Previous Chapter: Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.

APPENDIX B
Survey Responses

Table showing contact information fields with a notice that permission was not obtained to share personal information.
Long Description.

The table has 5 rows and 1 column. Row 1. First Name. Row 2. Last Name. Row 3. Title. Row 4. Email. Row 5. Phone Number. The responses for all rows say Permission not obtained to share personal information.

Table showing U S State D O Ts and associated respondent job titles, listing one role per state, with a total count of respondents provided at the end.
Long Description.

The table has 46 rows and 2 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are State DOT and Respondent Job Title. Row 2: AL; Environmental Construction Engineer. Row 3: AZ; Industrial Stormwater Coordinator. Row 4: AR; Lead Water Quality Specialist. Row 5: CA; Senior Transportation Engineer. Row 6: CO; MS 4 Construction Program Manager. Row 7: CT; Transportation Supervising Planner. Row 8: FL; state NPDES administrator. Row 9: GA; Civil Engineer and Water Resources. Row 10: HI; Program Manager. Row 11: ID; CWA Permitting Specialist. Row 12: IL; Environmental Policy Manager. Row 13: IN; Stormwater Specialist. Row 14: IA; Earthwork Engineer. Row 15: KS; Field Construction Engineer. Row 16: KY; Permit Coordinator. Row 17: ME; Stormwater Program Manager. Row 18: MA; Stormwater Management Unit Supervisor. Row 19: MI; Resource Specialist. Row 20: MN; Erosion and Stormwater Management Unit. Row 21: MS; Stormwater Compliance Administrator. Row 22: MO; Stormwater Compliance Coordinator. Row 23: MT; Environmental Engineering Section Supervisor. Row 24: NE; Environmental Supervisor. Row 25: NV; Employee Development Manager. Row 26: NM; MS 4 Coordinator. Row 27: NY; Environmental Specialist 2. Row 28: NC; State Roadside Environmental Engineer. Row 29: ND; Environmental Sciences Administrator.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing U S State D O Ts and associated respondent job titles, listing one role per state, with a total count of respondents provided at the end.
Long Description.

Row 30: OH; Stormwater Program Manager. Row 31: OK; Stormwater Coordinator. Row 32: OR; Stormwater Asset Management Program Coordinator. Row 33: PA; Stormwater Section Chief. Row 34: RI; Environmental Scientist. Row 35: SC; Stormwater Manager. Row 36: SD; Erosion and Sediment Control Designer. Row 37: TN; Standards Engineer. Row 38: TX; Environmental Program Manager. Row 39: UT; Region Stormwater Coordinator. Row 40: VT; Water Quality Manager. Row 41: VA; NPDES Coordinator. Row 42: WA; Hydraulic Engineer (T E 4). Row 43: WV; Chief Engineer of Environmental Compliance. Row 44: WI; Statewide Erosion and Sediment Control Engineer. Row 45: WY; District Construction Engineer. Row 46: Total, 44.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing stormwater-related program areas with U.S. states listed under receive training, provide training, provide public outreach, none, and unsure categories, including counts for each category.
Long Description.

The table has 7 rows and 6 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are Blank; Receive Training; Provide Training; Provide Public Outreach; None; Unsure. Row 2: Public Education and Outreach; MO, RI, TX, WV (4); CT, HI, IL, MO, NE, NV, NC, OK, RI, SC, TX, UT (12); AL, AZ, AR, CA, FL, HI, IN, KS, KY, MN, MS, MO, MT, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OK, PA, RI, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WI (29); CO, ID, IA, ME, MA, TN, VA (7); GA, OR, WY (3). Row 3: Public Participation; MO, RI, TX (3); HI, IL, NV, NC, RI, TX, UT, WV (8); AL, AZ, AR, CA, FL, HI, IN, KS, KY, MN, MS, MO, MT, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OK, PA, RI, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, WA, WI (28); CO, CT, GA, ID, IA, ME, MA, TN, VA (11); OR, WY (2). Row 4: Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination; AR, CO, GA, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, NY, OK, OR, RI, SD, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV, WY (19); AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IL, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NV, NY, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (36); CA, IN, MO, NV, NY, OH, RI, SC, UT (9); ID, NE, NM, ND (4); LA (1). Row 5: Construction Stormwater; AR, CO, FL, GA, IA, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, OK, OR, RI, SD, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (29); AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (41); AR, OH, SC, UT, WY (5); ID (1); none reported (0).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing stormwater-related program areas with U.S. states listed under receive training, provide training, provide public outreach, none, and unsure categories, including counts for each category.
Long Description.

Row 6: Post-Construction Site Runoff Control; AR, CO, GA, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MT, NV, NY, OK, OR, RI, SD, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV, WY (22); AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NY, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (32); IN, OH, UT, WY (4); FL, ID, IA, KS, NM, ND, TN, WI (8); none reported (0). Row 7: Pollution Prevention and Good Housekeeping; AR, CO, GA, ME, MN, MT, NY, OR, RI, SD, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (19); AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IL, KY, ME, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (36); AR, GA, IN, MS, MO, NV, NY, OH, RI, SC, UT (11); FL, ID, KS, TN (4); IA, MA (2).

Table showing how public education and public participation are addressed through different stormwater training approaches, by state.
Long Description.

The table has 18 rows and 6 columns. The column headers in Row 1 read: Blank; Addressed within construction stormwater training; Addressed within post-construction stormwater training; Addressed within other dedicated training; Not addressed with training; Unsure. Row 2: Public education and outreach; AR, IL, NE, RI, SC, TN (6); MO, NE, RI (3); AR, CT, MS, NM, NC, ND, TX, UT, VT, WA, WI (11); AL, AZ, CA, CO, ID, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MT, NV, NY, OK, OR, PA, SD, VA, WA, WV (21); FL, GA, MI, WV, WY (5). Row 3: Public participation; AR, IL, TN (3); MO (1); MS, NM, NC, ND, RI, SC, TX, UT, VT, WA, WI (11); AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, ID, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MT, NE, NV, NY, OK, OR, PA, SD, VA, WA (23); FL, IN, MI, WV, WY (5).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing how public education and public participation are addressed through different stormwater training approaches, by state.
Long Description.

