Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health (2022)
Chapter: Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation
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Appendix C: UV Filter Water and Sediment Occurrence Data
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Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
TABLE D.1 Summary of Standard, or Near Standard, Test Guideline Studies on the Bioaccumulation of UV Filters to Aquatic Life
| Compound | Species | Guideline | System Exposure Type | Analytical Confirmation of Exposure | Solvent | Study Duration (d) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization Metric | Route of Exposure | BAF | BMF | BCF | BSAF | Citation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uptake (d) | Depuration (d) | Total study (d) | ||||||||||||||
| Avobenzone | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | OECD 305 (ca 2012) | FT | Y | N | 10 | 42 | 52 | Whole body | WW | Diet | SS: 0.032 (WW); 0.122 (lipid normalized) | 1,807 L/kg (lipid normalized) | ECHAa | ||
| Octocrylene | Danio rerio (zebrafish) | OECD 305 TG (2008) | FT | Y (radiolabel) | DMF | 28 | 16 | 44 | Whole body | WW, lipid | Water | 830 L/kg at 0.1 mg/L (kinetic); 887 L/kg at 1 mg/L (kinetic) | ECHAb; Pawlowski et al., 2019 | |||
| Octocrylene | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | OECD 305 TG (2018) | FT | Y (radiolabel) | Acetone | 14 | 7 | 21 | Whole body | WW | Diet | 0.009 (WW) SS; 0.034 (whole body) kinetic | ECHAb; Pawlowski et al., 2019 | |||
| Octocrylene | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | OECD 305 TG (2012) | X | N | 14 | 14 | 28 | DW, lipid | Diet | 0.0038–0.0048 kg lipid/kg lipid | 1,105–1,350 L/kg | Saunders et al., 2020 | ||||
| Octocrylene | Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish) | Nonstandard | SR | Y | Methanol (<0.01%) | 42 | 14 | 56 | Tail | DW, lipid | Water | 187 ± 131 L/kg | He et al., 2021b | |||
| Octocrylene | Danio rerio (zebrafish) | Nonstandard | SR | Y | 0.005% DMSO | 16 | 16 | Whole body | DW | Water | 41–136 L/kg | Blüthgen et al., 2014 | ||||
| Oxybenzone | Oryzias latipes (Japanese medaka) | Japan BCF Method (1989) | FT | Y | Hydrogenated castor oil | 70 | 70 | Whole body | WW | Water | 33–156 and 39–160 L/kg WW at SS for Low and High exposures | ECHAc | ||||
| Oxybenzone | Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish) | Nonstandard | SR | Y | Methanol (<0.01%) | 42 | 14 | 56 | Tail | DW, lipid | Water | 54 ± 23 L/kg | He et al., 2021b | |||
| Octinoxate | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | OECD 305 TG (2000) | FT | Y | Ethanol | 5 | 9 | 14 | Whole body | WW | Water | 433 L/kg WW at SS; 175 L/kg WW at SS for High and Low exposures | ECHAd | |||
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Octinoxate | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | OECD 305 TG (2012) | FT | Y | N | 14 | 14 | 28 | DW, lipid | Diet | 0.0013–0.0027 kg lipid (kg lipid)–1 | 340–471 L/kg | Saunders et al., 2020 | |||
| Octinoxate | Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish) | Nonstandard | SR | Y | Methanol (<0.01%) | 42 | 14 | 56 | Tail | DW, lipid | Water | 1050 ± 47 L/kg | He et al., 2021b | |||
| Homosalate | Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crayfish) | Nonstandard | SR | Y | Methanol (<0.01%) | 42 | 14 | 56 | Tail | DW, lipid | Water | 991 ± 569 L/kg | He et al., 2021b | |||
| Padimate O | Chironomus riparius (midge) | Nonstandard | FT | Y | N | 10 | 10 | 20 | Whole body | DW | Sediment | 0.10–0.54; 0.1–4 ng/g lipid | Lu et al., 2018 | |||
| Padimate O | Carrasius carrasius (crucian carp) | Nonstandard | FT | Y | N | 28 | 28 | 56 | Liver, brain, gill, kidney, skin and muscle | DW | Diet | 8.97–11.0 L/kg (liver); 3–9 L/kg (kidney, muscle, gill, brain, skin) | Lu et al., 2018 | |||
| TiO2 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | Nonstandard | SR | Y | N | 14 | 14 | Liver | DW | Water | 19–208 L/kg | ECHAe; | ||||
| Federici et al., 2007 | ||||||||||||||||
| TiO2 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | Nonstandard | SR | Y | N | 14 | 14 | Muscle | DW | Water | 26–272 L/kg | ECHAe; | ||||
| Federici et al., 2007 | ||||||||||||||||
| TiO2 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | Nonstandard | SR | Y | N | 14 | 14 | Brain | DW | Water | 34–352 L/kg | ECHAe; | ||||
| Federici et al., 2007 | ||||||||||||||||
| TiO2 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | Nonstandard | SR | Y | N | 14 | 14 | Gills | DW | Water | 20–200 L/kg | ECHAe; | ||||
| Federici et al., 2007 |
NOTES: Studies in this table were exclusively freshwater-laboratory based. DW = dry weight; FT = flow through; N = No; SR = static renewal; SS = steady state; Y = Yes; WW = wet weight.
ahttps://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14835/5/4/2/?documentUUID=0a90506f-f65e-4523-9c87-db6e840c978b.
bhttps://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14858/5/4/2/?documentUUID=ca02b5bf-aa6d-4a8c-88f4-0fb3df2ea0f7.
