Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy (2023)
Chapter: Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database
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Appendix G: Data Analysis Report
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Appendix I: Characteristics of the DLW Validation Studies
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
TABLE H-1 Characteristics of All Participants, 0–100+ Years, Included in Combined Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) Database, Except Pregnant or Lactating Women
| Females (N = 5,025) | Males (N = 2,919) | Overall (N = 7,944) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| N | 5,025 | 2,919 | 7,944 |
| Mean (SD) | 40.52 (27.16) | 34.86 (26.36) | 38.44 (27.01) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 40.00 [0.03, 98.00] | 33.00 [0.02, 101.00] | 37.05 [0.02, 101.00] |
| Life Stage | |||
| 0–6 months | 266 (5.29%) | 203 (6.95%) | 469 (5.90%) |
| 7–11 months | 69 (1.37%) | 45 (1.54%) | 114 (1.44%) |
| 1–3 years | 145 (2.89%) | 105 (3.60%) | 250 (3.15%) |
| 4–8 years | 495 (9.85%) | 384 (13.2%) | 879 (11.1%) |
| 9–13 years | 184 (3.66%) | 120 (4.11%) | 304 (3.83%) |
| 14–18 years | 259 (5.15%) | 158 (5.41%) | 417 (5.25%) |
| 19–30 years | 633 (12.6%) | 368 (12.6%) | 1,001 (12.6%) |
| 31–50 years | 987 (19.6%) | 703 (24.1%) | 1,690 (21.3%) |
| 51–70 years | 1,079 (21.5%) | 448 (15.3%) | 1,527 (19.2%) |
| ≥ 71 years | 908 (18.1%) | 385 (13.2%) | 1,293 (16.3%) |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 5,025) | Males (N = 2,919) | Overall (N = 7,944) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Female | 5,025 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 5,025 (63.3%) |
| Male | 0 (0%) | 2919 (100%) | 2919 (36.7%) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| African American | 605 (12.08%) | 235 (8.056%) | 840 (10.526%) |
| Asian | 103 (2.05%) | 96 (3.29%) | 199 (2.51%) |
| White | 2,240 (44.6%) | 1,282 (43.9%) | 3,522 (44.3%) |
| Hispanic | 350 (6.97%) | 201 (6.89%) | 551 (6.94%) |
| Other | 44 (0.876%) | 29 (0.993%) | 73 (0.919%) |
| Unknown or data not available | 1,683 (33.5%) | 1,076 (36.9%) | 2,759 (34.7%) |
| Height (cm) | |||
| N | 5,013 | 2,901 | 7,914 |
| Mean (SD) | 148.73 (29.99) | 154.27 (38.27) | 150.76 (33.37) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 160.00 [46.40, 196.00] | 172.00 [47.30, 204.70] | 162.50 [46.40, 204.70] |
| Weight (kg) | |||
| N | 5,022 | 2,913 | 7,935 |
| Mean (SD) | 59.55 (26.51) | 63.83 (32.32) | 61.12 (28.85) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 63.30 [2.36, 164.55] | 72.95 [2.70, 215.70] | 66.00 [2.36, 215.70] |
| Fat-Free Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 3,833 | 2,143 | 5,976 |
| Mean (SD) | 38.79 (12.48) | 48.32 (20.46) | 42.21 (16.46) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 40.91 [1.80, 95.74] | 54.61 [2.28, 97.81] | 43.41 [1.80, 97.81] |
| Fat Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 3,829 | 2,139 | 5,968 |
| Mean (SD) | 26.09 (13.62) | 19.92 (12.56) | 23.88 (13.58) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 25.33 [0.12, 92.14] | 19.72 [0.07, 90.27] | 23.39 [0.07, 92.14] |
| Fat Mass % | |||
| N | 3,829 | 2,139 | 5,968 |
| Mean (SD) | 37.84 (8.85) | 27.67 (8.32) | 34.20 (9.94) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 38.67 [3.69, 70.08] | 27.88 [2.06, 56.19] | 34.53 [2.06, 70.08] |
| Body Mass Index | |||
| N | 5,010 | 2,897 | 7,907 |
| Mean (SD) | 24.73 (6.78) | 23.84 (6.10) | 24.40 (6.55) |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 5,025) | Males (N = 2,919) | Overall (N = 7,944) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Median [Min, Max] | 24.04 [10.77, 57.87] | 23.86 [10.89, 61.70] | 23.96 [10.77, 61.70] |
| BMI Category | |||
| < 18.5 | 986 (19.7%) | 681 (23.5%) | 1,667 (21.1%) |
| ≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 1,824 (36.4%) | 998 (34.4%) | 2,822 (35.7%) |
| ≥ 25 and < 30 | 1,208 (24.1%) | 808 (27.9%) | 2,016 (25.5%) |
| ≥ 30 and < 35 | 605 (12.1%) | 283 (9.77%) | 888 (11.2%) |
| ≥ 35 and < 40 | 250 (4.99%) | 92 (3.18%) | 342 (4.33%) |
| ≥ 40 | 137 (2.73%) | 35 (1.21%) | 172 (2.18%) |
| BMI Percentile | |||
| N | 1,406 | 997 | 2,403 |
| Mean (SD) | 59.13 (27.02) | 58.88 (28.92) | 59.03 (27.82) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 60.40 [0.73, 99.38] | 60.61 [0.09, 99.90] | 60.43 [0.09, 99.90] |
| BMI Percentile Category | |||
| < 5th | 20 (1.42%) | 23 (2.31%) | 43 (1.79%) |
| 5th to 85th | 1,067 (75.9%) | 716 (71.8%) | 1,783 (74.2%) |
| 85th to 95th | 161 (11.5%) | 109 (10.9%) | 270 (11.2%) |
| > 95th | 158 (11.2%) | 149 (14.9%) | 307 (12.8%) |
| Total Energy Expenditure (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 5,018 | 2,914 | 7,932 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,992.37 (648.51) | 2,453.55 (1,001.50) | 2,161.79 (826.96) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 2,067.66 [145.48, 4,873.09] | 2,605.24 [151.10, 8,190.40] | 2,180.67 [145.48, 8,190.40] |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Observed (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 2,031 | 1,412 | 3,443 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,236.78 (323.07) | 1,519.16 (438.80) | 1,352.59 (399.73) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,260.00 [263.00, 2,576.00] | 1,570.27 [286.00, 3,035.00] | 1,353.00 [263.00, 3,035.00] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 5,025) | Males (N = 2,919) | Overall (N = 7,944) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity Level Observed | |||
