APPENDIX A

Survey Questionnaire

This appendix includes the survey as well as instructions pertinent to defining the scope of the survey, definitions, and questions that were given to the respondents. Instructions pertaining to survey logistics have been omitted for conciseness. Two types of entry symbols appear: open boxes () appear where respondents were asked to check all applicable answers, and open circles (i.e., radio buttons: ) appear where the respondents were instructed to choose just one answer or one answer per bar type, as applicable.

SURVEY INSTRUCTIONS

• Please note that while collaboration between staff members to compile the necessary information is suitable, only one response per state can be submitted.
• Note the scope of the survey responses should be limited to reinforcing bars (and exclude other types of reinforcement) for reinforced concrete in highway bridge applications.
• Please review the survey definitions before you begin the questionnaire.

SURVEY DEFINITIONS

• Black bars: uncoated plain carbon and low-alloy steel bars for concrete reinforcement meeting the requirements of AASHTO M 31.
• Chromium-alloyed steel bars: bars with chromium content less than 16% chromium, such as those meeting the requirements of ASTM A 1035 (including proprietary products ChromX and MMFX). Bars with 16% or greater chromium are defined as stainless steel bars subsequently.
• Corrosion resistant reinforcing bars: any type of bars for concrete reinforcement that provide enhanced corrosion protection relative to the baseline of black bars. This may include, but is not limited to, epoxy-coated bars, alloyed metallic bars, and fiber-reinforced polymer bars defined elsewhere in this section.
• Epoxy-coated steel bars: steel bars meeting the requirements of AASHTO M 31 with epoxy coatings meeting the requirements of ASTM A775 or similar.
• Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars: bars comprised of fibers (such as carbon, glass, basalt, and others) in a polymer matrix, including but not limited to those meeting the specifications of ASTM D8505.
• Galvanized steel bars: steel reinforcing bars with protective zinc coatings applied by immersing the bars into a molten bath of zinc (e.g., hot-dip galvanizing meeting the requirements of ASTM A767), applied through the process of uninterrupted passage of long lengths of bars through a molten bath of zinc or zinc-alloy (e.g., continuous hot-dip galvanizing meeting the requirements of ASTM A1094), or similar.

• Metallic bars: category representing all forms of corrosion resistant reinforcing bars comprised of any type of steel; this represents all forms of corrosion resistant reinforcing bars identified herein except for FRP bars.
• Qualitative information: In the context of this survey, performance data that cannot be readily quantified. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, visual observations, photographic evidence, and experiences of personnel (e.g., state maintenance engineer, inspectors, etc.). For findings based on the experiences of personnel to have the appropriate value, it is imperative that such experiences used as qualitative information must be based on a collective experience within the state DOT that is based on factual information free from bias and opinions.
• Quantitative information: In the context of this survey, performance data that can be quantified. Examples of this include, but are not limited to, condition ratings, measurements of crack lengths, service lives, or monetary values. This is in contrast to qualitative information, defined previously.
• Splash zone: the portion of a structure that is intermittently directly exposed to water with high concentrations of chlorides. This includes natural sources of saltwater as well as water with dissolved deicing agents. Bridge members that can be exposed to water with dissolved deicing agents include bridge decks, superstructure and substructure elements of highway overpasses that are in proximity to the underpassing roadway, and superstructure or substructure elements that may be exposed to chlorides due to being located beneath leaking expansion joints.
• Stainless steel bars: uncoated stainless steel bars meeting the requirements of AASHTO M 334 (which have a minimum chromium content of 16 percent) and other products with equivalent chromium content.
• Stainless steel clad bars: steel bar with stainless steel cladding meeting the requirements of AASHTO M 329 or similar.
• Steel bars with multilayer coatings: steel reinforcing bars with multilayer coatings such as galvanized steel with epoxy coatings.

SURVEY QUESTIONS

CONTACT INFORMATION

Please provide the following contact information.

• State: [2-letter state postal abbreviation]
• Name of respondent: [typed entry in comment box required]
• Position: [typed entry in comment box required]
• Email address: [typed entry in comment box required]
• Phone number: [typed entry in comment box required]

USE OF CORROSION-RESISTANT REINFORCING BARS

1. Over what time period have the following reinforcing bars been used in typical practice in your state DOT?
   Present and historical typical use should be considered. For bar types that were used over multiple time periods, check all that apply, including bar types that have been used in the past but not presently used. For bar types that have not been used typically, please indicate the appropriate option from the choices in the last two columns.
   For experimental use in demonstration and/or pilot projects, please see Question 21.