chttps://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/5515/5/4/2/?documentUUID=c2ed4aac-b2b8-402c-930f-9167252603bb.
dhttps://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14858/5/5/3/?documentUUID=bd09fb75-c830-45c3-9ea9-c7dccb9506bc.
ehttps://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/11000/5/4/2/?documentUUID=c9eb7918-2181-4dc1-9a4d-dc087c046920.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
TABLE D.2 Laboratory Tissue Concentration Studies Performed Using Nonstandard Test Guideline Conditions and Did Not Have a Goal of Determining a BCF
| Compound | Species | Exposure Regime | Substance Above Solubility Limit | Solvent Above or Below Recommended Levels | Study Duration (d) | Tissues Analyzed | Water Source | Route of Exposure | Estimation Method | BCF (L/kg) | Tissue Concentration | Citation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uptake | Dep | Total study | ||||||||||||
| Padimate O | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | N | DMSO-A | 30 | 20 | 50 | Whole body | Nat | Water | SS | 81.8 (est) | 12.1 ng/g | Vidal-Liñán et al., 2018 |
| Oxybenzone | Pocillopora damicornis (coral) | SW-S-M | N | Methanol-A | 7 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | Estimates unreliable: high solvent, non-steady state | He et al., 2019c | |
| Oxybenzone | Seriatopora caliendrum (coral) | SW-S-M | N | Methanol-A | 7 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | Estimates unreliable: high solvent, non-steady state | He et al., 2019c | |
| Oxybenzone | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | N | DMSO-A | 30 | 20 | 50 | Whole body | Nat | Water | SS | 102 (est) | 62.6 ng/g | Vidal-Liñán et al., 2018 |
| Oxybenzone | Sparus aurata (gilt-head bream) | SW-FT-M | N | Ethanol-B | 14 | 14 | Bile | Nat | Water | SS | 3494.4 | 17,000 ng/g (worst case) | Ziarrusta et al., 2018a | |
| Oxybenzone | Sparus aurata (gilt-head bream) | SW-FT-M | N | Ethanol-B | 14 | 14 | Plasma | Nat | Water | SS | 26.5 | 129 ng/g (worst case) | Ziarrusta et al., 2018a | |
| Oxybenzone | Sparus aurata (gilt-head bream) | SW-FT-M | N | Ethanol-B | 14 | 14 | Liver | Nat | Water | SS | 287.8 | 1,400 ng/g (worst case) | Ziarrusta et al., 2018a | |
| Oxybenzone | Sparus aurata (gilt-head bream) | SW-FT-M | N | Ethanol-B | 14 | 14 | Muscle | Nat | Water | SS | 123.3 | 600 ng/g (worst case) | Ziarrusta et al., 2018a | |
| Oxybenzone | Sparus aurata (gilt-head bream) | SW-FT-M | N | Ethanol-B | 14 | 14 | Gill | Nat | Water | SS | 30.8 | 150 ng/g (worst case) | Ziarrusta et al., 2018a | |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Sulisobenzone | Pocillopora damicornis (coral) | SW-S-M | N | Methanol-A | 7 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | Estimates unreliable: high solvent, non-steady state | He et al., 2019c | |
| Sulisobenzone | Seriatopora caliendrum (coral) | SW-S-M | N | Methanol-A | 7 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | Estimates unreliable: high solvent, non-steady state | He et al., 2019c | |
| Sulisobenzone | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | N | DMSO-A | 30 | 20 | 50 | Whole body | Nat | Water | K | 905 ± 234 | 618.3 ng/g | Vidal-Liñán et al., 2018 |
| Dioxybenzone | Pocillopora damicornis (coral) | SW-S-M | Y | Methanol-A | 7 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | Estimates unreliable: high solvent, non-steady state | He et al., 2019c | |
| Dioxybenzone | Seriatopora caliendrum (coral) | SW-S-M | Y | Methanol-A | 7 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | Estimates unreliable: high solvent, non-steady state | He et al., 2019c | |
| Octocrylene | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | N | heptane: ethanol-A | 2 | 2 | Whole body | Nat | Food (algae) | K | NA | 800–1,200 ng/g at 11.6 μg/L | Gomez et al., 2012 | |
| Octocrylene | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | N | DMSO-A | 30 | 20 | 50 | Whole body | Nat | Water | K | 2210 ± 1165 | 149.01 ng/g | Vidal-Liñán et al., 2018 |
| Octocrylene | Danio rerio (zebrafish) | FW-SR-N | Y | DMSO-B | 28 | 28 | whole body | Recon | Water | SS | 56–81 | 2,321.01–70,593.38 ng/g for low-high exposures | Zhang et al., 2016 | |
| Octocrylene | Seriatopora caliendrum (coral) | SW-S-M | N | Methanol-B | 7 | 0 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | 0.61–23.66 ng/g for low to mid level exposures | He et al., 2019b |
| Octocrylene | Pocillopora damicornis (coral) | SW-S-M | N | Methanol-B | 7 | 0 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | 0.69–25.60 ng/g for low to mid level exposures | He et al., 2019b |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | Exposure Regime | Substance Above Solubility Limit | Solvent Above or Below Recommended Levels | Study Duration (d) | Tissues Analyzed | Water Source | Route of Exposure | Estimation Method | BCF (L/kg) | Tissue Concentration | Citation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uptake | Dep | Total study | ||||||||||||
| Octinoxate | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-?-M | N | Heptane: ethanol-A | 2 | 2 | Whole body | Nat | Food (algae) | K | NA | 120–138 ng/g at 11.9 μg/L | Gomez et al., 2012 | |
| Octinoxate | Seriatopora caliendrum (coral) | SW-S-M | N | Methanol-B | 7 | 0 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | 132–254 ng/g for low and mid level exposures | He et al., 2019b |
| Octinoxate | Pocillopora damicornis (coral) | SW-S-M | N | Methanol-B | 7 | 0 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | 105–267 ng/g for low and mid level exposures | He et al., 2019b |
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-S-N | Y | 4 | 4 | Digestive gland | Recon | Water | U | NA | 4.5 ± 0.40 (treated) vs 0.25 ± 0.03 (control) μg/g | Balbi et al., 2014 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | Y | 4 | 4 | Gills | Nat | Water | U | NA | 0.08 mg/g | D’Agata et al., 2014 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | Y | 4 | 4 | Digestive gland | Nat | Water | U | NA | 0.07 mg/g | D’Agata et al., 2014 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | Y | 4 | 4 | Gills | Nat | Water | U | NA | 0.18 mg/g | D’Agata et al., 2014 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | Y | 4 | 4 | Digestive gland | Nat | Water | U | NA | 0.50 mg/g | D’Agata et al., 2014 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | Y | 4 | 4 | Gills | Nat | Water | U | NA | 0.55 mg/g | D’Agata et al., 2014 | ||
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-M | Y | 4 | 4 | Digestive gland | Nat | Water | U | NA | 0.50 mg/g | D’Agata et al., 2014 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-N | N | 4 | 4 | Gills | Recon | Water | U | NA | 0.27 ± 0.02 μg/g | Della Torre et al., 2015 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-N | N | 5 | 5 | Whole body | Recon | Water | G | NA | 0.15 μg/g | Della Torre et al., 2015 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-?-N | Y | 4 | 4 | Gills | Reconstituted SW | Water | G | NA | 0.05 μg/g at 10 mg/L | Gornati et al., 2016 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-?-N | Y | 4 | 4 | Digestive gland | Recon | Water | G | NA | 0.85 μg/g at 10 mg/L | Gornati et al., 2016 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-?-N | Y | 4 | 4 | Gonads | Recon | Water | NA | NA | ND | Gornati et al., 2016 | ||
| TiO2 | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-?-N | Y | 4 | 4 | Mantle | Recon | Water | NA | NA | ND | Gornati et al., 2016 | ||
| TiO2 | Ruditapes decussatus (Mediterranean clams) | SW-SR-N | N | 14 | 14 | Gills | Nat | Water | NA | NA | ND | Saidani et al., 2019 | ||
| TiO2 | Ruditapes decussatus (Mediterranean clams) | SW-SR-N | N | 14 | 14 | Digestive gland | Nat | Water | NA | NA | ND | Saidani et al., 2019 | ||
| TiO2 | Danio rerio (zebrafish) | FW-SR-N | N | 7 | 7 | Brain, gills, skin, liver, gut | ? | Water | NA | NA | no significant uptake relative to controls | Johnston et al., 2010 | ||
| TiO2 | Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) | FW-FT-N | N | 9 | 9 | Brain, gills, skin, liver, blood, gut | ? | Water | NA | NA | no significant uptake relative to controls | Johnston et al., 2010 | ||
| ZnO | Danio rerio (zebrafish) | FW-SR-N | N | 7 | 7 | Brain, gills, skin and liver | ? | NA | NA | no significant uptake relative to controls | Johnston et al., 2010 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | Exposure Regime | Substance Above Solubility Limit | Solvent Above or Below Recommended Levels | Study Duration (d) | Tissues Analyzed | Water Source | Route of Exposure | Estimation Method | BCF (L/kg) | Tissue Concentration | Citation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uptake | Dep | Total study | ||||||||||||
| ZnO | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-N | Y | 94 | 94 | Somatic tissue | Nat | Water | G | NA | 350 ng/g | Hanna et al., 2013 | ||
| ZnO | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-N | Y | 94 | 94 | Somatic tissue | Nat | Water | G | NA | 325 ng/g | Hanna et al., 2013 | ||
| ZnO | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-SR-N | Y | 94 | 94 | Gonad | Nat | Water | G | NA | 125 μg/g | Hanna et al., 2013 | ||
| ZnO | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW-?-N | Y | 4 | 4 | Soft tissue | Nat | Water | NA | NA | 250–880 μg/g at 1-10 mg/L | Montes et al., 2012 | ||
| Metabolites of UV filters | ||||||||||||||
| Benzonephenone-1 | Pocillopora damicornis (coral) | SW-S-M | Y | Methanol-A | 7 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | Estimates unreliable: high solvent, non-steady state | He et al., 2019c | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Seriatopora caliendrum (coral) | SW-S-M | Y | Methanol-A | 7 | 7 | Whole body | Nat | Water | NA | NA | Estimates unreliable: high solvent, non-steady state | He et al., 2019c | |
If information was present that made BCF estimation a possibility, one was estimated but with uncertainty. All studies did not measure percent lipid and tissue dry weight was used as the sole normalization metric.
