A

Abdominal obesity, 1, 17, 161, 163, 212-213.

See also Visceral fat

Abuse, and obesity, 71

Active Community Environments

Initiative, 274

Active Living Network, 274

Activism. See Community activism

Added sugars, 84-85, 96, 101-102, 110, 198

Addiction, 34, 35

Adiponectin, 35

Adolescents

BMI, 12

eating disorders, 58

health effects of obesity, 21

physical activity, 123-125

risk factors for obesity, 159

weight-loss programs, 229-230

Adopted children, 40-41

Adult obesity

BMI distribution, 13

childhood obesity and, 5-6, 19

deaths, 15

health effects, 6-7

poverty and, 14-15

Advertising

healthy foods, 85-86

information resources, 272-274

limiting and regulating, 249, 251-255, 272-274

obesity-promoting, 24, 88

targeting children, 24, 88, 119, 135-136, 197, 200, 248, 251-255

African Americans, 5, 14, 16

body satisfaction, 56, 68

breastfeed rates, 169

eating disorders, 58

food environment, 260-261

high blood pressure, 22

infant feeding and weight gain, 171

lactose intolerance, 103

life expectancy, 21

physical activity, 120, 124, 129-130

pregnancy, 153

prevention programs, 129-130, 208-209

television watching, 129

Age

and media use, 132-133

and physical activity, 123-125

and risk factors for obesity, 19, 62

Aggressive behavior, 68

Agouti-related protein (AGRP), 31-32, 33-34

Agricultural Marketing Service, 275

America on the Move, 145, 147

American Academy of Pediatrics, 61, 124, 137, 143, 167, 168-169, 173, 179, 182, 215, 252, 274

American Beverage Association, 196, 199

American Council for Fitness and Nutrition, 271-272

American Diabetes Association, 108

American Dietetic Association, 272

American Indians. See also Pima Indians

lactose intolerance, 103

nutrition programs, 194, 263

obesity and diabetes, 5, 14, 21, 194

physical education programs for, 126

American Obesity Association, 271

Americorps, 184

Amphetamines, 231

Anencephaly, 165

Animal models of obesity, 49

Anorexia nervosa, 58, 228

Apache Indians, 263

Appetite, 9, 24.

See also Hunger;

Leptin;

Satiety

bariatric surgery and, 238

depression and, 71

fetal environment and, 160

genetic defects, 36, 37-38

infant feeding practices and, 171-172

puberty and, 215

regulatory mechanisms, 28-30, 31-32, 33-34, 35, 37-38, 172

sodas and, 198

suppressants, 231-232

weight loss and, 44

Arcuate nucleus, 31-32, 33-34, 160

Arizona State University, 273

Arkansas, school programs, 62

Arria, Sherry, 63

Arthritis, 7, 16, 20

Asian Americans, 56, 103

Association of National Advertisers, 254, 273

Asthma, 16

Atkins diet, 96, 100

Attitudes. See Social and cultural attitudes

Australia, 121, 127-128, 136, 240

B

Babies. See Infants and toddlers

Bardet-Biedl syndrome, 38

Bariatric surgery, 214, 236

adjustable gastric banding, 240

BMI criteria for, 243

complications and side effects, 238, 239, 240-241, 242

costs, 238

effectiveness, 238, 239, 241, 242

factors precluding, 244

gastric bypass, 238-240, 244

guidelines for use on adolescents, 242-244

insurance coverage, 238, 241, 244

long-term effects, 244

psychological and medical evaluation for, 243-244

training and qualification of surgeon, 244

Barker, David, 162

Barnett, Minda, 54, 55, 56

Baughcum, Amy E., 61

Baylor College of Medicine, 169

Beauchamp, Gary, 176

Belarus, Republic of, 172

Benjamin, Marquis, 208

Berkowitz, Robert, 218, 225-226, 232

Beta cells, 17, 33, 156, 178

Bilirubin, 150-151

Binge eating disorder, 58, 63, 71, 221

Birch, Leann L., 64, 65, 179, 180

Birth weight, 61, 154-155, 158-159, 163-164

Blanchard, Troy C., 260

Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Massachusetts, 203

BMI. See Body mass index

Body fat

calcium and, 102-103

deposition patterns, 215;

see also Abdominal obesity

fat cell characteristics, 18, 32, 35-36, 102-103, 159, 171, 172

function, 95

measuring body stores, 60-61

Body mass index (BMI)