| N | 2,027 | 1,411 | 3,438 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.65 (0.31) | 1.69 (0.34) | 1.66 (0.32) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.63 [0.92, 3.35] | 1.65 [0.83, 4.03] | 1.64 [0.83, 4.03] |
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed | |||
| PAL < 1 | 9 (0.444%) | 7 (0.496%) | 16 (0.465%) |
| Inactive | 540 (26.6%) | 323 (22.9%) | 863 (25.1%) |
| Low Active | 515 (25.4%) | 357 (25.3%) | 872 (25.4%) |
| Active | 442 (21.8%) | 305 (21.6%) | 747 (21.7%) |
| Very Active | 498 (24.6%) | 386 (27.4%) | 884 (25.7%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 23 (1.13%) | 33 (2.34%) | 56 (1.63%) |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Predicted (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 5,010 | 2,895 | 7,905 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,259.80 (341.86) | 1,509.07 (524.23) | 1,351.09 (434.87) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,332.52 [99.67, 2,829.45] | 1,676.26 [100.69, 3,346.80] | 1,384.63 [99.67, 3,346.80] |
| Missing | 15 (0.3%) | 24 (0.8%) | 39 (0.5%) |
| Physical Activity Level Observed + Predicted (TEE/BMR) | |||
| N | 5,007 | 2,896 | 7,903 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.59 (0.27) | 1.63 (0.31) | 1.60 (0.29) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.57 [0.65, 3.35] | 1.60 [0.72, 4.35] | 1.58 [0.65, 4.35] |
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed + Predicted | |||
| PAL < 1 | 27 (0.540%) | 20 (0.693%) | 47 (0.596%) |
| Inactive | 1,767 (35.3%) | 815 (28.2%) | 2,582 (32.7%) |
| Low Active | 1,358 (27.2%) | 744 (25.8%) | 2,102 (26.7%) |
| Active | 971 (19.4%) | 594 (20.6%) | 1,565 (19.8%) |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 5,025) | Males (N = 2,919) | Overall (N = 7,944) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Very Active | 853 (17.1%) | 681 (23.6%) | 1,534 (19.4%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 23 (0.460%) | 34 (1.18%) | 57 (0.723%) |
NOTE: BMI = body mass index; BMR = basal metabolic rate; cm = centimeter; DLW = doubly labeled water; kcal/d = kilocalorie/day; kg = kilogram; m = meter; max = maximum; min = minimum; PAL = physical activity level; SD = standard deviation; TEE = total energy expenditure.
TABLE H-2 Characteristics of Infants, 0–11 Months, Included in Combined DLW Database
| Females (N = 335) | Males (N = 248) | Overall (N = 583) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| N | 335 | 248 | 583 |
| Mean (SD) | 0.39 (0.25) | 0.38 (0.26) | 0.39 (0.25) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 0.27 [0.03, 1.00] | 0.26 [0.02, 0.99] | 0.27 [0.02, 1.00] |
| Life Stage | |||
| 0–6 months | 266 (79.4%) | 203 (81.9%) | 469 (80.4%) |
| 7–11 months | 69 (20.6%) | 45 (18.1%) | 114 (19.6%) |
| Sex | |||
| Females | 335 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 335 (57.5%) |
| Males | 0 (0%) | 248 (100%) | 248 (42.5%) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| African American | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.403%) | 1 (0.172%) |
| Asian | 2 (0.597%) | 1 (0.403%) | 3 (0.515%) |
| White | 111 (33.1%) | 72 (29.0%) | 183 (31.4%) |
| Hispanic | 16 (4.78%) | 13 (5.24%) | 29 (4.97%) |
| Other | 9 (2.69%) | 14 (5.65%) | 23 (3.95%) |
| Unknown or data not available | 197 (58.8%) | 147 (59.3%) | 344 (59.0%) |
| Length (cm) | |||
| N | 334 | 248 | 582 |
| Mean (SD) | 63.08 (6.50) | 63.44 (6.81) | 63.24 (6.63) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 62.38 [46.40, 80.00] | 63.00 [47.30, 78.80] | 62.70 [46.40, 80.00] |
| Weight (kg) | |||
| N | 335 | 248 | 583 |
| Mean (SD) | 6.62 (1.77) | 6.84 (1.87) | 6.72 (1.81) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 6.46 [2.36, 11.30] | 6.80 [2.70, 12.60] | 6.60 [2.36, 12.60] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 335) | Males (N = 248) | Overall (N = 583) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fat-Free Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 217 | 176 | 393 |
| Mean (SD) | 4.52 (1.07) | 4.84 (1.18) | 4.67 (1.13) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 4.38 [1.80, 7.94] | 4.77 [2.28, 8.74] | 4.54 [1.80, 8.74] |
| Fat Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 216 | 176 | 392 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.67 (0.77) | 1.64 (0.83) | 1.66 (0.80) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.58 [0.12, 4.28] | 1.54 [0.07, 3.86] | 1.56 [0.07, 4.28] |
| Fat Mass % | |||
| N | 216 | 176 | 392 |
| Mean (SD) | 25.98 (6.76) | 23.98 (7.49) | 25.08 (7.15) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 26.72 [3.69, 50.61] | 24.40 [2.06, 41.65] | 25.65 [2.06, 50.61] |
| Weight-for-Length Percentile | |||
| N | 334 | 248 | 582 |
| Mean (SD) | 51.10 (26.97) | 50.93 (29.02) | 51.03 (27.84) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 51.76 [0.73, 99.38] | 50.03 [0.09, 99.90] | 51.04 [0.09, 99.90] |
| Weight-for-Length Percentile Category | |||
| < 3rd | 5 (1.50%) | 8 (3.23%) | 13 (2.23%) |
| 3rd to 97th | 322 (96.4%) | 233 (94.0%) | 555 (95.4%) |
| > 97th | 7 (2.10%) | 7 (2.82%) | 14 (2.41%) |
| Total Energy Expenditure (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 335 | 248 | 583 |
| Mean (SD) | 481.03 (159.86) | 510.77 (190.95) | 493.68 (174.23) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 466.06 [145.48, 961.00] | 493.61 [151.10, 1,187.32] | 475.81 [145.48, 1,187.32] |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Observed (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 109 | 66 | 175 |
| Mean (SD) | 443.51 (91.47) | 472.56 (95.08) | 454.47 (93.65) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 435.00 [263.00, 649.00] | 472.00 [286.00, 649.00] | 447.00 [263.00, 649.00] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 335) | Males (N = 248) | Overall (N = 583) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity Level Observed | |||