Key:
Exposure regime (SW = saltwater; FW = freshwater; S = static; SR = static renewal; FT = flow through)
Substance above solubility limit (Y = yes; N = no)
Solvent above or below recommended levels (A = above; B = below)
Study duration (Dep = depuration period)
Water source (Nat = natural; R = reconstituted)
Estimation method (SS = experimental steady state; K = kinetic; G = graphical; NA = not applicable; U = unknown)
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
TABLE D.3 Field Measurements of UV Filters in Tissues of Environmental Organisms (note that this table includes aquatic mammals and birds)
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxybenzone | Orconectes virilis (virile crayfish) | FW | 7 sites (urban streams) | Whole body | DW | All | ND to 51.4 ± 2.2 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Procambarus clarkii (redswamp crayfish) | FW | Organism supply company | Whole body | DW | All | 42.8 ± 5.1 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Crassostrea virginia (Eastern oyster) | SW | Organism supply company | Whole body | DW | All | 51.7 ± 2.5 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Crassostrea virginia (Eastern oyster) | SW | Chesapeake Bay (2 sites) | Whole body | DW | All | 36.8 ± 2.5 to 40.6 ± 7.5 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Ischadium recurvum (hooked mussel) | FW | Chesapeake Bay (2 sites) | Whole body | DW | All | 34.5 ± 1.5 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Pterois volitans (Pacific lionfish) | SW | Coastal Grenada (3 sites; algae, seawater) | Muscle | DW | All | ND to 2.90 ± 3.62 | Horricks et al., 2019 | |
| Oxybenzone | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Jellyfish Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | 4.41 ± 1.36 | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Ngermeuangel Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | 1.63 ± 0.73 | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Coregonus sp (whitefish) | FW | Field (5 lakes) | < 2-5 | Unknown | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Balmer et al., 2005 |
| Oxybenzone | Rutilus rutilus (roach) | FW | Field (5 lakes) | < 2-5 | Unknown | DW-Lipid | All | 66-112 | Balmer et al., 2005 |
| Oxybenzone | Perca flueviatilis (perch) | FW | Field (5 lakes) | < 2-5 | Unknown | DW-Lipid | All | 123 | Balmer et al., 2005 |
| Oxybenzone | Haliaeetus albicilla (white-tailed eagle) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | 0.31 (19 ND) | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| Oxybenzone | Asio otus (long-eared owl) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, Kidney, Muscle, Adipose | WW | Food | 2.42 (9 ND) | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| Oxybenzone | Accipiter nisus (Eurasian sparrowhawk) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, Liver, Kidney, Muscle, Adipose | WW | Food | ND | González-Rubio et al., 2020 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxybenzone | Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) | SW | Inner Oslo Fjord | Liver | WW | All | ND–1037 (8 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Pandalus borealis (Northern shrimp) | SW | Inner Oslo Fjord | Whole | WW | All | ND–68.9 (7 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Carcinus meanas (common shore crab) | SW | Near Oslo WWTP | Whole | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Lota lota (burbt) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Perca fluviatilis (perch) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | ND–182 (11 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Coregonus lavaretrus (whitefish) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | ND–6.5 (14 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 2.2–6.8 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 4.2–8.9 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 9.3–13.2 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 6.3 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 6.2–10.8 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown composition of fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | 0.6–15.4 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown composition of bivalves (mussel) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–85.5 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown composition of octopus | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | 5 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown composition of crabs | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Oxybenzone | 12 different species of various feeding trophic levels and ecology | FW | Spanish rivers | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | ND–24.3 (6 of 49 fish were positive) | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Liver | DW | All | 24.1 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Oxybenzone | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Muscle | DW | All | 7.37 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Oxybenzone | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Gills | DW | All | 7.53 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (fish Pomfret) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (Goby) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 0.276 | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (flounder) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (Osteomugil) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (hairtail) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 0.106 | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (anchovy) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (arrowfish) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 1.068 | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (Colicthys) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 0.797 | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (sleeve-fish) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 0.408 | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (squilla) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 1.52 | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (mixed) (whelk) | SW | Pearl River Estuary, South China | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Peng et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Mixed species of fish | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Muscle | DW | All | ND–3.1 | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown composition of mussels | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND–10.3 | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown composition of Conch | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (queen clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | 9.7 | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown (sand clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | 12.4 | Sang and Leung 2016 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxybenzone | Unknown composition of prawn | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Oxybenzone | Favites abdita (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 10.4 ± 2.9–17.6 ± 3.9 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Porites sp.(coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 11.8 ± 3.4–31.8 ± 8.6 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown composition of sea urchin | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Oxybenzone | Laternula elliptica (clam) | SW | Winter Quarters Bay, Antarctica | Soft tissue | DW | All | 9.2–112 | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Sterichinus neumayeri (sea urchin) | SW | Cape Armitage, Antarctica | Soft tissue | DW | All | 8.6 | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Trematomus bernachii (fish) | SW | Cape Evans, Antarctica | Muscle | DW | All | <6.6–14.1 | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Trematomus bernachii (fish) | SW | Cape Evans, Antarctica | Liver | DW | All | 41 | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Oxybenzone | Porites sp. (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 8.6 ± 4.8–10.9 ± 0.5 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Platygyra acuta (coral) | SW | Wu Pai, Sharp Island coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 4.1 ± 1.9–5.4 ± 0.7 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Pavona decussate (coral) | SW | Sharp Island coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 2.8 ± 2.5 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Pavona decussate (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 3.4 ± 1.5 - 18.8 ± 6.8 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Acropora valida (coral) | SW | Ung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 11.1 ± 1.7 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Oxybenzone | Unknown composition of Fish (cod, mackerel, monkfish, plaice, tuna) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–98.7 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Sulisobenzone | Unknown Phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | ND to 8.1 | Yang et al., 2020 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Sulisobenzone | Unknown Zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | ND–7.8 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Sulisobenzone | Unknown Shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND–3.6 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Sulisobenzone | Unknown Mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 15.9 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Sulisobenzone | Unknown Snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 2.1–4.9 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Sulisobenzone | Unknown composition of Fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | ND–4.1 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Haliaeetus albicilla (white-tailed eagle) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | 7.42 (19 ND) | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Asio otus (long-eared owl) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | 46.9 (11 ND) | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Accipiter nisus (Eurasian sparrowhawk) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | ND | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Mixed species of fish | SW | Coastal Hong Kon | Muscle | DW | All | ND–4.9 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Unknown composition of mussels | SW | Coastal Hong Kon | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND–14.4 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Unknown composition of Conch | SW | Coastal Hong Kon | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Unknown (queen clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kon | Soft tissue | DW | All | 10.7 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Unknown (sand clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kon | Soft tissue | DW | All | 13.5 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Unknown composition of prawn | SW | Coastal Hong Kon | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Unknown composition of sea urchin | SW | Coastal Hong Kon | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dioxybenzone | Favites abdita (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 3.9 ± 1.4–17.0 ± 0.9 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Porites sp. (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 10.3 ± 2.8–16.0 ± 6.3 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Porites sp. (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 8.3 ± 4.3–14.7 ± 3.8 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Platygyra acuta (coral) | SW | Wu Pai, Sharp Island coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Pavona decussate (coral) | SW | Sharp Island coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 2.5 ± 1.9 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Pavona decussate (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 4.78 ± 2.5–10.8 ± 5.3 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Dioxybenzone | Acropora valida (coral) | SW | Ung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 24.7 ± 10.6 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Octinoxate | Orconectes virilis (virile crayfish) | FW | 7 sites (urban streams) | Whole body | DW | All | ND to 83.0 ± 5.1 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octinoxate | Procambarus clarkii (Redswamp crayfish) | FW | Organism supply company | Whole body | DW | All | ND | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octinoxate | Crassostrea virginia (Eastern oyster) | SW | Organism supply company | Whole body | DW | All | ND | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octinoxate | Crassostrea virginia (Eastern oyster) | SW | Chesapeake Bay (2 sites) | Whole body | DW | All | 155 ± 20 to 241 ± 35 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octinoxate | Ischadium recurvum (hooked mussel) | FW | Chesapeake Bay (2 sites) | Whole body | DW | All | 240 ± 13 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octinoxate | Pterois volitans (red lionfish) | SW | Coastal Grenada (3 sites; algae, seawater) | muscle | DW | All | ND | Horricks et al., 2019 | |
| Octinoxate | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Jellyfish Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| Octinoxate | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Ngermeuangel Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Bell et al., 2017 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Octinoxate | Coregonus sp (whitefish) | FW | Field (5 lakes) | <2-5 ng/L | Unknown | DW-Lipid | All | ND–72 | Balmer et al., 2005 |
| Octinoxate | Rutilus rutilus (roach) | FW | Field (5 lakes) | <2-5 ng/L | Unknown | DW-Lipid | All | ND–64 | Balmer et al., 2005 |
| Octinoxate | Perca fluviatilis (perch) | FW | Field (5 lakes) | <2-5 ng/L | Unknown | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Balmer et al., 2005 |
| Octinoxate | 12 different species of various feeding trophic levels and ecology | FW | Spanish rivers | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | ND–241.7 (7 of 49 fish were positive) | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) | SW | Inner Oslo Fjord | Liver | WW | All | ND–36.9 (12 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Carcinus meanas (common shore crab) | SW | Near Oslo WWTP | Whole | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Lota lota (burbt) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Perca fluviatilis (perch) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | ND–117 (11 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Pandalus borealis (Northern shrimp) | SW | Inner Oslo Fjord | Whole | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Coregonus lavaretrus (whitefish) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | ND–35.7 (14 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND–74.5 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 42.5–54.0 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Milk | DW-Lipid | All | ND–120 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Placenta | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND–117 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 67.5–250 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND–250 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 70–545 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 40–85 | Alonso et al., 2015 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Octinoxate | Mytilus edulis (mussel) | SW | 3 sites along French coast | Whole body | DW | All | 18 ± 11 | Bachelot et al., 2012 | |
| Octinoxate | Mytilus edulis (mussel) | SW | 3 sites along French coast | Whole body | DW | All | 33 ± 44 | Bachelot et al., 2012 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 3.8 to 29.6 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 9.6–16.5 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 6.6–38.9 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 12.4–16.2 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 13.2 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 9.8–27.5 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown composition of Fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | 4.3–39.3 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown composition of octopus | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown composition of fish (cod, mackerel, monkfish, plaice, tuna) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–74.4 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown composition of bivalves (mussel) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–34.2 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octinoxate | Laternula elliptica (clam) | SW | Winter Quarters Bay, Antarctica | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Sterichinus neumayeri (sea urchin) | SW | Cape Armitage, Antarctica | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Trematomus bernachii (fish) | SW | Cape Evans, Antarctica | Muscle | DW | All | ND | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Octinoxate | Trematomus bernachii (fish) | SW | Cape Evans, Antarctica | Liver | DW | All | ND | Emnet et al., 2015 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Octinoxate | Unknown composition of crabs | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octinoxate | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Liver | DW | All | 24.3 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Octinoxate | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Gills | DW | All | 7.27 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Octinoxate | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW | Coast of south Portugal | Soft tissue and gut contents | DW | All | ~10–1765 | Picot Groz et al., 2014 | |