adult, 11

birth weight and, 158-159

in breastfed babies, 169

calculation, 10

child, 11, 60-61, 225

and depression, 68

distribution trends, 12-13

healthy, 11, 215

heredity and, 41

international comparisons, 121

measuring, 60-61

monitoring, 61, 62

morbidly obese, 236

overweight, 11, 20, 60-61

pregnancy and, 165, 166

recommended, 215

TV viewing and, 137

surgical criterion, 243

Bold and Beautiful Club, 53-57, 75

Boston Children’s Hospital, 69, 78

Boston school district, 201-205, 208-209

Brain

development, 160, 162, 171, 215

and eating behavior, 31-35, 160, 171

Breast cancer, 215

Breastfeeding, 51

and BMIs of infants, 169

flow preference, 150

and food and flavor preferences, 174-177

health benefits, 167

information resources, 269-270

nutritional value, 103, 178-179

and obesity risk in later life, 91, 168, 169-170

programming effect on energy intake, 170-171

race/ethnicity and, 169

recommendations, 102, 167, 168-169, 172-174, 179

support, 149-151, 168, 173

trends, 168-169

Breathing disorders, 7, 16

Breaux, C. W., 242

Briarwood Elementary School, 115, 116

Brigham Young University, 121

Brookridge Elementary School, 114

Brownell, Kelly D., 39, 248

Bulimia nervosa, 58, 221, 228

Burden, Dan, 274

Burger King, 88

Burns, Tracy, 194

Burton, Hannah, 262

Butte, Nancy F., 169

C

Calcium

benefits and sources, 102-104, 221

surgery and absorption of, 241

Calhoun, Cheryl, 196

California Center for Public Health Advocacy

California schools, 183-186, 199

Caloric intake, 49, 51.

See also Energy balance

adolescents, 84

breastfeeding and, 170-171

children, 83, 91

fast food, 86

snacks and, 91

trends, 82-83, 95-96

and weight gain, 109

Calorie density of foods, 15, 106-107

Cambridge City Hospital, 27

Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, 253, 273

Campbell, Meg, 208-209

Canada, 135, 164, 263

Cancer, 7, 16, 20

protective foods, 103, 105

Carbohydrates

calorie density, 107

defined, 94

dietary guidelines, 96, 100

glycemic index, 108

Cardiovascular disease, 6, 7, 14, 15-16, 17, 18, 20, 105, 161

Cargill, 147

Cataracts, 104

Center for Science in the Public Interest, 200, 273

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7, 11, 16, 65, 74, 92, 93, 137, 191, 270, 271, 274

Cerebral cortex, 34

Channing Elementary School, 205

Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH), 126, 205-207

Childhood obesity. See also Prevention/reduction programs;

Treatment for obesity

in adopted children, 40

and adult obesity, 5-6, 19

age-related risk factors, 19, 62

at-risk population, 11

BMI, 11-13, 220

defined, 11

eating disorders and, 57-59

emotional and social consequences, 6

epidemic, 7, 8, 10, 11-12, 18, 55, 57, 84, 213

health complications, 6, 8, 18, 19, 20, 213, 220, 265-266

and height, 67

leptin and, 33

and life expectancy, 16, 18, 20-21

parental influence, 19, 22, 30, 41-42, 63-64, 73

prevalence, 4-5, 13, 58

racial and ethnic factors, 5, 14

resources, 265-266

risk factors, 19, 61, 159-160

terminology and, 9-10

trends, 6, 14

in twins, 39

Children’s Advertising Unit, 254

Children’s National Medical Center, 57, 237

Chippewa Cree, 194

Chitosan, 234

Cholesterol. See also High cholesterol

dietary guidelines, 98-99

HDL (“good”), 17, 97, 98

LDL (“bad”), 98

Chromium picolinate, 234

Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 242-244

Coca-Cola Company, 200

Cocaine-and-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), 32, 33-34

Codman Academy, 208

Colon cancer, 20

Colorado on the Move, 144-147

Columbia University, 9, 30, 134-135

Commercialism in Education Research Unit, 273

Committed to Kids, 229-230

Community activism

access to healthy foods, 186, 248, 275

advertising regulation, 249, 251-255, 272-274

childhood obesity task force, 250, 258-259, 261

information resources, 271-275

legislation, 250, 262, 271-272

physical activity opportunities, 129-130, 140, 141, 143-144, 248, 255-259, 274-275

policy changes being considered, 249

preparation for, 250

targets for change, 248

Congestive heart failure, 16

Conjugated linoleic acid, 234

Constipation, 105

Cook, Esther, 185

Cooking classes for children, 92, 185

Corticosterone, 35

Cortisol, 71, 79, 108, 161

Crye, Sheila, 92

Cumberland Hospital, 235-238

D

Dairy products, 84, 85, 99, 102-103, 106, 111, 192, 200, 221

Dance for Health, 128

Dancy, Deborah, 205

Davidow, Daniel, 236

Day, Lydia, 3

Dennison, Barbara A., 134-135

Depression, 7, 8, 16, 35, 66-71, 130

Dewey, Kathryn G., 170, 171

Diabetes

bariatric surgery and, 241, 243

birth weight and, 154, 161, 163

control with diet and exercise, 76, 108, 157

and food cravings, 63

infant feeding practices and, 178

low-glycemic-index diet and, 108

obesity and, 6, 7, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 47, 63, 75, 153, 158, 213, 235

pregnancy and, 153, 155-158, 163, 164

prescription drug treatment, 232-234

protective foods, 105

race/ethnicity and, 14, 21, 46-47, 49, 50, 158

screening for, 158, 163

soft drinks and, 85

type 2 defined, 16-17

Diabetes Prevention Program, 233

Diet. See also Eating plans;

