A

Acambis Inc., 53

Acheson, David, 77, 83

Acinetobacter outbreak, 20

Acinetobacter baumannii, 132

Acne, 126

Actinomycetes, 124

Adult T-cell leukemia, 211

Adult T-cell lymphoma, 202

Aflatoxins, 252

African sleeping sickness, 25, 61

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 153

AIDS (HIV), 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 16, 62, 77, 82, 92, 125, 161, 191, 192, 202, 211, 212, 219, 221-223, 224, 230, 241, 270, 280-282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288

Air travel/transportation, 13-14, 44, 63, 113, 191, 247

Al Qaeda, 254, 272

Alaska, 158-161, 167, 200

Alberta, Canada, 101

Alibek, Ken, 250-251, 253, 256

Alphaviruses, 37, 38, 41

American College of Physicians, 153

American Public Health Association, 114

American Red Cross, 95

American Type Culture Collection, 252

Amherst College, 218

Aminoglycosides, 124, 145, 146

Amoxicillin, 137

Ampicillin, 125, 127

Amycoloptosis orientalis, 147

Anderson, Roy, 95

Andrewes, Christopher, 166

Angola, 273

Angulo, Fred, 86, 91, 141, 154

Annan, Kofi, 286

Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), 2, 4, 60, 209- 210, 231, 233-237, 240, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 255-256, 257, 259-262, 265, 266, 267-268, 269, 271, 288

Antibacterial products, 143-145, 153, 154, 155-156

Antibiotic resistance.

See also Superbugs;

specific organisms and families of organisms

antibacterial products and, 143-145, 153, 154, 155-156

bioengineered, 250, 256, 269

causes, 15, 16, 91, 125, 129, 134-135, 137-138, 139-143, 146-147, 152- 154, 227, 243

community infections, 135-139

containment of, 150-157

development process, 11, 123, 126-128, 130, 144, 227

discovery, 123, 150, 155

drug efflux mechanism, 146

ear infections, 137-138, 139, 153

foodborne pathogens, 91-93, 139-143

genetic mechanisms, 10, 11, 126-127, 131, 132, 145-150

hospital-acquired infections, 120, 123, 124, 127, 128-135, 140, 141, 150, 152, 155, 156-157

hygiene/sanitation and, 134-135, 143- 145, 156-157

and influenza, 191

mathematical modeling, 156

persistence, 149-150

prevalence, 130, 156, 157

spread of, 125, 130

surveillance, 128, 150, 153

theory, 146-147

tuberculosis, 7, 14, 125, 147

and virulence, 2, 92

vulnerable populations, 126, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 136

Antibiotics.

See also Antibiotic resistance;

individual antibiotics and classes of antibiotics

bacteriophages as, 151-152

bacteriostatic, 122

beta-lactams, 135

biodegradable, 152

bioengineering, 151-152

for biowarfare agents, 237, 241, 243, 250, 263, 265, 269

broad-spectrum, 124, 134, 140, 153- 154, 208, 227

for chronic diseases, 205-206, 227

development issues, 16, 151-152, 155- 156

discovery and availability, 6, 119-120, 121-123, 124

distribution issues, 265

economic issues, 152-154

ethical issues, 154-155

extended-spectrum, 124

and immune response, 152

low-dose use for livestock, 16, 83, 91- 93, 139-143, 154

lysozyme, 122

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), 130

narrow-spectrum, 124

in pesticides, 143

prescription overuse, 152-155, 157

principle, 121

soil sources, 124

synthetic, 151

traditional, 121

Antibodies, 9, 39, 40, 121, 169, 172, 226

Antigenic drift, 169, 172-173

Antigens, 168, 216

Antitoxins, 269

Antiviral drugs, 9, 238

Antoninus, 4

Aquaculture, 142, 143

Arbeit, Robert, 133

Arboviruses, 23-28, 29, 31, 37-42, 49-50, 53, 57-58, 64, 223.

See also specific viruses and diseses

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 181- 184

Arms Textile Company, 234, 236

Army Chemical Corps, 246

Army Medical Museum, 182

Arthritis

reactive, 202

rheumatoid, 202, 215

Arthropodborne diseases, 24-27

Asahara, Shoko, 257

Asnis, Deborah, 20-22, 33, 59, 71

Asthma, 145, 202, 203

Atherosclerosis, 16, 207-209, 218, 219, 226

Atlanta epidemic, 190, 263

Augmentin, 137, 139

Aum Shinrikyo cult, 257

Autoimmune reaction and diseases, 78, 202, 215-216, 218, 226, 227

Avian.

See also Birds;

Poultry flu, 3, 37, 170-174, 175, 176, 177-180, 189-190, 193, 194, 196, 198-199, 200

malaria, 37

Avoparcin, 141

B

Babesiosis, 68

Bacillary angiomatosis, 221-222

Bacillus cereus, 98, 243

Bacillus globigii, 247

Bacteria (microbes).

See also Antibiotic resistance;

specific bacteria and diseases

behaviors, 10-11, 146-147

culturing, 205, 214, 221

endogenous flora, 203, 213, 214

genetic recombination in, 8, 10, 142, 145-150

Gram-negative, 124, 132-133, 134, 147, 150

Gram-positive, 124, 132, 134, 147

mechanism of action, 10

molecular analysis, 214

mutation, 147-148

physical characteristics, 10, 15, 203, 204-205

psychrophilic, 110-111

survival characteristics, 10-11, 145-150, 214-215

toxins, 11, 12, 76, 81-81, 83-84, 98, 231, 234, 242

Bacteriophages, 83-84, 147-148, 151-152

Baiting Hollow Boy Scout Camp, 44

Baltimore outbreaks, 66-67, 72

Bartonella henselae (cat scratch disease), 222

Bartonella quintana (trench fever), 221-222

Bats, 61

Bedsores, 129

Bell, David, 128, 140

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 134, 144, 157

Bil Mar Foods, 109-111

Biomedical products, contamination of, 95

BioPort Corporation, 236

Bioterrorism/biowarfare

accidental releases, 249, 251, 254, 272

anthrax, 231, 233-237, 240, 243, 244, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 255-256, 257, 259-260, 265, 266, 267-268, 269, 271, 288

antibiotics and, 237, 241, 243, 250, 263, 265, 269

Biological Weapons Convention, 249, 252, 271-272

cleanup, 234

Cold War and, 246-251, 254, 257

defensive measures, 270-272, 273

detection/diagnostic technology, 265, 268-269

distinction from natural outbreak, 269- 270

economic and political issues, 264, 265, 267-268

exercises/drills, 262-263

gas masks and, 264

genetically engineered agents, 242-243, 249, 250-251, 256, 262, 271

Geneva Protocol, 244

Gulf War and, 252, 253-254, 272

historical context, 244-254

hoaxes and bluffs, 3, 259-260

incubation period, 232, 236-237

Iraqi program, 54, 252, 253-254, 259, 260, 271, 272

Japanese program, 244-245

lethality of agents, 236, 237, 239, 241, 251, 257

livestock/crops as targets, 243, 244, 246

North Korean, 252, 253, 271

Operation Whitecoat, 248

pathogens, 54, 60, 159, 231, 232, 233- 243, 244-245, 246, 248, 249, 250- 251, 252, 256, 257-258

pharmaceutical stockpile, 233, 236, 240, 263

plague, 233, 241, 244, 245, 246, 249, 250, 252, 256, 260, 262-263, 265

preparedness/emergency response to, 20, 56, 232-233, 236, 240-241, 246, 260, 261-269, 273

proving/assigning culpability, 270-271

public reaction to attacks, 261-262

seed strains, 252

smallpox, 233, 237-241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, 263, 265, 267, 268

small-scale attacks in U.S., 258-259

Soviet Biopreparat, 249-251, 254, 256, 257

stockpiles of agents, 248-249

suicide terrorists, 239, 254

technical skills and materials, 253, 255- 257, 272

test runs, 247-248, 258

threat level, 252-253, 255-260, 287-288

toxins, 232, 242, 246, 250, 252, 257, 259

transmission/spread of agents, 234, 238-239, 246

2001 attack on U.S., 231, 233, 240, 256- 257, 260, 261-262, 266, 267-268, 288

U.S. research, 245-249, 257, 270-271

vaccines/vaccination, 236, 239-240, 241, 242, 243, 246, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269

West Nile virus, 53-54, 56, 262, 270

World War II, 46, 232

Birds.