| Octinoxate | Mixed species of fish | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Muscle | DW | All | ND–12.7 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown composition of mussels | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND–51.3 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown composition of conch | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown (sand clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | 33.1 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown (queen clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | 24.6 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown composition of prawn | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octinoxate | Unknown composition of sea urchin | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octinoxate | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Muscle | DW | All | 33.3 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Octocrylene | Orconectes virilis (virile crayfish) | FW | 7 sites (urban streams) | Whole body | DW | All | 3.4 ± 0.2 to 113 ± 6 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Procambarus clarkii (redswamp crayfish) | FW | Organism supply company | Whole body | DW | All | 2.6 ± 0.3 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Crassostrea virginia (Eastern oyster) | SW | Organism supply company | Whole body | DW | All | 21.5 ± 3.8 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Crassostrea virginia (Eastern oyster) | SW | Chesapeake Bay (2 sites) | Whole body | DW | All | ND to 6.6 ± 0.7 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Ischadium recurvum (hooked mussel) | FW | Chesapeake Bay (2 sites) | Whole body | DW | All | 14.4 ± 0.6 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Salmo trutta fario (brown trout) | FW | Swiss rivers (8 sites) | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | 150–540 | Buser et al., 2006 | |
| Octocrylene | Salmo trutta fario (brown trout) | FW | Swiss rivers (8 sites) | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | 150–2400 | Buser et al., 2006 | |
| Octocrylene | Salmo trutta fario (brown trout) | FW | Swiss rivers (8 sites) | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | 40–1700 | Buser et al., 2006 | |
| Octocrylene | Salmo trutta fario (brown trout) | FW | Swiss rivers (8 sites) | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | 230–430 | Buser et al., 2006 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Octocrylene | Salmo trutta fario (brown trout) | FW | Swiss rivers (8 sites) | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | 990 | Buser et al., 2006 | |
| Octocrylene | Salmo trutta fario (brown trout) | FW | Swiss rivers (8 sites) | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | 370–450 | Buser et al., 2006 | |
| Octocrylene | Salmo trutta fario (brown trout) | FW | Swiss rivers (8 sites) | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | 710–1400 | Buser et al., 2006 | |
| Octocrylene | Salmo trutta fario (brown trout) | FW | Swiss rivers (8 sites) | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | avg 630 | Buser et al., 2006 | |
| Octocrylene | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Jellyfish Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Ngermeuangel Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Coregonus sp (whitefish) | FW | Field (5 lakes) | <2-5 ng/L | Unknown | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Balmer et al., 2005 |
| Octocrylene | Rutilus rutilus (roach) | FW | Field (5 lakes) | <2-5 ng/L | Unknown | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Balmer et al., 2005 |
| Octocrylene | Perca fluviatilis (perch) | FW | Field (5 lakes) | <2-5 ng/L | Unknown | DW-Lipid | All | 25 | Balmer et al., 2005 |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Espirito Santo (12 dolphins) | Liver | DW-Lipid | All | ND (9)–712 | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013a | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Rio de Janeiro (1 dolphin) | Liver | DW-Lipid | All | ND (1) | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013a | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Sao Paulo (10 dolphins) | Liver | DW-Lipid | All | ND (3)–524 | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013a | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Paraná (3) | Liver | DW-Lipid | All | ND (2)–129 | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013a | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Santa Catarina (11) | Liver | DW-Lipid | All | ND (8)–401 | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013a | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Rio Grande do Sul (19) | Liver | DW-Lipid | All | ND (11)–782 | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2013a | |
| Octocrylene | 12 different species of various feeding trophic levels and ecology | FW | Spanish rivers | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | ND–296.4 (13 of 49 fish were positive) | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) | SW | Inner Oslo Fjord | Liver | WW | All | ND–11875 (3 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Pandalus borealis (Northern shrimp) | SW | Inner Oslo Fjord | Whole | WW | All | ND–23.1 (14 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Carcinus meanas (common shore crab) | SW | Near Oslo WWTP | Whole | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Octocrylene | Lota lota (burbt) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Perca fluviatilis (perch) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Coregonus lavaretrus (whitefish) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | ND–2.1 (14 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND–50 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Milk | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Placenta | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND–11130 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND–220 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 970–8310 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 115–240 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Octocrylene | Mytilus edulis (mussel) | SW | 3 sites along French coast | Whole body | DW | All | 15 ± 6 in 55% of samples | Bachelot et al., 2012 | |
| Octocrylene | Mytilus edulis (mussel) | SW | 3 sites along French coast | Whole body | DW | All | 532 ± 1467 in 55% of samples | Bachelot et al., 2012 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 8.5–15.6 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 4.6–29.5 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 6.6–11.2 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 4.7 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 1.1–11.4 | Yang et al., 2020 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Octocrylene | Unknown composition of fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | ND–39.1 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown composition of bivalves (mussel) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–56.0 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown composition of octopus | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown composition of crabs | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown composition of fish (Cod, mackerel, Monkfish, Plaice, Tuna) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–43.2 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octocrylene | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Liver | DW | All | 11.0 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Octocrylene | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Muscle | DW | All | 24.7 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Octocrylene | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Gills | DW | All | 10.2 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Octocrylene | Mixed species of fish | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Muscle | DW | All | ND–5.4 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octocrylene | Mytilus galloprovincialis (mussel) | SW | Coast of south Portugal | Soft tissue+gut contents | DW | All | ~10–3992 | Picot Groz et al., 2014 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown composition of mussels | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND–8.8 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown composition of Conch | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown (queen clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown (sand clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | 11.6 | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown composition of prawn | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 | |
