Page 285 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Appendix E

UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables

Page 286 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE E.1 Avobenzone

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
Algae	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	SW	Population growth rate	72-h EC50	9,450	2	Vieira Sanches et al., 2021	Highest exposure was 10,000 μg/L, nominal
Algae	Raphidocelis subcapitata	FW	Population growth rate	96-h EC50	> 55	1	ECHA	Tested as saturated solution, measured exposure
Invertebrate	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	> 30	1	ECHA	Used filtrate (5μM) of 100 mg/L; measured concentration 0-h 0.194 mg/L; 48-h < 0.04 mg/L (i.e., below LOD) thus decreased over exposure time
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	1,950	2	Park et al., 2017	Nominal conc.; DMSO 0.0001%
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	1,200	2	Boyd et al., 2021	DMSO 0.1%; Used both controls. Cite following OECD guidelines for Daphnia Treatment conc 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 μg/L.
	Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	6,800	2	Boyd et al., 2021	DMSO 0.1%; used both controls; cited following OECD guidelines for Daphnia treatment conc 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 μg/L
	Balanus amphitrite	SW	Immobilization	24-h EC50	> 10,000	2	Tsui et al., 2019	DMSO 0.01%
Fish	Cyprinus carpio	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 30	2	ECHA	10-fold dilution series of filtrate (5 μm) of 100 mg/L, measured below LOD 40 μg/L; concentrations less than 80% of initial concentration
Chronic or Long Term
Invertebrate	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction; body length; daily immobilization	21-d NOEC	≥ 3	1	ECHA	Tested at maximal solubility; DMF solvent used; flow-through system; no effect observed
	Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	21-d NOEC	20	1	Boyd et al., 2021	Noted no survival at 150 μg/L at 7-d
	Chironomus riparius (sediment-water test)	FW	Mortality	28-d NOEC	≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Nominal
	Chironomus riparius (sediment-water test)	FW	Reproduction (# clutches, # eggs per egg mass, mean emergence time, Sex ratio)	28-d NOEC	≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Nominal

Page 287 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

	Lumbriculus variegatus (sediment-water test)	FW	Biomass. (#worms/replicate)	28-d NOEC	≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Nominal
	Melanoides tuberculate (sediment-water test)	FW	Reproduction (# embryos per snail)	28-d NOEC	≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Nominal
	Potamopyrgus antipodarum (sediment-water test)	FW	Reproduction Mean # embryos per snail	56-d NOEC	≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Nominal
Invertebrate (Coral)	Stylophora pistillata	SW	Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm)	35-d NOEC	87	2	Fel et al., 2019	Unfiltered natural seawater used; measured concentrations; likely non-soluble fraction included
Fish	Danio rerio (embryo) (sediment-water test)	FW	Mortality	48-h NOEC	100,000 μg/kg DW	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Nominal

Page 288 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE E.2 Dioxybenzone

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
Algae	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Population growth rate	72-h EC50	1,270	1	ECHA	Measured geometric mean
Algae	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Biomass	72-h EC50	907	1	ECHA	Measured geometric mean
Invertebrate	Balanus amphitrite	SW	Immobilization	24-h EC50	2,200	2	Tsui et al., 2019	DMSO 0.01%
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	4,270	1	ECHA	21.1% of filtrate at 100 mg/L
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	3,550	1	Liu et al., 2015	DMSO solvent < 0.1%; test concentration range was not defined
	Dugesia japonica	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	4,400	1	Li, 2012	Solute: ISO water
	Dugesia japonica	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	3,300	1	Li, 2012
Fish	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	24-h LC50	4,494.2 (18.4 μM)	2	Meng et al., 2020	DMSO solvent did not exceed 0.1%; hatching delayed at all concentrations and time points, NOEC not determined; was stable via measuring over 96h; dose: 1-5 μM for 96 h; reported only a DMSO control
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	1,147.9 (4.7 μM)	2	Meng et al., 2020
	Danio rerio	FW	Hatching delay	48-h LOEC	2,44.5 (1 μM)	2	Meng et al., 2020
	Oryzias latipes (7-dph larvae)	FW	Mortality	24-h LC50	3,529 (14.45 μM)	1	Thia et al., 2020	DMSO solvent at 0.0125%; static exposure; solvent control used as a blank control 1–50 uM (comparing UVFs in paper); cited OECD and Taiwan guidelines; concentrations were based on 3–4 range finding test
	Oryzias latipes (7-dph larvae)	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	395.6 (1.62 μM)	1	Thia et al., 2020

Page 289 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Chronic or Long Term
Algae	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Population growth rate	72-h EC10	1,040	1	ECHA	Measured geometric mean
Algae	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Biomass	72-h EC10	549	1	ECHA	Measured geometric mean
Invertebrate (coral)	Pocillopora damicornis (adult nubbins)	SW	Bleaching	1-14d NOEC	100	2	He et al., 2019c	Methanol solvent at 2 μl/10ml (0.02%); included range finder experiments; Used blank and solvent controls; 0.10–1000 μg/L in filtered natural seawater; measured different endpoints for the 2 coral species; measured concentrations for treatments; indicates neither control impacted coral larvae or nubbins
	Pocillopora damicornis (adult nubbins)	SW	Mortality	14-d NOEC	100	2	He et al., 2019c	Nominal conc reported, but did have analytical measurements in supplement
	Pocillopora damicornis (larvae)	SW	Larval settlement	14-d no effect	No effect	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)	SW	Bleaching	14-d LOEC	100	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)	SW	Bleaching	14-d NOEC	10	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)	SW	Mortality	6-d LOEC	100	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)	SW	Mortality	6-d NOEC	10	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)	SW	Larval settlement	14-d EC50	539.1	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)	SW	Larval settlement	14-d NOEC	1	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)	SW	Larval settlement	14-d LOEC	10	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)	SW	Bleaching	14-d LOEC	250	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)	SW	Mortality	14-d LC50	≥ 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c

Page 290 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation
Seriatopora caliendrum (larvae)	SW	Mortality	LOEC	50	2	He et al., 2019c
Pocillopora damicornis (larvae)	SW	Bleaching	14-d LOEC	> 1,000		He et al., 2019c
Pocillopora damicornis (larvae)	SW	Mortality	14-d LOEC	> 1,000		He et al., 2019c

Page 291 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE E.3 Homosalate

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
Algae	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Population growth rate	72-h EC50	> 8,900	1	ECHA	No solvent used; measured geometric mean; followed OECD 201
Invertebrate	Balanus amphitrite	SW	Immobilization	24-h EC50	> 10,000	2	Tsui et al., 2019	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%
Invertebrate	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	> 100,000	1	ECHA	Nominal concentrations used as saturated solution
Fish	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 82,000	1	ECHA	Measured concentration