See also Avian;

Poultry bacterial psittacosis, 68

imported/smuggled, 53

surveillance, 58

West Nile virus reservoir, 2, 22, 32-37, 40, 41, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 65, 71, 72

Black Death.

See Bubonic plague

Blaser, Martin, 90, 213, 227-228

Blood and blood products, 95

Bloom, Barry, 286

Boston, 127, 163

Botswana, 282, 286

Botulinum toxin, 232, 246, 249, 252, 257

Botulism (Clostridium botulinum), 12, 20, 21, 61, 248

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease), 11, 47, 93-96

Breast cancer, 202, 229

Brigham and Women’s Hospital (Boston), 226

Bronx Zoo, 33-38, 40, 41, 49, 50, 72

Brucellosis (undulant fever), 60, 61, 241, 245, 246, 248, 249

Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 286

Bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis), 4, 6, 23, 43, 58, 60, 61, 67, 160, 162, 211, 219, 233, 241, 244, 245, 246, 249, 250, 252, 256, 260, 262-263, 265.

See also Pneumonic plague

Budd, William, 275, 288-289

Bunyaviruses, 41

Burkholderia cepacia, 132

Burkitt’s lymphoma, 202

Burnet, MacFarlane, 6

Bush administration, 240, 243, 272

C

California outbreaks, 82, 104

Camelpox, 252

Camp Detrick, 246

Camp fever, 183

Campylobacter, 75, 79, 87, 88, 91, 112, 113, 140

C. jejuni, 77, 78, 106

Canada, 101, 108-109, 172-173, 235

Canine distemper, 61, 181

Carter Center, 281, 284

Carter, Jimmy, 286

Cat scratch disease (Bartonella henselae), 222

Cats, 64, 68, 71

Cattle, 80-81, 142, 241, 251.

See also Livestock

Ceftriaxone, 140-141

Center for Adaptive Genetics and Drug Resistance, 126

Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, 96, 104

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

See also Public health system

AIDS report, 2

antibiotic resistance monitoring, 128, 150, 153

arbovirus disease branch (Ft. Collins), 27-28, 31, 37-38, 39-42, 49-50, 52, 53, 57-58, 63, 223

bacterial and mycotic diseases division, 132

bioterror preparedness/response, 232- 233, 236, 238, 240-241

emerging infectious diseases report, 59- 60

Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), 55, 178, 179, 232-233, 266, 267, 277

foodborne and diarrheal diseases branch, 78-79, 85, 86

Hospital Infections Program, 132

influenza branch, 174-175, 193, 197, 200

MMWR, 280

National Center for Infectious Diseases, 7, 17, 56

origins, 25-26

pathogen stocks, 238

regulation of antibiotic use, 154

Salmonella Outbreak Detection

Algorithm, 98

surveillance, 17, 106, 280

tracebacks, 103-104, 105-106

Central venous catheters, 129, 130

Cephalosporinases, 146

Cephalosporins, 124, 135, 138, 140, 145, 146

Cervical cancer, 201, 211

Chang, Yuan, 222-223, 228

Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project, 253

Cheney, Dick, 263

Chicago, 190-191, 260

Childbed (puerperal) fever, 119, 123, 127, 134

China, 164, 173-174, 175-176, 192-193, 194, 200, 245, 252

Chlamydia, 150

C. pneumoniae, 207-209, 226

C. trachomatis, 219

Chloramphenicol, 124, 129, 148

Chlortetracyclines, 124

Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), 4, 5, 13, 83, 85, 165, 203, 210, 211, 219, 220, 245, 246, 252

Chronic disease, infectious causation.

See also individual agents and diseases

atherosclerosis, 16, 207-209, 218, 219, 226

breast cancer, 229

evidentiary standard, 209-212, 225

evolution and, 218-220

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 202, 212, 222-223, 228

immune response and, 213-217, 218, 224, 226

inflammation, 215, 226

known agents, 201-202

molecular biology detection techniques, 221-225

peptic ulcers, 202, 204-207, 208, 225, 227-228

research funding, 228-229

suggestive associations, 202-204, 226

treatment considerations, 205, 206, 216, 227

Chronic fatigue syndrome, 200

Chronic liver disease, 201-202

Chronic wasting disease, 96, 222

Churchill, Winston, 244

Ciprofloxacin, 124, 129, 264

Citrobacter, 84

Cleocin, 137

Climate change, 63-64, 65

Clindamycin, 129

Clinton administration, 136, 259, 267

Clostridium. See also Botulism

C. difficile, 131

C. perfringens, 88

and gallstones, 203

Coca-Cola, 285

Cohen, Mitchell, 132

Cohen, William, 259

Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 223

Cold War, 246-251, 254, 257, 278

Cole, Leonard, 247, 273

Columbia University, 7, 73, 222, 223, 224

Columbus, Ohio, outbreak, 110

Common cold, 61, 96

Conjunctivitis, 172

Connecticut, 41, 71

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons, and on their Destruction, 249, 252, 271-272

Cornell University, 109

Cowpox, 62

Cox, Nancy, 193, 199

Cox, Nelson, 88, 112

Coxsackie B viruses, 202, 216

Creasy, William, 246-247

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, new variant (mad cow disease), 4, 11, 93-96