Weight-loss dieting

access to healthy foods, 1, 2, 24, 51, 63

Asian (traditional), 98

changes to, 22

high-fiber, 105

low-fat and moderate-fat, 98, 99-100, 107

Mediterranean, 97, 98

pills, 231-235

restrictive, 63-66, 223

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), 105

Dietary guidelines, 83, 87, 95, 96, 98-99, 102, 104

Dietary intake

methods to regulate, 106-107, 223-224

surveys, 82-83, 85

Dietz, William H., 65, 74, 92, 93-94, 111, 133, 134, 137, 168, 171, 179

Digestive tract, 33

Discrimination, 67

Donnelly, Joseph E., 115, 117

Dopamine, 34

Drewnowski, Adam, 15

Driscoll, Nancy, 113, 114

Duerr, Lissa, 184

Duke University, 233

Dutch famine study, 162

D. W. Griffith Junior High, 7

E

Eat Well & Keep Moving, 203, 205

Eating disorders, 56-59, 220-221, 226, 228, 268

Eating habits, 8, 22

cleaning the plate, 92-93

compulsive, 235, 237

costs of changing, 80

effective programs for changing, 218

food advertising and, 135

healthy, 266-267

maternal nutrition during pregnancy, 152

parental influence, 42, 152

parental monitoring, 63-64

reduced-fat and fat-free products and, 95-96

school influence, 186

TV viewing and, 90, 132, 135-136

Eating plans. See also Meals

how much to eat, 105-111

low-glycemic-index foods, 77-80, 107-111, 222

safe nutritional environment, 101

Stoplight Diet, 107, 217, 222-223, 228

strategies to encourage healthy habits, 90-94, 223-224

volumetrics strategy, 106-107, 108

Ebbeling, Cara B., 110

Edible Schoolyard Project, 183-186

Education. See Health education;

Nutrition education

Eisenberg, Marla E., 69, 73

Emotional distress. See also Depression;

Self-esteem

“comfort food,” 35, 66

family as source, 66-67, 69, 73

gender differences in, 68

obesity as cause, 4, 57

obesity as effect, 69-71

teasing by peers, 66-67, 68-70, 72, 213

Endocannabinoids, 34

Energy balance, 24.

See also Metabolic rate

physiological regulation, 30, 31, 32, 33-34, 44

walking and, 145-146

Engle, Mary K., 253

Environmental factors, 8, 14

adoption studies, 41

fetal, 152-153, 157-163

genetic interactions, 41-42, 43-44, 46-50, 157-158

obesigenic environment, 13, 41-42, 81-82, 87-89

parental influence, 19, 22, 30, 41-42

Ephedra, 234-235

Epinephrine, 79, 108

Epstein, Leonard H., 71, 72-73, 74, 107, 136, 139, 215, 216, 217, 218, 222-223, 224, 227, 228, 230

Evolution, 9, 31, 47, 125, 174, 179

Exercise. See Physical activity

Expeditionary Learning Outward Bound, 208

F

Failure to thrive, 62

Fairhill Elementary School, 188-189, 190

Family. See also Parents and parenting

approach to prevention and treatment, 66, 72-75, 93, 129-130, 207, 216, 217, 226-228

history of obesity, 76;

see also Genetic factors

Farmers markets, 263-264

Fast food, 86-87, 88, 146, 193

Fat, dietary. See also Body fat

absorption blockers, 231-232

calorie density, 107

defined, 94

dietary guidelines, 98-99, 100

healthy foods, 81, 94-95, 97-98, 99

intakes, 83, 97-98

labeling foods, 98

partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, 98

saturated, 97, 99, 100

in school meals, 193, 194

unsaturated, 97-98, 99

trans, 98, 99, 100

types, 99

Fatty acids

metabolism, 109

monounsaturated, 97, 99

oxidation, 35

polyunsaturated, 97-98, 99

Fayette County, Georgia school district, 195-196

Federal Trade Commission, 24, 253, 254, 255

Feeding behavior. See also Eating habits

external cues and routines, 34

hormonal regulation, 30-31, 33

international comparisons, 182

pleasure and, 34-35

and satiety, 91

Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 177, 182

Fenfluramine (fen-phen), 231

Fetal

glucose metabolism, 156-157

growth trajectory, 162

programming, 152-153

taste development, 175

undernutrition, 161-163

Fiber, dietary, 79, 96, 105, 107, 111

Fidgetiness, 48

Fish, 99, 106

Fisher, Jennifer O., 64, 65

Food. See also Diet;