Row 4: Illicit discharge detection and elimination; AL, AR, CA, CO, GA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MN, MS, MO, NV, NM, NY, OK, SC, SD, TN, UT, VA, WY (22); GA, KY, ME, MN, NY, NC, SD, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (12); AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, HI, KY, MA, MO, MT, NE, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, TX, UT, WA, WV, WI (23); ID, ND (2); LA (1). Row 5: Fundamental principles of construction stormwater management; AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (42); SD, UT, VA, WY (4); AR, CA, CT, ID, KY, UT (6); none reported (0); none reported (0). Row 6: Fundamental principles of post-construction stormwater management; AR, CO, HI, IL, MS, MO, MT, NM, ND, OR, SC, SD, VA, WY (14); AL, AZ, CA, CO, GA, HI, IN, KY, ME, MA, MN, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, OH, OK, PA, RI, SD, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (26); AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, KY, OK, TX, UT, WV (10); ID, KS, NV, WI (4); TN (1). Row 7: Good housekeeping in municipal operations; GA, HI, IL, IN, ME, MN, MS, MO, NV, NC, SC, SD, VA, WA, WY (15); AL, CA, ME, MN, MT, NC, SD, VA, WY (9); AZ, AR, CO, KY, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, ND, OK, OR, RI, TX, UT, VT, WV, WI (19); CT, ID, NM, PA, TN (5); CA, FL, LA, KS, MA (5). Row 8: Design of construction stormwater control measures; AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MN, MS, MO, MT, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WY (33); HI, IN, MO, UT, VA, WY (6); CA, CO, KY, MN, NV, RI, UT (7); ID, ME, MA, OR, SD, WI (6); FL (1).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing how public education and public participation are addressed through different stormwater training approaches, by state.
Long Description.

Row 9: Construction of construction stormwater control measures; AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, IL, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, SC, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (38); VA, WY (2); CA, ID, KY, MT, RI, UT (6); IN, MO, PA, SD (4); none reported (0). Row 10: Inspection of construction stormwater control measures; AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, IL, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (40); CT, SD, VA, WY (4); CA, ID, KY, MT, OK, RI, UT (7); IN (1); none reported (0). Row 11: Maintenance of construction stormwater control measures; AL, AZ, AR, CO, FL, GA, HI, IL, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (35); CT, MO, MT, RI, SD, VA, WY (7); CA, ID, IN, KY, UT (5); NV, NM, PA (3); none reported (0). Row 12: Design of post-construction stormwater control measures; AR, CO, HI, IL, MN, MS, MT, NY, SC, UT, VA, WY (12); AL, AZ, CA, CO, GA, HI, IN, KY, MN, MO, NE, NV, OH, OR, PA, RI, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (21); AR, CO, KY, MA, MS, NC, TX, UT (8); CT, ID, LA, ME, ND, SD, TN, WV, WI (9); FL, KS, OK (3).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing how public education and public participation are addressed through different stormwater training approaches, by state.
Long Description.

Row 13: Construction of post-construction stormwater control measures; AR, CO, HI, IL, IA, MN, MS, MT, NY, NC, SC, UT, VA, WY (14); AL, AZ, CO, CA, KY, ME, MN, MO, MT, NV, OH, OR, RI, UT, VA, WA, WY (17); AR, CA, KY, MA, MS, MT, NC, ND, TX, UT (9); CT, ID, IN, MA, NE, NM, PA, SD, TN, VT, WV, WI (12); FL, KS, OK (3). Row 14: Inspection of post-construction stormwater control measures; CO, HI, IL, MN, MS, MO, NY, SD, VA, WY (10); AL, AZ, CO, GA, HI, IN, KY, ME, MN, MS, NV, NY, NC, OH, PA, RI, SD, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (21); AR, CA, CO, FL, KY, MS, MO, MT, ND, TX, WI (11); CT, ID, IA, MA, NE, NM, OR, SC, TN (9); KS, OK, WV (3). Row 15: Maintenance of post-construction stormwater control measures; HI, IL, ME, MS, NY, ND, SD, VA, WY (9); AL, AZ, CO, GA, HI, IN, KY, ME, MN, MO, NE, NY, NC, OH, PA, RI, SD, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (22); AR, CA, CO, KY, MS, MO, MT, TX (8); CT, ID, IA, NV, NM, OR, SC, TN, WI (9); FL, KS, OK, WV (4). Row 16: SWPPP design; AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, IL, KS, KY, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NV, NM, NY, ND, OH, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (29); AL, CO, KY, ME, MN, NC, SD, VT, VA, WY (10); AL, AR, CO, ID, IN, KY, MA, MS, NE, RI, UT, WI (12); GA, IA, OK, OR, PA (5); none reported (0). Row 17: Environmental aspects and permit compliance requirements; AL, AR, CO, GA, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NV, NY, ND, OH, OK, OR, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI, WY (33); CO, CT, GA, KY, ME, MN, MO, MT, NV, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, SD, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (20); AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, ID, IN, KY, MA, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, NC, OH, OK, RI, SC, TX, UT, WV (24); CO, NM, WV (3); none reported (0). Row 18: Other; IL (1); none reported (0); AZ (1); CT, KS, NE (3); FL, IN, MS, MT, VT, WV, WY (7).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing stormwater program elements and participating entities, with states listed by program area and responsible group.
Long Description.

The table has 7 rows and 11 columns. Column heads in Row 1 are as follows: Blank; State DOT personnel, Municipal or County staff, Other state agencies, Utility companies, Consultants, Contractors, General public, Not required, Unsure, and Other. Row 2: Public Education and Outreach: AL, AR, HI, ID, IL, MO, NE, OK, OR, RI, SC, UT, VT, WV, WI (15); AL, HI, IL, WI (4); HI (1); HI (1); HI, IL, OR, SC, WI (5); HI, OR, SC, WI (4); AZ, CA, CT, HI, ID, KY, MS, NV, NC, SC, TX, UT, VT, WA (14); CO, IA, KS, ME, MI, NM, NY, ND, PA, SD, VA (11); FL, GA, IN, MI, MT, TN, WY (7); OK (1). Row 3: Public Participation: AL, AR, ID, IL, MO, OR, RI, SC, UT, VT, WV (11); AL, IL (2); none (0); none (0); IL, OR (2); OR (1); AZ, CA, HI, ID, KY, MS, NV, NC, OK, UT, VT, WA (12); CO, CT, GA, IA, KS, ME, MI, NE, NM, NY, ND, PA, SD, TX, VA, WI (16); FL, IN, MI, MT, TN, WY (6); OK (1). Row 4: Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination: AL, AZ, AR, CO, CT, FL, HI, ID, IL, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, NC, OH, OK, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI (34); AL, IL, MS, WA (4); none (0); MS, WA (2); FL, HI, IL, KY, MN, MS, OH, OR, UT, VA, WA, WI (12); FL, KY, MA, MN, MS, NE, NV, NC, OH, OR, SC, SD, UT, VA, WA (16); CA, GA, MO, NV, OH, TX, UT (7); CT, IA, KS, MI, NM, ND (6); IN, OK, WY (3); CA, OK (2).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing stormwater program elements and participating entities, with states listed by program area and responsible group.
Long Description.