Page 292 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE E.4 Octinoxate

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
Algae	Chlorella vulgaris	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h IC50	≥ 1,000	2	Pablos et al., 2015	Used acetone solvent at 0.5%
	Chlorella vulgaris	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h NOEC	≥ 1,000	2	Pablos et al., 2015
	Desmodesmus subspicatus	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h IC10	70	2	Sieratowicz et al., 2011	Used ethanol solvent at 0.05% and cited to OECD 201 method
	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	FW	Population growth rate (ISO 10253)	72-h EC50	2,330	2	Vieira Sanches et al., 2021	Nominal concentrations; highest exposure was 10,000 μg/L
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h EC50	1,800	2	Molins-Delgado et al., 2016	Treatments prepared in culture medium and followed ISO 8692 guideline using Algaltoxkit F
	Raphidocelis subcapitata (=Selenastrum capricornutum)	FW	Growth rate	72-h EC50	> 100,000	2	ECHA	Nominal loadings of WAF with initial concentrations above solubility limits; measurements showed that by 72-h concentrations were below detection levels indicating loss; pH increased
	Scenedesmus vaculoatu	FW	Growth inhibition	24-h EC50	190	2	Rodil et al., 2009	Used DMSO solvent at 0.1%; included both controls and a test range of 24–400 μg/L
Invertebrate	Artemia salina	SW	Mortality	24-h LC50	No effect	2	Gackowska et al., 2018	Used the Artoxkit M test
	Balanus amphitrite	SW	Immobilization	24-h EC50	> 10,000	2	Tsui et al., 2019	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%
	Chironomus riparius (4th instar larvae)	FW	Mortality	24h-LC50	> 10,000	2	Ozáez et al., 2013	Tested with 3 nominal concentrations using ethanol solvent at 0.02%; concentrations (100, 1000, 10000 μg/L)
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	≥ 27	1	ECHA	Used OECD 202; analysis revelaed decline in exposure concentrations to < 80% during test; median value between 0-48-h was used to judge exposure
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h NOEC	≥ 27	1	ECHA
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	570	2	Sieratowicz et al., 2011	Used OECD 202 guideline with ethanol solvent at 0.05%
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	2,730	2	Park et al., 2017
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	3,400	2	Molins-Delgado et al., 2016	Used ISO6341 guidelines
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	2,170	2	Jang et al., 2016	Used OECD 202 guideline with methanol solvent at 0.001%

Page 293 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	151.2	2	Pablos et al., 2015	Used acetone solvent at 0.1%
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	No effect	2	Gackowska et al., 2018	Used Daphtoxkit F test
	Ficopomatus enigmaticus	SW	Percent normal larval development	48-h EC50	2,810	2	Vieira Sanches et al., 2021	Used nominal concentration; 20% abnormal development in control was set as threshold; tests used approximately 300 fertilized eggs/replicate from wild-caught parents
	Mytilus galloprovincialis	SW	Larval development	48-h EC50	3,118.19	2	Paredes et al., 2014	Used DMSO solvent at < 0.1% with nominal and measured concentrations
	Mytilus galloprovincialis	SW	Larval development	48-h NOEC	500	2	Paredes et al., 2014
	Paracentrotus lividus	SW	Larval development	48-h EC50	284	2	Paredes et al., 2014
	Paracentrotus lividus	SW	Larval development	48-h NOEC	600	2	Paredes et al., 2014
	Siriella armata	SW	Mortality	96-h LC50	199.43	2	Paredes et al., 2014
	Tetrahymena thermophila	FW	Growth inhibition	24-h EC50	> 15,000	2	Gao et al., 2013	Used DMSO solvent at <0.1% and a dose range of 1–15,000 μg/L
Invertebrate (coral)	Pocillopora damicornis (adult)	SW	Mortality	7-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019b
	Pocillopora damicornis (adult)	SW	Visual bleaching	7-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019b
	Pocillopora damicornis (adult)	SW	Zooxanthellae density	7-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019b
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult)	SW	Mortality	7-d LOEC	1,000	2	He et al., 2019b
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult)	SW	Visual bleaching	7-d LOEC	1,000	2	He et al., 2019b
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult)	SW	Zooxanthellae density	7-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019b
Fish	Cyprinus carpio	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 100,000	1	ECHA	Used OECD 203 method; test solutions were WAF at 10 mg/L and 100 mg/L with % dilutions then filtered to yield clear solution
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	96-h NOEC	> 2,000	1	Cahova et al., 2021	Used OECD 236 with DMSO solvent at 0.01%
	Danio rerio	FW	Hatching	96-h NOEC	> 2,000	1	Cahova et al., 2021

Page 294 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
	Danio rerio	FW	Malformations	96-h NOEC	> 2,000	1	Cahova et al., 2021
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	1,216,100	2	ECHA	Used OECD 203; test solutions reported to be turbid with fat-like droplets on surface; test used concentrations up to 4,640 mg/L
	Danio rerio	FW	Hatch rate %	6-d NOEC	> 4,000	2	Jang et al., 2016	Used OECD 212 with methanol solvent at 0.001%; nominal concentrations included 100, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 μg/L; EC or LC50s were not determined; supplement to paper indicates a LOEC
	Danio rerio	FW	Abnormal development %	6-d LOEC	2,000	2	Jang et al., 2016
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	6-d LOEC	2,000	2	Jang et al., 2016
	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Mortality	48-h NOEC	≥ 1,000,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal)	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Used DIN 38415-6 protocol with 10, 100, 1,000 mg/kg sediment DW.; included sediment negative and positive controls, aqueous negative and positive controls, and a solvent control
	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Developmental anomalies	48-h NOEC	100,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal)	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a
Plant	Lemna minor	FW	Dry weight	7-d EC50	> 60	1	ECHA	Used OECD 221 guideline
	Lemna minor	FW	Yield or growth	7-d EC50	> 60	1	ECHA
	Lemna minor	FW	Frond area	7-d EC50	> 60	1	ECHA
Chronic or Long Term
Algae	Chlorella sp.	FW	Growth inhibition	8-d LOEC	228	2	Tian et al., 2021	Used ethanol solvent at 0.01%; effects were observed at all test concentrations
	Chlorella sp.	FW	Growth inhibition	8-d NOEC	< 228	2	Tian et al., 2021
	Raphidocelis subcapitata (=Selenastrum capricornutum)	FW	Growth rate	72-h NOEC	32,000	2	ECHA

Page 295 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Invertebrate	Caenorhabditis elegans	FW (soil)	Growth (body length)	72-h NOEC	< 290.4	2	Huang et al., 2022	Used DMSO solvent at 0.1% in culture media with E.coli food source; nominal concnetrations included 1, 5, 10, 100, and 500 μM without analytical verification in test media
	Caenorhabditis elegans	FW (soil)	Reproduction (eggs in utero)	72-h NOEC	290.4	2	Huang et al., 2022
	Caenorhabditis elegans	FW (soil)	Reproduction (eggs in utero)	72-h IC50	3,600	2	Huang et al., 2022
	Caenorhabditis elegans	FW (soil)	Reproduction (eggs in utero)	72-h IC10	95.11	2	Huang et al., 2022
	Caenorhabditis elegans	FW (soil)	Reproduction (brood size)	72-h NOEC	1452	2	Huang et al., 2022
	Caenorhabditis elegans	FW (soil)	Reproduction (brood size)	72-h LOEC	2,904	2	Huang et al., 2022
	Chironomus riparius (sediment study)	FW	Mortality	28-d NOEC	≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal) ≥ 43,509 μg/kg DW sediment (Measured geo. Mean)	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Used OECD 218 guideline and tested at 0.08, 0.4, 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg DW sediment
	Chironomus riparius (sediment study)	FW	Reproduction (# clutches, # eggs per egg mass, mean emergence time, sex ratio)	28-d NOEC	≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal) ≥ 43,509 μg/kg DW sediment (Measured geo. Mean)	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a
	Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	21-d NO-ELR	≥60	1	ECHA	Used OECD 211 guideline with a static renewal test and weekly changes