| N | 109 | 66 | 175 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.27 (0.20) | 1.27 (0.22) | 1.27 (0.21) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.26 [0.95, 1.88] | 1.28 [0.83, 1.80] | 1.27 [0.83, 1.88] |
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed | |||
| PAL < 1 | 4 (3.67%) | 6 (9.09%) | 10 (5.71%) |
| Inactive | 66 (60.6%) | 32 (48.5%) | 98 (56.0%) |
| Low Active | 21 (19.3%) | 13 (19.7%) | 34 (19.4%) |
| Active | 11 (10.1%) | 9 (13.6%) | 20 (11.4%) |
| Very Active | 7 (6.42%) | 6 (9.09%) | 13 (7.43%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Basal Metabolic Rate (kcal/d) Predicted | |||
| N | 334 | 248 | 582 |
| Mean (SD) | 339.70 (94.17) | 346.25 (103.69) | 342.49 (98.31) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 326.67 [99.67, 577.34] | 339.55 [100.69, 579.94] | 333.19 [99.67, 579.94] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed + Predicted | |||
| N | 334 | 248 | 582 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.37 (0.26) | 1.42 (0.30) | 1.39 (0.28) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.35 [0.65, 2.41] | 1.38 [0.77, 2.40] | 1.36 [0.65, 2.41] |
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed + Predicted | |||
| PAL < 1 | 14 (4.19%) | 13 (5.24%) | 27 (4.64%) |
| Inactive | 135 (40.4%) | 79 (31.9%) | 214 (36.8%) |
| Low Active | 74 (22.2%) | 49 (19.8%) | 123 (21.1%) |
| Active | 55 (16.5%) | 39 (15.7%) | 94 (16.2%) |
| Very Active | 56 (16.8%) | 68 (27.4%) | 124 (21.3%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
NOTE: cm = centimeter; DLW = doubly labeled water; kcal/d = kilocalorie/day; kg = kilogram; m = meter; max = maximum; min = minimum; PAL = physical activity level; SD = standard deviation.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
TABLE H-3 Characteristics of Children, 1–8 Years, Included in Combined DLW Database
| Females (N = 640) | Males (N = 489) | Overall (N = 1,129) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| N | 640 | 489 | 1,129 |
| Mean (SD) | 5.23 (2.28) | 4.78 (1.81) | 5.03 (2.10) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 5.00 [1.00, 8.90] | 5.00 [1.00, 8.50] | 5.00 [1.00, 8.90] |
| Life Stage | |||
| 1–3 years | 145 (22.7%) | 105 (21.5%) | 250 (22.1%) |
| 4–8 years | 495 (77.3%) | 384 (78.5%) | 879 (77.9%) |
| Sex | |||
| Females | 640 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 640 (56.7%) |
| Males | 0 (0%) | 489 (100%) | 489 (43.3%) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| African American | 15 (2.34%) | 32 (6.54%) | 47 (4.16%) |
| Asian | 4 (0.625%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (0.354%) |
| White | 100 (15.6%) | 88 (18.0%) | 188 (16.7%) |
| Hispanic | 11 (1.72%) | 23 (4.70%) | 34 (3.01%) |
| Other | 1 (0.156%) | 2 (0.409%) | 3 (0.266%) |
| Unknown or data not available | 509 (79.5%) | 344 (70.3%) | 853 (75.6%) |
| Height (cm) | |||
| N | 633 | 475 | 1,108 |
| Mean (SD) | 110.86 (17.15) | 109.30 (15.09) | 110.19 (16.31) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 113.40 [71.00, 155.00] | 112.00 [72.00, 153.00] | 113.00 [71.00, 155.00] |
| Weight (kg) | |||
| N | 640 | 489 | 1,129 |
| Mean (SD) | 21.47 (8.41) | 20.90 (7.46) | 21.22 (8.01) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 20.50 [8.20, 66.00] | 20.00 [8.40, 68.40] | 20.27 [8.20, 68.40] |
| Fat-Free Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 208 | 223 | 431 |
| Mean (SD) | 13.54 (3.92) | 14.83 (4.27) | 14.20 (4.15) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 13.42 [5.40, 31.43] | 14.65 [6.47, 29.17] | 14.09 [5.40, 31.43] |
| Fat Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 208 | 223 | 431 |
| Mean (SD) | 5.59 (3.47) | 5.31 (3.37) | 5.44 (3.42) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 4.73 [1.01, 24.57] | 4.32 [1.22, 20.33] | 4.62 [1.01, 24.57] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 640) | Males (N = 489) | Overall (N = 1,129) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fat Mass % | |||
| N | 208 | 223 | 431 |
| Mean (SD) | 27.76 (6.77) | 25.12 (6.84) | 26.40 (6.92) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 26.47 [10.48, 58.34] | 23.95 [10.93, 50.31] | 25.24 [10.48, 58.34] |
| Body Mass Index Percentile | |||
| N | 633 | 475 | 1,108 |
| Mean (SD) | 60.17 (27.37) | 60.56 (29.03) | 60.33 (28.08) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 61.45 [2.79, 98.45] | 62.14 [2.88, 97.40] | 61.56 [2.79, 98.45] |
| BMI Percentile Category | |||
| < 5th | 9 (1.42%) | 8 (1.68%) | 17 (1.53%) |
| 5th to 85th | 462 (73.0%) | 329 (69.3%) | 791 (71.4%) |
| 85th to 95th | 75 (11.8%) | 53 (11.2%) | 128 (11.6%) |
| > 95th | 87 (13.7%) | 85 (17.9%) | 172 (15.5%) |
| Total Energy Expenditure (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 640 | 489 | 1,129 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,359.80 (377.65) | 1,424.46 (372.36) | 1,387.80 (376.57) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,343.11 [517.00, 2,699.00] | 1,421.00 [560.14, 2,975.00] | 1,376.49 [517.00, 2,975.00] |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Observed (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 300 | 194 | 494 |
| Mean (SD) | 934.61 (203.47) | 1,001.27 (208.88) | 960.79 (207.97) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 969.50 [456.00, 1,490.00] | 1,030.00 [530.00, 1,470.00] | 985.00 [456.00, 1,490.00] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed | |||