Row 5: Construction Stormwater: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI (37); AL, IL, IN, MS, NE, NM, WA (7); none (0); MS, UT (2); FL, GA, HI, IL, IN, KY, MA, MN, MS, MO, NE, NM, NC, OR, SC, UT, VA, WI (18); AZ, AR, FL, GA, HI, IN, KY, MA, MN, MS, MO, NE, NV, NM, NC, OR, SC, SD, TX, UT, VA (21); ID, UT (2); CT, IA, KS, MI, ND (5); WY (1); CA, OK (2).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing stormwater program elements and participating entities, with states listed by program area and responsible group.
Long Description.

Row 6: Post-Construction Site Runoff Control: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, HI, ID, IL, IN, KY, ME, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, NC, OH, OR, RI, SC, SD, UT, VT, VA, WA (29); AL, IL, MS, WA (4); none (0); MS, WA (2); HI, IL, IN, KY, MS, NE, NC, OH, OR, SC, VA, WA (12); KY, MS, NC, OH, OR, SC, SD, VA, WA (9); none (0); IA, KS, MI, NM, ND, OK, PA, TX, WI (9); FL, OK, TN, WV, WY (5); CA (1). Row 7: Pollution Prevention and Good Housekeeping: AL, AZ, AR, CO, CT, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI (36); AL, IL, MS, WA (4); none (0); MS, WA (2); GA, HI, IL, MN, MS, NC, OH, OR, VA, WA, WI (11); GA, HI, IN, KY, MS, NC, OR, SD, TX, VA, WA (11); CA, HI, MO, NV, NC (5); IA, KS, MI, NM, ND (5); CA, FL, WY (3); OK (1).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing stormwater program elements and participating entities, with states listed by program area and responsible group.
Long Description.

Continuation of Row 6: Post-Construction Site Runoff Control: SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI (36);

Table listing types of training programs used by state D O Ts, with participating states and notes describing written-in responses.
Long Description.

The table has 7 rows and 1 column. Row 1: In-house state DOT program; AL, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (39). Row 2: Other state agency program; FL, ME, MI, NY, TN, VA, WV, WY (8). Row 3: Other federal program training opportunities; NY, OK, VT (3). Row 4: EPA NPDES Training courses; IN, MA, MT, NM, OK, WV, WI (7). Row 5: University sponsored programs; AR, IL, KY, MA, MN, NC, OK, SC (8). Row 6: Private programs, for example, EnviroCert; AL, AZ, IN, MN, MS, MT, NV (7). Row 7: Other, write in; ID (note cue a), NV (note cue b), NM (note cue c), TX (note cue d), WV (note cue e) (5). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, Contractor; b, Nevada Contractors Association; c, ACNM Stormwater Competent Personnel Training; d, Contractor or university; e, IECA MAC conference.

Table showing audiences reached by stormwater training and outreach activities, listing participating states and counts, with notes for write-in responses.
Long Description.

The table has 10 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Engineers (any discipline); AL, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NV, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (37). Row 3: Designers; AL, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, KY, MI, MS, MO, NY, NC, OR, PA, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WY (26). Row 4: Contractors or Installers; AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, ID, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NC, ND, OK, OR, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV (32). Row 5: Supervisors; AZ, AR, GA, HI, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NM, NC, ND, OK, OR, RI, SD, TN, VA, WA, WY (25). Row 6: Inspectors; AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (43).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing audiences reached by stormwater training and outreach activities, listing participating states and counts, with notes for write-in responses.
Long Description.

Row 7: General public (through outreach); HI, SC (2). Row 8: Environmental and permit staff; AL, AR, CO, CT, HI, ID, IL, IN, KY, MA, MI, MN, MS, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (34). Row 9: Work-release laborers; none reported (0). Row 10: Not sure; none reported (0). Row 11: Other (write in); IA (note cue a), TX (note cue b) (2). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, Local public agencies; b, subcontractors.

Table showing communication and outreach methods used by state DOTs for stormwater programs, by state.
Long Description.

The table has 13 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Social media; AL, AZ, HI, IN, MS, MO, NE, NM, NY, PA, RI, VT (12). Row 2: State DOT website; AL, AZ, AR, CO, CT, FL, HI, IN, KY, MA, MS, MO, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, VT, VA, WA (29). Row 3: Mailers; ND (1). Row 4: Brochures; AR, CT, FL, HI, MI, MO, NE, ND, SC, SD, WV (11). Row 5: Billboards; ID (1). Row 6: Roadside signage; GA, MT, ND, RI, SC, WA (6). Row 7: Radio campaigns; HI, ID, OK (3). Row 8: Television advertisements; HI, NM (2). Row 9: Community event programming; AL, HI, ID, IN, MS, MT, NM, OK (8). Row 10: K to 12 programs; HI, MT, ND, SD (4). Row 11: Adopt a Road programs; AL, HI, ID, IL, KS, MS, NE, NY, ND, RI, SC, UT, WA, WV (14). Row 12: Not sure; CA, IA, WY (3). Row 13: Other (write in); CO (note cue a), ME (note cue b), MN (note cue c), NM (note cue d), ND (note cue e), SC (note cue f) (6). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, every project must have a certified Transportation Erosion Control Supervisor written into the contract. SWMPP designers must also be certified; b, not required and satisfied by Public Notice process; c, none; d, no information entered by NM; e, newspaper; f, booth or table at professional conferences.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing types of expertise and partnerships used by state D O Ts for stormwater programs, with participating states and notes for write-ins.
Long Description.

The table has 5 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: In-house experts; AL, AR, CA, CO, GA, HI, ID, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (39). Row 2: University partnership, for example, Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP), Extension, outreach programs, et cetera.); AR, ID, IL, KY, MA, MN, NE, NV, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, WY (14). Row 3: External consultants; AZ, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, ID, IN, KY, MS, MT, NE, NV, OH, PA, SC, TN, TX (18). Row 4: Regulatory partners; FL, HI, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, TN, UT, VA, WV, WY (13). Row 5: Not sure; CT (1). Row 6: Other (write in); IA (note cue a), NV (note cue b), NM (note cue c) (3). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, through our technical training and certification program; b, Nevada Contractors Association; c, Associated Contractors of New Mexico, ACNM.