	Before 1980	1980-2000	2000-2010	2010-2023	Present Practice	Not typically used but are considering using	Not typically used and not considering using
Black
Epoxy-coated black steel
Galvanized steel
Steel with multilayer coatings
Stainless steel
Chromium-alloyed steel
Stainless steel clad
Fiber-reinforced polymer
Other: (please specify)

2. At present for new designs, what type of reinforcing bars are typically used in bridge decks in your state DOT?

	Not used	Sometimes used, but not a standard option	One of several materials used commonly	Most-commonly or solely used
Black
Epoxy-coated black steel
Galvanized steel
Steel with multilayer coatings
Stainless steel
Chromium-alloyed steel
Stainless steel clad
Fiber-reinforced polymer
Other: (please specify)

3. At present for new designs, what type of reinforcing bars are typically used in bridge superstructure members in your state DOT?

	Not used	Sometimes used, but not a standard option	One of several materials used commonly	Most-commonly or solely used
Black
Epoxy-coated black steel
Galvanized steel
Steel with multilayer coatings
Stainless steel
Chromium-alloyed steel
Stainless steel clad
Fiber-reinforced polymer
Other: (please specify)

4. At present for new designs, what type of reinforcing bars are typically used in bridge substructure members in your state DOT?

	Not used	Sometimes used, but not a standard option	One of several materials used commonly	Most-commonly or solely used
Black
Epoxy-coated black steel
Galvanized steel
Steel with multilayer coatings
Stainless steel
Chromium-alloyed steel
Stainless steel clad
Fiber-reinforced polymer
Other: (please specify)

5. Which types of galvanizing have been used by your state DOT? Please check all that apply.

   Hot-dip galvanizing (e.g., meeting the requirements of ASTM A767)

   Continuously galvanized reinforcing (e.g., meeting the requirements of ASTM A1094)

   My state DOT has used galvanized reinforcing bars, but uncertain of the specific type.

   My state DOT does not use galvanized reinforcing bars.

6. Which of the following types of stainless steel and chromium-alloyed reinforcing bars have been used by your state DOT? Please check all that apply.

   Austenitic stainless steel. Please specify specific austenitic grade(s) if known: __________________________________

   Duplex stainless steel. Please specify specific duplex grade(s) if known: __________________________________

   Bars with 2.0 – 3.9% Cr (e.g., meeting the requirements of ASTM A1035 CL; ChromX/MMFX 2000 Series)

   Bars with 4.0 – 7.9% Cr (e.g., meeting the requirements of ASTM A1035 CM; ChromX/MMFX 4000 Series)

   Bars with 8.0 – 10.9% Cr (e.g., meeting the requirements of ASTM A1035 CS; ChromX/MMFX 9000 Series)

   Other, please specify: __________________________________

   Stainless steel or chromium-alloyed reinforcing bars have been used, but uncertain of specific type.

   My state DOT has not used stainless steel or chromium-alloyed reinforcing bars.

7. Which of the following types of FRP reinforcing bars have been used by your state DOT? Check all that apply.

   E-glass

   S-glass

   Aramid

   Carbon

   Basalt

   Other, please specify: __________________________________

   FRP bars have been used, but unsure of specific fiber type.

   My state DOT has not used FRP bars.

DESIGN PRACTICES

8. Has your state DOT made any modifications to standard structural design practices, other than cover requirements, when using any type of metallic corrosion resistant reinforcing bars? Check all that apply.

   Yes, based on alternative strength properties.

   Yes, based on alternative modulus of elasticity.

   Yes, based on alternative fatigue properties.

   Yes, other. Please specify: __________________________________

   No, because none of the above have been deemed necessary.

   No, because my state DOT does not use metallic corrosion resistant reinforcing bars.

9. Considering that the AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications Table 5.10.1-1 gives minimum cover for epoxy-coated, galvanized, and stainless steel bars (and modifications thereof for water to cement ratios ≤ 0.40 and ≥ 0.50) but not other bar types, what is the cover specified for these other reinforcing bar types?
   If a standard typical practice exists, please indicate the one option most consistent with that practice. If the cover varies depending on typical situations, please select the options consistent with those various typical situations.

	We have not used this bar type	Generally more than AASHTO Category A	Generally consistent with Category A	Generally consistent with AASHTO Category B	Generally consistent with AASHTO Category C	Generally less than AASHTO Category C
Steel with multilayer coatings
Chromium-alloyed steel
Stainless steel clad
Fiber-reinforced polymer
Other: (please specify)

DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES

13. How does your state DOT make choices between various corrosion resistant reinforcing bar types? Check all that apply.

    The choice of reinforcement type is consistent throughout the majority of structures in our state DOT.

    We have standard common practices for making decisions between alternative reinforcement options.

    We have formal specifications for making decisions between alternative reinforcement options.