Page 296 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	21-d NO-ELR	≥ 60	1	ECHA
Daphnia magna	FW	Growth	21-d NO-ELR	≥ 60	1	ECHA
Daphnia magna	FW	Total # molts	21-d LOEC	12	2	Lambert et al., 2021
Daphnia magna	FW	Delayed development (curved tail spine but recovered)	21-d LOEC	75	2	Lambert et al., 2021
Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	21-d NOEC	≥ 15	2	Pablos et al., 2015	Used acetone solvent at 0.1%
Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	21-d NOEC	40	2	Sieratowicz et al., 2011	Used OECD 211 guideline with ethanol solvent at 0.05%
Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	21-d LOEC	80	2	Sieratowicz et al., 2011
Lumbriculus variegatus	FW	Biomass. (# worms per replicate)	28-d NOEC	≥ 50,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal)	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Used OECD 225 guideline with nominal exposure concentrations of 0.08, 0.4, 2, 10, and 50 mg/kg DW sediment and all controls
Lumbriculus variegatus	FW	Biomass. (# worms per replicate)		≥ 32,125 μg/kg DW sediment (measured geo mean)	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a
Melanoides tuberculata	FW	Reproduction (# embryos per snail)	28-d NOEC	2,000 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal);	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a
Potamopyrgus antipodarum	FW	Reproduction (Mean # embryos per snail)	56-d NOEC	80 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal)	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Control, solvent control used. Ethyl acetate solvent. Measured conc at beginning/end 0.00064, 0.0032, 0.016, 0.08, and 0.4 mg/kg sediment DW

Page 297 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

	Potamopyrgus antipodarum	FW	Reproduction (Mean # embryos per snail)	56-d LOEC	400 μg/kg DW sediment (nominal) 212.6 μg/kg DW sediment (measured geo mean)	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a
Fish	Danio rerio	FW	Gonadal histology and hepatotoxicity	63-d NOEC	< 46.9	1	ECHA	Used OECD 234
	Danio rerio	FW	Gonadal histology and hepatotoxicity	63-d LOEC	46.9	1	ECHA
	Danio rerio	FW	Length and weight	63-d NOEC	< 46.9	1
	Danio rerio	FW	Length and weight	63-d LOEC	46.9	1
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	63-d NOEC	≥ 46.9	1	ECHA
	Danio rerio	FW	Sex ratio	63-d NOEC	≥ 46.9	1	ECHA
	Danio rerio	FW	Hatch rate	63-d NOEC	≥ 46.9	1	ECHA
	Oryzias latipes (F0: 24-hpf began exposure through 154-d; mating period: 106-d-154-d)	FW	Reproduction (eggs/brood/d)	154-d NOEC	< 50	1	Lee et al., 2019	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%; included water and solvent controls; test involved 5 nominal concentrations including 1 w/in water solub. 0.05-5 mg/L
	Oryzias latipes (F0: 24-hpf began exposure through 154-d; mating period: 106-d-154-d)	FW	Reproduction (eggs/brood/d)	154-d LOEC	50	1	Lee et al., 2019

Page 298 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE E.5 Octocrylene

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
Algae	Desmodesmus subspicatus	FW	Growth rate (OECD 201)	72-h EC50;	> 220,000	2	ECHA	Used OECD GD 23 guideline with no solvent; nominal exposure concentrations included 10, 22, 46, 100, 220 mg/L
Invertebrate	Balanus Amphitrite (nauplii)	SW	Immobilization	24-h EC50	> 10,000	2	Tsui et al., 2019	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01% 5 nominal exposure concentrations (100, 300, 1,000, 3,000, 10,000 μg/L)
	Chironomus riparius (4^th instar larvae)	FW	Survival	24-h effect	No effect @ 10,000	2	Ozáez et al., 2013	Used ethanol solvent at 0.02%; tested nominal concentrations of 100, 1,000, 10,000 μg/L
	Chironomus riparius (4^th instar larvae)	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	95,900	2	Ozáez et al., 2016	Used ethanol solvent at 0.02% and tested at 100, 1,000, 10,000, 100,000 μg/L nominal
	Chironomus riparius	FW	Hatching (eclosion) in eggs (3d)	3-d effect	Significant reduction @ 1,000 (75% hatch cf. solvent control 87%)	2	Ozáez et al., 2016	Used ethanol solvent at 0.1% with one exposure concentration of 1000 μg/L nominal
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	> 23 (measured)	1	ECHA
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	> 100,000	1	ECHA	Used OECD 202 guideline. 4 nominal concentrations (12,5, 25, 50, 100 mg/L); solutions prepared by stirring and centrifugation
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	3,180	2	Park et al., 2017	Used a modified OECD 202 guideline with 11 nominal concentrations (625-640,000μg/L); did not include analytical verifiction; particles observed at highest concentrations
	Daphnia magna	FW	Feeding rate (inhibition)	24-h NOEC	50	2	Pablos et al., 2015	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01% with 5 nominal exposure concentrations with 3 greater than solubility limit
	Daphnia magna (<24h neonates)	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	3,600	2	Boyd et al., 2021	LC50 concentrations based on 100–50,000 μg/L (all above solubility)
	Daphnia magna (<24h neonates)	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	30	2	Boyd et al., 2021	EC50 concentrations based on 20–200 μg/L
Fish	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 500	2	ECHA	Used EU Method C.1. limit test with a saturated solution (one nominal concentration of 0.5 mg/L)

Page 299 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Mortality	96-h NOEC	> 250	2	Cahova et al., 2021	Used OECD embryo toxicity test with DMSO solvent at 0.01%, 6 concentrations were tested (0.1-250 μg/L); solvent and no solvent controls used
	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Hatching (percent)	96-h NOEC	> 250	2	Cahova et al., 2021
	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Malformation*	96-h NOEC	> 250	2	Cahova et al., 2021
	Leuciscus idus	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 10,000,000	2	ECHA	Used DIN 38412 part 15 with 2 concentrations: 5,000 and 10,000 mg/L; undissolved chemical was observed at the bottom of aquaria and on the water surface
Chronic or Long Term
Algae	Desmodesmus subspicatus	FW	Growth rate (OECD 201)	72-h NOEC	100,000	2	ECHA	Used OECD GD 23 without solvent; tested at nominal concentrations of 10, 22, 46, 100, 220 mg/L
Algae	Phaeodactylum tricornutum	SW	Growth inhibition (cell density)	72-h EC20	13,950	2	Vieira Sanches et al., 2021	Nominal concentrations; highest test concentration was 10,000 μg/L
Invertebrate	Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study)	FW	Mortality; male and female emergence time; sex ratio; # egg clutches; # eggs/mass; 3d hatch-ability	28-d NOEC	All > 50,000; (60,000 measured) μg/kg DW	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Used OECD TG218 with ethyl acetate solvent (amount not reported); 5 nominal sediment concentrations (0.08, 0.4, 2, 10, 50 mg/kg sediment); measured concentrations are the geometric means at the start and end of the test
	Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvae	FW	Larval growth (length)	10-d NOEC	5; (1.27 measured) mg/kg WW	2	Campos et al., 2017a	OECD TG 218 modified method with artificial sediment; ethanol was used as a solvent to intoduce the UV filter to the sediment but was evaporated off before initiating the experiment; 3 nominal concentrations were tested (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg sediment WW) and verification measurements revealed 0.53, 1.27, and 2.33 mg/kg WW
	Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvae	FW	Emergence	28-d NOEC	> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW	2	Campos et al., 2017a
	Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvae	FW	Development time (males)	28-d NOEC	> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW	2	Campos et al., 2017a