Table showing communication channels used by state D O Ts to share stormwater training information, by state.
Long Description.

The table has 9 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Internal DOT emails; AL, AZ, AR, GA, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OR, PA, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WY (35). Row 2: Employee training plans; AZ, ID, KY, ME, MS, MO, NE, NC, OH, OR, RI, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV, WY (19). Row 3: External emails; CO, HI, ID, IN, IA, KS, MN, MS, MO, NV, NC, ND, OR, PA, WA, WI (16). Row 4: Word of mouth; HI, ID, MA, MS, MT, NV, OK, OR, SD, VT, WA (11). Row 5: Website posting; AL, AR, CA, CO, GA, HI, IA, KS, KY, MN, MS, NM, ND, OR, SD, TN, WA (17). Row 6: Training coordinators; AL, GA, ID, ME, MA, MI, MS, NV, NM, NY, OR, PA, TN, TX, UT, VA, WI, WY (18). Row 7: Social media; HI, MS (2). Row 8: Not sure; FL (1). Row 9: Other (write in); CO (note cue a), CT (note cue b), ME (note cue c), NE (note cue d), NV (note cue e), ND (note cue f), OK (note cue g), OR (note cue h) (8). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, written in awarded contract; b, PowerPoint; c, yearly notification of required training; d, construction specifications; e, Nevada Contractors Association; f, Association of General Contractors; g, yearly trainings in field districts; h, no information entered by OR.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing cost to access stormwater training, by training provider type and state.
Long Description.

The table has 8 rows and 6 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are: blank; DOT Designer; Non DOT Designer; DOT inspector; Non DOT inspector; DOT installer; Non DOT Contractor or Installer. Row 2: Free, no cost: GA, HI, IA, NV, NY, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WY (11); GA, HI, ID, IA (4), GA, HI, IA, NE, NM, NY, SD, TX, VA, WY (10); GA, HI, IA (3), GA, HI, IA, NY, SD, VA, WY (7); HI, IA, ME (3). Row 3: Less than 100 dollars: MS, OK (3); MS, OK (2); MI, MS, NV, NM, OK (5); MS, OK, VA (3); MS, OK (2); MS, NE, OK (3). Row 4: 100 to 250 dollars: AL, IL, KS, KY, MN, NC (6); CO, ID, KS, KY, MN, NC, SD, VA (8); AL, IL, KS, KY, MN, NC (7); CO, KS, KY, MN, NC, SD (6); AL, KY, MN, NC (4); CO, KY, MN, NC, SD, TX (6). Row 5: Over 250 dollars: ND, PA, WV (3); IL, ND, PA, TX (4); AZ, ND, PA, WV (4); AR, CA, IL, ND, PA, TX (6); ND, PA (2); AZ, AR, CA, NV, ND, VA (6). Row 6: Not sure: AZ, CA, FL, MA, MT, NV (6); AZ, CA, FL, MA, MT, OH, TN, WV (8); AR, CA, FL, MA, MT (5); AZ, FL, MA, MT, OH, WV (6); AZ, CA, FL, MA, MT, WV (6); FL, GA, MA, MT, WV (5). Row 7: NA: CO, CT, IN, MO, OH, RI, SC, VT, WA, WV (11); CT, IN, MO, NV, NY, RI, SC, VT, WA, WV (10); CO, CT, IN, MO, OH, RI, SC, VT, WA, WV (11); CT, IN, MO, NY, RI, VT, WA, WV (8), CO, CT, IN, MO, OH, RI, TX, VT, WA, WI, WY (11), CT, IN, MO, NY, OH, PA, RI, WA, WV (10). Row 8: Other, write-in: 0; 0; 0; 0; 0; 0.

Table showing funding sources used by state DOTs to support stormwater training, with states listed by funding type.
Long Description.

The table has 8 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Participant fees: AR, CO, FL, ID, IL, IA, MN, MS, NV, NM, NC, ND, OK, OR, PA, SC, SD (17). Row 2: State DOT budget: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, HI, ID, IN, IA, KY, ME, MA, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI (36). Row 3: Local Technical Assistance Programming, LTAP: AR, MA, NE, TN (4). Row 4: State regulatory agency funding: FL (1). Row 5: Regional stormwater partnerships: no states listed (0). Row 6: Grant programs: no states listed (0). Row 7: Not sure: GA, KS, WV (3). Row 8: Other, write-in: IA (note cue a), MI (note cue b) (2). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, construction industry training funds available to contractor; b, federal training funds.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing how often stormwater training is offered by role type, with states listed for each training frequency.
Long Description.

The table has 9 rows and 4 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are: blank; Designer; Inspector; Contractor or Installer. Row 2: At least annually: AL, GA, HI, MA, NY, ND, SD, TN, WV (9); AL, AR, HI, IA, MA, NY, ND, OK, SD, WI (10); HI, ID, ME, MA, ND, OK, SD (7). Row 3: At least quarterly: CO, IL, KY, MN, MS, NC, VA (7); CO, GA, ID, IL, IA, KS, KY, MN, MS, NC, VA, WV (12); CO, GA, IL, KS, KY, MS, NV, NC, OK (10). Row 4: At least monthly: CO (1); CO, TX (2); CO, NM, VA (3). Row 5: Weekly: PA (1); none (0); none (0). Row 6: On-demand: CA, FL, HI, ID, IN, KY, MN, MO, MT, NY, RI, TX, VT (13); AR, CA, FL, HI, IN, KY, MN, MO, MT, NE, NC, PA, RI, TX, UT, VT, WI (17); AR, CA, FL, HI, IN, KY, MN, MO, MT, NY, NC, OK, PA, RI, TX (15). Row 7: Not sure: OK (1); TN (1); TN (1). Row 8: NA: AZ, CT, OH (3); AZ, CT, OH (3); AZ, CT, OH, VT (4). Row 9: Other, write-in: CO (note cue a), OR (note cue c), WA (note cue d), WY (note cue d) (4); CO (note cue a), IA (note cue b), OR (note cue c), WA (note cue d), WY (note cue c) (5); OR (note cue c), WA (note cue d) (2). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, seasonal; b, typically 4 to 5 courses a year; c, 6 to 8 in the winter; d, bi-annual; e, big annually.

Table showing stormwater training delivery formats used by state D O Ts, with states listed by role type.
Long Description.