| N | 300 | 194 | 494 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.45 (0.24) | 1.40 (0.17) | 1.43 (0.21) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.43 [0.92, 2.15] | 1.38 [0.99, 1.91] | 1.41 [0.92, 2.15] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 640) | Males (N = 489) | Overall (N = 1,129) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed | |||
| PAL < 1 | 5 (1.67%) | 1 (0.515%) | 6 (1.21%) |
| Inactive | 74 (24.7%) | 54 (27.8%) | 128 (25.9%) |
| Low Active | 74 (24.7%) | 71 (36.6%) | 145 (29.4%) |
| Active | 72 (24.0%) | 43 (22.2%) | 115 (23.3%) |
| Very Active | 75 (25.0%) | 25 (12.9%) | 100 (20.2%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Predicted (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 633 | 475 | 1,108 |
| Mean (SD) | 898.15 (191.71) | 945.12 (193.07) | 918.28 (193.61) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 905.05 [456.00, 1,733.87] | 947.55 [476.41, 1,954.74] | 928.96 [456.00, 1,954.74] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed + Predicted | |||
| N | 635 | 477 | 1,112 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.47 (0.22) | 1.46 (0.20) | 1.46 (0.21) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.45 [0.92, 2.43] | 1.44 [0.99, 2.60] | 1.44 [0.92, 2.60] |
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed + Predicted | |||
| PAL < 1 | 5 (0.787%) | 2 (0.419%) | 7 (0.629%) |
| Inactive | 135 (21.3%) | 106 (22.2%) | 241 (21.7%) |
| Low Active | 163 (25.7%) | 133 (27.9%) | 296 (26.6%) |
| Active | 175 (27.6%) | 125 (26.2%) | 300 (27.0%) |
| Very Active | 157 (24.7%) | 110 (23.1%) | 267 (24.0%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.210%) | 1 (0.0899%) |
NOTE: cm = centimeter; DLW = doubly labeled water; kcal/d = kilocalorie/day; kg = kilogram; max = maximum; min = minimum; PAL = physical activity level; SD = standard deviation.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
TABLE H-4 Characteristics of Children and Teens, 9–18 Years, Included in Combined DLW Database
| Females (N = 443) | Males (N = 278) | Overall (N = 721) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| N | 443 | 278 | 721 |
| Mean (SD) | 13.86 (3.05) | 13.56 (3.12) | 13.75 (3.08) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 14.60 [9.00, 18.80] | 14.00 [9.00, 18.90] | 14.20 [9.00, 18.90] |
| Life Stage | |||
| 9–13 years | 184 (41.5%) | 120 (43.2%) | 304 (42.2%) |
| 14–18 years | 259 (58.5%) | 158 (56.8%) | 417 (57.8%) |
| Sex | |||
| Females | 443 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 443 (61.4%) |
| Males | 0 (0%) | 278 (100%) | 278 (38.6%) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| African American | 26 (5.871%) | 17 (6.12%) | 43 (5.966%) |
| Asian | 2 (0.451%) | 1 (0.360%) | 3 (0.416%) |
| White | 149 (33.6%) | 141 (50.7%) | 290 (40.2%) |
| Hispanic | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.360%) | 1 (0.139%) |
| Other | 11 (2.48%) | 4 (1.44%) | 15 (2.08%) |
| Unknown or data not available | 255 (57.6%) | 114 (41.0%) | 369 (51.2%) |
| Height (cm) | |||
| N | 439 | 274 | 713 |
| Mean (SD) | 156.63 (12.85) | 163.78 (18.37) | 159.38 (15.59) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 159.20 [116.00, 183.70] | 168.90 [125.00, 201.00] | 161.00 [116.00, 201.00] |
| Weight (kg) | |||
| N | 443 | 277 | 720 |
| Mean (SD) | 54.43 (16.50) | 58.78 (17.66) | 56.10 (17.07) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 54.25 [22.20, 133.20] | 60.00 [23.50, 125.70] | 56.30 [22.20, 133.20] |
| Fat-Free Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 238 | 201 | 439 |
| Mean (SD) | 39.78 (8.73) | 47.81 (13.54) | 43.46 (11.88) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 39.70 [14.65, 95.74] | 49.62 [19.26, 73.58] | 42.39 [14.65, 95.74] |
| Fat Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 238 | 201 | 439 |
| Mean (SD) | 20.57 (9.82) | 14.89 (8.84) | 17.97 (9.79) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 17.90 [6.05, 66.05] | 12.94 [3.08, 54.33] | 15.97 [3.08, 66.05] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 443) | Males (N = 278) | Overall (N = 721) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fat Mass % | |||
| N | 238 | 201 | 439 |
| Mean (SD) | 33.07 (7.45) | 23.36 (9.53) | 28.62 (9.75) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 32.21 [8.03, 59.57] | 21.10 [6.01, 53.92] | 28.33 [6.01, 59.57] |
| Body Mass Index Percentile | |||
| N | 439 | 274 | 713 |
| Mean (SD) | 63.75 (25.20) | 63.17 (27.30) | 63.53 (26.01) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 66.28 [5.09, 97.60] | 64.43 [3.95, 97.57] | 65.28 [3.95, 97.60] |
| BMI Percentile Category | |||
| < 5th | 0 (0%) | 3 (1.09%) | 3 (0.421%) |
| 5th to 85th | 322 (73.3%) | 191 (69.7%) | 513 (71.9%) |
| 85th to 95th | 59 (13.4%) | 28 (10.2%) | 87 (12.2%) |
| > 95th | 58 (13.2%) | 52 (19.0%) | 110 (15.4%) |
| Total Energy Expenditure (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 441 | 277 | 718 |
| Mean (SD) | 2,300.37 (544.75) | 2,891.46 (789.38) | 2,528.41 (710.54) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 2,274.19 [1,000.00, 4,873.09] | 2,753.99 [1,178.00, 5,555.39] | 2,413.88 [1,000.00, 5,555.39] |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Observed (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 262 | 107 | 369 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,362.30 (233.26) | 1,679.31 (378.90) | 1,454.22 (317.31) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,327.50 [881.00, 2,218.00] | 1,610.00 [1,025.00, 3,010.00] | 1,403.00 [881.00, 3,010.00] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed | |||