individual food groups

advertising targeted to children, 24, 88, 119, 135-136, 197, 200, 248, 251-255

allowing choices, 74-75

availability, 82, 259-264

“comfort,” 35, 66

cravings, 35, 63, 91

cultural meanings of, 75

energy-dense, 15, 106-107, 223

fat-free or low-fat, 95-96, 103, 110, 193-194, 195, 198

healthy, 54, 81, 91, 94, 101-105, 259-264

industry sponsorship of programs, 146-147

introducing new items, 92

labels, 87-88, 98, 106, 107, 188, 222, 267

low-glycemic-index, 77-80, 103, 105

marketing strategies, 87-88

processed, 15

as punishment, 75, 92, 182

restricted intake, 32, 63-66, 91

as reward or bribe, 66, 74, 75, 182, 191

at schools, 3, 24, 187-201

Food and Drug Administration, 98, 234, 235, 267

Food Guide Pyramid, 87, 95, 96, 110, 180, 268

Food industry

advertising targeted to children, 24, 88, 119, 135-136, 196, 197, 200, 248, 251-255

sponsorship of healthy programs, 146-147, 200

Food-seeking behavior, 30-31

Food Trust, 189, 261-262, 263, 275

France, 182

French, Simone A., 196

Friedman, Jeffrey M., 29

Friendships, 69

Fructose, 84

Fruit drinks, 84-85, 96

Fruits and vegetables

calorie density, 107

children’s intakes, 85

cleaning, 104-105

dietary guidelines, 96, 100, 111

and fiber, 105

glycemic index, 77, 78, 79, 105

infant foods, 179

promotional campaigns, 85, 88

protective effects of, 104

school gardens, greenhouses, and vegetable stands, 183-185, 186, 188-189, 190

school offerings, 194-195

types consumed, 85-86

G

Gallbladder disease, 7, 16

Garcia, Victor F., 242-243, 244

Garcinia cambogia, 234

Gender

and mortality rates, 20-21

and perceptions of overweight, 61, 228

and physical activity, 120, 124-125, 127

and self-esteem, 68

General Accounting Office, 195

Genetic factors, 13, 24, 142

degree of inherited risk, 41

environmental interactions, 41-42, 43-44, 46-50, 157-158

leptin gene, 29, 36, 43

multiple-gene syndromes, 38

number of predisposing genes, 42-43

polygenic theory of obesity, 42-43, 47-48

single-gene mutations, 36-39, 48, 219

testing for, 38

“thrifty gene,” 47

and treatment, 38

twin studies, 40, 42

Gerber Products Company, 177, 182

Gerberding, Julie, 7

Ghrelin, 33

Gila River Indian Community, 47

Gilman, Matthew W., 152, 154, 158, 159, 174

Girls’ Health Enrichment Multi-site Studies (GEMS), 129-130

Gittelsohn, Joel, 262-263

Glucagons, 108

Glucocorticoids, 35

Glucose intolerance, 18

Glucose metabolism, 32, 33, 35, 60, 84, 108, 109, 156-157, 220

Glycemic index, 77-80, 107-111

Glycogen, 108

Goodman, Elizabeth, 70, 71

Goran, Michael I., 125

Gortmaker, Steven L., 13, 93, 119-120, 133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 142, 194, 203, 259

Gout, 20

Great Ormond Street Hospital, 65

Growing Up Today Study, 137

Growth charts, 11, 62

Growth hormone, 108

H

Harvard Growth Study, 20

Harvard University, 93, 104

Medical School, 27, 63, 97, 152, 174, 253

School of Public Health, 13, 93, 119, 203, 259

Health education, 7

Healthy Stores program, 262-263, 275

Heart disease. See Cardiovascular disease

Hearts N’ Parks, 274

Heredity. See Genetic factors

High blood pressure, 7, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 161, 213, 220, 241

High cholesterol, 7, 15, 213, 220, 241

reduction programs for children, 126

High-fructose corn syrup, 84

Hill, James O., 82, 89, 144, 145, 147

Hirsch, Jules, 28

Hispanic Americans, 5, 14, 16, 21

and physical activity, 120

self-image, 56

Holmes, Christine, 201-202, 203, 204

Huerta, Milagros, 212

Hunger

eating in absence of, 64, 70, 92-93

food cravings, 35

food intake and, 32, 33

glycemic index of foods and, 79, 108-109, 223

rating, 1

weight loss and, 45-46

Hypothalamus, 30-31, 33, 37, 160

I

Immune system, 32, 35

Inactivity

contributing factors, 118, 140-141, 215

deaths related to, 15-16

rewards for reducing, 136, 213

Infants and toddlers

acceptance of new foods, 179-181

birth weight, 61, 154-155, 158-159, 163-164

breastfeeding, 51, 91, 102, 103, 149-151, 152

of diabetic mothers, 155-158, 163

feeding behavior, 90, 150-151, 181-182

food allergies, 178

formula-fed, 171-172

fruit juice, 179, 182

inappropriate foods, 177, 180, 182

introducing solid foods, 177-181

large for gestational age, 156, 158-161, 163, 166

maternal nutrition, 152

neophobia, 179

obesity in, 48

overfeeding newborns, 171

sleeping through the night, 178

small for gestational age, 154, 161-164

taste preferences, 174-177, 180

Infertility, 16

Inge, Thomas H., 244

INOVA Fairfax Hospital, 149

Institute of Medicine, 10, 23-24, 100, 122, 124, 153, 166, 248-249, 251, 253, 254, 255

