Index
A
cost, vs satellite imagery, 38
crop production models, 40
forestry, 57
soil/crop variability, 54
vegetation indexes, 48
Agricultural chemicals, 77, 98
see also Fertilizers;
Pest control;
Herbicides;
Variable rate technology
Agricultural extension services, 7, 90, 104, 106, 114
Agricultural inputs, 18, 49, 52, 56-57
cost factors, 73
evaluation methodology, 97, 100-101, 103
see also Environmental issues;
Agricultural chemicals
Agricultural machinery, 44, 65-66, 80-81, 82
forestry, 56
private R&D funding, 93
standards, 98
turnkey computer systems, 78-79
Agricultural production, general, 1, 46, 49
crop models, 39-40, 49-50, 53, 101
crop yield and profit maps, 4
data standards, ISO 8211, 98, 99
spatial dimension, 39-40, 49-50, 53
Agricultural productivity, general, 1, 46, 48, 67, 102
local sensors, 97
R&D funding, 93
stochastic processes, 49-50
yield mapping systems, 31, 38, 45, 49, 53, 55, 63, 66, 115
yield monitors, 22, 31, 38, 66, 78, 100, 115
Agricultural Research Service, 90, 91
Agriculture Electronics Association, 98, 108
American Committee for Inoperable Systems, 111
B
germplasm, 44
herbicide resistance, 52
private sector, 94
C
California Irrigation Management Information System, 23-25, 66, 68
Cartography, see Maps and mapping
Case studies, 3, 73, 74, 76, 103, 104
Cation exchange capacity, 32
Census of Agriculture, 115
Center pivot irrigation, 67, 70
Chemicals, see Agricultural chemicals
Committee on Criteria for Federal Support of Research and Development, 95-96
Communications, see Telecommunications
Computer products and services, 20, 31, 66, 70, 71, 77, 78-79, 85, 97-99, 118
education, 104
expert systems, 13, 37, 77, 101
turnkey, 78-79
see also Data collection and processing;
Data ownership and privacy;
Intellectual property;
Internet
Conservation tillage, 94
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, 95
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, 91
Copyright, see Intellectual property
Copyright Act, 111
aerial vs satellite imagery, 38
agricultural machinery, 70-71, 80-81
floater/variable-rate technologies, 33-34
chemicals dealers, 77
cost-benefit analysis, 51, 81-82, 87, 89
diffusion of technology, 67, 68-69, 70-72
environmental benefits vs costs, 87, 89
fertilizers, 56
fixed, 70
inputs, 73
long-term, 72-73
nutrient assays, 4
sampling strategies, 97
subfield management, 21
telecommunications, private investment, 106-107
weed management, 80-81
Cotton, 47, 50-51, 63, 71, 77, 86
aerial photography, 40
ground-based sensors, 34
production, 39-40, 49-50, 53, 101
spatial dimension, 39-40, 49-50, 53
Crop yield, see Agricultural production;
Agricultural productivity
D
Data collection and processing, 5, 17, 18, 92, 109, 118-119
crop consultant, profile, 26-27
data sharing, 7, 9, 11, 13, 22, 87-88, 99-100, 103, 106, 111
decision support systems, 41, 42-43
environmental monitoring, 87-88, 111
geographic information systems, 5, 30-31
geographic scales, 19-20
Natural Resources Inventory, 115-116
public sector role, 10-11, 97, 112-119
soil, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116
standards, 7-8, 10, 97-98, 114, 118
see also Image processing
Data ownership and privacy, 6, 7, 10, 92, 108, 110-112, 118
see also Intellectual property
Decision support systems, 1, 4, 5, 11-12, 18, 40-43, 104
crop/information technology/decision-making linkage, 46
data collection/processing, 41, 42-43
expert systems, 13, 37, 77, 101
farm size/structure impacts, 81-82
georeferencing, 28
precision agriculture defined, 2
spatial dimension, 41-42
theory, 100
weather, 61
weed management, 41-42
Department of Agriculture, 3, 7
Agricultural Research Service, 90, 91
evaluation/coordination role, 9, 10, 99
Department of Defense, 93
see also Global Positioning System
Differential Global Positioning System, 29, 32, 33, 61, 63
Doppler radar, 61-62
Dissemination of research, see Technology diffusion
Drip irrigation, 67, 68, 70, 85
E
Economic factors, 6, 11-12, 14, 105
farm/size structure, 12-13, 81-85, 88
forestry, 57
information technology, evaluation of impacts on, 74-76
profitability, 9, 12, 45, 67, 69, 70, 72, 76, 96
vertical integration, 85
see also Cost factors;
Employment issues;
Funding;
Private sector