Crohn’s disease, 17, 202, 215, 227

Crosby, Alfred W., 160, 200

Cuba, 25, 270

Cubist Pharmaceuticals, 133

Cummings, Craig, 225

Cryptococcus, 36

Cyclospora, 13, 79

Cystic fibrosis, 218

Cytomegalovirus, 15, 226

D

Daimler/Chrysler, 285

Dallas, 258

Dark Winter exercise, 263

Davies, Julian, 148-149

Daycare centers, 15, 100, 125, 126, 136, 145, 149

Dead-end host, 26

Deer, 67, 96

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 269

Dementia, 219

Dengue fever, 25, 39, 42, 47, 49, 58, 64, 220, 246, 270

Denmark, 111

Dental plaque, 11

Denver, TOPOFF exercise, 262-263

Deubel, Vincent, 51

Developing countries, 14, 90

d’Hérelle, Felix, 151

Diabetes, 16, 77, 202, 215, 216, 220

Diagnostic tools and tests, 17

for bioterror attacks, 261-262, 265, 268- 269

chronic disease-related pathogens, 221- 225

DNA fingerprinting, 40, 68-69, 79, 101, 104, 105-111, 269

flaviviruses, 39-42, 68-69

gene chip (microarray) technologies, 106, 225

for influenza, 176, 181-190, 193-194

neutralization test, 40

PCR, 184, 221-222

pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 106

representational difference analysis, 222, 223

serum antibody tests, 40

SLE, 31-32, 39-40

virus isolation, 40, 41

Diamond, Jared, 62

Diarrheal diseases, 15, 82, 220, 228, 245, 283

Dietary supplements, 95

Diphtheria, 95, 165, 210-211, 245, 246, 250, 283

Disinfectants, 77, 143-145, 153, 154, 155- 156

Disney World, 89

DNA fingerprinting, 40, 68-69, 79, 101, 104, 105-111, 269

Dogs, 64

Dolphin dieoffs, 181

Donley, Alexander Thomas, 117

Donley, Nancy, 118

Dowdle, Walter, 195

Doyle, Mike, 96-97

Drug efflux mechanism, 146

Dubos, René, 7-8

Duke University, 135

E

E. coli.

See Escherichia coli

Ear infections, 15, 123, 127, 137-138, 139, 152, 153

Eastern equine encephalitis, 37, 38, 39, 58, 68

Ebola virus, 2, 12, 14, 17, 42, 54, 55, 61, 161, 219, 241-242, 249, 250, 258, 279, 283

Economic issues

antibiotic-related, 143, 153-154, 155- 156

bioterrorism preparedness, 264, 265, 267-268

funding for research, 7, 58, 155, 200, 228-229, 268

livestock production, 142-143

Egypt, 47

Ehrlich, Paul, 121, 210

Ehrlichiosis, 67

Eitzen, Edward, 248

El Salvador, 273

Elephantiasis, 24

Emergence of diseases complacency and, 6-7, 58

factors contributing to, 13-17, 46-47, 60-61, 76, 280, 283-284

historical plagues, 4-5

importation possibilities, 42-49

incubation period, 42-43

process, 7-8

trends, 1-2, 279-280

Emory University, 149, 156

Encephalitis, 20, 21, 23, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 58, 60, 61, 245

Enterobacter, 84

Enterococcus, 93, 131-132, 135, 141, 147, 151, 152, 155

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), 99-100, 104

Enteroviruses, 8, 202

Epstein, Paul, 65

Epstein-Barr virus, 202, 219, 223

Erwinia (fire blight infection), 143

Erysipelas, 119

Erythromycin, 124, 129

Escherich, Theodore, 81

Escherichia coli

as adulterant, 114

antibiotics and, 83, 84, 91, 143, 147, 148, 149, 150

in cattle, 80-81

enterotoxigenic, 10, 81-82, 83-84, 99- 100

evolution, 79-84

foodborne illnesses, 13, 74-75, 80, 81, 82, 86-87, 89, 90, 98, 107, 116, 117- 118, 232, 265, 280

lethality, 77

O55:H7, 82

O111:H8, 83-84

O157:H7, 2, 10, 13, 74-75, 77-87, 89, 90, 98, 102, 107, 116, 117-118, 232, 265, 279-280

prevention of infection, 84-85, 90, 112, 117

Shiga toxin, 10, 81-82, 83-84

surveillance, 106

survival characteristics, 83, 84, 144

symptoms and complications, 10, 74-75, 78, 81-82, 84, 117-118

transmission/spread, 82

virulence, 84

waterborne illness, 102

Esophageal cancer, 227

Esquirol, Jean E., 217

Ethical issues, 154-155, 211, 248

Ethiopia, 237

Eubacteria, 203

Ewald, Paul, 211, 218-220, 230

Excel Corporation, 86-87

Eye infections, 15, 172, 252

F

Falkenrath, Richard, 267

Falkow, Stanley, 12, 221

Farmer, Paul, 283-284

Faroe Islands, 212

Fast food, 74, 77, 80, 81, 82, 89, 112, 117-118

FBI, 266

Federation of American Scientists Working Group on Biological Weapons, 271

Fee, Elizabeth, 268

Ferraro, Mary Jane, 120-121, 129, 130, 151

Ferrets, 159, 189

Fever, 9, 220

Fibiger, Johannes, 224

Fiji, 47

Filoviruses, 61.

See also individual viruses

Fine, Annie, 22-23, 28, 32, 33, 40, 41, 50, 59, 71

Fish and fish farms, 142, 143

Fish, Durland, 57, 58

Flaviviruses, 34, 38, 39-42, 45, 47, 68-69

Fleas, 24, 67, 245, 246

Fleming, Alexander, 121-122, 123, 205

Flesh-eating bacteria, 3, 4

Florida, 89, 101, 233

Flu.

See Influenza

Fluoroquinolones, 124, 140, 146

Flushing Hospital Medical Center, 20-23, 27, 28, 30, 59

Foege, William, 277-279, 280-281, 283, 284, 287, 288

Food and Drug Administration, 95, 98, 102, 114, 115, 116, 154, 196, 236

Food handlers, 104-105, 112-114

Food poisoning, 76, 211, 248;

see also Foodborne illnesses

Food safety

agroterrorism, 243

enforcement, 115-117

federal regulation, 114-116

HACCP program, 115

imported foods, 104-105

inspection, 5, 105, 115

interagency cooperation, 114-118

irradiation and, 117

public/industry perceptions, 75, 86-87

responsibility for, 111-118

Food Safety and Inspection Service, 115

Food technology, 97, 111

Foodborne illnesses, 2.

See also specific pathogens and illnesses

animal reservoirs, 68, 86, 87-88, 89-90

antibiotic resistance and, 91-93, 139-143

aquaculture and, 142, 143

bioterrorist attacks, 258

consumer responsibility, 111-112, 114

detectable outbreak, size of, 107-108

DNA fingerprinting, 79, 101, 104, 105- 111

egg production and, 88-89, 90-91, 116

food handlers and, 104-105, 112-114

hamburger-associated, 74, 77, 80, 81, 84-85, 86-87, 92-93, 112, 114, 117- 118, 265, 279-280

health foods and, 75, 95, 96-99

immune response to, 78, 202

imported foods and, 93-96, 99-105, 115, 142

juice-associated outbreaks, 74-75, 80, 89, 114

livestock outbreaks, 93-96

livestock production and, 76, 80, 84, 85-91, 92-96, 114, 117, 139-143

manure use and, 89-90

meat processing and, 108-109, 114, 117

meta-outbreaks, 107-108

mortality rates, 92, 109

organic foods and, 90, 97, 143

pathogens associated with, 75, 77, 86- 87, 97-98, 99-101, 108, 112, 116, 140-142

point source outbreaks, 76, 90

poultry farming and, 87-88, 140, 141, 265

prevalence, 75, 78-79, 96

prevention, 84-85, 95, 105, 110, 111-118

produce-associated, 13, 89-90, 99, 106, 108, 109, 114, 115-116, 117, 143

recall of foods, 110, 117

risk factors, 97, 111, 143

sanitation issues, 85-91, 113, 115-116

subclinical illnesses, 79

surveillance, 95, 115

symptoms and complications, 78, 92, 108-109, 110, 202

toxins, 83-84

tracebacks, 102-103

vaccines and, 88, 95

in vegetarians, 90, 93, 97, 143

vulnerable populations, 77-78, 92, 93, 100, 108-109

water contamination and, 102-103, 143

Foot and mouth disease, 47, 96, 243, 270

Foreman, Carol Tucker, 116

Fort Detrick, 246, 248

Fosso, Clare, 160

Fowl pest, 246

Fox, Nicols, 87, 105

France, 45, 141

Fukuda, Keiji, 174-175, 177, 178, 179, 198, 199, 200

Funding for research, 7, 58, 155, 200, 228- 229, 268, 280

G

Gallo, Robert, 224

Gallstones, 203

Gangrene, 61, 211, 245, 252

Garrett, Laurie, 276

Gast, Richard, 88

Gastric reflux, 227

Gates Foundation, 284-285, 286

Gaunidinium thiocyanate, 188

GenBank, 41-42, 184-185

Gene chip (microarray) technologies, 106, 225

Gene transfer, horizontal, 148

General Accounting Office, 99, 115-116, 267-268

Genetics.