Insulin

glycemic index of foods and, 79, 108, 109

and growth, 67, 156, 159-160, 172

production, 37, 79

resistance, 17, 49, 102

role, 32, 33

sensitivity-enhancing drug, 233-234

International Food Information Council Foundation, 267

Israel, 240

J

Jenny Craig, 228-229

Johns Hopkins University

Bloomberg School of Public Health, 248

Center for Human Nutrition, 263

Hospital, 156

Johnson, Susan L., 64

K

Kaiser Family Foundation, 88, 133, 273

Katz, David L., 25, 75, 98, 99-100, 101, 107

Kidney function, 18, 35

KidsWalk-to-School program, 274

Kramer, Michael, 164, 173-174

Kuczmarski, Bob, 140, 141-142

Kumanyika, Shiriki K., 81

L

Lactic acidosis, 233

Lactose intolerance, 103

Lang, Brian, 263, 264

Leibel, Rudy, 9, 27-30, 31, 36, 38-39, 43-46, 49, 50

Leptin, 29-30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 43, 159-160, 172

Leptin receptor, 37

Lewis, Dan, 189, 190

Lifestyle changes, 22-23, 42

ancestral vs. modern, 47, 48

economic forces and, 119-120

gradual approach to, 224-225

Lindsay, Robert S., 49

Linn, Susan, 253, 273

Liodice, Bob, 253-254

Liver disease, 7, 16, 241

Los Angeles Unified School District, 122, 198

Louisiana State University, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 230

Loveland, Joan, 165

Ludwig, David, 78, 93, 107-108, 110, 111, 222

Lytle, Leslie, 201, 205-206

M

Ma huang, 234

MacDonald, Kenneth G., 241

Macular degeneration, 104

Marketing foods, supersizing trends, 87-88

Martin Luther King Middle School, 184-185

Masterfoods USA, 147

Mattis, Christine, 7, 8

May, Janet, 115

McDonald’s, 88, 147, 209

McGill University, 164, 174

McLaren, Nancy, 58, 220-221, 223-224

McMillan, Greg, 117

Meals

breakfast, 8, 90

emotional struggles over food, 91-93, 94

introducing new foods, 92, 107, 185

offering choices, 93-94

preparing, 91

refusal to eat, 94, 182

restaurant and takeout food, 91

serving tips, 107

setting and schedule for, 90-91

snacks, 2, 3, 7, 91, 182

substitute foods, 94, 182

TV watching during, 90, 132, 135, 136, 139

Meat and poultry, 99, 106

Medicare, 59, 214

Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH), 33

Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), 32, 37-38

Mennella, Julie A., 174, 176-177, 181

Metabolic rate, 31, 32

exercise and, 46

TV viewing and, 136

weight loss and, 44, 45

Metabolic syndrome, 17-18, 36, 71, 102, 154, 161, 163

Metformin (Glucophage), 232-233

Metlock, Jim, 274

Mexican Americans, 7, 14, 153

Mexican food, 85

Mildred Avenue Middle School, 201-204

Milk. See Dairy products

Mississippi State University, 260

Mizra, Nazrat, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 75

Molnar, Alex, 273

Monell Chemical Senses Center, 174

Musculoskeletal problems, 16, 60

N

Nader, Ralph, 273

National Advertising Review Council, 254

National Association for Sport and

Physical Education, 117-118, 122, 268

National Association of Attorneys General, 255

National Center for Health Statistics, 141

National Conference of State Legislators, 272

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 82, 83

National Health Interview Surveys, 83

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 274

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 62

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 59

National Institute of Mental health, 268

National Institutes of Health, 46, 49, 114-115, 141-142, 218, 234, 242

National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 67

National School Lunch Program, 189-192, 194-195

National Trust for Historic Preservation, 257

Neel, James, 47

Nestle, Marion, 248

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 31-32, 33-34

New York City school district, 198

New York University, 248

Nielsen Media Research, 133

Norepinephrine, 232

Northeastern University, 259

Northwestern University, 157, 158

Nucleus accumbens, 34

Nurses’ Health Study, 84-85, 159

Nutrition

knowledge about, 1-2, 4

principles, 81

Nutrition education, 51

campaigns, 24

funding, 189

for parents, 59, 63, 81

for physicians, 59

resources on healthy eating, 266-268

school programs, 54, 183-189, 201-205, 207

O

Obesigenic environment, 13, 41-42

Obesity. See also Adult obesity;

Childhood obesity

biological basis, 28-30

BMI, 11

caloric intake and, 44-45

causes, 8-9, 14;

see also Environmental factors;