| N | 262 | 107 | 369 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.75 (0.34) | 1.81 (0.41) | 1.77 (0.36) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.71 [1.02, 2.82] | 1.73 [1.03, 4.03] | 1.72 [1.02, 4.03] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 443) | Males (N = 278) | Overall (N = 721) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed | |||
| PAL < 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Inactive | 57 (21.8%) | 11 (10.3%) | 68 (18.4%) |
| Low Active | 62 (23.7%) | 25 (23.4%) | 87 (23.6%) |
| Active | 53 (20.2%) | 32 (29.9%) | 85 (23.0%) |
| Very Active | 81 (30.9%) | 33 (30.8%) | 114 (30.9%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 9 (3.44%) | 6 (5.61%) | 15 (4.07%) |
| Missing | 181 (40.9%) | 171 (61.5%) | 352 (48.8%) |
| Basal Metabolic Rate (kcal/d) Predicted | |||
| N | 439 | 273 | 712 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,384.22 (185.29) | 1,690.05 (302.00) | 1,501.48 (279.62) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,391.68 [942.38, 2,196.50] | 1,717.34 [1,043.51, 2,815.00] | 1,446.60 [942.38, 2,815.00] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed + Predicted | |||
| N | 439 | 275 | 714 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.67 (0.31) | 1.71 (0.34) | 1.69 (0.32) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.64 [1.02, 2.82] | 1.68 [1.02, 4.03] | 1.65 [1.02, 4.03] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed + Predicted | |||
| PAL < 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Inactive | 141 (32.1%) | 65 (23.8%) | 206 (28.9%) |
| Low Active | 106 (24.1%) | 72 (26.4%) | 178 (25.0%) |
| Active | 90 (20.5%) | 67 (24.5%) | 157 (22.1%) |
| Very Active | 93 (21.2%) | 63 (23.1%) | 156 (21.9%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 9 (2.05%) | 6 (2.20%) | 15 (2.11%) |
NOTE: cm = centimeter; DLW = doubly labeled water; kcal/d = kilocalorie/day; kg = kilogram; max = maximum; min = minimum; PAL = physical activity level; SD = standard deviation.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
TABLE H-5 Characteristics of Adults, 19 Years and Older, Included in Combined DLW Database
| Females (N = 3,607) | Males (N = 1,904) | Overall (N = 5,511) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | |||
| N | 3,607 | 1,904 | 5,511 |
| Mean (SD) | 53.79 (19.79) | 50.19 (19.35) | 52.54 (19.71) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 56.00 [19.00, 98.00] | 47.90 [19.00, 101.00] | 52.00 [19.00, 101.00] |
| Life Stage | |||
| 19–30 years | 633 (17.5%) | 368 (19.3%) | 1,001 (18.2%) |
| 31–50 years | 987 (27.4%) | 703 (36.9%) | 1,690 (30.7%) |
| 51–70 years | 1,079 (29.9%) | 448 (23.5%) | 1,527 (27.7%) |
| >= 71 years | 908 (25.2%) | 385 (20.2%) | 1,293 (23.5%) |
| Sex | |||
| Females | 3,607 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 3,607 (65.5%) |
| Males | 0 (0%) | 1,904 (100%) | 1,904 (34.5%) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| African | 564 (15.655%) | 185 (9.713%) | 749 (13.627%) |
| American | |||
| Asian | 95 (2.63%) | 94 (4.94%) | 189 (3.43%) |
| White | 1,880 (52.1%) | 981 (51.5%) | 2,861 (51.9%) |
| Hispanic | 323 (8.95%) | 164 (8.61%) | 487 (8.84%) |
| Other | 23 (0.638%) | 9 (0.473%) | 32 (0.581%) |
| Unknown or data not available | 722 (20.0%) | 471 (24.7%) | 1,193 (21.6%) |
| Height (cm) | |||
| N | 3,607 | 1,904 | 5,511 |
| Mean (SD) | 162.35 (7.09) | 175.95 (7.60) | 167.05 (9.73) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 162.50 [137.00, 196.00] | 176.00 [147.00, 204.70] | 166.00 [137.00, 204.70] |
| Weight (kg) | |||
| N | 3,604 | 1,899 | 5,503 |
| Mean (SD) | 71.86 (16.12) | 83.06 (16.44) | 75.73 (17.08) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 69.00 [37.80, 164.55] | 80.10 [37.20, 215.70] | 73.68 [37.20, 215.70] |
| Fat-Free Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 3,170 | 1,543 | 4,713 |
| Mean (SD) | 42.72 (6.62) | 58.19 (8.92) | 47.79 (10.40) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 41.99 [21.11, 81.31] | 57.66 [28.87, 97.81] | 45.52 [21.11, 97.81] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 3,607) | Males (N = 1,904) | Overall (N = 5,511) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fat Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 3,167 | 1,539 | 4,706 |
| Mean (SD) | 29.52 (11.57) | 24.79 (10.55) | 27.97 (11.46) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 27.59 [3.61, 92.14] | 23.62 [2.23, 90.27] | 26.22 [2.23, 92.14] |
| Fat Mass % | |||
| N | 3,167 | 1,539 | 4,706 |
| Mean (SD) | 39.67 (7.94) | 29.03 (8.04) | 36.19 (9.41) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 40.39 [6.55, 70.08] | 29.48 [2.91, 56.19] | 36.77 [2.91, 70.08] |
| Body Mass Index | |||
| N | 3,604 | 1,900 | 5,504 |
| Mean (SD) | 27.24 (5.88) | 26.82 (4.85) | 27.10 (5.55) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 26.08 [14.69, 57.87] | 25.99 [14.33, 61.70] | 26.03 [14.33, 61.70] |
| BMI Category | |||
| < 18.5 | 48 (1.33%) | 20 (1.05%) | 68 (1.24%) |
| ≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 1,451 (40.3%) | 716 (37.7%) | 2,167 (39.4%) |
| ≥ 25 and < 30 | 1,143 (31.7%) | 770 (40.5%) | 1,913 (34.8%) |
| ≥ 30 and < 35 | 588 (16.3%) | 275 (14.5%) | 863 (15.7%) |
| ≥ 35 and < 40 | 245 (6.80%) | 84 (4.42%) | 329 (5.98%) |
| ≥ 40 | 129 (3.58%) | 35 (1.84%) | 164 (2.98%) |
| Total Energy Expenditure (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 3,602 | 1,900 | 5,502 |