See also Molecular biology antibiotic resistance mechanisms, 10, 126-127, 131, 132, 145-150

E. coli O157:H7 lineage, 82-83

influenza, 161, 165, 167, 169

recombination in bacteria, 8, 10, 142, 145-150

selective pressures on pathogens, 8, 77, 123, 126, 130, 152, 218, 219

Gensheimer, Kathleen, 197-198

Gentamycin, 124, 129

Gill, Clifford, 164

Girand, Laurie, 74-75

Giuliani, Rudolph, 32

Glanders, 211, 244, 245, 246, 256

Glezen, Paul, 198

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations, 284-285

Global warming.

See Climate change

Glycopeptides, 130, 145

Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), 5, 6, 119, 124, 125, 147, 165, 211, 220

Great Britain, 93-95, 96, 132, 142, 238, 243, 246, 270

Gruinard Island, 234

Gubler, Duane, 42, 48, 50, 58, 64, 68, 69, 71, 73

Guillain-Barré syndrome, 17, 20, 78, 195, 202

Guinea worm, 281, 284

Gulf War, 252, 253-254, 272

H

Haemophilus influenzae, 124, 125, 152, 165

Hahn, Beatrice, 62

Hamburg, Peggy, 267

Hantavirus (Sin Nombre virus), 3, 12, 64, 232

Harris, Larry Wayne, 260

Harvard University, 65, 156, 251, 267, 271, 286, 288

Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), 115

Health care system

preparedness for bioterrorism, 265-266

worker hygiene, 132, 135

Health for All 2000 accord, 6

Helicobacter pylori, 202, 206-207, 212, 225, 226, 227-228

Hemolytic uremic syndrome, 10, 74-75, 78, 81-82, 84

Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis virus, 252

Hemorrhagic fevers, 61, 241-242, 245, 249, 250, 283

Henderson, D. A., 237, 238, 242-243

Henle, Jakob, 210

Henry L. Stimson Center, 253, 268

Hepatitis, 192, 200, 241

A, 20, 105, 113, 226

B, 201, 219

C, 39, 201-202, 211

Herpesviruses and herpes infections, 4, 24, 36, 202, 208, 217, 219, 223, 226

Hippocrates, 4

HIV.

See AIDS

Hodgkin’s disease, 202

Honeybees, 143

Hong Kong, 169, 171, 173, 174-181, 189, 191, 192-193, 195, 196, 197, 198-200

Hooper, David, 146

Hopkins, Donald, 284

Horses, 61, 71

Hospital-acquired infections, 120, 123, 124, 127, 135, 140, 141, 144, 150, 152, 155

HTLV-1, 202

Hudson Foods, 80

Hughes, Jim, 7

Hultin, Johan, 158-159, 186-188

Human papillomavirus, 201, 219

Hussein, Saddam, 54, 252, 254

Hygiene, 5, 6, 113, 134-135, 143-145, 156- 157.

See also Sanitation

I

I.G. Farbenindustrie, 122

IgG, 39

IgM, 39, 40

Iguanas, 68

Illinois, 65-66

Imipenem, 129

Immune response

antibiotic use and, 152

and chronic disease, 213-217, 218, 224, 226

to foodborne illnesses, 78, 202

mechanisms, 215, 216

to staph infections, 136

to viruses, 9, 12, 17, 39, 64, 168, 189, 217, 224

Importation of pathogens, 5, 13-14, 42-49, 53, 93-96, 99-105, 115, 142

India, 24, 54, 162, 237, 270, 286

Industrial Revolution, 5

Inflammation, 215, 226

Inflammatory bowel disease, 78

Influenza, 4

A type, 168, 173-174, 175-176, 196-197

antibiotic resistance and, 191

avian, 3, 37, 170-174, 175, 176, 177-180, 189-190, 193, 194, 196, 198-199, 200

B type, 168

barnyard theory, 170-174

cultivation, 166, 196-197

diagnostic tests, 176, 181-190, 193-194

discovery, 165

family, 166

genetic analysis, 181-190, 193-194

H1N1 (Spanish, 1918) subtype, 2, 12, 49, 158-164, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 179, 181-182, 183, 184-189, 190-191, 194, 250, 261, 266, 278

H2N2 (Asian, 1957) subtype, 169-170, 173, 189, 195

H3N2 (Hong Kong, 1968) subtype, 169, 171, 173, 175, 179, 189, 195

H5N1 (Hong Kong) subtype, 174-181, 191, 192-193, 195-196, 197, 198-200

H5N2 subtype, 179-180

H7N7 subtype, 172

H9N2 subtype, 192-193, 194, 197, 200

hardiness, 166, 169

hemagglutinin/neuraminidase glycoproteins, 166, 167-168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 185, 188-189, 193, 196

host range restriction, 172

immune response, 168, 189

interpandemic period, 190

isolation of virus, 159, 166

mechanism of action, 167-168

mortality, 161, 162, 170, 176, 180, 190- 191, 198

mutation, 161, 165, 167, 169

nomenclature, 168

origin, 60, 159, 164, 171, 173-174, 192

Panama A strain, 196

pandemics, 2, 12, 49, 158-164, 168, 169-170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 179- 180, 190, 194, 195

policy issues, 192, 195, 197-198

preparedness plans, 190-192, 195-198, 200

replication, 168-169, 173, 183, 185

Russian (1977), 170

season, 179

structure and characteristics, 166-167, 168, 169, 170

subclinical infection, 199

surveillance, 176, 192-193, 194, 200

swine, 2, 164, 166, 168, 171, 172, 173- 174, 175, 176, 179, 185, 189, 193, 194

symptoms and complications, 160, 161, 162-164, 168, 175-176, 178, 180, 183, 185, 187, 191, 192-193, 194, 195, 197, 198

transmission/spread, 165-167, 171-172, 176-177, 178-180, 189, 191, 193- 194, 198, 199-200, 219

travelers’ outbreaks, 166-167

vaccines/vaccination, 161, 166, 169, 190, 194, 195-200

virulence, 17, 180, 181, 188-189

vulnerable populations, 164, 167, 191, 198

Insectborne diseases, 23, 61.

