Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report (2024)

Chapter: Appendix A: Overview of Studies

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Appendix A
Overview of Studies

Source Study Type Data Type Study Data Period Sample Size (e.g., # of Intersections, Crashes, Conflicts) Country Context Jurisdiction
Abadi and Hurwitz 2019 Empirical Simulator 48 participants; 10 scenarios US Oregon
Alluri et al. 2017 Empirical Crash 2011-2014 26,036 bicycle crashes US Mix Florida
Asgarzadeh et al 2017 Empirical Crash 2011 3266 bicycle-mv crashes US Urban New York, NY
Bigazzi et al. 2021 Empirical; Perceptions Conflict - Manual; Survey 2019 11 crosswalk locations, 50 pedestrian crossings with interactions at each location were extracted. A total of 3,176 vehicle interactions and 1,252 bicycle interactions were recorded at all locations, from which a random sample of 536 interactions were extracted. Canada Urban Vancouver, BC
Boodlal et al. 2015 Empirical Crash 2004-2008 1895 crashes in four rural and suburban counties, including 586 speeding related crashes US Suburban; Rural Virginia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Florida
Boulevard Transportation Group 2008 Empirical Simulator 2007 30 participants; 4 designs studied Canada Urban Calgary
Bryant et al. 2016 Empirical Six cycle tracks in four US cities US Urban NY, Washington DC
Buch and Jensen 2012 Empirical Crash 1997-2009 123 intersections; 1313 crashes; 312 bicycle-vehicle crashes Denmark Urban Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Gentofte, Herlev and Aalborg
Burbidge 2012 Empirical Crash 2006-2010 1,988 ped. or bicyclist crashes US Urban; Suburban Salt Lake County, UT
Cantisani et al. 2019 Analytical Conflict - Manual Three four legged intersections, one without a bike path and cyclists use regular lane, one without a bike path and cyclists use pedestrian crossings cross the intersection and one intersection with bike paths. Italy Urban
Page 233
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Source Study Type Data Type Study Data Period Sample Size (e.g., # of Intersections, Crashes, Conflicts) Country Context Jurisdiction
Carson et al. 2019 Empirical Crash 2000-2013 489 intersections in Minneapolis US Urban Minneapolis, MN
Casello et al. 2017 Empirical Compliance Sep-Oct 2014 6 intersections, five different facility types, 3 hours of video collected at each intersection, 1,650 cyclists recorded Canada Urban Toronto, ON
Chen 2015 Empirical Crash 2010-2013 1,389 bicycle crashes US Urban Seattle, WA
Chen et al. 2020 Empirical Crash 2009-2014 209 crashes over a six year period US Urban Portland OR, Eugene-Springfield OR
Christofa et al. 2019 Empirical Simulator 32 drivers, 16 females and 16 males; 4 intersections US Suburban
City of Vancouver 2015 Empirical Crash 2007-2012 2,994 collisions, 4 fatalities Canada Urban Vancouver, BC
Deliali et al. 2020 Empirical Simulator 36 participants; 6 designs, 12 simulations per participant US Massachusetts
Dill et al. 2010 Empirical; Perceptions Conflict - Manual; Survey; Compliance 2008-2009 10 bike box intersections; 2 control intersections; 468 bicyclist survey respondents; 721 motorist survey respondents US Urban Portland, OR
Elvik et al. 2017 Empirical Crash 1979-2014 26 studies reviewed US and International
Fournier et al. 2020 Empirical Simulator 48 participants, 4 miles of simulated roadway with 16 intersections US
Furth et al. 2014 Empirical Signal Timing Seven examples of protected yet concurrent phasing from the US and Netherlands US Urban Portland, OR; Long Beach, CA; New York, NY; Netherlands
Garder et al. 1998 Empirical; Perceptions Crash; Conflict - Manual; Survey 1988-1996 44 intersections; 4 studied in detail Sweden Urban Gothenburg
Guo et al. 2018 Empirical Compliance May-June 2016 16 crosswalks (8 signalized intersections, 8 road segments), 2721 crossings at signalized intersections (659 red-light running); 2254 crossings on road segments (322 red- China Urban Nanjing
Page 234
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Source Study Type Data Type Study Data Period Sample Size (e.g., # of Intersections, Crashes, Conflicts) Country Context Jurisdiction
Harris et al. 2013 Empirical Crash 2008-2009 210 intersection sites; 272 control sites Canada Urban Vancouver, BC and Toronto, ON
Helak et al. 2017 Empirical Crash 2014 726 bicyclist fatalities US Urban; Suburban; Rural National
Hurwitz and Abadi 2015 Empirical Simulator 48 participants; US Urban Oregon
Hurwitz et al. 2015 Empirical Crash, Conflict-Manual 2007-2011 504 right-hook crashes, 51 simulator participants. 144 hours of video collected, identified 43 field conflicts, where TTC is less than 5 sec US Urban Portland, OR
Jannat et al. 2018 Empirical Simulator 51 participants, each participant made 21 right-turns US Urban
Jannat et al. 2020 Empirical Simulator 51 participants, 20 right turn maneuvers, 841 right turn observations US Suburban Corvallis, OR
Jensen 2013 Perceptions Survey ~2013 180 respondents, 158 clips at 95 intersection locations Denmark Urban; Rural
Kim et al. 2007 Empirical Crash 1997-2002 2934 bicycle-motor vehicle crashes US Urban; Suburban; Rural North Carolina
Kircher and Ahlström 2020 Empirical Semi-controlled 29 truck drivers, Sweden Urban Linköping
Kondo et al. 2018 Empirical Crash 2011-2014 2052 bicycle injury crashes; 37,673 street segments US Urban Philadelphia, PA
Landis et al. 2003 Perceptions Survey 2002 60 participants, 21 intersections, US Urban Orlando, FL
Landis et al. 2013 Empirical; Perceptions Semi-controlled 2002 60 bicyclists; 21 intersections US Urban Orlando, FL
Laureshyn et al. 2017 Empirical Conflict - Automated June Data from three sites - one large intersection on an arterial street with bike lanes in each direction; one intersection with bike lanes only one side and absent on the other side; roundabout in residential/recreational part of the city Norway Oslo
Levine 2012 Analytical Research Review 2012 10 guidance documents; 22 research documents US
Page 235
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Source Study Type Data Type Study Data Period Sample Size (e.g., # of Intersections, Crashes, Conflicts) Country Context Jurisdiction
Liang et al. 2020 Empirical Conflict - Automated 3 intersections. 9 hours of video, 108 conflicts China Urban
Loskorn et al. 2013 Empirical Compliance 2009 2 intersections; US Urban Austin, TX
Lyons et al. 2020 Empirical Compliance 2015-2018 36 hours of video over 3 time periods at one intersection US Urban Salt Lake City, UT
Madsen and Lahrmann 2017 Empirical Conflict - Automated May-June 2013, September 2013 80 hours of video from five intersections resulting in 12 left-hook and 25 right-hook conflicts for the reaction based indicator and 25 left-hook and 80 right-hook conflicts for the time based indicator (combination of TTC and T2). Denmark
Meuleners et al. 2019 Empirical Crash 2014-2017 100 bicycle crash intersection and 300 control locations Australia Urban Perth
Miranda-Moreno et al. 2011 Empirical Crash 2000-2008 753 signalized intersections Canada Urban Montreal
Monsere et al. 2015 Empirical; Perceptions Conflict - Manual; Survey; Compliance 2013 78 hours of video including 6,082 bicyclists and 7574 turning vehicles. 1245 resident survey respondents (assessing driver perceptions) and 690 bicyclists intercepted (bicyclist perceptions). US Urban Portland, OR; San Francisco, CA; Washington, DC
Monsere et al. 2019 Perceptions Survey 2017 275 survey respondents; 26 video clips and 10 intersection locations US Urban Oregon, Minnesota, Maryland
Monsere et al. 2020a Perceptions Survey 2017 275 survey respondents; 26 video clips and 10 intersection locations US Urban Oregon, Minnesota, Maryland
Monsere et al. 2020a Perceptions Interviews 21 agencies US Urban
Moore et al. 2011 Empirical Crash 2002-2008 10,029 bicycle crashes; 5935 intersection crashes US Urban; Suburban; Rural Ohio
Nordback et al. 2014 Empirical Crash 2001-2011 2001–2005 dataset, 198 motorist-cyclist collisions at 105 signalized intersections were US Urban Boulder, CO
Page 236
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Source Study Type Data Type Study Data Period Sample Size (e.g., # of Intersections, Crashes, Conflicts) Country Context Jurisdiction
included in the study. For the 2008–2011 dataset, 285 motorist-cyclist collisions at 106 signalized intersections were studied
NYC DOT 2016 Empirical Crash 2009-2013 1105 crash reports; before after crash analysis at 478 intersections (3 years before vs. 3 years after) using crash data (1996-2014). US Urban New York, NY
NYC DOT 2018 Empirical; Perceptions Crash; Conflict - Manual; Survey 2000-2017 184 intersections (crash analysis); 12 hours of video at 9 intersections (conflict); 515 bicyclists (intercept survey) US Urban New York, NY
Philips et al. 2011 Empirical Conflict – Manual 1997-2007 1 intersection, 47 hours of video over 3 time periods Norway Urban Oslo, Norway
Pokorny and Piterna 2019 Empirical Crash, Conflict 1990-2018 43 papers were reviewed US and International
Pokorny et al. 2017 Empirical Crash, Conflict 2000-2014 252 truck-bicycle crashes Norway All
