This workshop, held in collaboration with the Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics, examined the social determinants of health in the context of cancer and considered opportunities to effectively leverage big data to improve health equity and reduce disparities. Workshop presentations and discussions reviewed the social determinants of health and their influence on cancer risk and outcomes; novel data sources and methodologies; data policy and ethical considerations regarding the use of big data; opportunities for collaboration and data sharing; and assessing research gaps and suggestions for a research agenda.