The table has 8 rows and 4 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are: blank; Designer; Inspector; Contractor or Installer. Row 2: In person, classroom: AL, CA, CT, HI, IN, KY, ME, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NM, NC, ND, OR, PA, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WV, WY (24); AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MT, NV, NM, NC, ND, OK, OR, SC, SD, TX, UT, WI, WV, WY (31); AZ, AR, CA, CO, GA, HI, ID, IN, IA, KY, ME, MN, MS, NV, NM, NC, ND, OK, OR, SC, SD, UT (22). Row 3: In person, field: AL, TX, UT, WA, WY (5); AL, CO, ID, KS, MT, ND, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WV, WY (13); CO, ID, KS, ND, OK, UT, WA (7). Row 4: Virtual, on-demand: CA, FL, HI, IN, KY, MN, MO, MT, RI, TX, UT, VT, WV, WY (14); AR, CA, FL, GA, HI, IN, IA, KS, KY, MN, MO, MT, NE, NV, NC, PA, RI, TX, UT, VT, WI, WY (22); AR, CA, FL, GA, HI, IN, IA, KS, KY, MN, MO, NE, NV, NC, PA, RI, TX, UT (18). Row 5: Virtual, instructor-led, live: AL, CO, CT, GA, HI, IL, IN, KY, NY, PA, TX, WA, WY (13); AL, CA, CT, HI, IN, IA, KY, MA, NY, TX, VA, WA, WY (13); CA, HI, IN, IA, KY, VA, WA (7). Row 6: Not sure: OK (1); none (0); MA, MT, TN (3). Row 7: NA: AZ, MA, OH (3); OH (1); OH, VT (2). Row 8: Other, write-in: ND (note cue a) (1); ND (note cue a) (1); none (0). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, internal virtual instructor-led.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing typical length of stormwater training by role, with states listed for designers, inspectors, and contractors or installers.
Long Description.

The table has 11 rows and 4 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are: blank; Designer; Inspector; Contractor or Installer. Row 2: Less than 4 hours: none (0); MA, OK (2); NE (1). Row 3: 4 hours, half-day: HI, IN, ME, MO, NY, RI, WV, WY (8); AL, AR, HI, IN, MO, MT, NE, PA, RI, UT, WY (11); HI, IN, MO, OK, PA, RI (6). Row 4: 8 hours, full day: IL, KY, MS, NE, NC, OR, SD, TN, WY (9); AL, CA, GA, ID, IL, KY, MS, NM, NC, OR, SD, WV, WY (14); AR, CA, GA, KY, MN, MS, NV, NC, OK, OR, SD, VA (12). Row 5: 12 hours, 1.5 days: none (0); KS (1); KS (1). Row 6: 16 hours, 2 days: CA, CO, GA, MN, ND, WA (6); AZ, CO, GA, MN, ND, VA, WA (7); AZ, CO, NV, ND, WA (5). Row 7: 24 hours, 3 days: GA, VA (2); IA (1); none (0). Row 8: More than 24 hours: GA (1); none (0); CA (1). Row 9: Not sure: FL, MT, OK (3); FL, TN (2); FL, MA, MT (3). Row 10: NA: AZ, CT, MA, OH (4); CT, OH (2); CT, OH, TN, VT (4). Row 11: Other, write-in: TX (note cue c), VT (note cue d) (2); IA (note cue a), TX (note cue c), VT (note cue d) (3); NV (note cue b), TX (note cue c) (2). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, online training about two hours, certification course two and a half days; b, we also have a one-day refresher; c, each class has a different length and they add up; d, varies depending on training from 0.5 to 5 hours.

Table showing assessment and credentialing requirements for stormwater training, with states listed by requirement type.
Long Description.

The table has 7 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Knowledge check, quiz, required: AL, AZ, CA, GA, HI, ID, IN, ME, MO, MT, NM, NY, RI, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WI, WY (20). Row 2: Formal exam required: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, GA, ID, IA, KS, KY, MI, MN, MS, MT, NE, NV, NM, NC, ND, OH, OR, SD, TX, UT, VA (25). Row 3: Passing score required for successful completion: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, KS, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OR, SD, TN, UT, VA, WI (27). Row 4: Formal certification issued: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, IL, MA, MN, MS, MO, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, RI, SD, TN, UT, VT, VA, WA (29). Row 5: Professional Development Hours, PDHs, or Continuing Education Units, CEUs, offered: AL, AR, HI, MS, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, OK, OR, PA, TN, VT, VA, WA, WI (18). Row 6: None: CT, VT (2). Row 7: Other, write-in: IA (note cue a), ND (note cue b), SC (note cue c), TX (note cue d), WV (note cue e) (5). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, online training, completion of course only; b, PDHself reported with agenda; c, inspector certification requires passing a formal exam and PDHs have been given for this certification by request through Clemson University who oversees the program; d, practice activity; e, not specific, but part of more general conference certificate.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing recertification training frequency requirements for state D O T stormwater programs, with states listed by category.
Long Description.

The table has 7 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: No recertification training required: CT, FL, PA, RI, VT, WV, WI (7). Row 2: Annually: AL, AR, HI, ME, MA (5). Row 3: Biennially, every other year: OK, WA (2). Row 4: Greater than two years: AZ, CO, GA, IL, IN, KY, MS, NE, NV, NM, ND, OR, SD, TX, UT, VA (16). Row 5: When new NPDES permits are issued to the state DOT: CA, ID (2). Row 6: Not sure: TN, WY (2). Row 7: Other, write-in: IA (note cue a), KS (note cue b), MI (note cue c), MN (note cue d), MO (note cue e), MT (note cue f), NY (note cue g), NC (note cue h), OH (note cue i), SC (note cue j) (10). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, online training every two years and certification every five years; b, every four years; c, five years; d, every three years; e, every four years; f, depends on the role; g, greater than two years and when new SPDES permits are issued to the state DOT should be selected; h, three years; i, Envirocert certification rules; j, SC DOT internal training is annual and inspector certification is for three years with recertification required during the active three-year period.

Table showing systems used by state D O Ts to track stormwater training completion, with states listed by tracking method.
Long Description.