Page 300 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvae	FW	Development time (females)	28-d NOEC	> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW	2	Campos et al., 2017a
Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvae	FW	Weight imagoes (males)	28-d NOEC	> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW	2	Campos et al., 2017a
Chironomus riparius (water-sediment study) 1st instar larvae	FW	Weight imagoes (females)	28-d NOEC	> 10 (2.33 measured) mg/kg WW	2	Campos et al., 2017a
Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	21-d NOEC	3.1 (2.66 measured)	1	ECHA	Used OECD 211 (semi-static, daily renewal) with DMF solvent (<83 ul/L); nominal and analytical verification of time weighted means for 5 conc. (3.1, 6.3, 12.5, 25, 50 μg/L)
Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction (OECD 211)	21-d NOEC	2.66	2	ECHA	Used OECD 211 using DMF solvent (<83 ul/L); with 5 concentrations with one just above solubility limit
Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction OECD 211, 3d renewal)	21-d NOEC	> 50	2	Pablos et al., 2015	Used 0ECD 211 with DMSO solvent (0.01%); tested 5 concentrations
Daphnia magna	FW	Body length	21-d effect	No effect	2	Pablos et al., 2015
Lumbriculus variegatus (water-sediment test)	FW	Number worms	28-d NOEC	> 39	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Used ethyl acetate in a sediment test with 5 nominal concentrations (0.08, 0.4, 2, 10, 50 mg/kg DW); analytical verification provided for mean measured low and high dose (0.065, 39 mg/kg DW)
Lumbriculus variegatus (water-sediment test)	FW	Biomass	28-d NOEC	> 39	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a
Melanoides tuberculata (adult; 1.8-2 mm height) (water-sediment test)	FW	Growth (fresh weight)	28-d NOEC	> 43	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

	Melanoides tuberculata (adult; 1.8-2 mm height) (water-sediment test)	FW	Reproduction (# embryos in brood pouch)	28-d NOEC	> 43	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a
	Potamopyrgus antipodarum (water-sediment test)	FW	Reproduction (# embryos per snail)	56d-NOEC	> 50 mg/kg DW	1	Kaiser et al., 2012a	Sediment test employing ethyl acetate as a solvent; testing included 7 nominal concentrations from 0.00064 to 50 mg/kg DW)
Invertebrate (coral)	Stylophora pistillata (adult fragments)	SW	Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm)	35-d NOEC	5,000 (1,318 measured)	2	Fel et al., 2019	Used methanol solvent at 0.0067% with 3 test concentrations (above solubility limits) and analytical verification
	Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments)	SW	Mortality	7-d LOEC	≥ 1,000 (784 measured)	2	He et al., 2019b	Used methanol solvent at 0.01% in static test; analytical verification on unfiltered samples revealed decline in exposure concentrations over time so the mean measured values were used
	Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments)	SW	Visual bleaching	7-d LOEC	≥ 1,000 (784 measured)	2	He et al., 2019b
	Pocillopora damicornis (adult fragments)	SW	Zooxanthella density	7-d LOEC	≥ 1,000 (784 measured)	2	He et al., 2019b
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments)	SW	Mortality	7-d LOEC	≥ 1,000 (831 measured)	2	He et al., 2019b
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments)	SW	Visual bleaching	7-d LOEC	≥ 1,000 (831 measured)	2	He et al., 2019b
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult fragments)	SW	Zooxanthella density	7-d LOEC	≥ 1,000 (831 measured)	2	He et al., 2019b
Fish	Danio rerio (approx. 2 years old)	FW	Survival and hatch rate (embryo test)	144-h effects	No effects up to 2,000 (925 measured)	2	Blüthgen et al., 2014	Used DMSO solvent at 0.005%; 3 nominal concentrations were tested (100, 1,000, 2,000 μg/L) with analytical measurements indicating exposure concentrations were 69, 293, 925 μg/L
	Danio rerio (approx. 6 months)	FW	Mortality, behavior, condition factor	28-d effect	No effects up to 3,000 (1,249 measured)	2	Zhang et al., 2016	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%; tested with nominal concentrations of 100, 1,000, 3,000 μg/L; analytical measurements revealed exposure concentrations of 29, 506, and 1249 μg/L
	Danio rerio (sediment – water test)	FW	Mortality	48h-NOEC	> 1,000 mg/kg. DW	1	Kaiser et al., 2012	Used an acetone solvent; tested with 3 sediment concentrations (10, 100, 1,000 mg/kg DW)
	Gasterosteus aculeatus (1 yo female)	FW/SW	Survival	21-d	No effects. @ 20 (4.85 measured)	1	ECHA	Used OECD GD 148 with a DMF solvent; tested one concentration (20 μg/L)

Page 302 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE E.6 Oxybenzone

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
Algae	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	FW	Growth inhibition	96-h EC50	5,220	2	Esperanza et al., 2019	Used 0.1% MeOH solvent with 10 nominal concentrations; solvent control
	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	FW	Growth inhibition	10-d EC50	1,850	2	Mao et al., 2017
	Chlorella vulgaris	FW	Growth inhibition	96-h EC50	2,980	2	Du et al., 2017	Used Chinese National Standards test method used: GB/T 21805-2008; DMSO solvent used unknown volume
	Desmodesmus subspicatus	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h EC50	1,400	1	ECHA	1993 supporting study (reliability score 2); DMF/Tween 80 solvent used 46 μl/L
	Desmodesmus subspicatus	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h IC50	960	2	Sieratowicz et al., 2011	Used ethanol solvent at 0.05%
	Microcystis aeruginosa	FW	Growth inhibition	10-d EC50	2,460	2	Mao et al., 2017	Used methanol solvent at 0.1%; 10 nominal concentrations; only solvent controls
	Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata	FW	Biomass	72-h EbC50	410	1	ECHA	Japanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used
	Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata	FW	Growth rate	72-h ErC50	670	1	ECHA	Japanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used
	Scenedesmus obliquuus	FW	Growth inhibition	96-h EC50	3,640	2	Lee et al., 2020	Used OECD TG 201 with no details on whether a solvent was used; tested 5 nominal concentratons (100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 μg/L); one control
Invertebrate	Balanus amphitrite (nauplii)	SW	Immobilization	24-h EC50	> 10,000	2	Tsui et al., 2019	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%; tested 5 concentrations; one control
	Daphnia carinata Daphnia magna	FW FW	Mortality Immobilization	24-h LC50 48-h EC50	2,180 1,670	1 2	Du et al., 2019a Sieratowicz et al., 2011	8 concentrations (5 above solubility 8-128 mg/L); no solvent used Used ethanol solvent at 0.05%; tested 5 concentrations (one above solubility; 10 mg/L); unclear on controls used
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC10	10,240	2	Sieratowicz et al., 2011
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	3,030	2	Jang et al., 2016	Used Daphtox Kit F (based on OECD 202 test) with methanol solvent at 0.001%; tested 5 concentrations (1000-10,000 μg/L); solvent and non solvent controls used

Page 303 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
	Daphnia magna (neonates)	FW	Mobility	48-h EC50	1,870	1	ECHA	Used Japanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used
	Daphnia magna (neonates)	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	1,090	2	Du et al., 2017	Used DMSO solvent at 0.1%; number of test concentrations were not reported
	Daphnia magna (neonates)	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	2,010	2	Liu et al., 2015
	Daphnia magna (neonates)	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	1,200	2	Boyd et al., 2021	Used DMSO solvent at 0.1%
	Daphnia magna (neonates)	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	1,700	2	Boyd et al., 2021
	Dugesia japonica (adult)	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	500	2	Li, 2012	Tested 5 concentrations
	Mytilus galloprovincialis (embryo)	SW	Development	48-h EC50	3,472.59	2	Paredes et al., 2014	Used DMSO solvent at no more than 0.1%; 3 concentrations were tested
	Paracentrotus lividus	SW	Development	48-h EC50	3,280	2	Paredes et al., 2014
	Paracentrotus lividus	SW	Development	48-h EC10	2,423	2	Paredes et al., 2014
	Cassiopea frondosa (planulae)	SW	Mortality	72-h LOEC	228	2	Fitt and Hofmann, 2020	Tested 5 concentrations; one control
	Cassiopea xamachana (planulae)	SW	Mortality	72-h LOEC	228	2	Fitt and Hofmann, 2020
	Tetrahymena thermophila	FW	Growth inhibition	24-h EC50	7,544	2	Gao et al., 2013	Used DMSO solvent at max of 0.1%; 7 concentrations; one control; cell viability in top 2 concentrations showed decreased viability with time
Invertebrate (coral)	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragment)	SW	Mortality	96-h LC50	6,150	1	Conway et al., 2021	Used methanol solvent at 100ul/L except top dose which used 200ul/L with second solvent control; included independent tests, 5 concentration definitive range, measured concentrations (dissolved, particulate), control and solvent controls; top dose nominal; concentration dependent losses in exposures over 24hr and losses during analytical processing
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragment)	SW	Mortality	96-h LC50	6,370	1	Conway et al., 2021	Static, daily renewal
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragment)	SW	Mortality	96-h LC50	7,060 (4,450 measured)	1	Conway et al., 2021