See also specific insects and diseases

Institute of Medicine, 143

Intensive care units, 20, 127, 128, 135, 144, 152

Interferon, 9

Interleukin-4, 243

International Crisis Group, 287

Iran, 252, 253, 271

Iraq, 54, 252, 253-254, 259, 260, 271, 272

Iron Horse Triathlon, 65-66

Irradiation of food, 117

Ishii, Shiro, 244-245

Israel, 125

Italy, 4

J

Jack in the Box outbreak, 74, 77, 80, 81, 117, 232

Jackson, Paul, 250

Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, 52

Japan, 98, 130, 148, 242, 244-245, 257

Japanese encephalitis virus, 45-46

Jarvis, William, 132, 156

Johanson, Donald, 188

Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies, 238, 242, 254

Johnson, Karl, 40

Justinian, 4, 162

K

Kansas, 137, 162-163

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 202, 212, 222-223, 228

Karlen, Arno, 61

Kawaoka, Yoshihiro, 180, 199

Kentucky Fried Chicken, 89

Kidney stones, 17, 203

Kilbourne, Edwin D., 169, 194, 197, 198

Kim, Jim Yong, 288

Koch, Robert, 209-210, 221, 234

Koch’s postulates, 209-212, 221, 230

Komar, Nick, 52, 59

Koplan, Jeffrey, 13, 95, 266

Kriefall, Brianna, 87

Kulasekera, Varuni, 28-30

Kunjin virus, 45, 69

L

LaCrosse encephalitis, 39, 68

Lanciotti, Robert, 39, 40, 41-42, 49, 68, 71

Langmuir, Alexander, 232, 268

Larson, Gary, 43

Lassa fever, 279

Latter Day Saints Hospital (Salt Lake City), 207

Laver, W. Graeme, 171

Layton, Marci, 19-23, 27-28, 31, 33, 40, 41, 59, 71

Lederberg, Joshua, 8, 11, 191, 213, 255

Lee, Lisa, 110

Legionnaires’ disease, 2, 16, 17, 195, 232, 270, 279

Lehrer, Jim, 186

Leprosy, 4, 210

Leptospira interrogans, 66-67

Leptospirosis, 61, 65-67

Levin, Bruce, 149-150, 156

Levy, Stuart, 123, 126, 145, 147, 150, 151, 152

Lewis, David, 194

Libya, 253

Lincoln, Abraham, 182

Linezolid (Zyvox), 120, 129, 130, 131, 147, 151, 155

Lipkin, Ian, 68-70, 71, 73

Lipsitch, Marc, 156

Listeria and listeriosis, 75, 78, 88, 117, 147

L. monocytogenes, 77, 106, 108-111

Littlejohn, Angela, 139

Liver cancer, 201, 211

Livestock

antibiotic use, 16, 83, 91-93, 139-143, 154

anthrax, 235

as bioterror targets, 243, 244, 246

economic issues, 143

foodborne outbreaks among, 93-96

production-related illness in humans, 76, 80, 84, 85, 96, 114, 117, 139-143

sanitation issues, 76, 80, 84, 85-91, 92- 96, 114, 117

Loeffler, Friedrich, 210

Loefler, Imre J.P., 157

Lorabid, 137

Los Alamos National Laboratory, 62, 250, 270

Los Angeles outbreaks, 101, 112-113

Ludwig, George, 54

Lupus, 215

Lyme disease (Borrella burgdorferi), 2, 14, 15, 67, 68, 279, 286

Lymphatic filariasis, 286

Lysozyme, 122

M

Machupo virus, 250, 256

Macrolides, 124, 145

Mad cow disease, 93-95

Maine, 90, 105, 197-198

Malaria, 4, 5, 14, 23, 24-25, 37, 44-45, 55, 64, 175, 202, 219, 282, 283, 285, 286-287

Malaysia, 14-15, 47, 270

Manic depression, 217

Manson, Patrick, 24

Manure, 89-90, 143

Marburg virus, 61, 241-242, 249, 250, 256, 278-279

Markov, Georgi, 259

Marshall, Barry, 204-205, 208, 211, 229

Maryland, 76, 246, 252

Massachusetts, 101, 162

Massachusetts General Hospital, 120, 129, 146

Maynard’s Avenging Angel Supply, 259

McDade, Joe, 17

McDonald’s restaurants, 81, 82, 279-280

McKeown, Thomas, 5

McNamara, Tracey, 33-38, 41, 49, 50, 56, 71, 73

McNeill, William H., 61

Mead, Paul, 109

Measles, 4, 6, 24, 60, 61, 162, 166, 181, 200, 283

Meat Inspection Act of 1906, 114

Medawar, Peter, 9

Meningitis, bacterial, 6, 109, 119, 123, 125, 134, 138, 139, 152, 165, 197, 202, 211, 245, 265

Merck, George W., 245

Merck & Co., 286

Meselson, Matthew, 251, 271-272

Methicillin, 120, 124, 125, 129, 130, 131, 135, 136, 147

Mexico, 102-103, 105, 106

Mice, 64-65, 67, 180, 189

Michigan, 81, 105, 110, 129, 135

Microbe.

See Bacteria

Microorganisms.

See also specific microorganisms

characteristics, 8, 9, 211

human burden, 212, 213

Milwaukee outbreak, 87

Minnesota, 78-79, 90-91, 99-101, 104, 109- 110, 113, 136

Minnesota Patriots Council, 259

Mintz, Eric, 107-108

Mississippi, 139

Mitchell, George, 287

Moellering, Robert, Jr., 157

Molecular biology.

See also Diagnostic tools and tests;

Genetics antibiotic bioengineering, 151-152

chronic disease—pathogen detection techniques, 221-225

pathogen bioengineering, 242-243, 249, 250-251, 256, 262, 271

Molecular mimicry, 216

Monath, Tom, 47, 53, 57-58, 70

Mononucleosis, 202

Monterey Institute of International Studies, 255

Moon, John Ellis Van Courtland, 270

Moore, Patrick, 222-223, 224

Morbillivirus, 181

Morens, David, 8, 16, 204, 228

Morris, J. Glenn, Jr., 128, 133, 154-155, 156, 157

Morse, Steve, 7

Mortality/lethality,

infectious diseases AIDS/HIV, 280-282, 283

biowarfare agents, 236, 237, 239, 241, 251, 257

E. coli O157:H7, 77

Ebola virus, 61, 161

foodborne pathogens, 77, 92, 109

influenza, 161, 162, 170, 176, 180, 190- 191, 198

malaria, 23, 45, 282

rabies, 280

staph infections, 119, 135-136

strep infections, 119

trends, 7, 282

tuberculosis, 161, 282

West Nile virus, 59, 71

yellow fever, 5, 49

Mosquitoes, 2

Aedes aegypti, 4, 25, 26, 47, 48, 64

Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito), 46, 47, 64

Aedes japonicus (Japanese mosquito), 46

air travel and, 45

Anopheles, 25, 44, 45

attractants, 26-27, 51

control, 25-26, 28, 31, 32, 51, 58-59, 71, 72, 282

Culex spp., 47, 72

Culex pipiens, 24, 28-30, 52, 53, 65

dengue fever vector, 47, 64

Eastern equine encephalitis vector, 68

Japanese encephalitis vectors, 46

LaCrosse encephalitis vector, 68

malaria vectors, 23, 24-25, 44, 45

Murray Valley encephalitis vectors, 47

predators, 65

Ross River virus vectors, 47

salt marsh, 47

SLE vectors, 51, 58

surveillance, 58

viral transmission to progeny, 46

yellow fever vector, 4, 24, 25, 26, 47, 48

West Nile virus vectors, 28-33, 37, 39, 46, 50-51, 52, 55, 63, 71, 72

Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, 229

Muhlestein, Brent, 207-209, 226

Mullin, Gail, 137-138

Mullin, Hollie, 136-138

Multiple sclerosis (MS), 16-17, 202, 212, 215

Mumps, 166

Murphy, Frederick, 56-57, 70

Murray Valley encephalitis virus, 45

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, 202

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 202, 226

N

Nanobacteria, 203

Nanotechnology, 7

Nasci, Roger, 27

Nash, Hal, 211-212

National Academy of Sciences, 245

National Animal Health Monitoring System, 116

National Cancer Institute, 224

National Center for Food Safety Technology, 98

National Center for Infectious Diseases, 7, 17, 56

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 8, 204, 216, 225, 228

National Institute of Mental Illness, 216

National Institutes of Health, 6, 171, 197, 228, 269

National Library of Medicine, 41, 184

National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system, 150

National Pharmaceutical Stockpile, 233, 263

National Research Council, 143

National Tissue Repository, 182-183

National Veterinary Services Laboratory, 38, 41

Native Americans, 5, 136, 239, 270

Natural selection, 8, 77, 123, 126, 130, 152, 218, 219

Nebraska, 140

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea), 5, 6, 119, 124, 125, 147, 165, 220

Netherlands, 93, 99, 111

New Hampshire, 234, 236

New Jersey, 71, 127, 130, 197

New York City

bioterrorism, 20, 247-248

Department of Health, 19-20, 24

malaria, 44-45

multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, 7, 125

rural pathogens in, 68

surveillance and investigations, 19

West Nile virus, 2, 21-23, 27-42, 49-57, 58, 65, 71, 270

New York Medical College, 169

New York State outbreaks, 102, 109

New York University, 90, 213, 227

Newcastle’s disease, 37, 243

Nigeria, 277, 278, 279

Nightingale, Florence, 134

Nipah virus, 14-15, 47, 61, 270

Nixon, Richard, 248-249

Nonhuman primates, 62, 279

North Dakota, 136

North Korea, 252, 253, 271

Norwalk virus, 77, 113

Nursing home infections, 20, 265

O

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 216-217

Odwalla, Inc., 74-75, 80

Office of Homeland Security, 267

Office of Technology Assessment, 237

Oklahoma City, 135, 263

Oldstone, Michael, 215, 216

Omnicef, 137

Ontario, Canada, 14, 101

Oregon, 81, 279-280

Organ transplants, 16, 77, 131, 212, 222, 241

Orthomyxoviridae, 166

Orthopoxviruses, 237, 238

Osler, William, 208, 216

Osteomyelitis, 119

Osterholm, Mike, 13-14, 78-79, 102, 107, 109-110, 117, 256

Ostroff, Steve, 58

O’Toole, Tara, 242, 254, 255, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268

Oxford, John, 164

Oxford University, 95

P

Pan American Health Organization, 47

Pakistan, 236

Parasites and parisitic diseases, 3, 24-25, 42, 44, 45, 113, 224, 281, 282, 283

Paratyphoid A and B, 244

Parkinson’s disease, 16, 191

Parsonnet, Julie, 203, 214, 215, 230

Pasteur, Louis, 121, 209, 283

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders with strep (PANDAS), 216

Penicillin, 6, 92, 121-123, 125, 127, 129, 135, 138, 145, 146, 147, 148, 154, 205, 243

Penicillin G, 124

Penicillinases, 146

Penicillum notatum, 122

Pennsylvania, 179-180

Pennsylvania State University, 84

Peptic ulcers, 202, 204-207, 208, 225, 227- 228

Perencevich, Eli, 144

Periodontal disease, 203, 226

Peters, C. J., 46, 60

Pfeiffer’s bacillus, 165

Pfizer, 286

Pharmaceutical companies,

donated treatments, 286

Philadelphia,

epidemics, 25, 43, 190, 263, 270

Pigs and pig farming, 61, 96, 143, 164, 166, 168, 171, 172, 173-174, 176, 179, 185, 189, 193, 194, 195, 270

Pittsburgh, 131

Plagues, historical, 3, 4-5, 46, 66, 162.

See also Bubonic plague;

Pneumonic plague

Plasmids, 10, 84, 148-149, 150

Plasmodium, 24-25

P. falciparum, 45

P. vivax, 44

Pneumococcus and pneumococcal infections, 10

antibiotic-resistant, 20, 125, 126, 137- 138, 146, 147, 148, 155

ear infections, 137-138, 139, 152

meningitis, 6, 109, 119, 123, 125, 139

pneumonia, 6, 10, 15, 20, 119, 123, 124, 125, 139, 152

vaccines, 152

Pneumonia, 211, 245

incidence, 191

influenza and, 162, 178, 183, 185, 191, 192, 194, 198

pneumococcal, 6, 10, 15, 20, 119, 123, 124, 125, 139, 211

sexually transmitted disease, 202

staphylococcal, 136

vaccine, 152

vulnerable populations, 265

Pneumonic plague, 54, 241, 262-263, 270

Pogo, Beatriz G.-T., 229

Polio, 4, 6, 8, 95, 192, 283

Political issues

AIDS research, 280-281

influenza, 192, 195, 197-198

surveillance, 192

vaccines/vaccination, 195, 197-198

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 184, 221- 222

Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), 16

Poultry

as bioterror targets, 243

egg production, 88-89, 116

herpesvirus, 208

influenza in, 172, 176-180, 193, 194, 196, 198-199

processing/cooking, 112

production-related illness in humans, 87-88, 140, 141, 265

sentinel chickens, 58, 72

tumor viruses in, 224

Powassan virus, 39

Pox virus, 36, 229

Prairie dogs, 67

Preston, Richard, 53-54

Presumptive case, 39

Prions, 11, 94-95, 96

Processed meats, 109-111

Procopius, 4

Prontosil, 122

Pseudomonas 147

P. aeruginosa, 132, 133, 135

Psittacosis, 68, 246

Public health system.

See also Centers for Disease Control

Biosafety Level 3 labs, 268-269, 279

complacency, 6-7, 125, 155

credibility, 266

epidemiological transition concept, 6-7

funding, 264-265, 267

global perspective, 276-278, 284-289

movement, 5-6, 25-26, 43

network components, 276-277

politics, 192-193, 197-198, 281-282

positive impact of 9/11

attack, 288

preparedness issues, 20, 56, 190-192, 195-198, 200, 232-233, 236, 240- 241, 246, 260, 261-269, 273

private underwriting of, 284-288

surveillance, 63, 192-193, 276

turf wars and jurisdictional problems, 37-38, 56-57, 69-70, 73, 109, 116- 117, 262-263, 266, 268

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, 106

PulseNet, 101, 106-107, 108

Pure Food and Drug Act, 114

Q

Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), 241, 246, 248, 249, 257

Quarantine, 43, 47, 53, 238, 239-241, 262, 263

Quinine, 25

Quinn, John, 131, 155

Quinn, Thomas, 216, 225

Quorum sensing, 11

R

Rabbits, 68

Rabies, 4, 192, 280

Rafsanjani, Hashami, 253

Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree, 258

Rajneeshee cult, 258

Rats, 4, 43, 61, 64, 66, 224, 246

Reagan administration, 280

Red tide, 181

Reed, Walter, 24, 25, 55

Reeves, William, Sr., 46, 51, 55

Regis, Ed, 235

Regnery, Helen, 175

Reid, Ann, 183-184, 185-186, 189

Reiter, Paul, 63

Relapsing fever, 61

Relman, David, 214, 215, 221-222, 225

Representational difference analysis, 222, 223

Reservoir hosts, 26, 37-38, 61

Resistance to disease, 5, 12, 218-219

Retroviruses, 16, 62, 202, 213, 217

Reverse genetics, 189

Reye’s syndrome, 175, 232, 280

Rheumatic fever, 212, 216

Rhinoviruses, 61

Ricin, 242, 252, 259

Ridker, Paul, 226, 227

Rift Valley fever, 46-47

Rinderpest, 61, 246

River blindness, 281, 286

RNA, extraction from tissues, 182

Rocephin, 137

Rockefeller Foundation, 57

Rockefeller Institute for Comparative Pathology, 166

Rockefeller University, 8

Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 25, 68, 119, 246

Rodent control, 5

Roehrig, John, 27, 40, 68

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 245

Rosenberg, Barbara Hatch, 271, 272-273

Ross River virus, 47

Ross, Ronald, 24, 55

Rotavirus, 252

Roueché, Berton, 6

Rous, Peyton, 224

Royal Perth Hospital (Australia), 205

Rubella, 6

Rush, Benjamin, 25

Russia, 238, 243, 251, 256

S

Safe Food Coalition, 116

Safe Tables Our Priority (STOP), 118

Salmonella and salmonellosis, 245.

See also Typhoid fever

animalborne, 61, 68, 265

antibiotic-resistant, 91, 92-93, 140-141, 143, 150

biowarfare agents, 252, 258

detection, 98, 265

food sources, 13, 75, 76, 87, 88, 89, 90- 91, 97-99, 140

hardiness, 97

outbreaks, 19, 75, 89, 92-93, 98

prevalence of infections, 79

prevention of infection, 114

S. enteritidis (SE), 89, 90-91, 116

S. heidelberg, 97

S. muenchen, 97

S. newport, 92-93, 97

S. stanley, 98

S. typhimurium, 142, 258

serotypes, 97

surveillance, 106

symptoms and complications, 78

toxin, 84

Salyers, Abigail, 143, 145, 148, 150

Samoa, 47

San Francisco,

epidemics/outbreaks, 43, 190, 197

Sands, Ken, 134

Sanitation, 5, 6.

See also Hygiene and antibiotic resistance, 134-135, 143- 145, 156-157

food handlers, 113

and foodborne illness, 85-91, 113, 115- 116

livestock production, 76, 80, 84, 85-91, 92-96, 114, 117

meat and poultry processing plants, 115-116

revolution for humans, 85

Sara Lee Corporation, 109-111

Sarin, 242, 257

Satcher, David, 197

Saudi Arabia, 46, 47

Scarlet fever, 5, 119, 165, 245

Schizophrenia, 203, 212, 217

Schlosser, Eric, 86

Schwann’s ice cream, 90-91

Schwartz, John, 256

Schweitzer, Albert, 277

Scrapie, 94

Scripps Research Institute, 215

Scrub typhus, 61

Seals, 172, 181

Semmelweis, Ignaz, 134

Sentinel chickens, 58, 72

Sepsis, 119, 123, 127, 134

Septicemia (blood poisoning), 122, 152

Serratia marcescens, 132, 247

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 2, 5-6, 202-203, 219-220, 222-223, 245, 283

Shapiro, Lucy, 10

Sheep, 94, 96, 109, 235-236, 251

Shigella and shigellosis

antibiotic resistance, 143, 148

biowarfare agent, 246

outbreaks/epidemics, 100-105, 106, 108, 113

S. dysenteriae, 10, 13, 81, 151

S. sonnei, 99-102, 106

surveillance, 105-106

symptoms and complications, 100

transmission routes, 100-104, 113

virulence, 100

Shlaes, David, 156

Shope, Richard, 166

Shope, Robert, 49, 57

Shortridge, Kennedy F., 164, 180, 190

Sialic acid, 167

Sickle cell anemia, 218

Sierra Leone, 273

Sin Nombre virus (hantavirus), 12, 64-65, 67, 270

Sinclair, Upton, 114

Singapore, 270

Singer, Dan, 55

Sizzler restaurants, 87

Skin infections, 136

Smallpox (variola virus), 2, 4, 62, 162, 219, 233, 237-241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, 263, 265, 267, 268, 277-278

Smith, Kirk, 113

Smith, Wilson, 166

Smithson, Amy, 253, 254

Smithsonian Institution, 29

Snow, Vincenza, 144, 153

Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 178

Somalia, 237

Soros, George, 285

South Africa, 125, 282

South Carolina, 185

South Dakota, 92-93

Soviet Union (former), 236-237, 249-251, 254, 256, 257, 259

Spain, 125

Specialists in infectious diseases, 6, 155

Species jumping.

See Zoonoses/zoonotic infections

Squirrels, 67

S.S. Nippon Maru, 43

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 144, 171

St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), 28, 31-32, 34, 37-38, 39-40, 45, 51, 54, 56, 58

St. Paul Medical Center, 258

Stanford University, 10, 12, 214, 221, 230

Stanley Neurovirology Laboratory, 203

Staphylococcus and staph infections, 2

antibiotic-resistant, 16, 120-121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 129, 130-131, 135-136, 139, 146, 147, 148, 151, 155, 205

coagulase negative, 129, 131

deaths, 119, 135-136

immune response, 136

risk factors, 129

S. aureus, 2, 16, 120-121, 122, 123, 125, 129, 130, 132, 135-136, 148, 205

toxins, 76, 136, 248, 252

zoonoses, 61

State Center of Virology and Biotechnology (Russia), 238

State University of Iowa, 159

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 132, 133

Stimson, Henry L., 245

Stomach cancer, 206-207, 212, 224

Streptococcus and strep infections, 119, 147, 197, 212, 216-217.

See also Pneumococcus

S. pneumoniae, 15, 137

S. pyrogenes, 216

Streptomyces griseus, 124

Streptomycin, 124, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149

Sudan, 273, 279

Sulfa drugs/sulfonamides, 6, 122, 146, 148

Sun Orchard, 75

Superbugs.

See also Antibiotic resistance;

Bioterrorism/biowarfare

deaths from, 128, 132, 135-136

defense mechanisms, 145-150

GISA, 130

hospital infections, 120

MRSA, 120, 124, 125, 129, 130, 135, 136, 147, 148, 152

MRSA + VRE, 132

virulence, 120

vancomycin-intermediate

Staphylococcus aureus (VISA), 2, 16, 130, 146

vancomycin-resistant enterococci

(VRE), 93, 131-132, 135, 141, 146, 147, 152, 155, 156, 157

Susceptibility to infection, 26

foodborne illnesses, 77-78

leptospirosis, 66

Surveillance.

See also Diagnostic tools and tests

antibiotic resistance, 128, 150, 153

bioterrorist threat and, 268, 273

of birds, 58, 72

containment method, 278

foodborne illnesses, 95, 105-106, 115

importance, 275-276

influenza, 176, 192-193, 194, 200

mosquitoborne infections, 57, 58, 72

public health system, 63, 192-193, 276

SLE, 58

Sverdlovsk outbreak, 249, 251, 272

Swann Committee, 142

Sweden, 111

Swedo, Susan, 216-217

Swine.