Puscar et al. 2018 Empirical Conflict - Automated 2016 53.4 hours of video at 1 intersection Canada Urban Vancouver, BC
Rahimi et al. 2013 Empirical; Perceptions Semi-controlled 2012 10 cyclists; 4 motorists Japan Urban
Raihan et al. 2019 Empirical Crash 2014-2019 Signalized 4-leg 397 intersections, 380 total bicycle crashes, 57 fatal and severe US Urban Florida
Rash-ha Wahi et al. 2018 Empirical Crash January 2002 to December 2014 5,338 vehicle bicycle crashes at intersections Australia Urban Queensland
Reynolds et al. 2009 Empirical Crash 1975-2009 Literature review; 23 studies US and International
Rothenberg 2016 Empirical Crash 2015 18 separated bike lane corridors with crash and volume data US Urban Various
Russo et al. 2020 Empirical Conflict - Manual 2016-2017 5 intersections (4 in NYC, 1 in PDX) US Urban New York, NY; Portland, OR
Saad et al. 2019 Empirical Crash 2013-2016 Field observed counts from 171 intersections were used to estimate adjustment factors for the Strava data. US Urban Orange County, FL
Page 237
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Source Study Type Data Type Study Data Period Sample Size (e.g., # of Intersections, Crashes, Conflicts) Country Context Jurisdiction
Sanders et al. 2020 Empirical Research Review US
Schepers et al. 2011 Empirical Crash 2005-2008 540 priority intersections, with 490 intersections being susceptible to Type 1 crashes, and 524 to Type 2 crashes. 183 crashes were Type 1 and 156 were Type 2. Netherlands Urban; Suburban 7 Dutch municipalities
Shen et al. 2020 Empirical Crash 2009-2017 42,532 crashes UK Urban; Suburban; Rural All of UK
Siddiqui et al. 2012 Empirical Crash 2005 3,993 bicycle or pedestrian crashes US Urban; Suburban; Rural Florida, District 7
Silvano et al. 2016 Empirical Conflict - Manual 2013 187 interactions with 37 yielding decisions Sweden Urban Stockholm
Strauss et al. 2013 Empirical Crash 2003-2008 647 signalized intersections; injuries occurring within 15m (ambulance data) Canada Urban Montreal, Quebec
Summala et al. 1996 Empirical Compliance 1990 18 hours video collected at 2 t-intersections; 111 turning vehicles Finland Urban Helsinki
Sundstrom et al. 2019 Empirical Crash 2000 to 2017 184 intersections; 1692 bicycle crashes US Urban New York, NY
Talbot et al. 2017 Empirical Crash 2007-2011 53 crashes, 27 involved a truck and bicycle UK Urban London
Turner et al. 2011 Empirical Crash 102 four-arm intersections and 383 approaches for traffic signal study, 97 midblock, urban sections from Christchurch Australia, New Zealand Urban Adelaide and Christchurch
Wang and Akar 2018a Perceptions Survey 2017 1376 survey responses, US Urban Columbus, OH
Wang and Akar 2018b Perceptions Survey 2017 1094 responses that could be categorized into group types US Urban Columbus, OH
Wang and Nihan 2004 Empirical Crash 1992-1995 585 bicycle-MV crashes at 115 intersections Asia Urban Tokyo, Japan
Warner et al. 2017 Empirical Simulator Twenty-eight participants each completed 22 right-turn maneuvers. 75 incidents (47 near-collisions and 28 collisions) observed US Suburban Corvallis, OR
Page 238
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Source Study Type Data Type Study Data Period Sample Size (e.g., # of Intersections, Crashes, Conflicts) Country Context Jurisdiction
Watkins et al. 2020 Perceptions Survey 2016-2018 52 focus group participants; 1,223 survey respondents US Mix Alabama; Tennessee
Wu et al. 2019 Empirical Conflict - Manual 2018 118 right-turning vehicle trajectories were collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle US Urban Orlando, FL
Zangenehpour et al. 2016 Empirical Conflict - Automated 2015 23 intersections (8 no cycle track; 8 right-side cycle tracks; 7 left-side cycle track); 7,125 bicycle observations; Canada Urban Montreal, QC
Page 232
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Page 233
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Page 233
Page 234
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Page 235
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Page 235
Page 236
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Page 236
Page 237
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Page 237
Page 238
Suggested Citation: "Appendix A: Overview of Studies." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Design Options to Reduce Conflicts Between Turning Motor Vehicles and Bicycles: Conduct of Research Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28289.
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Next Chapter: Appendix B: Interview Protocol
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