Genetic factors

defined, 6

as disease, 6-7

health impacts, 15-16, 265-266

medical costs of, 15-16

recidivism of dieters to, 45

reduced-fat and fat-free products and, 95-96

Obligation, 274

Opioid receptors, 34

Optimum Weight for Life (OWL) program, 78, 80, 81, 107-108, 222

O’Rahilly, Stephen, 36

Oregon Health and Science Center, 160

Orlistat (Xenical), 231-232

Ovarian cancer, 103

Overweight

BMI, 11

as euphemism for obesity, 9-10

standards for defining, 10, 60;

see also Body mass index

P

Parents and parenting

advocacy role, 191, 200-201, 255

consistency in, 74

dieting history, 64-65

limiting TV viewing, 139

modeling good habits, 73, 93, 142-143

nutrition reeducation, 59, 63, 81

perceptions of child’s weight, 61, 76

recommendations for, 24, 89-90

response to “fat letters,” 62, 63

restricting children’s eating patterns, 63-66, 223

strategies for, 72-75, 90-94

and treatment programs, 66, 72-75, 93, 129-130, 207, 216, 217

understanding of overweight and health risks, 62

Pathways program, 126

Pediatricians/physicians

breastfeeding recommendation, 172-173

evaluation of overweight children, 60, 61, 218

nutrition education, 59

treatment of obesity, 58, 218

Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 48

Pennsylvania State University, 87-88, 179

Pepsico, 147, 196

Phenylpropanolamine, 234

Philadelphia school district, 188-189, 199

Physical activity. See also Exercise;

Inactivity;

Physical education programs

in academic lessons, 113-117, 201-205

and academic performance, 116, 126, 127, 130

access to, 24, 255-259

age and, 123-125

community involvement, 140, 141, 143-144, 248, 255-259, 274-275

in daily routines, 22, 42, 51, 113-117, 141-142, 223-224

dance-based programs, 128-130, 142, 201-202, 212

defined, 118

importance of, 49-50, 63, 89-90

information resources, 268-269, 274-275

international comparisons, 121

measuring, 120

missed opportunities for, 2, 3, 4

outdoors time, 140

parental influence, 142-143

pregnancy and, 164, 165, 166

reasons for decline in, 118, 122

recommendations for, 223

recreational facilities, 258

safe places for, 15, 24, 118, 140, 255-258

at school, 3-4, 24, 53-57, 113-117, 118-119, 122, 142, 187, 208-209

spontaneous, 31

sports programs, 2, 24, 49, 124, 143, 259

strategies to improve, 113-117, 119, 141-142, 144-147, 201-205, 208-209, 255-259

substitution for TV watching, 74

recommendations, 117-118, 121-122, 124

trends, 120-121, 123

surveys, 120

walking, 89, 141, 144-147, 208-209, 213, 255-256

and weight loss, 46

Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC), 113-117

Physical education programs

activity levels in, 3-4, 114, 118-119, 122

dance-based program, 128-129, 201-202, 212

effectiveness, 125-126, 127-128

endurance training, 127-128

in high school, 123, 124

innovative programs, 125-129, 201-205, 206

parents’ role, 143-144, 188

purpose, 124

requirements, 123, 124

Picky eaters, 92, 94, 182

Pilant, Vivian, 195

Pima Indians

Arizona, 46-47, 49, 50, 158, 172

Mexican, 48

Pizza, 85, 180, 184

Plagemann, Andreas, 160

Planet Health, 137, 138, 201-204, 207

Play Across Boston project, 259

Plese, Marsha, 116

Pories, Walter J., 241

Portion sizes, 1, 86-87, 106, 188, 200, 201, 207, 222

Positive reinforcement, 72-73, 227

Potatoes, 85, 86, 104, 108, 180, 195-196

Poverty, and diet, 14-15

Prader-Willi syndrome, 38

Prairie Elementary School, 117

Preeclampsia, 154

Pregnancy, 32

BMI, 165, 166

complications, 153-154

diabetes and, 153, 155-158, 163

exercise, 164, 165, 166

and fetal programming, 152-153, 174-177

information resources, 269-270

morning sickness, 175

multiple births, 163-164

overweight and obesity and, 153-155

preconception preparation, 164-165

smoking during, 163, 164, 165

weight gain, 153, 154, 162-163, 166

weight-loss dieting during, 155, 165-166

President’s Council on Physical Fitness, 268

Prevalence of overweight and obesity, 4-5, 14

Prevention/reduction programs

after-school, 53-57, 129-130, 143

behavioral changes, 89, 144-147

components, 51, 53-57, 129-130

cultural heritage incorporated in, 126, 129-130

design and testing, 50-51, 203-204, 206-207

effectiveness, 125-126, 127-128, 130, 136-137, 146, 203-204, 206-207

family approach, 66, 72-75, 90, 119, 129-130, 206

multicomponent, 129-130, 137, 201-205

parenting strategies, 72-75

physical education innovations, 125-129

social support component, 55

sustainability of, 145

PROBIT trial, 172

Prohormone convertase 1 (PC-1), 37

Propiomelanocortin (POMC), 31-32, 33-34, 37

Prostate cancer, 103

Protein, dietary, 94, 95, 100, 107, 110, 111

Pseudotumor cerebri, 241, 243

Puberty, 32, 36, 46, 67, 125, 214-215, 219

R

Race/ethnicity. See also African Americans;