| Octocrylene | Unknown composition of sea urchin | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung, 2016 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Octocrylene | Favites abdita (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | 1.7 ± 0.3–4.4 ± 2.6 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Porites sp.(coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND–7.9 ± 1.2 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Porites sp.(coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Platygyra acuta (coral) | SW | Wu Pai, Sharp Island coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Pavona decussate (coral) | SW | Sharp Island coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Pavona decussate (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Octocrylene | Acropora valida (coral) | SW | Ung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND–12.4 ± 3.4 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Homosalate | Orconectes virilis (virile crayfish) | FW | 7 sites (urban streams) | Whole body | DW | All | 77.6 ± 7.5 to 399 ± 48 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Homosalate | Procambarus clarkii (redswamp crayfish) | FW | Organism supply company | Whole body | DW | All | 174 ± 7 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Homosalate | Crassostrea virginia (Eastern oyster) | SW | Organism supply company | Whole body | DW | All | 211 ± 21 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Homosalate | Crassostrea virginia (Eastern oyster) | SW | Chesapeake Bay (2 sites) | Whole body | DW | All | 56.1 ± 5.6 to 143 ± 40 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Homosalate | Ischadium recurvum (hooked mussel) | FW | Chesapeake Bay (2 sites) | Whole body | DW | All | 107.4 ± 4 | He et al., 2017 | |
| Homosalate | Unknown phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 6.70 to 14.1 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Homosalate | Unknown zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 3.3–25.5 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Homosalate | Unknown shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 5.2–6.3 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Homosalate | Unknown snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 2.6–6.7 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Homosalate | Unknown mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homosalate | Unknown composition of fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, Crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | 0.3–14.6 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Homosalate | Unknown composition of bivalves (mussel) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–19.1 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Homosalate | Unknown composition of octopus | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Homosalate | Unknown composition of crabs | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Homosalate | Unknown composition of fish (Cod, mackerel, monkfish, plaice, tuna) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–58.5 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Padimate O | Pterois volitans (Pacific lionfish) | SW | Coastal Grenada (3 sites; algae, seawater) | muscle | DW | All | ND | Horricks et al., 2019 | |
| Padimate O | 12 different species of various feeding trophic levels and ecology | FW | Spanish rivers | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Gadus morhua (Atlantic cod) | SW | Inner Oslo Fjord | Liver | WW | All | ND–21.3 (14 ND) | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Pandalus borealis (Northern shrimp) | SW | Inner Oslo Fjord | Whole | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Carcinus meanas (common shore crab) | SW | Near Oslo WWTP | Whole | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Lota lota (burbt) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Perca fluviatilis (perch) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Coregonus lavaretrus (whitefish) | SW | Near Lake Mjosa WWTP | Fillet | WW | All | 15 ND | Langford et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Alonso et al., 2015 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Padimate O | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND–355 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Milk | DW-Lipid | All | 8.5–50 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Placenta | DW-Lipid | All | 1385 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal blubber | DW-Lipid | All | 2.5–67.5 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Pontoporia blainvillei (Franciscana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND–60 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND–34 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Muscle | DW-Lipid | All | ND–1050 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal blubber | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) | SW | Coastal Brazil | Fetal muscle | DW-Lipid | All | 17–26 | Alonso et al., 2015 | |
| Padimate O | Mytilus edulis (mussel) | SW | 3 sites along French coast | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Bachelot et al., 2012 | |
| Padimate O | Mytilus edulis (mussel) | SW | 3 sites along French coast | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Bachelot et al., 2012 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 3.4–6.7 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 5.6–10.9 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 4.2–4.5 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 4.5 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 5.9–33.1 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown composition of fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | ND–7.9 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown composition of bivalves (mussel) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Padimate O | Unknown composition of octopus | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown composition of crabs | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown composition of fish (cod, mackerel, monkfish, plaice, tuna) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Padimate O | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Liver | DW | All | ND | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Padimate O | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Muscle | DW | All | ND | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Padimate O | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Gills | DW | All | ND | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Padimate O | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Coast of south Portugal | Soft tissue and gut contents | DW | All | ~10–833 | Picot Groz et al., 2014 | |
| Padimate O | Mixed species of fish | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Muscle | DW | All | ND–10.3 | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown composition of mussels | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND–24.1 | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown composition of conch | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown (queen clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | 18.7 | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown (sand clam) | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | 22.6 | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown composition of prawn | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Sang and Leung 2016 | |
| Padimate O | Unknown composition of sea urchin | SW | Coastal Hong Kong | ND | Sang and Leung 2016 | ||||
| Padimate O | Favites abdita (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND–12.4 ± 3.4 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Padimate O | Porites sp.(coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND–12.48 ± 3.4 | Tsui et al., 2017 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Padimate O | Pavona decussate (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Aminobenzoic acid | Unknown phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Aminobenzoic acid | Unknown zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Aminobenzoic acid | Unknown shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Aminobenzoic acid | Unknown mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Aminobenzoic acid | Unknown snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Aminobenzoic acid | Unknown composition of fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, Crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octisalate | Unknown zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 15.5–20.5 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octisalate | Unknown mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octisalate | Unknown snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 1.2–7.9 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octisalate | Unknown composition of fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, Crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | ND–39.1 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Octisalate | Unknown composition of octopus | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octisalate | Unknown composition of bivalves (mussel) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–72.1 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octisalate | Unknown composition of crabs | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Octisalate | Unknown composition of fish (cod, mackerel, monkfish, plaice, tuna) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–94.1 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Octisalate | Unknown shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 5.4–12.2 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Avobenzone | Unknown phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 1.8–5.9 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Avobenzone | Unknown zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | 0.6–8.5 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Avobenzone | Unknown shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 4.2–6.1 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Avobenzone | Unknown mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 5.5 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Avobenzone | Unknown snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | 1.2–5.9 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Avobenzone | Unknown composition of fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | 2.6–8.1 | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Metabolites of UV filters | |||||||||