| Mean (SD) | 2,207.62 (424.76) | 2,908.15 (638.17) | 2,449.53 (608.00) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 2,169.83 [833.81, 4,450.48] | 2,850.97 [1,181.61, 8,190.40] | 2,343.21 [833.81, 8,190.40] |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Observed (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 1,360 | 1,045 | 2,405 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,342.84 (225.32) | 1,665.00 (306.63) | 1,482.82 (308.30) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,330.00 [773.00, 2,576.00] | 1,649.14 [884.08, 3,035.00] | 1,446.00 [773.00, 3,035.00] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Females (N = 3,607) | Males (N = 1,904) | Overall (N = 5,511) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity Level Observed (TEE/BMR) | |||
| N | 1,356 | 1,044 | 2,400 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.70 (0.28) | 1.76 (0.31) | 1.73 (0.30) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.68 [1.00, 3.35] | 1.72 [1.02, 3.22] | 1.70 [1.00, 3.35] |
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed | |||
| PAL < 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Inactive | 343 (25.3%) | 226 (21.6%) | 569 (23.7%) |
| Low Active | 358 (26.4%) | 248 (23.8%) | 606 (25.3%) |
| Active | 306 (22.6%) | 221 (21.2%) | 527 (22.0%) |
| Very Active | 335 (24.7%) | 322 (30.8%) | 657 (27.4%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 14 (1.03%) | 27 (2.59%) | 41 (1.71%) |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Predicted (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 3,604 | 1,899 | 5,503 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,393.44 (172.71) | 1,775.97 (250.99) | 1,525.45 (272.66) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,374.35 [1,000.33, 2,829.45] | 1,769.52 [1,069.83, 3,346.80] | 1,455.59 [1,000.33, 3,346.80] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed + Predicted | |||
| N | 3,599 | 1,896 | 5,495 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.62 (0.26) | 1.69 (0.31) | 1.65 (0.28) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.60 [0.70, 3.35] | 1.65 [0.72, 4.35] | 1.61 [0.70, 4.35] |
| Missing | 8 (0.2%) | 8 (0.4%) | 16 (0.3%) |
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed + Predicted | |||
| PAL < 1 | 8 (0.223%) | 5 (0.265%) | 13 (0.237%) |
| Inactive | 1,356 (37.8%) | 565 (29.9%) | 1,921 (35.0%) |
| Low Active | 1,015 (28.3%) | 490 (25.9%) | 1,505 (27.5%) |
| Active | 651 (18.1%) | 363 (19.2%) | 1,014 (18.5%) |
| Very Active | 547 (15.2%) | 440 (23.3%) | 987 (18.0%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 14 (0.390%) | 27 (1.43%) | 41 (0.748%) |
NOTE: BMI = body mass index; BMR = basal metabolic rate; cm = centimeter; DLW = doubly labeled water; kcal/d = kilocalorie/day; kg = kilogram; m = meter; max = maximum; min = minimum; PAL = physical activity level; SD = standard deviation; TEE = total energy expenditure.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
TABLE H-6 Characteristics of Pregnant Women Included in Combined DLW Database
| 1st Trimester (N = 31) | 2nd Trimester (N = 201) | 3rd Trimester (N = 206) | NPNL (N = 133) | Overall (N = 571) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||||
| Females | 31 (100%) | 201 (100%) | 206 (100%) | 133 (100%) | 571 (100%) |
| Pregnant | |||||
| Yes | 31 (100%) | 201 (100%) | 206 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 438 (76.7%) |
| No | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 133 (100%) | 133 (23.3%) |
| Lactating | |||||
| No | 31 (100%) | 201 (100%) | 206 (100%) | 133 (100%) | 571 (100%) |
| Pregnancy Stage | |||||
| 1st Trimester | 31 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 31 (5.43%) |
| 2nd Trimester | 0 (0%) | 201 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 201 (35.2%) |
| 3rd Trimester | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 206 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 206 (36.1%) |
| NPNL | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 133 (100%) | 133 (23.3%) |
| Weeks | |||||
| N | 31 | 201 | 206 | 133 | 571 |
| Mean (SD) | 9.29 (2.61) | 19.14 (4.30) | 34.83 (2.29) | 0.00 (0.00) | 19.81 (13.71) |
| Median [Min, | 9.00 [6.00, 12.00] | 18.00 [14.50, | 36.00 [30.00, | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | 20.86 [0.00, 38.14] |
| Max] | 27.00] | 38.14] | |||
| Age | |||||
| N | 31 | 201 | 206 | 133 | 571 |
| Mean (SD) | 28.83 (3.22) | 29.06 (4.43) | 29.28 (4.23) | 30.24 (4.09) | 29.40 (4.24) |
| Median [Min, | 29.00 [21.00, | 29.00 [18.00, | 29.00 [18.00, | 30.00 [21.00, | 29.00 [18.00, 41.00] |
| Max] | 33.00] | 41.00] | 41.00] | 41.00] | |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Life Stage | |||||
| 19–30 years | 19 (61.3%) | 120 (59.7%) | 124 (60.2%) | 71 (53.4%) | 334 (58.5%) |
| 31–50 years | 12 (38.7%) | 79 (39.3%) | 81 (39.3%) | 62 (46.6%) | 234 (41.0%) |
| 14–18 years | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.995%) | 1 (0.485%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.525%) |
| Height (cm) | |||||
| N | 30 | 200 | 205 | 133 | 568 |
| Mean (SD) | 164.13 (7.38) | 5,991.15 (7,797.23) | 4,752.45 (7,328.27) | 6,988.55 (8,039.83) | 5,469.86 (7,617.11) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 164.00 [155.00, 180.00] | 170.00 [142.10, 17,820.00] | 168.00 [142.10, 17,830.00] | 172.00 [149.81, 17,680.00] | 168.85 [142.10, 17,830.00] |
| Weight (kg) | |||||
| N | 30 | 200 | 205 | 133 | 568 |
| Mean (SD) | 63.23 (8.61) | 78.31 (21.19) | 82.75 (20.48) | 60.95 (10.66) | 75.05 (20.44) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 62.21 [50.57, 77.70] | 74.50 [48.60, 164.60] | 76.20 [55.40, 170.70] | 59.30 [40.10, 102.20] | 69.90 [40.10, 170.70] |
| Fat-Free Mass (kg) | |||||
| N | 0 | 70 | 60 | 0 | 130 |
| Mean (SD) | NA (NA) | 54.34 (8.11) | 62.25 (9.69) | NA (NA) | 57.99 (9.68) |
| Median [Min, Max] | NA [NA, NA] | 52.98 [40.74, 77.54] | 61.61 [45.09, 89.83] | NA [NA, NA] | 57.53 [40.74, 89.83] |