Page 304 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)	SW	Bleaching visual	96-h EC50	4,400	2	Conway et al., 2021
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)	SW	Bleaching visual	96-h EC50	5,350	2	Conway et al., 2021
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)	SW	Bleaching visual	96-h EC50	310 (measured)	2	Conway et al., 2021
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)	SW	Chlorophyll-a content	96-h EC50	7,120	2	Conway et al., 2021
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)	SW	Chlorophyll-a content	96-h EC50	5,080	2	Conway et al., 2021
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)	SW	Chlorophyll-a content	96-h EC50	2,810 (measured)	2	Conway et al., 2021
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)	SW	PSII yield	96-h EC50	18,630	2	Conway et al., 2021
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)	SW	PSII yield	96-h EC50	10,940	2	Conway et al., 2021
	Galaxea fascicularis (adult fragments)	SW	PSII yield	96-h EC50	4,190 (measured)	2	Conway et al., 2021
	Stylophora pistillata (planula)	SW	Mortality	24-h LC50	799^dark, 139light	2	Downs et al., 2016	Used DMSO solvent at 5ul/L; preliminary log-concentration range. Static, renewal 8h
	Stylophora pistillata (planula)	SW	Deformity	24-h EC50	137^light, 49^dark	2	Downs et al., 2016
Fish	Danio rerio	FW	biological response index [(unhatched egg involving dead eggs + total dead larva + survival abnormal larva)/ (initial) x 100]	48-h EC50	2,410	2	Jang et al., 2016	Used Daphtox Kit F based on OECD 202 test with methanol solvent at 0.001%; tested 5 concentrations (1,000-10,000 μg/L); solvent and non solvent controls used and from graphs mortality seems <10%; MeOH use at 0.001%.
Fish	Danio rerio (embryo)	FW	Mortality; hatch rate; deformation; length	96-h NOEC	0.0008	2	Cormier et al., 2019	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01% and one concentration; control and solvent control with no control mortality; study also exposed embryos/larvae to 10, 100 mg/L coated on microplastics; finding no effects except a 3h pulse exposure increase in EROD but not after 96hr exposure.

Page 305 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Mortality	96-h NOEC	> 2000	1	Cahova et al., 2021	Used OECD embryo toxicity test with DMSO solvent at 0.01%; concentration range (0.1-2000 μg/L); solvent and no solvent controls used and no mortality in either controls.
	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Hatching (percent)	96-h NOEC	> 2000	1	Cahova et al., 2021
	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Malformation	96-h NOEC	> 2000	1	Cahova et al., 2021
	Danio rerio (juvenile)	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	3,890	2	Du et al., 2017	Used Chinese National Standards test method GB/T 21805-2008 with DMSO solvent at unknown volume
	Danio rerio (juvenile)	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	20,400	2	ECHA
	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	18.2 μM	2	Meng et al., 2020	Used DMSO solvent at 0.1%; tested 6 concentrations (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 μM); only solvent control
	Danio rerio (embryos)	FW	Hatching Rate	96-h (LOEC?)	8 μM	2	Meng et al., 2020
	Oryzias latipes	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	936	1	Thia et al 2020	DMSO solvent used (0.0125%)
	Oryzias latipes (Juvenile)	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	3,800	1	ECHA	Japanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used, no control mortality. Other endpoints reported in bioassay section (reliability score 1)
Chronic or Long Term
Algae	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	FW	Growth inhibition	10-d EC20	640	2	Mao et al., 2017	Used methanol solvent at 0.1% and 10 nominal concentrations
	Desmodesmus subspicatus	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h IC10	610	2	Sieratowicz et al., 2011	Used ethanol solvent at 0.05%
	Desmodesmus subspicatus	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h NOEC	1,100	1	ECHA	1993 supporting study (reliability score 2); DMF/Tween 80 solvent used 46ul/L
	Microcystis aeruginosa	FW	Growth inhibition	10-d EC20	1,170	2	Mao et al., 2017	Used methanol solvent at 0.1% and 10 nominal concentrations below solubility
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Biomass	72-h NOEC	80	1	ECHA	Used Japanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth rate	72-h NOEC	180	1	ECHA	Used Japanese Standard Test Related to New Chemical Substance; no solvent used

Page 306 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Invertebrate	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	21-d NOEC	No effect	2	Pablos et al 2015	Used acetone solvent at 0.02%; tested 5 concentrations (12.5-200 μg/L)
	Daphnia magna	FW	Body length	21-d NOEC	> 200	2	Pablos et al 2015
	Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality, molting & release of broods	21-d	No effect	2	Boyd et al., 2021	Used modified OECD 211 test with 48hr exposure and 19 day post-exposure in control water with DMSO solvent at 0.1%; tested 4 nominal concentrations (0.2-200 μg/L)
	Daphnia carinata (neonates)	FW	Mortality	21-d	Effects observed	2	Du et al., 2019a	Tested 3 nominal concentrations (0.1, 1 and 10) with no use solvent reported; control mortality not reported; effects were not concentration dependent.
	Daphnia carinata (neonates)	FW	Growth & various reproductive endpoints	21-d	No significant effects except at lowest dose for time first brood	2	Du et al., 2019a
Invertebrate (coral)	Pocillopora damicornis (adult nubbins)	SW	Mortality (static, no renewal)	7-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c	Used methanol solvent at 200 μl/L; includes range finder and definitive tests; used lower light intensity; no renewal of exposure solutions; limited analytical showing high loss of analyte at end of experiment; solvent and no solvent controls
	Pocillopora damicornis (adult nubbins)	SW	Zooxanthellae density	7-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Pocillopora damicornis (planula)	SW	Mortality (static, no renewal)	14-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Pocillopora damicornis (planula)	SW	Bleaching	14-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)	SW	Mortality (static, no renewal)	7-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)	SW	Zooxanthellae density	7-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (adult nubbin)	SW	Bleaching	7-d LOEC	1,000	2	He et al., 2019c

Page 307 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
	Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)	SW	Mortality (static, no renewal)	14-d LOEC	1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)	SW	Mortality (static, no renewal)	14-d LC50	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)	SW	Settlement	14-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)	SW	Settlement	14-d EC50	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum (planula)	SW	Bleaching	14-d LOEC	1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
Fish	Betta splendens	FW	Mortality	28-d NOEC	> 1,000	2	Chen et al., 2016	3 test concentration (10, 100, 1000 μg/L; measured at 0 and 48h); solvent control (0.1% EtOH); control mortality 90%. Data determined from graphs.
	Betta splendens	FW	Condition Factor	28-d LOEC	1,000	2	Chen et al., 2016
	Betta splendens	FW	GSI	28-d NOEC	> 1,000	2	Chen et al., 2016
	Danio rerio	FW	Biological response index [(unhatched egg involving dead eggs + total dead larva + survival abnormal larva)/ (initial) x 100]	48-h EC50	2,410	2	Jang et al., 2016	Used Daphtox Kit F test (based on OECD 202) and methanol solvent at 0.001%; tested 5 nominal concentrations (1,000-10,000 μg/L); solvent and non solvent controls used
	Danio rerio (adult)	FW	Weight (growth); mortality; behaviour	14-d NOEC	312	2	Blüthgen et al 2012	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01%; 3 nominal concentrations were tested (10, 200, 600 μg/L) and analytical measurements indicated test concentrations of 2.4, 84, 312 μg/L; employed control and solvent controls; NOECs derived from statements in text not stated by author
	Danio rerio (larvae)	FW	Mortality, growth	60-d	388	1	Kinnberg et al., 2015
	Danio rerio (larvae)	FW	Mortality	12-d	268	1	Kinnberg et al., 2015
	Oryzias latipes	FW	Hatch (%)	21d-LOEC	620	2	Coronado et al., 2008	Used acetone solvent at 0.1%; tested 3 nominal concentrations (10, 100, 1,000 μg/L) with supporting measurements (16, 132, 620 μg/L); control and solvent controls