The table has 8 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Self-reporting system: AZ, RI (2). Row 2: Internal digital database system: AL, AZ, CA, CO, HI, ID, IN, IA, KS, KY, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OR, PA, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, WA, WI, WY (29). Row 3: Public-facing database: AL, CA, CO, GA, IA, MO, NE, NC, ND, OK, SD (11). Row 4: Paper-based log or sign-in sheet: AR, HI, KY, ME, MA, NV, NY, NC, SC, SD, TX, WI (12). Row 5: Identification card: GA, IA, MN, MS, NM, NC, OR, SC, WA (9). Row 6: Certificate issued: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, HI, IL, IN, IA, KS, MI, MN, MS, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, OR, PA, TX, UT, VA, WA (26). Row 7: Not sure: CT, WV (2). Row 8: Other, write-in: MN (note cue a), OH (note cue b), VT (note cue c) (3). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, provider, university database; b, EnviroCert certification rules; c, informal training not documented.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing types of stormwater training programs used by state D O Ts, with states listed by program source.
Long Description.

The table has 7 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: In-house state DOT program: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IN, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI, WV (34). Row 2: Other state agency program: NY, OR, VT, WY (4). Row 3: Other federal program training opportunities: MT, OR, VT (3). Row 4: EPA NPDES training courses: MT, OR (2). Row 5: University-sponsored programs: AR, CO, FL, IL, KY, MA, NC, OR, VT, WY (10). Row 6: Private programs, for example EnviroCert: MT, NV, OR (3). Row 7: Other, write-in: GA (note cue a), ID (note cue b), MI (note cue c), MN (note cue d), ND (note cue e), OK (note cue f) (6). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, consultant for the DOT; b, none; c, NA; d, none; e, post-construction controls given over to MS 4 community to manage after construction, ND DOT only MS 4 inside other MS 4, not statewide; f, not using.

Table showing audiences receiving stormwater training from state D O Ts, with states listed by audience type.
Long Description.

The table has 10 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Engineers, any discipline: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, GA, HI, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, NE, NY, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (28). Row 2: Designers: AL, AZ, CA, CO, GA, HI, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, SC, SD, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (28). Row 3: Contractors or Installers: AR, GA, IN, KY, ME, MS, OH, OR, SD, VA, WA (11). Row 4: Supervisors: AR, CO, GA, KS, KY, ME, MS, MO, MT, NY, OR, RI, SD, UT, VA, WA, WY (17). Row 5: Inspectors: AL, AR, CO, CT, FL, GA, KY, ME, MN, MS, MT, NY, NC, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, UT, VT, VA, WI, WY (23). Row 6: General public, through outreach: GA (1). Row 7: Environmental and permit staff: AL, CA, CT, HI, KY, ME, MA, MS, MT, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, RI, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA (22). Row 8: Work-release laborers: none (0). Row 9: Not sure: ID, MI, OK, TN (4). Row 10: Other, write-in: CO (note cue a), MN (note cue b), ME (note cue c), ND (note cue d) (4). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, maintenance staff; b, maintenance staff; c, none; d, environmental staff participate in webinars and like training to maintain knowledge.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing outreach and communication methods used by state D O Ts to share stormwater information, with states listed by method.
Long Description.

The table has 14 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Social media: CA, HI, IN, MN, MS, NE, NV, NC, RI, VT (10). Row 2: State DOT website: AZ, AR, CA, CO, FL, GA, HI, IN, KY, MA, MN, MS, NE, NV, NC, ND, OH, OR, RI, SC, SD, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI (26). Row 3: Mailers: CA (1). Row 4: Brochures: AR, CA, FL, GA, NC, ND, SC, SD, WI (9). Row 5: Billboards: CA (1). Row 6: Roadside signage: CA, KS, MS, NV, RI, SC (6). Row 7: Radio campaigns: CA, NV (2). Row 8: Television advertisements: CA, NV (2). Row 9: Community event programming: AL, CA, HI, MS, NV, VT (6). Row 10: K–12 programs: CA, HI, NV, NC, ND, SD (6). Row 11: Adopt a Road programs: AL, CA, FL, GA, KS, MS, NV, ND, OH, RI, SC, TX, WI (13). Row 12: None: CT, ID, MO, NM, OK, PA (6). Row 13: Not sure: MI, MT, NY, TN, WY (5). Row 14: Other, write-in: AL (note cue a), CO (note cue b), IL (note cue c), ME (note cue d), MN (note cue e), ND (note cue f), TX (note cue g) (7). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, DOT sponsored Stormwater Association; b, internal trainings; c, internal; d, not required; e, some local partnerships; f, the above items have information on post-construction stormwater but no formal training is provided by the ND DOT; g, donʼt mess with Texas.

Table showing sources used by state D O Ts to provide stormwater training expertise, with states listed by source type.
Long Description.

The table has 6 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: In-house experts: AL, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IN, KS, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, NE, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WY (30). Row 2: University partnership, for example Local Technical Assistance Program, Extension, outreach programs, etc.: AR, CO, FL, IL, KY, MA, NC, OR, SC, WY (10). Row 3: External consultants: AZ, CA, GA, HI, IN, KY, MA, MS, NE, NV, OH, PA, SC, UT, VT, WI (16). Row 4: Regulatory partners: FL, KY, MI, NC, OR, UT, VT, VA, WY (9). Row 5: Not sure: ID, MT, TN (3). Row 6: Other, write-in: NM (note cue a), ND (note cue b), OK (note cue c) (3). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, NA; b, no formal training, just information sources provided as MS 4 communities in charge of their own post-construction devices, highly rural state; c, we do not offer this training.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing communication channels used by state DOTs to share stormwater training information, with states listed by channel.
Long Description.

The table has 9 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Internal DOT emails: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IL, IN, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, NE, NV, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI, WY (34). Row 2: Employee training plans: AZ, CA, KY, MS, MO, OH, OR, RI, SD, VA, WA, WY (12). Row 3: External emails: CO, HI, IN, MS, NE, NC, OR, PA, VT, WA, WI (11). Row 4: Word of mouth: MS, NV, OR, SD, VT, VA, WA (7). Row 5: Website posting: AR, GA, HI, KY, MS, NC, OR, SD, WA (9). Row 6: Training coordinators: AL, CT, MI, MN, MS, NY, PA, VA, WY (9). Row 7: Social media: MS (1). Row 8: Not sure: FL, ID, MT, TN (4). Row 9: Other, write-in: NM (note cue a), ND (note cue b), OK (note cue c) (3). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, never; b, none; c, we do not have requirements.

Table showing stormwater training cost categories by role type, with states listed for D O T and non-D O T designers, inspectors, and contractors.
Long Description.