Economic Research Service, 115
Education and training, 5-6, 104-106
computer use, 104
continuing professional, 6, 105
GPS, 104
land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105
private sector reticence, 93, 94
public sector role, general, 3, 90, 92
see also Technical assistance;
Technology diffusion
Employment issues, 3, 13, 79-81, 88
age of farmers, 81
government research agencies, 91
pesticides, farmworker safety, 61
Environmental issues, vi, 3, 9, 11-14 (passim), 85-89, 119
conservation tillage, 94
data collection/processing, 87-88, 111
export markets for technology, 107
fertilizers, 13-14, 55-56, 85-86, 87
forestry, 57
landscape analysis, 23
pest control, 13-14, 60, 61, 85-86, 87
private sector investment, 94-95
public sector role, 96, 101, 102
standards, 98
Equipment, see Agricultural machinery
Equipment Manufacturers Institute, 98
Erosion, 23
Evaluation
agricultural inputs, general, 97, 100-101, 103
CRADA, 95-96
databases, 111
economic factors, 9, 74-76, 99-101
environmental issues, 99, 100, 103-104
fertilizer application, 73, 76
information technology, economic impacts of, 74-76
methodology, 9, 10, 18, 96-101, 103
public sector role, 9, 10, 96-101
see also Economic factors;
Environmental issues;
Standards
Extension services, see Agricultural extension services
F
Farm size/structure
decision support systems, 81-82
economic factors, 12-13, 81-85, 88
Federal Geographic Data Committee, 98
Federal Technology Transfer Act, 95
cost factors, 56
harvest timing, 48
pollution, 13-14, 55-56, 85-86, 87
synthetic, 44
variable-rate technologies, 33, 65-66, 76
Foreign trade, 107
Forestry management, 2
site-specific, 56-57
Freedom of Information Act, 110-111
Fruit growth, 46-47
Fruit yield, 31
Funding
CRADA, 95-96
disclosure, 9
GPS, 91
Internet, 91
land grant universities, 105
machinery, 93
private, 92-95
Agricultural Research Service, 91, 92
other USDA funding, 92
G
General Accounting Office, 107
Genetic engineering, see Biotechnology
Geographic information systems, 5, 30-33, 39-40, 49, 59, 78, 94, 97, 111, 115, 117
data collection/processing, 5, 30-31
decision support systems, 28
education, 104
data collection/processing, 7, 22, 28-30
see also Global Positioning System
kriging, 59
GLObal Navigation Satellite System, 29
Global Positioning System, 5, 28-33 (passim), 38, 78, 90, 108
education, 104
forestry, 56
harvest, 63
pesticides, 61
private sector role, 94
real-time sensing, 29
Grid soil sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113
Groundbased sensors, 34-35, 97
H
Harvest, 63
fertilizers, 48
forestry, 56
GPS, 63
machinery costs, 80-81
plant population data, 53
vegetative-to-fruit growth, 47
forestry, 56
resistant plant varieties, 52
Humidity measurements, 62-63
I
Image processing, 5, 10-11, 36
crop consultant, profile, 26
Infrared sensing, 37
vegetation indexes, 32, 36, 46-48
Inputs, see Agricultural inputs
Insect control, see Pest control
Intellectual property, copyright/patents, 108-112, 118
CRADA, 95
private sector dilemma, 93-94
remote sensing, 108
see also Data ownership and privacy
Interferometry, 40
Internet, 12, 20, 91, 106, 107-108
CIMIS, 23-25
weather, 62
Investment, see Funding
IPM, see Integrated pest management
Irrigation
cotton, 47
harvest timing and, 48
variable-rate technologies, 33
K
Kriging, 59
L
Land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105
Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, 38
LANDSAT remote sensing, 38, 57, 91, 115, 119
Landscape analysis, 23
Legal issues, see Data ownership and privacy;
Intellectual property
Lewin-Kolb model, 19
LIDAR, 57
Local agencies, see State and local agencies
M
Machinery, see Agricultural machinery
Maps and mapping
fertility, 73
geographic information systems, 30-31, 49
geostatistics and, 4
GLObal Navigation Satellite System, 29
humidity, 63
product quality, 63
sensing techniques, general, 5
Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-11, 116-117
variable-rate technologies, 32, 33
see also Global Positioning System;
Yield mapping systems
databases, 111
diffusion of technology, 69
harvest dates predicted, 46
Models and modeling
cotton growth, 50-51
crop/information technology/decision-making linkage, 46