Page 308 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation
Oryzias latipes	FW	Increased hatch time	21d-LOEC	16	2	Coronado et al., 2008
Oryzias latipes	FW	Number eggs	7-21-d effect	no significant decrease at 21 days	2	Coronado et al., 2008
Oryzias latipes (adult)	FW	Mortality, growth	28-d NOEC	90	2	Kim et al., 2014
Oryzias latipes (adult)	FW	Egg production	28-d Effect	26	2	Kim et al., 2014
Oryzias latipes (adult)	FW	Hatching rate	28-d Effect	90		Kim et al., 2014
Oryzias latipes (juvenile)	FW	Weight, survival, length, condition index	30-d Effect	30	2	Kim et al., 2014

Page 309 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE E.7 Sulisobenzone

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
Algae	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	FW	Growth inhibition	96-h EC50	38,000	2	Esperanza et al., 2019	Used methanol solvent at 0.05%; nominal concentrations, solvent controls
	Chlorella vulgaris	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h EC50	109,550	1	ECHA
	Chlorella vulgaris (acclimated)	FW	Growth inhibition	96-h EC50	140,760	1	Huang et al., 2018	Acclimation by 10-d pre-exposure to sulisobenzone 10 mg/L; used BG11 medium for solutions
	Chlorella vulgaris (acclimated)	FW	Chlorophyll content reduced	13-d LOEC	5,000	2	Huang et al., 2018
	Chlorella vulgaris (wild type FACHB-24)	FW	Growth inhibition	96-h EC50	65,160	1	Huang et al., 2018
	Chlorella vulgaris (wild type FACHB-24)	FW	Growth inhibition	96-h EC50	201,000	2	Du et al., 2017	Used DMSO solvent of unknown amount; included blank and solvent controls from prepared stock sol in BG11 liquid medium
	Chlorella vulgaris (wild type FACHB-24)	FW	Chlorophyll content reduction	13-d LOEC	> 100,000	2	Huang et al., 2018
Invertebrate	Balanus amphitrite	SW	Immobilization	24-h EC50	No effect to 10,000	2	Tsui et al., 2019	Used DMSO solvent at 0.01% and wild caught animals
	Daphnia carinata (neonate)	FW	Mortality	24-h LC50	82,270	1	Du et al., 2019a	Solutions made in COMBO medium without use of solvent; tested at 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 mg/L dose range
	Daphnia magna (adult)	FW	Immobility	48-h EC0	100,000	1	ECHA
	Daphnia magna (neonate)	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	570,000	2	Liu et al., 2015	Used OECD 202 with DMSO solvent at <0.1%
	Daphnia magna (neonate)	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	30,400	1	Molins-Delgado et al., 2016	Used Daphtoxkit F - ISO 6341 guideline without solvent
	Daphnia magna (neonate)	FW	Immobilization	72-h EC50	25,900	1	Molins-Delgado et al., 2016
	Daphnia magna (neonate)	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	47,470	1	Du et al., 2017	Stocks were prepared in tap water and unclear if solvents were used; blank and control groups
	Dugesia japonica	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	146,000	1	Li, 2012	Solute: ISO water
	Dugesia japonica	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	77,000	1	Li, 2012	Solute: ISO water

Page 310 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
	Mytilus galloprovincialis	SW	Larval development	48-h EC50	> 10,000	2	Paredes et al., 2014
	Paracentrotus lividus	SW	Larval development	48-h EC50	> 10,000	2	Paredes et al., 2014
	Siriella armata	SW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 10,000	2	Paredes et al., 2014
Fish	Danio (=Brachydanio) rerio	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	633,000	2	Du et al., 2017	Few details
	Leuciscus idus	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 215,000 < 464,000	1	ECHA
	Oryzias latipes	FW	Mortality (larval 7-dph)	96-h LC50	1,803.6	1	Thia et al., 2020	Used OECD guidelines with DMSO solvent at 0.0125% in a static test, without renewal; tested wihtin concentration range of 1-50 μM
Chronic or Long Term
Invertebrate	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	21-d NOEC	5,000	1	ECHA
Invertebrate (coral)	Pocillopora damicornis	SW	Larval bleaching	14-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c	Used methanol solvent at 0.02%; tested with nominal concntrations of 10, 100, 250, 750, 1000 μg/L
	Pocillopora damicornis	SW	Larval mortality	14-d LOEC	> 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c
	Pocillopora damicornis	SW	Nubbin mortality	2-d LC50	< 1,000	2	He et al., 2019c	Used methanol solvent at 0.02%; tested with nominal concentrations of 10, 100, 250, 750, 1000 μg/L; reported 100% mortality at highest concentration
	Seriatopora caliendrum	SW	Larval bleaching	14-d LC50 not achieved	No effect	2	He et al., 2019c	LC50 not achieved – only 3 conc tested mortality
	Seriatopora caliendrum	SW	Larval mortality	14-d LC50 not achieved	No effect	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum	SW	Larval settlement	14-d LC50 not achieved	No effect	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum	SW	Nubbin bleaching	14-d LC50 not achieved	No effect	2	He et al., 2019c
	Seriatopora caliendrum	SW	Nubbin mortality	14-d LC50 not achieved	No effect	2	He et al., 2019c
Fish	Pimephales promelas	FW	Juvenile growth	14-d NOEC	1,048	1	ECHA
Fish	Pimephales promelas	FW	Mortality	14-d NOEC	> 4,897	1	ECHA

Page 311 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE E.8 Titanium Dioxide¹

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
Algae	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h EC50	5,830	1	Aruoja et al., 2009	Nano form
	Raphidocelis (Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h EC50	35,900	1	Aruoja et al., 2009	Bulk form
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h IC50	25,300	1	Lee and An 2013	Nano form, with and without visible, UVA, UVB
Invertebrate	Artemia salina	SW	Growth inhibition	48-h EC50	4,000	2	Clemente et al., 2014	Nano anatase/rutile mixture in presence of UV
	Artemia salina	SW	Growth inhibition	48-h EC50	4,000	2	Clemente et al., 2014	Nano anatase in presence of UV
	Artemia salina	SW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 100,000	1	Ates et al., 2013a	Nano form
	Artemia salina	SW	Growth inhibition	48-h EC50	> 100,000	1	Clemente et al., 2014	Nano form (anatase/rutile and anatase), visible light only
	Caenorhabditis elegans	FW	Reproduction	96-h NOEC	3,000	1	Angelstorf et al., 2014	Nano form
	Caenorhabditis elegans	FW	Reproduction	96-h NOEC	> 100,000	1	Angelstorf et al., 2014	Bulk form
	Ceriodaphnia dubia	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	7,600	1	Hall et al., 2009	Nano form
	Ceriodaphnia dubia	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	> 10,000	1	Griffitt et al., 2008	Nano form
	Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	20,000,000	1	ECHA
	Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	> 100,000	1	ECHA
	Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	> 500,000	1	Lovern and Klaper 2006	Nano form, commercial particles, a mixture of anatase and rutile

___________________

¹ This table was modified after release of the prepublication version of the report to add details on the form of substance considered in some entries, and to add two missing entries.