The table has 8 rows and 6 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are blank; DOT designer, non DOT designer; DOT inspector; non DOT inspector, DOT installer; non DOT contractor or installer. Row 2: Free, no cost: GA, HI, NE, ND, NY, OH, TX, UT, WY (9); HI, OH (2); GA, ND, NY, OH, TX, WY (6); GA, OH (2); GA, ME, ND, NY, OH, WY (6); GA, OH (2). Row 3: Less than 100 dollars: MS, NV, PA (3); MS (1); MS, PA (2); MS, VA, WI (3); MS (1); MS (1). Row 4: 100 to 250 dollars: IL, KY, NC, VA (4); GA, KY, NC, ND, VA (5); IL, KY, NC (3); KY, NC, ND, PA (4); KY, NC (2); KY, NC, ND (3). Row 5: Over 250 dollars: none (0); CO, IL, PA (3); none (0); AR, CO, IL (3); none (0); AR, CO (2). Row 6: On-demand: RI, WA (2); RI, WA (2); RI, VA, WA (3); RI, WA (2); RI, VA, WA (3); RI, VA, WA (3). Row 7: Not sure: AL, AZ, FL, MA, MT, NV, TN (7); AL, AZ, CA, FL, MA, MT (6); AL, AZ, AR, FL, MA, MT (6); AL, AZ, CA, FL, MA, MT (6); AL, AZ, FL, MA, MT (5); AZ, CA, FL, MA, MT (5). Row 8: NA: CA, CO, CT, ID, IN, KS, MO, NM, OK, OR, VT, WI (12); CT, IN, KS, MO, OR, TX, VT, WI (9); CA, CO, CT, IN, KS, MO, OK, OR, VT, WI (10); CT, IN, KS, MO, OK, OR, TX, VT (8); CA, CO, CT, IN, KS, MO, OK, OR, PA, TX, VT, WI (12); AL, CT, IN, KS, MO, OK, OR, PA, TX, VT, WI (11). Other, write in: none (0); none (0); none (0); none (0); none (0); none (0).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing funding sources used by state D O Ts to support stormwater training, with states listed by funding type.
Long Description.

The table has 8 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Participant fees: AR, CO, FL, GA, IL, MS, NC, PA, SD (9). Row 2: State DOT budget: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, HI, IN, KY, ME, MA, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI (31). Row 3: Local Technical Assistance Programming, LTAP: AR, MA (2). Row 4: State regulatory agency funding: FL, NC (2). Row 5: Regional stormwater partnerships: VT (1). Row 6: Grant programs: none listed (0). Row 7: Not sure: ID, KS, TN, WY (4). Row 8: Other, write-in: GA (note cue a), MI (note cue b), NM (note cue c), ND (note cue d), OK (note cue e) (5). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, federal funding; b, NA; c, NA; d, none; e, NA.

Table showing how often stormwater training is offered by role type, with states listed for designers, inspectors, and contractors/installers.
Long Description.

The table has 9 rows and 4 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are blank; Designer; Inspector; Contractor or Installer. Row 2: At least annually: GA, NE, NY, NC, PA, SD (6); AR, GA, HI, NY, NC, PA, SD, UT (8); GA, SD (2). Row 3: At least quarterly: IL, KY, MS, VA (4); IL, KY, MS, NC, OR, VA (6); KY, MS (2). Row 4: At least monthly: none (0); none (0); VA (1). Row 5: Weekly: none (0); none (0); none (0). Row 6: On-demand: AZ, CA, FL, KY, MA, NV, OH, RI, TX, VT (10); AZ, AR, CA, FL, KY, OH, RI, TX, VT, WI (10); AR, FL, KY, OH, RI, VT (6). Row 7: Not sure: AL, KS, MT, OK, SC, TN (6); AL, KS, MT, SC (4); AL, CA, KS, MT, NC, OK, SC (7). Row 8: NA: CT, ID, ND, WI (4); CT, MA, NM, ND, OK (5); AZ, CT, HI, MA, ND, PA, TX, WI (8). Row 9: Other, write-in: CO (note cue a), IN (note cue b), MO (note cue c), WA (note cue d), WY (note cue e) (5); CO (note cue a), IN (note cue b), WA (note cue d), WY (note cue e) (4); CO (note cue a), IN (note cue b), WA (note cue d) (3). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, bi-tri-annually; b, at request, it is a new program this year; c, every two years; d, bi-annual; e, big annually.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing stormwater training delivery formats by role type, with states listed for designers, inspectors, and contractors or installers.
Long Description.

The table has 8 rows and 4 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are blank; Designer; Inspector; Contractor or Installer. Row 2: In person, classroom: CA, CO, GA, HI, IL, IN, KY, ME, MA, MS, MO, NE, NV, NC, OR, SC, SD, TN, VA, WY (20); AR, CA, CO, CT, GA, HI, IL, IN, KY, ME, MN, MS, OR, PA, SC, SD, VT, VA, WY (19); AR, CO, GA, IN, KY, ME, MS, OR, SD (9). Row 3: In person, field: CO, NC, OH, VT, WY (5); CO, HI, MN, NC, OH, PA, VT, WI, WY (9); CO, VT (2). Row 4: Virtual, on-demand: AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, IN, KY, NV, OH, RI, TX, UT, VT, WY (14); AZ, AR, CA, FL, HI, IN, KY, OH, RI, TX, UT, VT, WY (13); AR, FL, IN, KY, OH, RI, UT (7). Row 5: Virtual, instructor-led, live: CA, GA, HI, IN, KY, NY, OR, PA, VT, VA, WA, WY (13); CA, CT, GA, HI, IN, KY, NY, OR, VA, WA, WY (11); GA, IN, KY, OR, VA, WA (6). Row 7: Not sure: AL, CT, KS, MT, TN (5); AL, KS, MT (3); AL, KS, MT (3). Row 8: NA: ID, NM, ND, OK, WI (5); ID, NM, ND, OK (4); AZ, CA, CT, ID, NM, NY, ND, OK, PA, TX, WI (11). Row 7: Other, write-in: none (0); none (0); none (0).

Table showing typical stormwater training length by role type, with states listed for designers, inspectors, and contractors/installers.
Long Description.