| Fat Mass (kg) | |||||
| N | 0 | 70 | 60 | 0 | 130 |
| Mean (SD) | NA (NA) | 45.60 (12.07) | 44.54 (10.65) | NA (NA) | 45.11 (11.41) |
| Median [Min, Max] | NA [NA, NA] | 42.33 [29.22, 87.27] | 42.93 [28.20, 82.56] | NA [NA, NA] | 42.68 [28.20, 87.27] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| 1st Trimester (N = 31) | 2nd Trimester (N = 201) | 3rd Trimester (N = 206) | NPNL (N = 133) | Overall (N = 571) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fat Mass % | |||||
| N | 0 | 70 | 60 | 0 | 130 |
| Mean (SD) | NA (NA) | 45.17 (4.62) | 41.45 (5.04) | NA (NA) | 43.45 (5.15) |
| Median [Min, Max] | NA [NA, NA] | 45.09 [36.14, 58.25] | 40.92 [32.85, 54.82] | NA [NA, NA] | 43.18 [32.85, 58.25] |
| Body Mass Index | |||||
| N | 30 | 200 | 205 | 133 | 568 |
| Mean (SD) | 23.48 (2.98) | 29.05 (7.39) | 30.65 (7.31) | 22.52 (3.59) | 27.81 (7.27) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 22.96 [18.80, 29.97] | 27.11 [18.75, 56.31] | 28.12 [20.79, 57.63] | 21.53 [17.43, 35.61] | 25.63 [17.43, 57.63] |
| BMI Category | |||||
| < 18.5 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (8.27%) | 11 (1.94%) |
| ≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 22 (73.3%) | 79 (39.5%) | 59 (28.8%) | 93 (69.9%) | 253 (44.5%) |
| ≥ 25 and < 30 | 8 (26.7%) | 37 (18.5%) | 55 (26.8%) | 24 (18.0%) | 124 (21.8%) |
| ≥ 30 and < 35 | 0 (0%) | 43 (21.5%) | 36 (17.6%) | 3 (2.26%) | 82 (14.4%) |
| ≥ 35 and < 40 | 0 (0%) | 24 (12.0%) | 29 (14.1%) | 2 (1.50%) | 55 (9.68%) |
| ≥ 40 | 0 (0%) | 17 (8.50%) | 26 (12.7%) | 0 (0%) | 43 (7.57%) |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Total Energy Expenditure (kcal/d) | |||||
| N | 31 | 201 | 206 | 133 | 571 |
| Mean (SD) | 2,289.11 (311.55) | 2,553.66 (559.56) | 2,779.89 (558.64) | 2,478.24 (444.24) | 2,603.35 (542.28) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 2,323.00 [1,628.11, 2,904.88] | 2,544.22 [1,149.38, 7,543.25] | 2,736.52 [1,526.29, 4,880.26] | 2,431.17 [1,277.96, 3,937.13] | 2,574.00 [1,149.38, 7,543.25] |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Observed | |||||
| N | 31 | 131 | 141 | 130 | 433 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,454.83 (173.23) | 1,464.87 (197.34) | 1,710.76 (213.91) | 1,363.62 (163.61) | 1,513.82 (238.85) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,447.00 [1,046.00, 1,833.41] | 1,435.55 [848.47, 1,975.71] | 1,698.14 [1,040.39, 2,392.59] | 1,362.21 [859.50, 1,843.11] | 1,483.99 [848.47, 2,392.59] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed (TEE/BMR) | |||||
| N | 30 | 56 | 85 | 73 | 244 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.60 (0.17) | 1.67 (0.40) | 1.66 (0.35) | 1.79 (0.34) | 1.69 (0.35) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.64 [1.19, 1.92] | 1.61 [1.05, 4.00] | 1.60 [1.12, 2.91] | 1.75 [1.17, 2.58] | 1.64 [1.05, 4.00] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| 1st Trimester (N = 31) | 2nd Trimester (N = 201) | 3rd Trimester (N = 206) | NPNL (N = 133) | Overall (N = 571) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed | |||||
| PAL < 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Inactive | 10 (33.3%) | 15 (26.8%) | 35 (41.2%) | 20 (27.4%) | 80 (32.8%) |
| Low Active | 11 (36.7%) | 24 (42.9%) | 17 (20.0%) | 14 (19.2%) | 66 (27.0%) |
| Active | 7 (23.3%) | 6 (10.7%) | 13 (15.3%) | 14 (19.2%) | 40 (16.4%) |
| Very Active | 2 (6.67%) | 9 (16.1%) | 17 (20.0%) | 23 (31.5%) | 51 (20.9%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 0 (0%) | 2 (3.57%) | 3 (3.53%) | 2 (2.74%) | 7 (2.87%) |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Predicted (kcal/d) | |||||
| N | 30 | 200 | 205 | 133 | 568 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,396.41 (108.07) | 8,693.97 (16,536.12) | 6,785.12 (14,459.64) | 9,304.05 (17,303.25) | 7,762.45 (15,628.54) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,398.26 [1,255.12, 1,642.45] | 1,656.29 [1,204.61, 51,563.86] | 1,651.91 [1,300.54, 51,717.50] | 1,473.57 [1,141.94, 51,034.18] | 1,588.13 [1,141.94, 51,717.50] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed + Predicted | |||||
| N | 31 | 201 | 206 | 133 | 571 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.58 (0.20) | 1.32 (0.62) | 1.42 (0.56) | 1.44 (0.70) | 1.40 (0.61) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.64 [0.99, 1.92] | 1.49 [0.04, 4.00] | 1.53 [0.04, 2.91] | 1.60 [0.04, 2.58] | 1.53 [0.04, 4.00] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed + Predicted | |||||
| PAL < 1 | 1 (3.23%) | 34 (17.0%) | 26 (12.6%) | 24 (18.0%) | 85 (14.9%) |
| Inactive | 10 (32.3%) | 81 (40.5%) | 77 (37.4%) | 30 (22.6%) | 198 (34.7%) |
| Low Active | 11 (35.5%) | 44 (22.0%) | 51 (24.8%) | 27 (20.3%) | 133 (23.3%) |
| Active | 7 (22.6%) | 23 (11.5%) | 23 (11.2%) | 23 (17.3%) | 76 (13.3%) |
| Very Active | 2 (6.45%) | 16 (8.00%) | 26 (12.6%) | 27 (20.3%) | 71 (12.5%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.00%) | 3 (1.46%) | 2 (1.50%) | 7 (1.23%) |
NOTE: BMI = body mass index; BMR = basal metabolic rate; cm = centimeter; DLW = doubly labeled water; kcal/d = kilocalorie/day; kg = kilogram; m = meter; max = maximum; min = minimum; NPNL = nonpregnant nonlactating; PAL = physical activity level; SD = standard deviation; TEE = total energy expenditure.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
TABLE H-7 Characteristics of Lactating Women Included in Combined DLW Database
| Lactating 1–3 mo (N = 93) | Lactating 4–6 mo (N = 114) | Overall (N = 207) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Females | 93 (100%) | 114 (100%) | 207 (100%) |
| Pregnant | |||
| No | 93 (100%) | 114 (100%) | 207 (100%) |