Page 312 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	> 100,000	1	Zhu et al., 2010	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	> 500,000	1	Ma et al., 2012	Nano form, no UV
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	35,306	1	Zhu et al., 2009	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	143,390	1	Zhu et al., 2009	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	> 500,000	1	Zhu et al., 2009	Bulk form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	275,270	1	Zhu et al., 2009	Bulk form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	29.8	2	Ma et al., 2012	Nano form, UVA (320–400 nm wavelength) 1,700 mW/cm²
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	72-h EC50	1,620	1	Zhu et al., 2010	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	72-h LC50	2,020	1	Zhu et al., 2010	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	8-h LC50	139	2	Mansfield et al., 2015	Nano form, UV
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	29,700	1	Amiano et al., 2012	Nano form, no UV radiation
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	1,200	2	Amiano et al., 2012	Nano form, 0.56 mW/cm² UVA radiation
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	> 100,000	1	Wiench et al., 2009	Nano and bulk, results from 19 of 25 tests
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	48-h EC50	> 100,000	1	Zhu et al., 2010	Nano form
Daphnia pulex	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	9,200	1	Hall et al., 2009	Nano form
Daphnia pulex (adult)	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	> 10,000	1	Griffitt et al., 2008	Nano form
Daphnia similus	FW	Growth inhibition	48-h EC50	60,160	2	Clemente et al., 2014	Nano anatase/rutile mixture in presence of UV
Daphnia similus	FW	Growth inhibition	48-h EC50	750,550	2	Clemente et al., 2014	Nano anatase in presence of UV
Daphnia similus	FW	Growth Inhibition	48-h EC50	> 100,000	1	Clemente et al., 2014	Nano form (anatase/rutile and anatase), visible light only

Page 313 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Invertebrate (coral)	Acropora spp	SW	Expulsion of zooxanthellae, bleaching	48-h Effect	> 6,300	2	Corinaldesi et al., 2018	Surface coated and doped nano form, nonstandard assay, minimal test concentrations
Fish	Cyprinodon variegatus	SW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 10,000,000	1	ECHA
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	48-h LC50	> 10,000	1	Griffitt et al., 2008	Nano form
	Oryzias latipes	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	2,190	2	Ma et al., 2012	Nano form, UVA (320–400 nm wavelength) 1,700 mW/cm²
	Oryzias latipes	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	155,000	1	Ma et al., 2012	Nano form, no UV
	Pimephales promelas	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	> 1,000,000	1	ECHA
	Pimephales promelas	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	500,000	1	Hall et al., 2009	Nano form
Amphibian	Xenopus laevis	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	295,000	1	Zhang et al., 2012	Nano form, no UV
Amphibian	Xenopus laevis	FW	Mortality	96-h LC50	69,600	2	Zhang et al., 2012	Nano form, with UV
Chronic or Long Term
Algae	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h NOEC	10,100	1	Aruoja et al., 2009	Bulk form
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth inhibition	72-h NOEC	980	1	Aruoja et al., 2009	Nano form
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth inhibition	7-d IC25	1,000–2,000	1	Hall et al., 2009	Nano form, added organic matter decreases toxicity
	Prochlorococcus spp.	FW	Cell density	72-h Effect	500	2	Dedman et al., 2021	Nano form, nonstandard assay
Invertebrate	Ceriodaphnia dubia	FW	Reproduction	7-d IC25	9,400–26,400	1	Hall et al., 2009	Nano form
	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	30-d LOEC	10,000	1	ECHA IUCLID
	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	21-d NOEC	≥ 1,720	1	ECHA IUCLID
	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction	21-d NOEC	≥ 2,920	1	ECHA IUCLID
	Daphnia magna	FW	Growth	21-d LOEC	100	1	Zhu et al., 2010	Nano form

Page 314 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction (total living offspring)	21-d LOEC	460	1	Zhu et al., 2010	Nano form
	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction (total living offspring)	21-d NOEC	2,620	1	Zhu et al., 2010	Nano form
	Daphnia magna	FW	Adult mortality	21-d NOEC	30,000	1	Wiench et al., 2009	Coated nano form
	Daphnia magna	FW	Offspring production	21-d NOEC	3,000	1	Wiench et al., 2009	Coated nano form
	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction and fitness	21-d LOEC	1,000	2	Campos et al., 2013	Nano form, measured life history in relation to food depletion, limited concentrations tested
	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction (progency counts), Growth	21-d NOEC	>2,000	2	Seitz et al., 2013	P25 nano; flow through assay
	Daphnia magna	FW	Reproduction (pro-greny counts)	21-d LOEC	60	2	Seitz et al., 2013	A-100 (∼330 nm) so larger than nanoparticle size; flow through assay
Invertebrate (coral)	Montastraea (now Orbicella) faveolata	SW	Expulsion of zooxanthellae	17-d Effect	100	2	Jovanović and Guzmán 2014	Nano form, nonstandard assay, tested 2 concentrations
Fish	Danio rerio	FW	Growth (length)	8-d LOEC	1,000,000	1	ECHA
	Danio rerio	FW	Reproduction (progeny counts, number of ovarian follicles)	91-d LOEC	100	2	Wang et al., 2011	Nano form
	Danio rerio	FW	Reproduction	23-d LOEC	870	2	Ramsden et al., 2013	Nano form, only a couple of concentrations
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	21-d LOEC	1	2	Bar-Ilan et al., 2013	Nano form, UV exposure, significant aggregation over 1 um in exposures
	Oryzias latipes	FW	Mortality	17-d NOEC	14	2	Paterson et al., 2011	Nano form
	Pimephales promelas	FW	Growth	7-d IC25	> 340,000	1	Hall et al., 2009	Nano form

Page 315 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

TABLE E.9 Zinc Oxide²

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Acute or Short Term
Algae	Chlorella sp.	FW	Abundance	6-d EC30	100,000	1	Ji et al., 2011	Bulk form
	Chlorella sp.	FW	Abundance	6-d EC30	20,000	1	Ji et al., 2011	Nano form
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth rate	3-d NOEC	20	1	Aruoja et al., 2009	Same for bulk and nano forms
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Growth rate	3-d EC50	42	1	Aruoja et al., 2009	Same for bulk and nano forms
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Population growth rate	3-d IC50	63	1	Franklin et al., 2007	Bulk form
	Raphidocelis (=Pseudokirchneriella) subcapitata	FW	Population growth rate	3-d IC50	68	1	Franklin et al., 2007	Nano form
	Skeletonema costatum	SW	Population growth rate	4-d IC50	1,850	1	Wong et al., 2010	Nano form, based on dissolved ion concentrations
	Skeletonema costatum	SW	Population growth rate	4-d IC50	2,360	1	Wong et al., 2010	Nano form
	Skeletonema costatum	SW	Population growth rate	4-d IC50	2,970	1	Wong et al., 2010	Bulk form
	Thalassiosira pseudonana	FW	Population growth rate	4-d IC50	3,280	1	Wong et al., 2010	Nano form, based on dissolved ion concentrations
	Thalassiosira pseudonana	FW	Population growth rate	4-d IC50	4,560	1	Wong et al., 2010	Nano form
	Thalassiosira pseudonana	FW	Population growth rate	4-d IC50	6,650	1	Wong et al., 2010	Bulk form
Invertebrate	Artemia salina	SW	Mortality	1-d LC50	> 100,000	1	Ates et al., 2013b	Multiple sizes of nano form
Invertebrate	Caenorhabditis elegans	FW	Progeny counts/numbers	5-d LOEC	800	1	Wang et al., 2009	Nano form

___________________

² This table was modified after release of the prepublication version of the report to add details on the form of substance considered in some entries.

