1,5001Heinlaan et al., 2008Bulk form
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization2-d LC503,2001Heinlaan et al., 2008Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization2-d NOEC5001Heinlaan et al., 2008Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality2-d LC502,1401Naddafi et al., 2011Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality1-d LC502,5801Naddafi et al., 2011Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization2-d EC501,0001Wiench et al., 2009Nano and bulk form
Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization2-d EC504811Zhu et al., 2009Bulk form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality2-d LC501,2501Zhu et al., 2009Bulk form
Page 317 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Daphnia magnaFWImmobilization2-d EC506221Zhu et al., 2009Nano form
Daphnia magnaFWMortality2-d LC501,5111Zhu et al., 2009Nano form
Elasmopus rapaxFWMortality4-d LC509501Wong et al., 2010Nano form, based on dissolved ion concentrations
Elasmopus rapaxFWMortality4-d LC503701Wong et al., 2010Bulk form
Elasmopus rapaxFWMortality4-d LC501,1901Wong et al., 2010Nano form
Radix luteolaFWMortality4-d LC5042,6701Ali et al., 2012Nano form
Tetrahymena thermophilaFWPopulation growth rate1-d EC5012,400–16,4002Blinova et al., 2010Nano form, depends on river water used
Tetrahymena thermophilaFWPopulation growth rate1-d EC5012,000–16,6002Blinova et al., 2010Bulk form, depend on river water used
Tetrahymena thermophilaFWPopulation growth rate1-d EC509,4001Blinova et al., 2010Nano form
Tetrahymena thermophilaFWPopulation growth rate1-d EC5027,1001Blinova et al., 2010Bulk form
Tetrahymena thermophilaFWMortality0.17-d EC503,9001Mortimer et al., 2010Nano form
Tetrahymena thermophilaFWMortality0.17-d EC503,7001Mortimer et al., 2010Bulk form
Thamnocephalus platyurusFWMortality1-d LC502401Heinlaan et al., 2008Bulk form
Thamnocephalus platyurusFWMortality1-d NOEC501Heinlaan et al., 2008Bulk form
Thamnocephalus platyurusFWMortality1-d LC501801Heinlaan et al., 2008Nano form
Thamnocephalus platyurusFWMortality1-d NOEC301Heinlaan et al., 2008Nano form
Thamnocephalus platyurusFWMortality2-d EC501401Blinova et al., 2010Nano form
Thamnocephalus platyurusFWMortality2-d EC501901Blinova et al., 2010Bulk form
Thamnocephalus platyurusFWMortality2-d EC501,100–6,0002Blinova et al., 2010Nano form, depends on river water used
Page 318 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Thamnocephalus platyurusFWMortality2-d EC50190–3,0002Blinova et al., 2010Bulk form, depend on river water used
Tigriopus japonicusFWMortality4-d LC501,2201Park et al., 2014Nano form, in 5% saline environment
Tigriopus japonicusFWMortality4-d LC502,4401Park et al., 2014Nano form, in 35% salinity
Tigriopus japonicusFWMortality4-d LC506801Wong et al., 2010Nano form, based on dissolved ion concentrations
Tigriopus japonicusFWMortality4-d LC504301Wong et al., 2010Bullk form
Tigriopus japonicusFWMortality4-d LC508501Wong et al., 2010Nano form
Invertebrate (coral)Acropora sppSWExpulsion of zooxanthellae, bleaching48-h Effect> 6,3002Corinaldesi et al., 2018Uncoated ZnO size 20 to 200 nm (nanoparticles > 50% of the total particles), minimal test concentrations
FishDanio rerioFWHatch3-d LOEC10,0002Xia et al., 2011Nano form, iron doped, only one concentration
Danio rerioFWSurvival3-d NOEC10,0002Xia et al., 2011Nano form, iron doped, only one concentration
Danio rerioFWMortality4-d LC502,5251Yu et al., 2011Bulk form
Danio rerioFWMortality4-d LC503,9691Yu et al., 2011Nano form
Danio rerioFWMortality4-d LC501,5501Zhu et al., 2008Bulk form
Danio rerioFWHatch3.5-d EC502,0661Zhu et al., 2008Bulk form
Danio rerioFWMortality4-d LC501,7931Zhu et al., 2008Nano form
Danio rerioFWHatch3.5-d EC502,0651Zhu et al., 2008Nano form
AmphibianXenopus laevisFWMortality3.8-d NOEC500,0001Bacchetta et al., 2012Nano form
Xenopus laevisFWLength4-d NOEC3,1601Nations et al., 2011Nano form
Xenopus laevisFWDeformation4-d EC5010,3001Nations et al., 2011Nano form
Xenopus laevisFWStage4-d NOEC31,6001Nations et al., 2011Nano form
Page 319 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Chronic or Long Term
AlgaeChlorella sp.FWAbundance6-d NOEC5,0001Ji et al., 2011Bulk form
Chlorella sp.FWAbundance6-d NOEC50,0001Ji et al., 2011Nano form
Scenedesmus acutus var. acutusFWPopulation growth rate4-d NOEC24.71Meng et al., 2018Nano form
Scenedesmus acutus var. acutusFWPopulation growth rate4-d LOEC6611Meng et al., 2018Nano form
InvertebrateCorophium volutatorFWGrowth100-d LOEC5002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth23-d NOEC5002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth63-d NOEC5002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth100-d NOEC5002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth23-d NOEC5002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth100-d NOEC5002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWDevelopment23-d NOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWDevelopment100-d NOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth23-d LOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth63-d LOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth100-d NOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth23-d LOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth100-d LOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWGrowth100-d NOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Page 320 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Organism GroupSpeciesFW/SWBiological MeasurementStatisticEffect Value (μg/L)CategoryCitationAdditional Considerations
Corophium volutatorFWMortality63-d NOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Corophium volutatorFWMortality63-d NOEC1,0002Fabrega et al., 2012Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Invertebrate (coral)Stylophora pistillataSWPhotosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm)35-d NOEC242Fel et al., 2019Unfiltered natural seawater used; measured concentrations; ionic form
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.
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Page 320
Next Chapter: Appendix F: Studies on Behavioral and Physiological Endpoints on Select Organic UV Filters
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