crop/pest interactions, 102, 103
forestry, 56-57
soil, 101-103
see also Crop models;
Decision support systems;
Kriging
Multivariate analysis, 48-51, 100, 103
N
NASA, see Landsat remote sensing
National Agricultural Statistics Service, 114-115
National Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116-117
National Information Infrastructure Council/Task Force, 108, 111
Natural Resources Conservation Service, 10, 115-117
see also National Cooperative Soil Survey
Natural Resources Inventory, 115-116
O
Occupational safety and health, pesticides, 61
On-line systems, see Internet;
Telecommunications
Open GIS Foundation, 98
P
Patents, see Intellectual property
PC-Plant Protection, 41
Pest control, 4, 16, 17, 40, 44, 51, 59-61
crop production modeling, 39
decision support systems, 41-42
GPS, 61
ground-based sensors, 35
humidity, 62-63
pollutants, 13-14, 60, 61, 85-86, 87
R&D policy, 102
soil, 60
spatial dimension, general, 60-61
subfield management, 21, 41-42
see also Integrated pest management;
Weed management
Photosynthesis, 39
Plant control, see Herbicides;
Weed management
Plant diseases, 21
Pollution, see Environmental issues
Precision agricultural, general, 119
ancillary uses, 77
components, 65
conventional vs, 9, 16-17, 44, 48-51, 87, 93, 94, 101
export markets for technology, 107
farm size/structure impacts, 12-13, 81-85, 88
high-vs low-value crops, 77
management factors, 51-52
NAS study focus, 18-19
service/product provision, forms, 77-79
systems approach, 48-49, 100, 101
Privacy, see Data ownership and privacy
agricultural machinery, 93
biotechnology, 94
data processing, 11
diffusion of technology, 90, 91-92
environmental protection, 94-95
funding levels, 92-95
GPS, 94
professional societies, 6, 98, 99, 106
public sector cooperation, 95-96, 98, 100-101, 114-115, 118
telecommunications infrastructure, 106-107
weather satellites, 61-62
Production, see Agricultural production
Productivity, see Agricultural productivity
Professional societies, 6, 98, 99, 106
Profitability, 9, 12, 45, 67, 69, 70, 72, 76, 96
Public sector role, vi, 3, 5, 90, 90-119
data collection and processing, 10-11, 97, 112-119
diffusion of technology, 90-92, 100-101
environmental protection, 96, 101, 102
federal agencies other than DOA, 91, 116, 119
Agricultural Research Service, 91, 92
other USDA funding, 92
land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105
private sector cooperation, 95-96, 98, 100-101, 114-115, 118
telecommunications, 106-108
weather satellites, 61-62
see also Department of Agriculture;
State and local agencies;
other public agencies
R
Real-time processing, 4
Global Positioning System, 29
ground-based, 34-35
spatial data, 22
variable-rate technologies, 32-33
Regional dimension, 23-25
crop growth graphs from, 47-48
forestry, 56-57
image processing, 5, 10-11, 26, 36
intellectual property issues, 108
Land Remote Sensing Policy Act, 38
LANDSAT remote sensing, 38, 57, 91, 115, 119
privacy issues, 110-111
soil and crop variability, 54
telecommunications, local access, 108
variable-rate technologies, 32, 33
vegetation indexes, 32, 36, 46-48
see also Aerial photography;
Infrared sensing
Research and development, 27-28
Agricultural Research Service, 90, 91
decision theory, 100
fertility, 90-91
groundbased sensors, 34-35
pest control, 102
private sector role, 90, 93-94
public sector role, 3, 90-96, 101-104
public/private sector cooperation, 95-96
state agricultural experiment stations, 92, 94, 95
traditional vs emergent, 2, 3-6, 44, 48-51
see also Biotechnology;
Case studies;
Evaluation;
Technology diffusion
Russia, 29
telecommunications, 11, 13, 106-108
see also Farm size/structure
S
Satellite technology, 35-36, 37, 38, 106, 115, 119
cost factors, 38
CIMIS, 25
GLObal Navigation Satellite System, 29
Landsat remote sensing, 38, 57, 91, 115, 119
private sector, 61-62
see also Global Positioning System
germplasm, 44
Sensing and sensors, 4-5
real-time sensing, 4, 20, 22, 29, 32-35, 62
see also Ground-based sensors;
Image processing;
Remote sensing;
Spectroscopy
Social factors, vi, 11, 13, 105, 119
see also Employment issues
Soil science, 3, 16, 51, 53-59, 67
aerial photography, 54
cation exchange capacity, 32
CIMIS, 23-25
Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116
data collection, general, 9, 10, 112, 113-114, 116
depth assessments, 53
erosion, 23
forestry, 56-57
georeferencing, 28
grid sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113
groundbased sensors, 34-35
modeling, 101-103
pesticides, 60
phosphorus, 32, 35, 58, 56, 57-58, 73
plant genetics, drought-prone soils, 52
plant population, 52-53
remote sensing, 54
R&D policy, 102
spatial dimension, 54, 113, 114
grid sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113
stochastic processes, 49
subfield management, 21, 49, 101
variable-rate technologies, 32
see also Fertilizers
Spatial Data Transfer Standard, 98
Spatial dimension, 5, 6, 17, 51
CIMIS, 23-25
crop production modeling, 39-40, 49-50, 53
decision support systems, 41-42
forestry, 56
geographic scales of application, 19-26
heterogeneity, 44
intellectual property issues, 108
landscape analysis, 23
pest control, 60-61
subfield management, 21, 41-42
regional, 7, 23-25, 61, 62, 111-112
sampling strategies, 97
soil and crop variability, 54, 113, 114
grid sampling, 58-59, 66, 100, 113
standards, 99
subfield management, 21, 41-42, 49, 50, 62, 73, 97, 101, 111
variable-rate technologies, 32-34
weather, 61
see also Georeferencing;
Global Positioning System;
Maps and mapping
Spectroscopy, 37
soil and crop variability, 54
see also Infrared sensing
Standards, 7-8, 10, 97-99, 113, 114, 118
agricultural machinery, 98
data collection/processing, 7-8, 10, 97-98, 114, 118
diffusion of technology, 7-8, 10, 97-98
environmental, 98
public sector role, 97-99, 118
spatial dimension, 99
telecommunications, 99
State and local agencies
Cooperative Soil Survey, 9, 10, 112, 113
Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service, 91
data processing and transfer, 11
land grant universities, 3, 9, 71, 91, 101, 104-105
state agricultural experiment stations, 92, 94, 95, 99
telecommunications regulation, 107
Statistics
stochastic processes, 49-50
see also Data collection and processing;
Data ownership and privacy;
Geostatistics
Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act, 95
Stochastic processes, 49-50
Subfield dimension, 50, 97, 111
agricultural inputs, general, 73, 101
cost factors, 21
plant diseases, 21
Systems approach, general, 48-49, 100, 101
T
Technical assistance
Cooperative Soil Survey, 10
crop consultants,
diffusion of technology, 69, 71-72, 77-79 (passim), 83
education, 104
pests control, 42
profile of, 26-27
see also Agricultural extension services
Technology diffusion, 5, 13, 66-89, 90, 119
crop consultants, 69, 71-72, 77-79 (passim), 83
cost factors, 67, 68-69, 70-72
data ownership and privacy, 6, 7, 10, 92
data sharing, 7, 9, 11, 13, 22, 87-88, 99-100, 103, 106
marketing, 69
private sector role, 90, 91-92
public sector role, 90-92, 100-101
Telecommunications, 11, 13, 106-108
agricultural extension services, 11, 107
private investment, 106-107
public sector role, 106-108
remote sensing, local access, 108
spatial scales and, 20
standards, 99
rural development, 11, 13, 106-108
weather data, 62
see also California Irrigation Management Information System;
Internet
Telecommunications Deregulation Act of 1996, 11, 107
Temporal dimension, 17
crop production modeling, 40, 49-50
fertilizer, 55
management factors, general, 51
pesticides, 60-61
weather, 61
see also Harvest;
Seasonal factors
Topography, 67
Training, see Education and training
Turnkey systems, software, 78
U
USDA, see Department of Agriculture
V
Variable-rate technology, 32-34, 38, 59, 65-66, 73, 76, 86-87, 9798
cost, 33-34
irrigation, 33
real-time processing, 32-33
soils, 32
spatial dimension, 32-34
Vegetable yield, 31
Vegetables, 77
Vegetation indexes, 32, 36, 46-48
VRT, see Variable rate technology
W
Weather, 5, 17, 20, 37, 61-63, 67
decision support systems, 61
Doppler radar, 61-62
evapotranspiration, 23, 24-25, 36, 39
forestry, 56-57
humidity, 62-63
precipitation, 62
stochastic factor, 49-50
subfield management, 21, 49-50
weather data, 11, 23-25, 66, 68, 107
Weed management, 60
decision support systems, 41-42
machinery costs, 80-81
plant population data, 53
see also Herbicides
Y
Yield mapping systems, 31, 38, 45, 49, 53, 63, 66, 115
fertilizers, 55