Page 316 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
Caenorhabditis elegans	FW	Progeny counts/numbers	5-d LOEC	1,600	1	Wang et al., 2009	Bulk form
Caenorhabditis elegans	FW	Mortality	1-d LC50	2,200	1	Wang et al., 2009	Nano form
Caenorhabditis elegans	FW	Mortality	1-d LC50	2,300	1	Wang et al., 2009	Bulk form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	2-d EC50	1,700–9,000	2	Blinova et al., 2010	Nano form, depends on river water used
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	2-d EC50	6,900–16,200	2	Blinova et al., 2010	Nano form, depends on river water used
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	2-d EC50	2,600	1	Blinova et al., 2010	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	2-d EC50	7,100	1	Blinova et al., 2010	Bulk form
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	2-d LC50	8,800	1	Heinlaan et al., 2008	Bulk form
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	2-d NOEC	1,500	1	Heinlaan et al., 2008	Bulk form
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	2-d LC50	3,200	1	Heinlaan et al., 2008	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	2-d NOEC	500	1	Heinlaan et al., 2008	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	2-d LC50	2,140	1	Naddafi et al., 2011	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	1-d LC50	2,580	1	Naddafi et al., 2011	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	2-d EC50	1,000	1	Wiench et al., 2009	Nano and bulk form
Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	2-d EC50	481	1	Zhu et al., 2009	Bulk form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	2-d LC50	1,250	1	Zhu et al., 2009	Bulk form

Page 317 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Daphnia magna	FW	Immobilization	2-d EC50	622	1	Zhu et al., 2009	Nano form
Daphnia magna	FW	Mortality	2-d LC50	1,511	1	Zhu et al., 2009	Nano form
Elasmopus rapax	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	950	1	Wong et al., 2010	Nano form, based on dissolved ion concentrations
Elasmopus rapax	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	370	1	Wong et al., 2010	Bulk form
Elasmopus rapax	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	1,190	1	Wong et al., 2010	Nano form
Radix luteola	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	42,670	1	Ali et al., 2012	Nano form
Tetrahymena thermophila	FW	Population growth rate	1-d EC50	12,400–16,400	2	Blinova et al., 2010	Nano form, depends on river water used
Tetrahymena thermophila	FW	Population growth rate	1-d EC50	12,000–16,600	2	Blinova et al., 2010	Bulk form, depend on river water used
Tetrahymena thermophila	FW	Population growth rate	1-d EC50	9,400	1	Blinova et al., 2010	Nano form
Tetrahymena thermophila	FW	Population growth rate	1-d EC50	27,100	1	Blinova et al., 2010	Bulk form
Tetrahymena thermophila	FW	Mortality	0.17-d EC50	3,900	1	Mortimer et al., 2010	Nano form
Tetrahymena thermophila	FW	Mortality	0.17-d EC50	3,700	1	Mortimer et al., 2010	Bulk form
Thamnocephalus platyurus	FW	Mortality	1-d LC50	240	1	Heinlaan et al., 2008	Bulk form
Thamnocephalus platyurus	FW	Mortality	1-d NOEC	50	1	Heinlaan et al., 2008	Bulk form
Thamnocephalus platyurus	FW	Mortality	1-d LC50	180	1	Heinlaan et al., 2008	Nano form
Thamnocephalus platyurus	FW	Mortality	1-d NOEC	30	1	Heinlaan et al., 2008	Nano form
Thamnocephalus platyurus	FW	Mortality	2-d EC50	140	1	Blinova et al., 2010	Nano form
Thamnocephalus platyurus	FW	Mortality	2-d EC50	190	1	Blinova et al., 2010	Bulk form
Thamnocephalus platyurus	FW	Mortality	2-d EC50	1,100–6,000	2	Blinova et al., 2010	Nano form, depends on river water used

Page 318 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
	Thamnocephalus platyurus	FW	Mortality	2-d EC50	190–3,000	2	Blinova et al., 2010	Bulk form, depend on river water used
	Tigriopus japonicus	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	1,220	1	Park et al., 2014	Nano form, in 5% saline environment
	Tigriopus japonicus	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	2,440	1	Park et al., 2014	Nano form, in 35% salinity
	Tigriopus japonicus	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	680	1	Wong et al., 2010	Nano form, based on dissolved ion concentrations
	Tigriopus japonicus	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	430	1	Wong et al., 2010	Bullk form
	Tigriopus japonicus	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	850	1	Wong et al., 2010	Nano form
Invertebrate (coral)	Acropora spp	SW	Expulsion of zooxanthellae, bleaching	48-h Effect	> 6,300	2	Corinaldesi et al., 2018	Uncoated ZnO size 20 to 200 nm (nanoparticles > 50% of the total particles), minimal test concentrations
Fish	Danio rerio	FW	Hatch	3-d LOEC	10,000	2	Xia et al., 2011	Nano form, iron doped, only one concentration
	Danio rerio	FW	Survival	3-d NOEC	10,000	2	Xia et al., 2011	Nano form, iron doped, only one concentration
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	2,525	1	Yu et al., 2011	Bulk form
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	3,969	1	Yu et al., 2011	Nano form
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	1,550	1	Zhu et al., 2008	Bulk form
	Danio rerio	FW	Hatch	3.5-d EC50	2,066	1	Zhu et al., 2008	Bulk form
	Danio rerio	FW	Mortality	4-d LC50	1,793	1	Zhu et al., 2008	Nano form
	Danio rerio	FW	Hatch	3.5-d EC50	2,065	1	Zhu et al., 2008	Nano form
Amphibian	Xenopus laevis	FW	Mortality	3.8-d NOEC	500,000	1	Bacchetta et al., 2012	Nano form
	Xenopus laevis	FW	Length	4-d NOEC	3,160	1	Nations et al., 2011	Nano form
	Xenopus laevis	FW	Deformation	4-d EC50	10,300	1	Nations et al., 2011	Nano form
	Xenopus laevis	FW	Stage	4-d NOEC	31,600	1	Nations et al., 2011	Nano form

Page 319 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Chronic or Long Term
Algae	Chlorella sp.	FW	Abundance	6-d NOEC	5,000	1	Ji et al., 2011	Bulk form
	Chlorella sp.	FW	Abundance	6-d NOEC	50,000	1	Ji et al., 2011	Nano form
	Scenedesmus acutus var. acutus	FW	Population growth rate	4-d NOEC	24.7	1	Meng et al., 2018	Nano form
	Scenedesmus acutus var. acutus	FW	Population growth rate	4-d LOEC	661	1	Meng et al., 2018	Nano form
Invertebrate	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	100-d LOEC	500	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	23-d NOEC	500	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	63-d NOEC	500	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	100-d NOEC	500	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	23-d NOEC	500	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	100-d NOEC	500	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Development	23-d NOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Development	100-d NOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	23-d LOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	63-d LOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	100-d NOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	23-d LOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	100-d LOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Growth	100-d NOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations

Page 320 Cite

Suggested Citation: "Appendix E: UV Filter Toxicity Data Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/26381.

Organism Group	Species	FW/SW	Biological Measurement	Statistic	Effect Value (μg/L)	Category	Citation	Additional Considerations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Mortality	63-d NOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
	Corophium volutator	FW	Mortality	63-d NOEC	1,000	2	Fabrega et al., 2012	Nano form, only 3 concentrations
Invertebrate (coral)	Stylophora pistillata	SW	Photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm)	35-d NOEC	24	2	Fel et al., 2019	Unfiltered natural seawater used; measured concentrations; ionic form