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Cullen Duffy, Nightingale-Bamford School, Manhattan
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| Background of Youth Access Measures | |
| A Brief History of the Emergence of Youth Access Measures | |
| Lack of Enforcement | |
| Recent Initiatives | |
| Local Initiatives | |
| The Role of DHHS and the Model Law | |
| The Synar Amendment and Regulations | |
| The Benefits of Reducing Access | |
| Designing a Youth Access Policy | |
| Intergovernmental Roles | |
| Essential Components of a Reduced Access Plan | |
| Implement a Retailer Licensing System | |
| Ban Tobacco Vending Machines | |
| Restrict Methods of Sale | |
| Ban Free Distribution | |
| Foster Community Action to Monitor and Encourage Compliance | |
| Actively Enforce Youth Access Legislation | |
| Additional Considerations to Guide Youth Access Legislation | |
| Suggestions for Additional Policy Initiatives and Research | |
| Further Initiatives | |
| Tobacco-Free Zones Near Schools | |
| Bans on Pharmacy Sales | |
| Restrict Mail-Order Distribution | |
| Additional Research Needed | |
| References |