| Benzonephenone-1 | 12 different species of various feeding trophic levels and ecology | FW | Spanish rivers | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2015 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Haliaeetus albicilla (white-tailed eagle) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | 1.65 (15 ND) | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Asio otus (long-eared owl) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | ND | González-Rubio et al., 2020 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Benzonephenone-1 | Accipiter nisus (Eurasian sparrowhawk) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | ND | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown composition of bivalves (mussel) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–94.2 | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown phytoplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown zooplankton | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Whole body | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown shrimp | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown mussel | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown snail | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown composition of fish (grass carp, silver carp, common carp, crucian carp, bighead carp, whitebait, yellow catfish, catfish, loach) | FW | 9 sites, 3 rivers in China | Muscle | DW | All | ND | Yang et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown composition of octopus | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown composition of crabs | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND | Cunha et al., 2018 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Laternula elliptica (clam) | SW | Winter Quarters Bay, Antarctica | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Sterichinus neumayeri (sea urchin) | SW | Cape Armitage, Antarctica | Soft tissue | DW | All | ND | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Trematomus bernachii (fish) | SW | Cape Evans, Antarctica | Muscle | DW | All | ND | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Trematomus bernachii (fish) | SW | Cape Evans, Antarctica | Liver | DW | All | ND | Emnet et al., 2015 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Liver | DW | All | 9.13 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Unknown composition of fish (cod, mackerel, monkfish, plaice, tuna) | SW | Mediterranean sea, North Sea, Pacific Ocean, Asia | Edible tissue | DW | All | ND–36.1 | Cunha et al., 2018 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benzonephenone-1 | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Muscle | DW | All | ND | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Gills | DW | All | ND | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Favites abdita (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Porites sp.(coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND–17.0±5.3 | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Benzonephenone-1 | Pavona decussate (coral) | SW | Ung Kong, Wu Pai, Sharp Island, Sung Kong coastal Hong Kong | Coral tissue | WW | All | ND | Tsui et al., 2017 | |
| Benzonephenone-2 | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Jellyfish Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | 3.5 ± 2.21 | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| Benzonephenone-2 | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Ngermeuangel Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | 0.93 ± 1.13 | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| Benzonephenone-2 | Haliaeetus albicilla (white-tailed eagle) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | ND | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-2 | Asio otus (long-eared owl) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | ND | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| Benzonephenone-2 | Accipiter nisus (Eurasian sparrowhawk) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | ND | González-Rubio et al., 2020 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| 4-hydroxybenzo-phenone | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Jellyfish Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | 4.76 ± 5.07 | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzo-phenone | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Ngermeuangel Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | 1.64 ± 1.05 | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzo-phenone | 12 different species of various feeding trophic levels and ecology | FW | Spanish rivers | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2015 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzo-phenone | Haliaeetus albicilla (white-tailed eagle) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | 8.95 (18 ND) | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzo-phenone | Asio otus (long-eared owl) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | ND | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzo-phenone | Accipiter nisus (Eurasian sparrowhawk) | NA | Terrestrial | Preen gland, liver, kidney, muscle, adipose | WW | Food | 44.3 WW (11 ND) | González-Rubio et al., 2020 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzo-phenone | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Liver | DW | All | 81.8 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzo-phenone | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Muscle | DW | All | 6.80 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| 4-hydroxybenzo-phenone | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Gills | DW | All | 12.3 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| 4,4 -dihydroxybenzophenone | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Jellyfish Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | 1.78 ± 1.36 | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| 4,4 -dihydroxybenzophenone | Mastigias papua etpisoni (jellyfish) | FW | Field (Ngermeuangel Lake) | Whole body | DW | All | 2.23 ± 1.47 | Bell et al., 2017 | |
| 4,4 -dihydroxybenzophenone | 12 different species of various feeding trophic levels and ecology | FW | Spanish rivers | Whole body | DW-Lipid | All | ND | Gago-Ferrero et al., 2015 | |
| 4,4 -dihydroxybenzophenone | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Liver | DW | All | 100 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 | |
| 4,4 -dihydroxybenzophenone | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Muscle | DW | All | 11.2 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
| Compound | Species | FW/SW | Field Site | Confirmed Exposure Level (ng/L) | Tissues Analyzed | Normalization | Route of Exposure | Tissue Conc (ng/g) | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4,4 -dihydroxybenzophenone | Mugil liza (Lebranche mullet) | SW | Guanabara Bay, Brazil | Gills | DW | All | 12.2 average | Molins-Delgado et al., 2018 |
In the studies summarized in this table, information was lacking that allowed the estimation of a BCF (including integrated exposure estimates of water and food across sufficient time to project the organism was at steady state).
Key:
Exposure regime (SW = saltwater; FW = freshwater)
Solvent above or below recommended levels (A = above; B = below)
Tissue normalization metric (DW = dry weight; WW = wet weight; Lipid = Lipid)
Water source (Nat = natural; R = reconstituted)
Estimation method (SS = experimental steady state; K = kinetic; G = graphical; NA = not applicable; U = unknown)
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix D: Supplementary Information for Bioaccumulation." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Review of Fate, Exposure, and Effects of Sunscreens in Aquatic Environments and Implications for Sunscreen Usage and Human Health. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26381.
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