The table has 10 rows and 4 columns. The column headers in Row 1 are blank; Designer; Inspector; Contractor or Installer. Row 2: Less than 4 hours: AZ, MA, NE, NV, NY, VT (6); AZ, MN, UT, VT (4); VT (1). Row 3: 4 hours, half-day: HI, IN, MO, OH, RI, SC, WY (8); GA, NY, OH, OR, RI, SC, WI, WY (9); GA, IN, OH, OR, RI (5). Row 4: 8 hours, full-day: GA, IL, KY, MS, NV, NC, SD (7); IL, KY, MS, SD (4); KY, MS, SD, VA (4). Row 5: 12 hours, 1.5 days: none (0); HI, NC, PA (3); none (0). Row 6: 16 hours, 2 days: CA, CO (2); CA, CO, VA (3); CO (1). Row 7: 24 hours, 3 days: VA, WA (2); WA (1); WA (1). Row 8: More than 24 hours: none (0); none (0); none (0). Row 9: Not sure: AL, FL, KS, MT, TN (5); AL, FL, KS, MT (4); AL, CA, FL, KS, MT, NC (6). Row 10: NA: CT, ID, ND, OK, WI (5); CT, ND, OK (3); AZ, CT, NM, ND, OK, PA, TX, WI (8). Row 10: Other, write-in: PA (note cue b), TX (note cue c) (2); AR (note cue a), TX (note cue c) (2); AR (note cue a) (1). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, post-construction is a component of stormwater training; b, 20; c, module included in other training.

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing assessment, certification, and credit requirements for stormwater training, with states listed by requirement type.
Long Description.

The table has 7 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Knowledge check, quiz, required: AZ, GA, HI, ME, MA, NE, NV, NY, RI, TX, WA, WY (12). Row 2: Formal exam required: CA, CO, IL, KY, MS, NC, OR, SD, VA (9). Row 3: Passing score required for successful completion: AZ, CA, CO, MS, NY, NC, SD, UT, VA (9). Row 4: Formal certification issued: CA, MS, NY, NC, OR, PA, RI, SD, VA, WA (10). Row 5: Professional Development Hours, PDHs, or Continuing Education Units, CEUs, offered: IN, MS, NE, NY, NC, PA, SC, VT, VA, WA (10). Row 6: None: AL, AR, CT, FL, ID, KS, MN, MO, NM, ND, OH, OK, TN, WI (14). Row 7: Other, write-in: MT (note cue a), MT (note cue b) (2). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, NA; b, not sure.

Table showing recertification training frequency requirements for stormwater programs, with states listed by recertification category
Long Description.

The table has 7 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: No recertification training required: GA, MA, NE, ND, OH, OK, PA, RI, TX, VT, WI (11). Row 2: Annually: AR, ME, MN, NV, UT (5). Row 3: Biennially, every other year: MO, NC, OR (3). Row 4: Greater than two years: AZ, CO, IL, KY, MS, NY, SD, VA (8). Row 5: When new NPDES permits are issued to the state DOT: CA, HI (2). Row 6: Not sure: AL, CT, FL, ID, IN, KS, MT, TN, WY (9). Row 7: Other, write-in: MT (note cue a), NM (note cue b), SC (note cue c), WA (note cue d) (4). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, NA; b, NA; c, we cover a portion of this training annually in the construction training program related to BMPs installed as part of the project and maintained post-construction; d, every five years.

Table showing systems used by state D O Ts to track stormwater training completion, with states listed by tracking method.
Long Description.

The table has 8 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Self-reporting system: GA, IN, MA, MO, NV, NC, RI, VT (8). Row 2: Internal digital database system: AZ, CA, CO, HI, KY, MN, MS, MO, NE, NV, NY, OH, OR, PA, SD, TX, UT, VT, WA, WY (20). Row 3: Public-facing database: NC, SD (2). Row 4: Paper-based log or sign-in sheet: AR, CO, HI, KY, ME, NE, SC, SD (8).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Table showing systems used by state D O Ts to track stormwater training completion, with states listed by tracking method.
Long Description.

Row 5: Identification card: MS, WA (2). Row 6: Certificate issued: CO, IL, MS, NY, PA, VA, WA (7). Row 7: Not sure: AL, CT, FL, ID, KS, MT, OK, TN (8). Row 8: Other, write-in: MT (note cue a), NM (note cue b), ND (note cue c), WI (note cue d) (4). Notes for written-in responses are as follows: a, NA; b, NA; c, None; d, Program Manager general knowledge.

Table showing whether state D O Ts require a specific stormwater-related practice or policy, with states listed by response.
Long Description.

The table has 3 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Yes: AL, CO, CT, GA, HI, IL, MN, MS, MO, NM, NC, OK, PA, RI, SC, VT, VA, WA, WI (19). Row 2: No: AZ, AR, ID, IN, IA, KS, MA, MT, NE, NV, ND, OH, OR, SD, UT, WV (16). Row 3: Not sure: CA, FL, KY, ME, MI, NY, TN, TX, WY (9).

Table showing willingness of state D O T respondents to participate in follow-up interviews, with states listed by response option.
Long Description.

The table has 3 rows and 2 columns. Row 1: Yes, I am willing to participate in a follow-up interview, skip to Q 35: AL, AZ, AR, CA, IL, IN, IA, MI, MS, MT, NE, NV, NM, ND, OK, UT, VT, WA (18). Row 2: Yes, I am willing to participate in a follow-up interview and I also recommend inviting my co-worker, secondary contact, to the follow-up interview, they also have a strong understanding of this topic: CO, GA, MN, NC, OR, PA, TX, VA (8). Row 3: No, I am not willing to participate in a follow-up interview, skip to Q 35: CT, FL, HI, ID, KS, KY, ME, MA, MO, NY, OH, RI, SC, SD, TN, WV, WI, WY (18).

Table showing respondent contact fields with a note that permission was not obtained to share personal information.
Long Description.

The table has 5 rows and 1 column. Row 1: First name: permission not obtained to share personal information. Row 2: Last name: permission not obtained to share personal information. Row 3: Title: permission not obtained to share personal information. Row 4: Email: permission not obtained to share personal information. Row 5: Phone number: permission not obtained to share personal information.

Table showing states that submitted responses, with all listed states indicating yes.
Long Description.

The table has 1 row and 2 columns. Row 1: Yes, submit my responses: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, ME, MA, MI, MN, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, SD, TN, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WV, WI, WY (44).

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 69
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 70
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 71
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 72
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 73
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 74
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 75
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 76
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 77
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 78
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 79
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 80
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 81
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 82
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 83
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 84
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 85
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 86
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 87
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 88
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 89
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 90
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 91
Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Survey Responses." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2026. State DOT Training Programs Used to Comply with NPDES Stormwater Permit Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29337.
Page 92
Next Chapter: Appendix C: Case Example Interview Questionnaire
Subscribe to Emails from the National Academies
Stay up to date on activities, publications, and events by subscribing to email updates.