| Lactating | |||
| Yes | 93 (100%) | 114 (100%) | 207 (100%) |
| Lactation Stage | |||
| Lactating 1–3 mo | 93 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 93 (44.9%) |
| Lactating 4–6 mo | 0 (0%) | 114 (100%) | 114 (55.1%) |
| Weeks | |||
| N | 93 | 114 | 207 |
| Mean (SD) | 9.24 (2.98) | 24.85 (2.18) | 17.83 (8.20) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 8.70 [4.30, 13.00] | 25.00 [19.00, 27.00] | 20.60 [4.30, 27.00] |
| Age | |||
| N | 93 | 114 | 207 |
| Mean (SD) | 30.39 (3.90) | 30.23 (4.12) | 30.30 (4.01) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 30.00 [21.00, 41.00] | 30.00 [21.00, 41.00] | 30.00 [21.00, 41.00] |
| Life Stage | |||
| 19–30 years | 54 (58.1%) | 59 (51.8%) | 113 (54.6%) |
| 31–50 years | 39 (41.9%) | 55 (48.2%) | 94 (45.4%) |
| Height (cm) | |||
| N | 92 | 114 | 206 |
| Mean (SD) | 164.69 (6.07) | 5,266.09 (7,547.46) | 2,987.79 (6,153.29) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 165.00 [149.81, 180.00] | 168.85 [142.10, 17,570.00] | 167.00 [142.10, 17,570.00] |
| Weight (kg) | |||
| N | 92 | 114 | 206 |
| Mean (SD) | 62.18 (9.86) | 76.40 (22.70) | 70.05 (19.43) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 60.10 [45.50, 87.90] | 69.86 [42.50, 139.20] | 63.50 [42.50, 139.20] |
| Fat-Free Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 5 | 39 | 44 |
| Mean (SD) | 41.19 (3.34) | 52.93 (7.57) | 51.60 (8.12) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 41.18 [36.36, 44.80] | 51.86 [34.67, 73.00] | 51.07 [34.67, 73.00] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Lactating 1–3 mo (N = 93) | Lactating 4–6 mo (N = 114) | Overall (N = 207) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fat Mass (kg) | |||
| N | 5 | 39 | 44 |
| Mean (SD) | 22.02 (13.64) | 48.37 (12.43) | 45.38 (15.02) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 14.57 [14.10, 45.77] | 47.96 [25.21, 77.43] | 46.65 [14.10, 77.43] |
| Fat Mass % | |||
| N | 5 | 39 | 44 |
| Mean (SD) | 32.90 (11.96) | 47.22 (6.17) | 45.59 (8.25) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 28.00 [23.94, 53.44] | 46.61 [33.10, 62.23] | 45.74 [23.94, 62.23] |
| Body Mass Index | |||
| N | 92 | 114 | 206 |
| Mean (SD) | 22.89 (3.18) | 28.15 (8.15) | 25.80 (6.93) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 22.42 [18.21, 31.57] | 25.85 [17.87, 49.25] | 23.50 [17.87, 49.25] |
| BMI Category | |||
| < 18.5 | 3 (3.26%) | 4 (3.51%) | 7 (3.40%) |
| ≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 70 (76.1%) | 52 (45.6%) | 122 (59.2%) |
| ≥ 25 and < 30 | 13 (14.1%) | 15 (13.2%) | 28 (13.6%) |
| ≥ 30 and < 35 | 6 (6.52%) | 15 (13.2%) | 21 (10.2%) |
| ≥ 35 and < 40 | 0 (0%) | 19 (16.7%) | 19 (9.22%) |
| ≥ 40 | 0 (0%) | 9 (7.89%) | 9 (4.37%) |
| Total Energy Expenditure (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 93 | 114 | 207 |
| Mean (SD) | 2,319.47 (402.15) | 2,516.04 (490.24) | 2,427.72 (462.24) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 2,333.39 [1,609.00, 3,380.26] | 2,448.56 [1,519.36, 3,772.94] | 2,380.00 [1,519.36, 3,772.94] |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Observed (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 88 | 74 | 162 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,367.42 (131.50) | 1,380.24 (161.78) | 1,373.27 (145.78) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,353.23 [1,108.00, 1,873.09] | 1,349.64 [1,053.71, 1,865.21] | 1,351.37 [1,053.71, 1,873.09] |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix H: Characteristics of the DLW Database." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/26818.
| Lactating 1–3 mo (N = 93) | Lactating 4–6 mo (N = 114) | Overall (N = 207) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity Level Observed (TEE/BMR) | |||
| N | 88 | 39 | 127 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.70 (0.30) | 1.76 (0.33) | 1.72 (0.31) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.69 [1.02, 2.81] | 1.75 [1.08, 2.75] | 1.71 [1.02, 2.81] |
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed | |||
| PAL < 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Inactive | 26 (29.5%) | 9 (23.1%) | 35 (27.6%) |
| Low Active | 17 (19.3%) | 6 (15.4%) | 23 (18.1%) |
| Active | 26 (29.5%) | 11 (28.2%) | 37 (29.1%) |
| Very Active | 17 (19.3%) | 11 (28.2%) | 28 (22.0%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 2 (2.27%) | 2 (5.13%) | 4 (3.15%) |
| Basal Metabolic Rate Predicted (kcal/d) | |||
| N | 92 | 114 | 206 |
| Mean (SD) | 1,376.79 (108.79) | 6,315.37 (13,812.46) | 4,109.79 (10,546.39) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1,355.57 [1,162.38, 1,718.94] | 1,596.89 [1,154.20, 48,810.25] | 1,459.41 [1,154.20, 48,810.25] |
| Physical Activity Level Observed + Predicted | |||
| N | 93 | 114 | 207 |
| Mean (SD) | 1.70 (0.30) | 1.43 (0.56) | 1.55 (0.48) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1.69 [1.02, 2.81] | 1.51 [0.04, 2.75] | 1.62 [0.04, 2.81] |
| Physical Activity Level Category Observed + Predicted | |||
| PAL < 1 | 0 (0%) | 13 (11.4%) | 13 (6.28%) |
| Inactive | 27 (29.0%) | 46 (40.4%) | 73 (35.3%) |
| Low Active | 18 (19.4%) | 19 (16.7%) | 37 (17.9%) |
| Active | 27 (29.0%) | 16 (14.0%) | 43 (20.8%) |
| Very Active | 19 (20.4%) | 18 (15.8%) | 37 (17.9%) |
| PAL > 2.5 | 2 (2.15%) | 2 (1.75%) | 4 (1.93%) |
NOTE: BMI = body mass index; BMR = basal metabolic rate; cm = centimeter; DLW = doubly labeled water; kcal/d = kilocalorie/day; kg = kilogram; m = meter; max = maximum; min = minimum; mo = months; PAL = physical activity level; SD = standard deviation; TEE = total energy expenditure.
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