Proceedings of a Workshop

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This activity was supported by contracts between the National Academy of Sciences and Acadia Pharmaceuticals; American Brain Coalition; American Neurological Association; Alzheimer’s Association; Boehringer Ingelheim; BrightFocus Foundation; California Institute for Regenerative Medicine; Cerevel Therapeutics; Cohen Veterans Bioscience; Dana Foundation; Department of Health and Human Services’ Food and Drug Administration (R13FD005362); Department of Veterans Affairs (36C24E20C0009); and National Institutes of Health (75N98024F00001 [Under Master Base HHSN263201800029I]) through the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Eye Institute, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute on Aging, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and NIH BRAIN Initiative; Eisai Inc.; Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; Gatsby Charitable Foundation; Harmony Biosciences, Janssen Research & Development, LLC; Karuna Therapeutics; Lundbeck Research USA; National Multiple Sclerosis Society; National Science Foundation (DBI-1839674); One Mind; Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group; Sanofi; Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative; The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience at the University of Rhode Island; The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research; and Takeda. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-71892-9
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-71892-9
Digital Object Identifier: https://doi.org/10.17226/27764

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Suggested citation: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Exploring the bidirectional relationship between artificial intelligence and neuroscience: Proceedings of a workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27764.

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EXPLORING THE BIDIRECTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE WORKSHOP PLANNING COMMITTEE¹

MAGALI HAAS (Co-chair), Cohen Veterans Bioscience

TERRY SEJNOWSKI (Co-chair), Salk Institute for Biological Sciences

JONATHAN COHEN, Princeton University

NITA FARAHANY, Duke University

EHSAN HOQUE, University of Rochester

FRANCES JENSEN, University of Pennsylvania

MICHAEL LITTMAN, National Science Foundation

BILL MARTIN, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson

KEVIN MILLER, Google DeepMind

KATHRYN RICHMOND, Allen Institute

KATIE SALE, American Brain Coalition

Health and Medicine Division Staff

SHEENA M. POSEY NORRIS, Director, Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders

EVA CHILDERS, Program Officer

MAYA THIRKILL, Associate Program Officer (until July 2024)

KIMBERLY OGUN, Senior Program Assistant

CHRISTIE BELL, Senior Finance Business Partner

CLARE STROUD, Senior Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy

Consultant

CELIA FORD, Science Writer

___________________

¹ The planning committee’s role was limited to planning the workshop, and the Proceedings of a Workshop was prepared by the workshop rapporteurs as a factual summary of what occurred at the workshop. Statements, recommendations, and opinions expressed are those of individual presenters and participants; have not been endorsed or verified by the Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and should not be construed as reflecting any group consensus.

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FORUM ON NEUROSCIENCE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS¹

FRANCES JENSEN (Co-chair), University of Pennsylvania

JOHN KRYSTAL (Co-chair until September 2024), Yale University

DEANNA BARCH (Co-chair starting September 2024), Washington University in St. Louis

SHELLI AVENEVOLI, National Institute of Mental Health (starting September 2024)

RITA BALICE-GORDON, Muna Therapeutics

BRUCE BEBO, National Multiple Sclerosis Society (starting September 2024)

DIANE BOVENKAMP, BrightFocus Foundation

KATJA BROSE, The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative

TERESA BURACCHIO, Food and Drug Administration

SARAH CADDICK, The Gatsby Charitable Foundation

ROSA CANET-AVILÉS, California Institute for Regenerative Medicine

MARIA CARRILO, Alzheimer’s Association (until September 2024)

MICHAEL CHIANG, National Eye Institute

TIMOTHY COETZEE, National Multiple Sclerosis Society (until August 2024)

BEVERLY DAVIDSON, University of Pennsylvania

M. DENISE DEARING, National Science Foundation (starting September 2024)

NITA FARAHANY, Duke University

EVA FELDMAN, University of Michigan

BRIAN FISKE, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research

JOSHUA A. GORDON, National Institute of Mental Health (until August 2024)

DANIELLE GRAHAM, American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

MORTEN GRUNNET, Lundbeck

MAGALI HAAS, Cohen Veterans Bioscience

RICHARD J. HODES, National Institute of Aging

STUART W. HOFFMAN, Department of Veterans Affairs

YASMIN HURD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

STEVEN E. HYMAN, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard

MICHAEL IRIZARRY, Eisai Inc.

GEORGE KOOB, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

___________________

¹ The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s forums and roundtables do not issue, review, or approve individual documents. The responsibility for the published Proceedings of a Workshop rests with the workshop rapporteurs and the institution.