American Indians;

Asian Americans;

Hispanic Americans;

Mexican Americans

and genetic mutations, 37, 43

life expectancy, 21

and prevalence of obesity, 5, 14, 19, 46-48

and self-image, 56

Ravussin, Eric, 48

Reichardt, Susan, 115

Reproductive system

food intake and, 32

obesity-related disorders, 215, 241

Resistin, 35

Restaurant and takeout food, 91

Rich, Michael, 69-70

Rieux, Amanda, 184

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 274

Robinson, Tom, 68, 128-129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 228, 268-269

Rockefeller University, 28, 29

Rolls, Barbara J., 87-88, 106-107, 108, 111

S

Safe Routes to Schools Programs, 256, 257, 275

Salbe, Arline D., 49

Sallis, James F., 124, 125, 126-127, 141, 143, 257, 258

San Diego State University, 124, 141

Satiety, 36, 37, 88, 91, 92-93, 101, 106-107

“Saucing,” 92

Saxon, Tracey, 69, 73, 75-76

School Health Index, 270

Schools. See also Physical education programs

advertising and food promotion in, 196, 197, 200, 251-252, 254-255

after-school programs, 53-57, 129-130, 143, 258, 259

cafeteria offerings, 3, 24, 187, 188, 189, 190-196, 198, 203, 205, 206, 209

cooking lessons for kids, 92, 184, 185, 194

culture of health, 203-205, 208-209

and eating habits, 187

food industry influence, 192, 196, 197, 199, 200

gardens, greenhouses, and vegetable stands, 183-185, 186, 188-189, 190

health and fitness report cards (“fat letters”), 62-63

integrated health curriculum, 113-117, 137, 138, 185, 187, 188, 201-209

location in neighborhoods, 257

nutrition education, 54, 183-188, 189, 209, 270

nutrition policies and environment, 188-201, 203-205, 270

obesity prevention programs, 53-57, 129-130, 143, 194, 270

physical activity at, 3-4, 24, 53-57, 113-117, 118-119, 122, 142, 187, 188, 206

pouring rights contracts, 196, 199, 200

recommendations for, 24

as social laboratories, 187

vending machine foods, 189, 191, 195, 196-198, 199, 200, 201, 203

walking to, 256-258

Schwartz, Michael, 88, 89-90

Scotland, 135

Self-control. See Willpower and self-control myths

Self-esteem, 221

family and peer influences, 66-67, 69, 75-76

size and, 53-57

teasing and, 68-69

Sergi, Atalaya, 55, 56

Serotonin, 34, 232

Serving sizes, 87, 106, 212

Sex hormones, 35, 125

Shape Up America!, 267

Shapedown Pediatric Obesity Program, 229

Shawnee Mission School District, 114

Sibutrmine (Meridia), 231-232

Siegel, Kelsey, 186

Simerly, Richard B., 160

Size

and self-esteem, 53-57, 68

standard for girls, 56, 61

and unrealistic expectations, 67

Sleep disorders, 16, 60, 220, 236, 241, 243

Smart growth movement, 256

Smell. See Taste and smell

Smith, Neil, 185

Snacks, 2, 3, 7, 91, 101, 135, 182, 190, 195

Social and cultural attitudes, 10

body-size standard for girls, 56, 61, 68, 221

changing, 23

food’s role and meaning, 75

media images of beauty, 56, 221

and prevention, 50, 75-76, 88-89, 203-204

stigmatization of fat children, 67

Socioeconomic status and physical activity, 120, 123

Sodas and fruit punches, 84-85, 96, 101-102, 182, 189, 190, 191, 195, 196-198, 199, 204