See Pigs

Sydenham’s chorea, 216

Synercid, 141

Syphilis, 5, 6, 119

Syria, 252, 253

T

Taiwan, 270

Target Zero campaign, 237

Taubenberger, Jeffery, 12, 181-189

Tauxe, Robert, 86, 105

Tetanus, 61, 95, 211, 245, 283

Tetracyclines, 91, 92, 124, 126, 127, 129, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 154

Texas, 64, 83, 85

Theories of infectious disease, 146-147, 170-174, 209-212

Thompson, Tommy, 240

Thyroid disease, 78

Ticks, 2, 24, 53, 67, 68

TOPOFF exercise, 262-263

Tokyo subway attack, 242, 257

Torrey, E. Fuller, 217

Tourette’s syndrome, 17

Toxic shock syndrome, 2, 279

Toxins, 10, 11, 12, 76, 81-81, 83-84, 98, 136, 231, 232, 234, 242, 246, 248, 249, 250, 252, 257, 259, 269

Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), 61, 217

Transduction, 147-148

Transformation (genetic exchange), 148

Transmission of pathogens.

See also individual pathogens

air travel/transportation and, 13-14, 44, 63, 113, 191

chain of, 26, 47, 160, 220

Transposons (jumping genes), 149

Traveler’s diarrhea, 99-100, 104

Trench fever (Bartonella quintana), 221-222

Triclosan, 144

Trimethoprim, 129, 146

Tsetse flies, 61

Tuberculosis, 5, 6, 7, 14, 61, 119, 124, 125, 147, 165, 210, 219, 265, 282, 283, 285, 286-287, 288

Tufts University School of Medicine, 77, 126

Tularemia (Francisella tularensis), 60, 68, 159, 241, 245, 246, 248, 249

Tumor viruses, 224, 229

Turell, Mike, 52, 54

Turner, Ted, 285

Typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi), 4, 5, 6, 85, 90, 97, 124, 141, 165, 183, 203, 210, 218-219, 244, 245-246, 275

Typhus, 4, 23, 25, 61, 124, 245

U

Uganda, 286

Undulant fever (brucellosis), 60, 61, 241, 245, 246, 248, 249

Union of Concerned Scientists, 139

United Nations, public health commitments, 6, 285

United States National Assessment Report, 63

University of Alabama/Birmingham, 62

University of British Columbia, 148

University of California/Berkeley, 46, 51, 55

University of California/Davis, 56

University of California/Irvine, 68, 73

University of Georgia, 96, 104

University of Illinois/Chicago, 131, 155

University of Maryland, 29, 128, 154

University of Maryland Medical Center, 157

University of Michigan, 223

University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 46, 49

Ureaplasma urealyticum, 202-203

Urinary tract infections, 127, 247

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 41, 52, 54, 248

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 57, 86, 87, 88, 109, 110, 114, 115-116, 143, 150

U.S. Department of Defense, 3, 236, 269

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 58, 233, 238, 240, 267, 268

Uzbekistan, 234

V

Vaccines/vaccination

anthrax, 236, 243, 271

biowarfare agents, 236, 239-240, 241, 242, 243, 246, 263, 265, 267, 268, 269

cease-fires for immunization days, 273

for chronic diseases, 227

and complacence, 6

contaminated, 95

distribution issues, 265

duration of immunity, 240

E. coli O157:H7, 84

and foodborne illnesses, 88, 95

HiB, 152

influenza, 161, 166, 169, 190, 194, 195- 200

levels, 281, 283

political issues, 195, 197-198

private funding of, 284-285

smallpox, 237, 238, 239-240, 241, 267, 268, 277-278

yellow fever, 48, 49

Vaccinia virus, 256

Vagelos, Roy, 286

van Leeuwenhoek, Anton, 214

Vancomycin, 2, 16, 93, 124, 127, 129, 130, 131-132, 135, 137-138, 141, 146, 147, 155, 156, 157

Vaughan, Roscoe, 185

Vectors.

See also specific vectors

transmission of viruses, 26

Vegetarians, 90, 93, 97, 143

Venezuelan equine encephalitis, 246, 248, 249, 250

Vietnam War, 248

Virchow, Rudolf, 207-208

Viremia, 26, 53

Virgin-soil epidemics, 239

Virginiamycin, 141

Virulence factors, 2, 11, 17, 92, 219

Viruses

antiviral drugs, 9

characteristics, 8, 9, 12, 15, 165, 214- 215

culturing, 9

diagnostic tests, 38-42, 54

DNA, 169

immune response to, 9, 12, 17, 39, 64, 168, 189, 217, 224

isolation, 40, 41

origin, 9

reservoir host, 26

RNA, 168-169

toxins, 10

vectors, 26, 147-148

Voles, 68

W

Waksman, Selman, 124

Warren, J. Robin, 204-207

Water purification, 5

Waterborne pathogens, 220

antibiotic resistance, 127, 132, 143

and foodborne illnesses, 102-103, 143

secondary epidemics, 102-103

Webster, Robert G., 165, 170-171, 176, 178, 180, 189, 192, 193-194

West Nile virus, 15

biowarfare with, 53-54, 56, 262, 270

bird reservoir, 2, 22, 32-37, 40, 41, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55, 65, 71, 72

characteristics, 23-27, 31, 52, 53, 55

control measures, 51, 71, 72

diagnostic tests, 38-42, 68-71

discovery, 45, 71

climate change and, 64, 65

family, 27-32, 38-40, 45, 49-50

mortality rate, 59, 71

natural history, 52, 55

outbreaks/epidemics, 2, 21-23, 27-42, 49-57, 58, 63, 65, 71, 270

spread in U.S., 2, 55, 71, 72

strain identification, 51, 54, 68-70

subclinical infections, 72

surveillance, 57, 72

symptoms and complications, 42

vectors, 28-33, 37, 39, 41, 52, 53, 61, 63, 65, 71, 72

virulence, 31

Western equine encephalitis, 58

Whipple’s disease, 222

Whittam, Tom, 84

Wholesome Meat Act, 114

Whooping cough, 245

Wildlife Conservation Society, 36

Wineland, Nora, 116-117

Wisconsin, 172

Woolsorter’s disease, 235-236

World Bank, 285

World Health Organization, 27, 129, 168, 176, 193, 237, 238, 241, 250, 278, 285, 286, 288

World War I, 161, 183, 222, 258

World War II, 25-26, 46, 212, 232, 245

Wyeth-Ayerst Research, 156

Y

Yale University, 57, 279

Yellow fever, 4, 5, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 39, 43, 47, 48-49, 55, 57, 58, 219, 220, 249

Yemen, 46

Yolken, Robert, 203, 217, 230

Z

Zilinskas, Raymond, 255, 271, 272

Zinsser, Hans, 2, 17-18

Zithromax, 137

Zoonoses/zoonotic infections.

See also specific pathogens

bioterrorist threat, 60

factors promoting species jumping, 14- 15, 60-64

global climate change and, 63-65

most widespread disease, 65-66

number of, 60

pathogens, 61-62, 66-68, 172, 176, 177- 178, 193

protective factors, 64

spread of, 62

Zymotics (crowd diseases), 4, 14