WALTER KOROSHETZ, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

ROBERT MALENKA, Stanford University

HUSSEINI MANJI, Oxford University; Duke University; UK Government Mental Health

HUGH MARSTON, Boehringer Ingelheim

BILL MARTIN, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson

CAROLINE MONTOJO, Dana Foundation (starting March 2024)

JOHN NGAI, BRAIN Initiative

GENTRY PATRICK, University of California San Diego

STEVE MARC PAUL, Karuna Therapeutics, Inc. (until March 2024)

KATHRYN RICHMOND, Allen Institute

MARSIE ROSS, Harmony Biosciences

M. ELIZABETH ROSS, American Neurological Association

NATALIA S. ROST, American Academy of Neurology (starting October 2024)

KATIE SALE, American Brain Coalition

RAYMOND SANCHEZ, Cerevel Therapeutics

TERRENCE SEJNOWSKI, Salk Institute for Biological Studies

JOAN SERENO, National Science Foundation (starting September 2024)

SARAH SHEIKH, Takeda Pharmaceutical (until January 2024)

SARA SHNIDER, One Mind

DAVID SHURTLEFF, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health

JOHN SPIRO, Simons Foundation

ALESSIO TRAVAGLIA, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health

NORA VOLKOW, National Institute on Drug Abuse

CHRISTOPHER WEBER, Alzheimer’s Association (starting September 2024)

DOUG WILLIAMSON, Acadia Pharmaceuticals (until May 2024)

RICHARD WOYCHIK, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

STEVIN ZORN, MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc.

Health and Medicine Division Staff

SHEENA M. POSEY NORRIS, Director, Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders

EVA CHILDERS, Program Officer

MAYA THIRKILL, Associate Program Officer (until July 2024)

KIMBERLY OGUN, Senior Program Assistant

CHRISTIE BELL, Senior Finance Business Partner

CLARE STROUD, Senior Director, Board on Health Sciences Policy

Reviewers

This Proceedings of a Workshop was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published proceedings as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this proceedings:

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the proceedings nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by HUA XU, Yale School of Medicine. He was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this proceedings was carried out in accordance with standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the rapporteurs and the National Academies.

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Acknowledgments

The National Academies staff would like to express gratitude to the sponsors of the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous Systems Disorders for supporting this workshop and other work of the National Academies; to the speakers whose presentations and remarks informed workshop discussions on the bidirectional relationship between artificial intelligence and neuroscience; to the planning committee members for their time and effort in the development of the workshop scope and agenda; to Stephanie Eldridge (Spark Street Digital), Tunde Ogunfolaju (Spark Street Digital), and Caset Associates for their support in the broadcasting and transcription of the workshop; to Celia Ford and Billie Haffener for their writing and copyediting expertise and contributions, respectively, on this proceedings; and to the additional National Academies staff who provided critical support to the workshop and this proceedings: Christie Bell, Lori Brenig, Samantha Chao, Alexandra Molina, Amber McLaughlin, Marguerite Romatelli, and Taryn Young.

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Contents

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1 BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION

Workshop Objectives

Introductory Remarks

Organization of the Proceedings

2 THE BIDIRECTIONALITY OF NEUROSCIENCE AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

The Effects of Neuroscience on AI

The Role of AI in Cognitive Neuroscience

The Impact of AI on Neuroscientific Discoveries

Bridging Neuroscience and AI with Multiscale, Multimodal Data

Navigating the Intersection of AI and Neuroscience

Discussion

3 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEUROSCIENCE AND AI

Co-Evolution of Human and Artificial Moral Intelligence

Case Studies of AI Applications in Clinical Neuroscience

Harnessing Large-Scale Data for Precision Medicine

Discussion

4 IMPACT OF AI IN MEDICAL AND CLINICAL ENVIRONMENTS

Bidirectional Relationship Between AI and Medicine

Case Studies of AI in the Clinic

Considerations for AI-Driven Health Care

Establishing Best Practices for AI in Health Care

Discussion

5 COMMUNICATION AND ENGAGEMENT WITH THE PUBLIC AND INDIVIDUALS WITH LIVED OR LIVING CNS DISORDER EXPERIENCE

AI Approaches to User-Centered Neurotechnology

Case Study: Patient-Centered AI for Parkinson’s Disease

Engaging Historically Underserved Communities

Discussion

6 AI REGULATION, POLICY ADVOCACY, AND ENGAGEMENT

Neural Data Privacy Considerations

Case Study: Global Initiative on AI for Health

Considerations for Future Regulatory Policies

Discussion

7 EXPLORING FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES FOR CONTINUED COLLABORATION

Addressing Existential Threats

Importance of Interpretability and Public Education

Building Large-Scale Sustainable Infrastructure for AI and Neuroscience

Concluding Remarks

APPENDIXES

A References

B Workshop Agenda

Boxes, Figures, and Table

BOXES

1-1 Statement of Task

7-1 Workshop Highlights

FIGURES

2-1 Virtuous cycle between generative AI and cognitive neuroscience

2-2 The AI-forward strategy behind visual system models is being successfully generalized to other brain and cognitive science domains

2-3 Anchoring in the multiscale and multimodal atlas

3-1 Constructing comprehensive disease models at the intersection of biology and AI

4-1 Bidirectional relationships between AI, basic neuroscience, and health care

4-2 Management devices that learn and communicate

5-1 A patient-centered total product life cycle

5-2 A framework for providing mock Parkinson’s screening and resources

6-1 Framework for the clinical evaluation of AI in health care

TABLE

4-1 Distinctions between Autonomous and Assistive AI

Acronyms and Abbreviations

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