Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Suggested Citation:
"2 Pathogen Introduction into Humans." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29313.
Global pandemics often begin when a virus jumps from animals to humans, leading to initial cases of infection - sometimes referred to as "patient zero." As the world recovers from COVID-19, understanding how pathogens first spill over into human populations is critical to prevention efforts. The National Academies' Forum on Microbial Threats convened a workshop in January 2025 to examine how ecological, social, and technological factors shape the emergence of new infectious diseases in humans. Speakers addressed gaps in understanding of disease emergence with a focus on the human-animal interface and laboratory biosafety. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place at the event.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Understanding the Introduction of Pathogens into Humans: Preventing Patient Zero: Proceedings of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
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