Sothern, Melinda S., 230

South Beach diet, 81, 96, 222

SPARK (Sports, Play and Active Recreation for Kids), 126-127

Spina bifida, 154, 165

Sports, noncompetitive, 4

Stanford Adolescent Heart Health Program, 129, 227-228

Stanford University, 56, 65, 68, 128

State University of New York at Buffalo, 136

Stearns, Peter N., 182

Steroid hormones, 35-36

Stettler, Nicholas, 171, 172-173

Stigmatization of fat children, 67, 68-69

Stoplight Diet, 107, 217, 222-223, 228

Stress, 71, 79

Stroke, 16, 18, 161

Stunkard, Albert J., 40-41

Styne, Dennis M., 157

Sudden infant death syndrome, 167

Sugars. See also Added sugars

function, 95

Sugerman, Harvey J., 242

Suicide, 69, 70-71

Supermarket development, 261-262

Supersizing food portions, 87-88, 106, 201

Surgery. See Bariatric surgery

Sweden, 121

T

Taste and smell, breastfeeding and, 174-177

Tataranni, Antonio, 49, 50

Teasing, 68-69, 73, 213

Television

advertising targeting children, 24, 88, 119, 135-136, 197, 200, 248, 251-255

allowance meters, 131, 132-133, 139, 268-269

alternatives to, 138-139

bedroom sets, 133, 134-135, 139

Channel One, 251-252, 254-255

eating in front of, 90, 132, 135-136, 139

effects of reducing viewing time, 136-137

and infant brain development, 137

interventions, 119, 130, 131, 132-133, 136, 138, 203, 207, 268-269

and obesity, 131, 132, 133-135

parent attitudes and behavior, 138-139

recommended limits, 137, 138

setting limits, 138-139

viewing time, 22, 49-50, 51, 63, 73, 74, 133

Texas schools, 199

Tobin, Debbie, 151, 152, 167

Treatment for obesity

age considerations, 13, 19, 46, 214-215, 229

behavioral modification programs, 58, 77-80, 211-213, 214, 217-228

commercial weight-loss programs, 78, 228-231

contingency contracting, 227

disincentives for, 57-60

and eating disorder risk, 57-59, 63, 228

effectiveness, 14, 39, 46, 216-217, 218, 230-231, 237-238

evaluation for, 215, 218, 219-221

family approach to, 72-75, 77-80, 216, 217, 225, 226-228

federally funded research programs, 218

hospital inpatient regimens, 235-238

information resources, 270-271

insurance coverage, 59, 213-214, 217-218, 220, 238

leptin-based, 29-30, 36

lifestyle changes, 22-23, 42, 63, 216, 224-225

by multidisciplinary teams, 216-218

nutrition counseling, 59-60, 77-80, 90-94, 101, 105-111, 221-223, 228

over-the-counter dietary weight loss supplements, 234-235

parent education, 59, 63

physical activity component, 223-224

prescription weight-loss drugs, 219, 231-235

reward system, 227

self-monitoring component, 226

surgical, 214, 219, 238-245

weight-loss goals of, 225-226

Triglycerides, 17, 213, 220, 241

TV-Turnoff Network, 269

Twins, studies of, 40

U

University College London, 41, 65

University of Alabama, 125

University of California

at Davis, 170

at San Francisco, 229

University of Colorado Center for Human Nutrition, 82, 89, 144

University of Kansas, 114-115

University of Memphis, 130

University of Minnesota, 69, 196, 201, 205

University of Pennsylvania, 40, 81, 171, 218, 226, 237

University of Vermont, 125

University of Virginia fitness clinic, 58, 211-213, 217-218, 220

University of Washington, 15, 88

Urban sprawl, 118, 140-141, 256

U.S. Department of Agriculture

5 A Day campaign, 88, 104

dietary surveys, 82-83

farmers market development, 263-264, 275

Food Guide Pyramid, 87, 95, 96, 110, 180, 268

nutrition information, 106, 267-268

recommendations for, 200

school lunch program, 189-192, 194-195

U.S. Department of Defense, 194

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 82, 214

U.S. Surgeon General, 121-122, 223

V

Vegetables. See Fruits and vegetables

Vegetarian diet, 1, 3, 4

Video game playing, 131, 132.

See also Television

Virginia Commonwealth University, 242

Visceral fat, 18, 36, 71

W

Wadden, Thomas, 237-238

Walkable Communities, Inc., 274

Wardle, Jane, 41, 65, 180-181, 182

Water, 101-102, 201, 204

Waters, Alice, 185, 186

Weight. See also Body mass index

and appetite, 44

caloric intake and, 109

cortisol and, 71

drugs that cause gains, 219

evolution and, 9, 31, 47, 125

exercise and, 46

health benefits of loss, 21

keeping it off, 29, 45, 46, 232, 237

and metabolism, 44

personal set point, 35, 45, 46

physiological regulation, 28-31, 33, 37, 45, 257

puberty and, 215

Weight Control Information Network, 271

Weight-loss dieting. See also specific diets

calorie-restricted, 110, 226, 232, 238

commercial programs, 78, 228-231

low-carb, 95, 96, 100

negative effects on children, 55, 59, 63, 64, 155, 218, 226

over-the-counter dietary supplements for, 234-235

parents’ history of, 64-65

pregnant women, 155, 165-166

protein-sparing modified fast, 235-238

Weight Watchers, 78, 228, 229

Whitaker, Robert C., 70, 71, 193-194

Whites, 14

eating disorders, 58

physical activity, 120, 124

self-image, 56

Whole-grain foods, 105, 110, 111, 221, 222

Willett, Walter, 97, 104, 111

Willpower and self-control myths, 10, 30

Witter, Frank R., 156, 157, 162, 163, 164

Wood, Doug, 255

Wootan, Margo, 200

Y

Yale University, 25, 39, 75, 248

Yanovski, Jack, 217, 229

Yanovski, Susan Z., 46, 59, 73, 132-133, 138-139, 142, 217, 229

Young-Hyman, Deborah, 62, 66, 74

Z

Zeff, Erika, 211-212, 213