    Decisions are made on a per-project basis at the designers’ discretion.

    Decisions are made on a per-project basis with state DOT approval.

    Decisions are made based on life-cycle cost calculations.

    Decisions are made based on service life design concepts.

    Use of corrosion resistant reinforcement is limited by Buy American Act and/or Buy America requirements.

    We have other decision-making tools. Please explain briefly (3 words or less): __________________________________

14. Which of the following are considerations when prescribing a specific type of reinforcing bars?
    (If the same type of reinforcing bars are used in all situations, please choose “not a consideration” for all but the last line and “primary consideration” for the last line.)

	Not a consideration	Secondary consideration	Primary consideration
Type of member (e.g., deck, column)
Member redundancy
Environmental conditions at the bridge location (e.g., proximity to salt water)
Expected service life of the bridge
Other
None of the above, we only use one type of reinforcement

LIMITATIONS AND BENEFITS

15. Have uncertainties regarding any of the following performance issues with corrosion resistant reinforcing bars limited their use within your state DOT? Check all that apply.

	Structural performance	Corrosion performance	Fatigue performance	Durability / other long-term performance	Other	None of these
Epoxy-coated steel
Galvanized steel
Steel with multilayer coatings
Stainless steel
Chromium-alloyed steel
Stainless steel clad
Fiber-reinforced polymer
Other: (please specify)

16. Which of the following are limitations to the use of corrosion resistant reinforcing bars? Please provide responses for bar types that your state DOT has used and any bar types that were considered but the use was impeded by these factors. Please leave responses blank any bar types for which your agency has not used or faced impediments in using.

	Cost	Availability	Familiarity, designers/owners	Familiarity, contractors	Constructability	Quality control uncertainties	Other	None
Epoxy-coated steel
Galvanized steel
Steel with multilayer coatings
Stainless steel
Chromium-alloyed steel
Stainless steel clad
Fiber-reinforced polymer
Other: (please specify)

17. Do you require additional or alternative quality control methods for any type of corrosion resistant reinforcing bars relative to typical practice?

    Yes, we have quality control procedures unique to some bar types that are based on guidance from other sources.

    Yes, we have quality control procedures unique to some bar types that we have developed internally.

    Yes, we have quality control procedures unique to some bar types that are based on a combination of external guidance and those we have developed internally.

    No, we have determined additional or alternative quality control methods for corrosion resistant reinforcing are not needed.

    No, we do not have additional or alternative quality control methods for any type of corrosion resistant reinforcing, but this has been a past or present consideration.

    No, we do not use corrosion resistant reinforcing bars.

18. Has your state DOT experienced any of the following challenges (i.e., observed the problem, in contrast to simply have a concern regarding a potential problem) in field implementation of corrosion resistant reinforcing bars? Check all that apply.

    Field modification of plans.

    Issues with dissimilar materials causing galvanic corrosion.

    Issues with dissimilar coefficients of thermal expansion between reinforcement and concrete.

    Specified material was not available.

    Other: __________________________________

    None of the above.

19. Which of the following possible benefits of corrosion resistant reinforcing bars has your state DOT experienced based on overall qualitative information? Check all that apply.

    Improved durability (e.g., design life) of bridge decks.

    Improved durability (e.g., design life) of other structural components.

    Improved structural performance.

    Decreased life-cycle cost.

    Reduced construction time.

    Reduced environmental impacts.

    Other, please specify: __________________________________

    None of the above, although we have used corrosion resistant reinforcing bars.

    NA, we have not used corrosion resistant reinforcing bars.

20. Which of the following possible benefits of corrosion resistant reinforcing bars has your state DOT experienced based on overall quantitative information? Check all that apply.

    Improved durability (e.g., design life) of bridge decks.

    Improved durability (e.g., design life) of other structural components.

    Improved structural performance.

    Decreased life-cycle cost.

    Reduced construction time.

    Reduced environmental impacts.

    Other, please specify: __________________________________

    None of the above, although we have used corrosion resistant reinforcing bars.

    NA, we have not used corrosion resistant reinforcing bars.

STATE-SPECIFIC EFFORTS

21. Has your state DOT engaged in any of the following activities to promote the use of more corrosion resistant reinforcing bars?

	No	Yes, but the potential benefits have not been documented	Yes, and potential benefits (or lack thereof) have been documented
Technology transfer aimed at contractors
Technology transfer aimed at designers
Liaising with fabricators or suppliers
Research
Demonstration or pilot projects
Formally documenting recommendations (i.e., specifications or similar) related to use of corrosion resistant reinforcing bars
Informally documenting recommendations (i.e., guidelines, memos or similar) for use of corrosion resistant reinforcing bars
Other: