Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans (2025)

Chapter: Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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Appendix G

Odds Ratio Tables

This appendix presents results from all data analyses. The adjusted conditional logistic regression models account for the variables used to match cases and controls (age at encounter, sex, and enrollment year in the Veterans Benefits Administration) and for race, ethnicity, and last known service branch.

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS

TABLE G-1 Odds Ratios for Adjustment Disorders

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 423,877		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,694,584		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 26,967 108,147 1.00
(0.98–1.01)		 0.91
(0.90–0.92)
Dust and PM 341,775 1,290,633 1.36
(1.35–1.37)		 1.11
(1.10–1.13)
Exhaust 324,867 1,240,049 1.28
(1.27–1.29)		 1.14
(1.13–1.15)
Fuels 163,764 669,871 0.96
(0.95–0.97)		 1.00
(0.99–1.01)
Incinerator Emissions 276,577 1,003,663 1.35
(1.34–1.36)		 1.14
(1.13–1.15)
Metals 84,965 332,338 1.03
(1.02–1.04)		 1.03
(1.02–1.04)
Mold 31,655 140,479 0.89
(0.88–0.90)		 0.96
(0.95–0.98)
Radiation 6,788 32,254 0.84
(0.82–0.86)		 0.90
(0.87–0.92)
Solvents 120,650 442,500 1.13
(1.13–1.14)		 1.04
(1.04–1.05)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-2 Odds Ratios for Adjustment Disorders Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 350,277		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,649,214		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 73,599		 Exposed Controls
n = 45,366		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 21,545 104,776 0.97
(0.96–0.99)		 0.90
(0.89–0.91)		 5,422 3,371 1.15
(1.03–1.29)		 1.09
(0.97–1.22)
Dust and PM 274,830 1,251,872 1.24
(1.22–1.25)		 1.05
(1.04–1.07)		 66,945 38,761 1.63
(1.46–1.81)		 1.45
(1.28–1.63)
Exhaust 261,903 1,203,684 1.20
(1.19–1.21)		 1.10
(1.08–1.11)		 62,964 36,365 1.36
(1.25–1.50)		 1.25
(1.13–1.37)
Fuels 133,156 651,116 0.96
(0.95–0.97)		 0.99
(0.98–1.00)		 30,608 18,755 1.01
(0.95–1.08)		 1.05
(0.99–1.12)
Incinerator Emissions 220,378 972,374 1.26
(1.25–1.27)		 1.09
(1.08–1.10)		 56,199 31,289 1.38
(1.28–1.48)		 1.24
(1.14–1.35)
Metals 68,243 322,629 1.02
(1.01–1.03)		 1.02
(1.01–1.04)		 16,722 9,709 1.05
(0.98–1.13)		 1.11
(1.02–1.20)
Mold 26,285 136,652 0.90
(0.89–0.92)		 0.96
(0.95–0.97)		 5,370 3,827 0.83
(0.74–0.93)		 0.87
(0.77–0.97)
Radiation 5,640 31,299 0.84
(0.82–0.86)		 0.88
(0.86–0.91)		 1,148 955 0.81
(0.65–1.01)		 0.83
(0.67–1.04)
Solvents 95,097 427,946 1.09
(1.08–1.10)		 1.03
(1.02–1.04)		 25,553 14,554 1.12
(1.05–1.19)		 1.11
(1.03–1.18)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-3 Odds Ratios for Adjustment Disorders by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 423,877		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,694,584		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 17,684 77,619 1.08
(1.06–1.10)		 0.95
(0.93–0.97)
2 29,101 141,653 1.03
(1.01–1.05)		 1.08
(1.06–1.09)
3 158,145 565,199 1.44
(1.42–1.45)		 1.19
(1.17–1.20)
4 25,244 108,070 1.17
(1.16–1.19)		 1.09
(1.08–1.11)
5 56,037 233,143 1.22
(1.21–1.24)		 1.09
(1.08–1.11)
6 63,708 226,269 1.45
(1.43–1.47)		 1.18
(1.16–1.20)
7+ 9,047 34,808 1.33
(1.29–1.36)		 1.10
(1.07–1.13)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 295 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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ATTENTION DISORDERS

TABLE G-4 Odds Ratios for Attention Disorders

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 70,310		 Exposed Controls
n = 281,217		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 4,532 19,547 0.92
(0.89–0.95)		 0.92
(0.89–0.95)
Dust and PM 57,631 230,589 1.00
(0.97–1.02)		 0.98
(0.95–1.01)
Exhaust 54,401 217,184 1.01
(0.99–1.03)		 1.00
(0.98–1.02)
Fuels 27,723 114,008 0.95
(0.94–0.97)		 0.96
(0.94–0.98)
Incinerator Emissions 46,267 183,203 1.04
(1.02–1.06)		 1.02
(1.00–1.05)
Metals 14,779 60,143 0.98
(0.96–1.00)		 0.98
(0.96–1.01)
Mold 5,230 22,459 0.93
(0.90–0.95)		 0.93
(0.90–0.96)
Radiation 1,132 4,992 0.90
(0.85–0.97)		 0.90
(0.84–0.96)
Solvents 20,880 84,685 0.98
(0.96–1.00)		 0.99
(0.97–1.01)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 296 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-5 Odds Ratios for Attention Disorders Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 54,649		 Exposed Controls
n = 246,092		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 15,661		 Exposed Controls
n = 35,125		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 3,375 16,739 0.90
(0.86–0.93)		 0.90
(0.87–0.94)		 1,157 2,808 0.92
(0.81–1.04)		 0.94
(0.83–1.07)
Dust and PM 43,313 198,174 0.94
(0.91–0.96)		 0.95
(0.92–0.98)		 14,318 32,415 0.93
(0.81–1.07)		 0.95
(0.82–1.11)
Exhaust 40,991 186,808 0.97
(0.95–1.00)		 0.98
(0.95–1.01)		 13,410 30,376 0.93
(0.84–1.03)		 0.94
(0.84–1.05)
Fuels 21,062 98,593 0.95
(0.93–0.97)		 0.95
(0.93–0.97)		 6,661 15,415 0.94
(0.88–1.01)		 0.95
(0.89–1.02)
Incinerator Emissions 34,366 156,284 0.99
(0.97–1.01)		 1.00
(0.97–1.02)		 11,901 26,919 0.94
(0.87–1.02)		 0.93
(0.84–1.02)
Metals 11,145 51,640 0.98
(0.95–1.00)		 0.99
(0.96–1.01)		 3,634 8,503 0.98
(0.91–1.06)		 0.99
(0.91–1.08)
Mold 4,056 19,706 0.93
(0.89–0.96)		 0.92
(0.89–0.95)		 1,174 2,753 0.91
(0.80–1.03)		 0.91
(0.80–1.04)
Radiation 876 4,398 0.88
(0.82–0.95)		 0.87
(0.80–0.94)		 256 594 0.92
(0.71–1.20)		 0.92
(0.70–1.20)
Solvents 15,236 71,684 0.95
(0.93–0.97)		 0.97
(0.95–0.99)		 5,644 13,001 0.99
(0.93–1.06)		 1.01
(0.94–1.08)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 297 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-6 Odds Ratios for Attention Disorders by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 70,310		 Exposed Controls
n = 281,217		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 2,885 12,491 0.91
(0.87–0.96)		 0.91
(0.87–0.95)
2 4,902 19,582 1.00
(0.96–1.04)		 0.98
(0.94–1.02)
3 26,100 101,286 1.03
(1.00–1.06)		 1.00
(0.97–1.03)
4 4,242 17,033 0.99
(0.95–1.03)		 0.97
(0.93–1.02)
5 10,216 41,490 0.98
(0.95–1.02)		 0.97
(0.94–1.01)
6 10,495 43,152 0.97
(0.94–1.00)		 0.96
(0.92–0.99)
7+ 1,491 6,589 0.90
(0.85–0.96)		 0.89
(0.83–0.95)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 298 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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ANXIETY DISORDERS

TABLE G-7 Odds Ratios for Anxiety Disorders

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 199,477		 Exposed Controls
n = 797,666		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 13,732 52,229 1.06
(1.04–1.08)		 1.01
(0.99–1.03)
Dust and PM 159,751 628,667 1.10
(1.08–1.11)		 0.98
(0.96–0.99)
Exhaust 150,059 596,962 1.03
(1.02–1.04)		 0.97
(0.96–0.99)
Fuels 76,484 309,219 0.98
(0.97–0.99)		 1.01
(1.00–1.03)
Incinerator Emissions 128,562 500,483 1.09
(1.08–1.11)		 0.97
(0.96–0.99)
Metals 38,784 154,516 1.01
(0.99–1.02)		 1.02
(1.01–1.03)
Mold 15,031 63,342 0.94
(0.93–0.96)		 0.99
(0.97–1.01)
Radiation 3,389 14,240 0.95
(0.92–0.99)		 0.99
(0.95–1.03)
Solvents 56,632 217,556 1.06
(1.05–1.07)		 1.03
(1.01–1.04)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 299 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-8 Odds Ratios for Anxiety Disorders Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 166,496		 Exposed Controls
n = 714,232		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 32,978		 Exposed Controls
n = 83,429		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 11,130 45,845 1.05
(1.03–1.07)		 1.01
(0.98–1.03)		 2,602 6,384 0.97
(0.89–1.06)		 0.97
(0.89–1.06)
Dust and PM 130,075 552,272 1.07
(1.05–1.08)		 0.97
(0.95–0.98)		 29,676 76,395 0.85
(0.77–0.93)		 0.85
(0.77–0.94)
Exhaust 122,277 525,384 1.01
(0.99–1.02)		 0.96
(0.95–0.97)		 27,782 71,578 0.88
(0.81–0.94)		 0.88
(0.81–0.95)
Fuels 62,736 273,929 0.98
(0.96–0.99)		 1.01
(1.00–1.02)		 13,748 35,290 0.96
(0.91–1.00)		 0.98
(0.93–1.03)
Incinerator Emissions 103,705 436,501 1.07
(1.06–1.08)		 0.96
(0.95–0.98)		 24,857 63,982 0.94
(0.88–1.00)		 0.90
(0.84–0.96)
Metals 31,467 135,501 1.00
(0.99–1.01)		 1.02
(1.00–1.03)		 7,317 19,015 0.98
(0.93–1.04)		 1.03
(0.97–1.09)
Mold 12,534 57,043 0.94
(0.92–0.96)		 0.98
(0.96–1.00)		 2,497 6,299 0.95
(0.87–1.04)		 0.97
(0.88–1.06)
Radiation 2,867 12,852 0.96
(0.92–1.00)		 0.99
(0.95–1.04)		 522 1,388 0.95
(0.79–1.15)		 0.95
(0.78–1.15)
Solvents 45,149 188,021 1.05
(1.04–1.06)		 1.02
(1.01–1.03)		 11,483 29,535 0.97
(0.92–1.02)		 0.99
(0.94–1.04)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 300 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-9 Odds Ratios for Anxiety Disorders by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 199,477		 Exposed Controls
n = 797,666		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 9,503 36,260 1.08
(1.05–1.10)		 1.00
(0.98–1.03)
2 13,278 59,811 0.92
(0.90–0.94)		 0.96
(0.93–0.98)
3 71,980 283,748 1.05
(1.04–1.07)		 0.94
(0.93–0.96)
4 12,372 49,850 1.03
(1.00–1.05)		 0.99
(0.97–1.01)
5 25,702 106,291 1.00
(0.98–1.02)		 0.96
(0.94–0.98)
6 30,008 112,923 1.10
(1.08–1.13)		 0.99
(0.97–1.01)
7+ 4,555 17,128 1.10
(1.06–1.14)		 1.00
(0.97–1.04)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 301 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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DEPRESSION

TABLE G-10 Odds Ratios for Depression

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 473,754		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,894,163		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 29,477 122,434 0.96
(0.95–0.97)		 0.90
(0.89–0.91)
Dust and PM 388,399 1,505,273 1.21
(1.20–1.22)		 1.03
(1.02–1.04)
Exhaust 369,957 1,440,528 1.17
(1.16–1.18)		 1.07
(1.06–1.08)
Fuels 182,465 751,837 0.95
(0.94–0.96)		 0.98
(0.98–0.99)
Incinerator Emissions 318,781 1,197,959 1.23
(1.23–1.24)		 1.08
(1.07–1.09)
Metals 96,362 381,569 1.01
(1.01–1.02)		 1.02
(1.02–1.03)
Mold 34,306 150,574 0.90
(0.89–0.91)		 0.96
(0.94–0.97)
Radiation 7,099 34,240 0.83
(0.80–0.85)		 0.87
(0.85–0.89)
Solvents 138,302 528,580 1.07
(1.06–1.08)		 1.02
(1.01–1.02)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 302 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-11 Odds Ratios for Depression Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 386,710		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,748,391		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 87,037		 Exposed Controls
n = 145,761		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 23,172 111,205 0.94
(0.93–0.96)		 0.89
(0.87–0.90)		 6,305 11,229 0.94
(0.89–1.01)		 0.94
(0.88–1.00)
Dust and PM 308,629 1,371,794 1.14
(1.12–1.15)		 0.99
(0.98–1.00)		 79,770 133,479 0.99
(0.92–1.06)		 0.98
(0.90–1.05)
Exhaust 294,566 1,315,222 1.12
(1.11–1.13)		 1.04
(1.03–1.05)		 75,391 125,306 1.04
(0.98–1.10)		 1.02
(0.97–1.08)
Fuels 146,034 689,587 0.94
(0.93–0.95)		 0.97
(0.96–0.98)		 36,431 62,250 0.98
(0.95–1.02)		 1.00
(0.97–1.04)
Incinerator Emissions 251,365 1,086,112 1.19
(1.18–1.20)		 1.05
(1.04–1.06)		 67,416 111,847 1.01
(0.97–1.06)		 0.97
(0.92–1.02)
Metals 76,163 348,021 1.00
(0.99–1.01)		 1.02
(1.01–1.03)		 20,199 33,548 1.04
(1.00–1.08)		 1.08
(1.03–1.12)
Mold 27,999 139,305 0.90
(0.89–0.92)		 0.95
(0.94–0.96)		 6,307 11,269 0.96
(0.90–1.02)		 0.97
(0.91–1.04)
Radiation 5,806 31,504 0.83
(0.80–0.85)		 0.86
(0.84–0.89)		 1,293 2,736 0.74
(0.65–0.85)		 0.75
(0.66–0.86)
Solvents 107,552 476,312 1.05
(1.04–1.06)		 1.00
(0.99–1.01)		 30,750 52,268 0.98
(0.95–1.02)		 1.00
(0.96–1.03)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 303 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-12 Odds Ratios for Depression by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 473,754		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,894,163		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 18,473 81,628 0.99
(0.97–1.01)		 0.90
(0.89–0.92)
2 30,531 143,362 0.97
(0.95–0.98)		 1.01
(0.99–1.02)
3 183,456 677,400 1.25
(1.24–1.27)		 1.08
(1.07–1.10)
4 27,397 119,276 1.05
(1.03–1.06)		 0.99
(0.97–1.00)
5 61,948 260,221 1.09
(1.08–1.11)		 1.02
(1.00–1.03)
6 73,817 272,595 1.25
(1.24–1.27)		 1.07
(1.06–1.09)
7+ 10,277 42,011 1.12
(1.10–1.15)		 0.98
(0.96–1.01)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 304 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

TABLE G-13 Odds Ratios for PTSD

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 514,125		 Exposed Controls
n = 2,055,806		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 34,626 120,761 1.16
(1.15–1.17)		 1.01
(0.99–1.02)
Dust and PM 454,554 1,601,270 2.37
(2.35–2.39)		 1.71
(1.70–1.73)
Exhaust 432,725 1,570,629 1.85
(1.83–1.86)		 1.52
(1.51–1.54)
Fuels 209,408 831,242 1.01
(1.01–1.02)		 1.09
(1.08–1.09)
Incinerator Emissions 381,034 1,273,414 1.89
(1.87–1.90)		 1.44
(1.43–1.45)
Metals 114,632 424,295 1.11
(1.10–1.12)		 1.08
(1.07–1.09)
Mold 37,152 165,615 0.89
(0.88–0.90)		 1.02
(1.01–1.04)
Radiation 7,654 34,789 0.88
(0.86–0.90)		 1.00
(0.98–1.03)
Solvents 168,429 559,072 1.32
(1.31–1.33)		 1.13
(1.13–1.14)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.

Page 305 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-14 Odds Ratios for PTSD Using Limited VHA Cohort

Exposure Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 1.26
(1.25–1.28)		 1.01
(1.00–1.02)
Dust and PM 1.59
(1.58–1.60)		 1.21
(1.20–1.22)
Exhaust 1.47
(1.46–1.48)		 1.19
(1.18–1.20)
Fuels 1.12
(1.11–1.12)		 1.07
(1.07–1.08)
Incinerator Emissions 1.62
(1.61–1.63)		 1.21
(1.21–1.22)
Metals 1.20
(1.19–1.21)		 1.07
(1.06–1.08)
Mold 0.95
(0.94–0.96)		 1.03
(1.01–1.04)
Radiation 0.94
(0.92–0.97)		 1.01
(0.98–1.04)
Solvents 1.40
(1.39–1.41)		 1.11
(1.11–1.12)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; VHA = Veterans Health Administration.

Page 306 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-15 Odds Ratios for PTSD Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 402,650		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,967,472		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 111,468		 Exposed Controls
n = 88,319		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 26,292 114,538 1.14
(1.13–1.16)		 1.00
(0.98–1.01)		 8,334 6,223 1.15
(1.06–1.24)		 1.07
(0.99–1.16)
Dust and PM 350,300 1,525,453 2.16
(2.14–2.18)		 1.62
(1.60–1.64)		 104,254 75,817 2.46
(2.28–2.65)		 1.95
(1.79–2.12)
Exhaust 334,097 1,498,582 1.75
(1.73–1.77)		 1.47
(1.46–1.49)		 98,628 72,047 1.84
(1.72–1.96)		 1.61
(1.51–1.72)
Fuels 161,843 794,174 1.01
(1.00–1.02)		 1.08
(1.07–1.09)		 47,565 37,068 1.04
(1.00–1.09)		 1.09
(1.04–1.13)
Incinerator Emissions 292,191 1,211,587 1.79
(1.78–1.81)		 1.40
(1.39–1.42)		 88,843 61,827 1.65
(1.57–1.74)		 1.44
(1.36–1.53)
Metals 88,111 404,521 1.11
(1.10–1.11)		 1.08
(1.07–1.09)		 26,521 19,774 1.08
(1.03–1.13)		 1.08
(1.03–1.14)
Mold 29,003 158,571 0.89
(0.88–0.90)		 1.01
(1.00–1.03)		 8,149 7,044 0.89
(0.82–0.96)		 0.97
(0.89–1.04)
Radiation 5,923 33,083 0.87
(0.84–0.89)		 0.98
(0.96–1.01)		 1,731 1,706 0.92
(0.79–1.07)		 0.98
(0.84–1.15)
Solvents 127,616 529,987 1.29
(1.28–1.30)		 1.12
(1.11–1.13)		 40,813 29,085 1.21
(1.16–1.26)		 1.12
(1.07–1.17)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 307 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-16 Odds Ratios for PTSD by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 514,125		 Exposed Controls
n = 2,055,806		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 17,296 75,627 1.67
(1.64–1.71)		 1.40
(1.37–1.43)
2 28,600 169,275 1.39
(1.37–1.42)		 1.58
(1.55–1.61)
3 217,110 727,977 2.57
(2.54–2.60)		 1.92
(1.89–1.94)
4 30,448 129,506 1.95
(1.92–1.99)		 1.79
(1.76–1.82)
5 71,862 285,284 2.15
(2.12–2.18)		 1.76
(1.73–1.78)
6 89,889 289,080 2.70
(2.66–2.73)		 1.95
(1.92–1.98)
7+ 13,235 42,756 2.64
(2.58–2.70)		 1.96
(1.91–2.00)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.

Page 308 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS

Schizophrenia and Psychosis

TABLE G-17 Odds Ratios for Psychosis/Schizophrenia

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 29,097		 Exposed Controls
n = 116,364		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 1,533 7,420 0.81
(0.77–0.86)		 0.76
(0.72–0.81)
Dust and PM 24,786 96,361 1.23
(1.18–1.28)		 1.04
(0.99–1.08)
Exhaust 23,701 91,896 1.23
(1.19–1.28)		 1.13
(1.08–1.17)
Fuels 11,049 46,979 0.90
(0.88–0.93)		 0.94
(0.91–0.97)
Incinerator Emissions 20,717 77,804 1.27
(1.23–1.31)		 1.09
(1.05–1.12)
Metals 6,226 24,888 1.00
(0.97–1.03)		 1.04
(1.01–1.08)
Mold 1,914 8,935 0.85
(0.80–0.89)		 0.90
(0.85–0.95)
Radiation 344 1,849 0.74
(0.66–0.83)		 0.78
(0.70–0.88)
Solvents 8,908 35,021 1.03
(1.00–1.06)		 0.99
(0.96–1.02)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 309 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-18 Odds Ratios for Psychosis/Schizophrenia Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 21,390		 Exposed Controls
n = 101,710		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 7,707		 Exposed Controls
n = 14,654		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 1,063 6,375 0.76
(0.71–0.82)		 0.72
(0.67–0.77)		 470 1,045 0.89
(0.73–1.08)		 0.88
(0.72–1.08)
Dust and PM 17,663 82,810 1.14
(1.09–1.19)		 0.98
(0.94–1.03)		 7,123 13,551 1.03
(0.84–1.26)		 1.03
(0.82–1.31)
Exhaust 16,864 79,101 1.15
(1.11–1.21)		 1.08
(1.03–1.13)		 6,837 12,795 1.15
(0.98–1.36)		 1.14
(0.96–1.35)
Fuels 7,903 40,624 0.89
(0.87–0.92)		 0.93
(0.90–0.96)		 3,146 6,355 0.90
(0.82–0.99)		 0.93
(0.84–1.03)
Incinerator Emissions 14,591 66,401 1.21
(1.16–1.25)		 1.04
(1.00–1.09)		 6,126 11,403 1.15
(1.02–1.29)		 1.10
(0.95–1.27)
Metals 4,402 21,370 0.99
(0.95–1.03)		 1.04
(0.99–1.08)		 1,824 3,518 0.99
(0.89–1.11)		 1.04
(0.92–1.18)
Mold 1,428 7,807 0.87
(0.81–0.92)		 0.91
(0.86–0.97)		 486 1,128 0.79
(0.65–0.95)		 0.81
(0.66–0.98)
Radiation 239 1,637 0.68
(0.59–0.78)		 0.71
(0.61–0.81)		 105 212 1.14
(0.78–1.66)		 1.17
(0.80–1.72)
Solvents 6,192 29,688 1.00
(0.97–1.04)		 0.98
(0.94–1.01)		 2,716 5,333 0.97
(0.88–1.07)		 0.99
(0.89–1.10)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 310 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-19 Odds Ratios for Psychosis/Schizophrenia by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 29,097		 Exposed Controls
n = 116,364		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 938 4,542 0.93
(0.85–1.00)		 0.83
(0.77–0.90)
2 1,733 8,004 1.02
(0.96–1.09)		 1.05
(0.98–1.13)
3 12,366 43,965 1.36
(1.30–1.43)		 1.17
(1.11–1.23)
4 1,446 6,955 0.99
(0.92–1.06)		 0.91
(0.84–0.98)
5 3,870 16,943 1.10
(1.04–1.16)		 1.04
(0.98–1.10)
6 4,780 17,933 1.29
(1.22–1.36)		 1.10
(1.04–1.16)
7+ 545 2,617 1.00
(0.90–1.11)		 0.88
(0.79–0.97)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 311 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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Bipolar Disorder

TABLE G-20 Odds Ratios for Bipolar Disorder

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 40,498		 Exposed Controls
n = 161,961		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 1,982 10,331 0.75
(0.71–0.79)		 0.72
(0.68–0.76)
Dust and PM 33,680 133,805 1.05
(1.01–1.08)		 0.92
(0.89–0.95)
Exhaust 32,580 127,849 1.13
(1.10–1.17)		 1.06
(1.03–1.10)
Fuels 15,348 65,229 0.90
(0.88–0.92)		 0.93
(0.91–0.96)
Incinerator Emissions 28,182 107,998 1.17
(1.14–1.20)		 1.04
(1.01–1.07)
Metals 8,551 34,666 0.98
(0.96–1.01)		 1.02
(1.00–1.05)
Mold 2,697 12,296 0.87
(0.83–0.91)		 0.91
(0.87–0.95)
Radiation 489 2,590 0.75
(0.68–0.83)		 0.76
(0.69–0.84)
Solvents 11,922 48,348 0.98
(0.96–1.00)		 0.97
(0.95–1.00)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 312 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-21 Odds Ratios for Bipolar Disorder Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 30,613		 Exposed Controls
n = 142,372		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 9,885		 Exposed Controls
n = 19,589		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 1,397 8,898 0.72
(0.68–0.77)		 0.70
(0.66–0.74)		 585 1,433 0.72
(0.60–0.85)		 0.73
(0.61–0.87)
Dust and PM 24,542 115,701 0.96
(0.92–0.99)		 0.86
(0.83–0.90)		 9,138 18,104 0.90
(0.76–1.07)		 1.02
(0.84–1.25)
Exhaust 23,827 110,682 1.07
(1.03–1.11)		 1.02
(0.98–1.06)		 8,753 17,167 1.05
(0.91–1.21)		 1.10
(0.95–1.28)
Fuels 11,314 56,690 0.90
(0.88–0.93)		 0.93
(0.90–0.95)		 4,034 8,539 0.90
(0.83–0.98)		 0.94
(0.86–1.03)
Incinerator Emissions 20,354 92,778 1.11
(1.07–1.14)		 1.01
(0.97–1.04)		 7,828 15,220 1.09
(0.98–1.21)		 1.07
(0.95–1.21)
Metals 6,174 29,943 0.97
(0.94–1.00)		 1.01
(0.98–1.05)		 2,377 4,723 1.02
(0.93–1.12)		 1.13
(1.02–1.25)
Mold 2,028 10,804 0.87
(0.82–0.91)		 0.90
(0.85–0.95)		 669 1,492 0.90
(0.77–1.06)		 0.91
(0.77–1.07)
Radiation 370 2,279 0.73
(0.65–0.82)		 0.73
(0.66–0.82)		 119 311 0.65
(0.44–0.94)		 0.65
(0.44–0.95)
Solvents 8,460 41,146 0.95
(0.93–0.98)		 0.96
(0.93–0.99)		 3,462 7,202 0.92
(0.84–1.00)		 0.98
(0.90–1.07)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 313 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-22 Odds Ratios for Bipolar Disorder by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 40,498		 Exposed Controls
n = 161,961		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 1,244 6,247 0.80
(0.74–0.85)		 0.74
(0.69–0.79)
2 2,557 11,357 0.93
(0.88–0.98)		 0.92
(0.87–0.97)
3 16,801 61,351 1.15
(1.10–1.19)		 1.01
(0.97–1.05)
4 2,104 9,605 0.90
(0.85–0.96)		 0.83
(0.79–0.88)
5 5,245 23,305 0.93
(0.89–0.98)		 0.91
(0.87–0.95)
6 6,460 24,998 1.08
(1.03–1.13)		 0.96
(0.91–1.00)
7+ 746 3,545 0.87
(0.80–0.95)		 0.79
(0.73–0.87)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 314 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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SLEEP DISORDERS

TABLE G-23 Odds Ratios for Sleep Disorders

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 572,012		 Exposed Controls
n = 2,286,793		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 36,759 143,867 1.02
(1.01–1.04)		 0.95
(0.94–0.96)
Dust and PM 469,925 1,811,438 1.24
(1.23–1.25)		 1.04
(1.03–1.05)
Exhaust 453,458 1,763,792 1.17
(1.16–1.18)		 1.06
(1.05–1.07)
Fuels 225,889 922,319 0.96
(0.96–0.97)		 1.01
(1.01–1.02)
Incinerator Emissions 388,730 1,449,898 1.26
(1.25–1.26)		 1.07
(1.06–1.07)
Metals 116,006 456,257 1.02
(1.01–1.03)		 1.04
(1.03–1.05)
Mold 43,066 184,346 0.93
(0.92–0.94)		 0.99
(0.98–1.00)
Radiation 9,116 40,469 0.90
(0.88–0.92)		 0.94
(0.92–0.97)
Solvents 166,224 623,624 1.10
(1.09–1.10)		 1.04
(1.03–1.04)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 315 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-24 Odds Ratios for Sleep Disorders Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 467,785		 Exposed Controls
n = 2,180,812		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 104,222		 Exposed Controls
n = 105,970		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 28,813 136,196 1.00
(0.98–1.01)		 0.94
(0.93–0.95)		 7,946 7,671 1.13
(1.05–1.22)		 1.10
(1.02–1.19)
Dust and PM 374,297 1,715,128 1.13
(1.12–1.14)		 0.99
(0.98–1.00)		 95,628 96,310 1.17
(1.08–1.26)		 1.05
(0.96–1.14)
Exhaust 362,988 1,672,887 1.09
(1.09–1.10)		 1.02
(1.01–1.03)		 90,470 90,905 1.15
(1.08–1.23)		 1.08
(1.01–1.15)
Fuels 182,026 877,130 0.96
(0.95–0.97)		 1.00
(0.99–1.01)		 43,863 45,189 0.99
(0.96–1.03)		 1.04
(0.99–1.08)
Incinerator Emissions 307,424 1,369,593 1.17
(1.17–1.18)		 1.03
(1.02–1.04)		 81,306 80,305 1.18
(1.12–1.24)		 1.05
(0.99–1.11)
Metals 92,094 431,675 1.01
(1.00–1.02)		 1.03
(1.03–1.04)		 23,912 24,582 1.01
(0.97–1.06)		 1.08
(1.02–1.13)
Mold 35,379 176,181 0.94
(0.93–0.95)		 0.99
(0.98–1.00)		 7,687 8,165 0.90
(0.84–0.97)		 0.94
(0.87–1.01)
Radiation 7,417 38,584 0.90
(0.88–0.92)		 0.93
(0.91–0.96)		 1,699 1,885 0.85
(0.73–0.99)		 0.86
(0.73–1.00)
Solvents 129,308 586,380 1.06
(1.05–1.07)		 1.02
(1.01–1.03)		 36,916 37,244 1.04
(1.00–1.09)		 1.06
(1.01–1.10)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 316 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-25 Odds Ratios for Sleep Disorders by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 572,012		 Exposed Controls
n = 2,286,793		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 20,505 88,841 1.03
(1.01–1.05)		 0.93
(0.92–0.95)
2 38,659 187,207 0.95
(0.93–0.96)		 1.00
(0.99–1.01)
3 222,144 826,863 1.25
(1.24–1.26)		 1.06
(1.05–1.07)
4 36,034 151,682 1.09
(1.07–1.11)		 1.03
(1.02–1.05)
5 73,246 309,977 1.09
(1.08–1.11)		 1.02
(1.01–1.03)
6 89,481 323,264 1.29
(1.27–1.30)		 1.08
(1.07–1.10)
7+ 13,740 50,017 1.27
(1.24–1.30)		 1.09
(1.07–1.11)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 317 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS

TABLE G-26 Odds Ratios for SUD

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 311,996		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,247,736		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 18,791 81,004 0.92
(0.91–0.94)		 0.86
(0.84–0.87)
Dust and PM 268,651 1,026,522 1.39
(1.37–1.41)		 1.10
(1.09–1.11)
Exhaust 257,601 988,273 1.31
(1.30–1.33)		 1.16
(1.14–1.17)
Fuels 125,684 508,984 0.98
(0.97–0.99)		 1.01
(1.00–1.02)
Incinerator Emissions 223,545 829,695 1.32
(1.30–1.33)		 1.11
(1.09–1.12)
Metals 70,090 267,458 1.07
(1.06–1.08)		 1.05
(1.04–1.06)
Mold 22,231 97,132 0.91
(0.89–0.92)		 0.98
(0.96–0.99)
Radiation 4,276 20,586 0.83
(0.80–0.86)		 0.88
(0.85–0.91)
Solvents 100,264 370,554 1.13
(1.12–1.14)		 1.04
(1.04–1.05)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; SUD = substance use disorders.

Page 318 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-27 Odds Ratios for SUD Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 252,523		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,119,913		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 59,470		 Exposed Controls
n = 127,816		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 14,781 71,350 0.92
(0.90–0.93)		 0.85
(0.84–0.87)		 4,010 9,654 0.85
(0.79–0.92)		 0.84
(0.78–0.90)
Dust and PM 213,110 908,633 1.32
(1.31–1.34)		 1.07
(1.05–1.09)		 55,541 117,889 1.19
(1.10–1.29)		 1.07
(0.98–1.16)
Exhaust 204,729 876,885 1.27
(1.26–1.29)		 1.13
(1.11–1.14)		 52,872 111,388 1.20
(1.13–1.27)		 1.14
(1.07–1.22)
Fuels 100,201 454,247 0.97
(0.96–0.98)		 1.00
(0.99–1.01)		 25,483 54,737 1.01
(0.97–1.05)		 1.03
(0.99–1.07)
Incinerator Emissions 176,260 730,540 1.28
(1.27–1.30)		 1.09
(1.08–1.10)		 47,285 99,155 1.12
(1.07–1.17)		 1.04
(0.99–1.10)
Metals 55,442 237,440 1.06
(1.05–1.07)		 1.05
(1.04–1.06)		 14,648 30,018 1.05
(1.01–1.10)		 1.08
(1.03–1.13)
Mold 17,931 87,489 0.90
(0.89–0.92)		 0.97
(0.95–0.99)		 4,300 9,643 0.97
(0.90–1.04)		 0.99
(0.93–1.07)
Radiation 3,456 18,432 0.83
(0.80–0.86)		 0.88
(0.85–0.91)		 820 2,154 0.96
(0.83–1.12)		 0.97
(0.84–1.13)
Solvents 78,133 324,650 1.11
(1.10–1.13)		 1.04
(1.03–1.05)		 22,131 45,904 1.06
(1.02–1.10)		 1.06
(1.02–1.10)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; SUD = substance use disorders; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 319 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-28 Odds Ratios for SUD by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 311,996		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,247,736		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 9,753 46,011 1.03
(1.01–1.06)		 0.91
(0.89–0.93)
2 17,912 89,072 1.04
(1.02–1.06)		 1.07
(1.04–1.09)
3 128,734 469,592 1.45
(1.43–1.47)		 1.18
(1.16–1.20)
4 17,303 77,038 1.16
(1.14–1.19)		 1.05
(1.03–1.08)
5 44,210 179,693 1.29
(1.27–1.32)		 1.11
(1.09–1.13)
6 52,949 191,308 1.46
(1.44–1.49)		 1.17
(1.15–1.20)
7+ 7,244 28,550 1.33
(1.30–1.37)		 1.09
(1.06–1.12)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; SUD = substance use disorders.

Page 320 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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NONFATAL SUICIDE ATTEMPTS AND INTENTIONAL SELF–HARM

TABLE G-29 Odds Ratios for Nonfatal Suicide Attempts and Intentional Self-Harm

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 12,603		 Exposed Controls
n = 50,403		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 766 3,357 0.90
(0.83–0.98)		 0.84
(0.78–0.92)
Dust and PM 10,848 41,505 1.39
(1.31–1.48)		 1.15
(1.08–1.23)
Exhaust 10,205 39,171 1.31
(1.24–1.39)		 1.18
(1.11–1.25)
Fuels 4,996 20,419 0.96
(0.92–1.00)		 1.00
(0.96–1.04)
Incinerator Emissions 8,927 33,166 1.32
(1.26–1.39)		 1.13
(1.08–1.20)
Metals 2,781 10,810 1.04
(0.99–1.09)		 1.06
(1.01–1.11)
Mold 884 3,937 0.89
(0.82–0.96)		 0.96
(0.88–1.03)
Radiation 166 845 0.78
(0.66–0.93)		 0.83
(0.70–0.98)
Solvents 4,071 15,272 1.10
(1.06–1.15)		 1.05
(1.01–1.10)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 321 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-30 Odds Ratios for Nonfatal Suicide Attempts and Intentional Self-Harm Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 8,751		 Exposed Controls
n = 44,017		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 3,852		 Exposed Controls
n = 6,386		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 528 2,828 0.94
(0.85–1.03)		 0.88
(0.79–0.97)		 238 529 0.84
(0.63–1.10)		 0.87
(0.65–1.15)
Dust and PM 7,270 35,592 1.27
(1.19–1.37)		 1.08
(1.00–1.17)		 3,578 5,913 1.23
(0.93–1.62)		 1.27
(0.93–1.72)
Exhaust 6,813 33,660 1.22
(1.14–1.31)		 1.12
(1.04–1.20)		 3,392 5,511 1.20
(0.96–1.50)		 1.20
(0.95–1.51)
Fuels 3,335 17,603 0.94
(0.89–0.99)		 0.96
(0.92–1.02)		 1,661 2,816 1.00
(0.87–1.14)		 1.07
(0.93–1.22)
Incinerator Emissions 5,902 28,267 1.25
(1.18–1.32)		 1.10
(1.03–1.17)		 3,025 4,899 1.07
(0.90–1.26)		 0.98
(0.81–1.20)
Metals 1,821 9,267 1.02
(0.96–1.08)		 1.03
(0.97–1.10)		 960 1,543 1.01
(0.87–1.18)		 1.11
(0.94–1.30)
Mold 602 3,428 0.87
(0.79–0.96)		 0.92
(0.84–1.01)		 282 509 0.92
(0.72–1.18)		 0.99
(0.77–1.29)
Radiation 118 743 0.75
(0.62–0.92)		 0.79
(0.64–0.96)		 48 102 0.71
(0.41–1.23)		 0.74
(0.42–1.31)
Solvents 2,637 12,895 1.07
(1.02–1.13)		 1.02
(0.97–1.08)		 1,434 2,377 1.01
(0.89–1.16)		 1.07
(0.93–1.22)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 322 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-31 Odds Ratios for Nonfatal Suicide Attempts and Intentional Self-Harm by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 12,603		 Exposed Controls
n = 50,403		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 492 2,157 1.11
(0.99–1.24)		 0.98
(0.87–1.10)
2 715 3,452 1.08
(0.98–1.20)		 1.08
(0.98–1.20)
3 5,078 18,399 1.49
(1.39–1.61)		 1.24
(1.14–1.34)
4 668 3,074 1.14
(1.03–1.27)		 1.03
(0.92–1.14)
5 1,804 7,486 1.29
(1.18–1.40)		 1.15
(1.06–1.26)
6 2,166 7,703 1.52
(1.40–1.65)		 1.26
(1.15–1.37)
7+ 254 1,167 1.17
(1.01–1.36)		 1.00
(0.86–1.17)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 323 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS

TABLE G-32 Odds Ratios for ALS

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 296		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,181		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 16 67 0.95
(0.54–1.67)		 1.06
(0.59–1.89)
Dust and PM 242 903 1.41
(1.01–1.98)		 1.40
(0.97–2.02)
Exhaust 238 879 1.47
(1.05–2.06)		 1.43
(1.00–2.04)
Fuels 108 416 1.06
(0.81–1.38)		 1.04
(0.79–1.37)
Incinerator Emissions 199 746 1.21
(0.92–1.60)		 1.23
(0.88–1.71)
Metals 46 182 1.01
(0.71–1.45)		 1.00
(0.68–1.45)
Mold 16 89 0.70
(0.41–1.22)		 0.69
(0.39–1.20)
Radiation <10 13
Solvents 70 184 0.98
(0.72–1.33)		 0.97
(0.71–1.33)

NOTES: Cell sizes of 10 or less are noted as <10. ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 324 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-33 Odds Ratios for ALS Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 259		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,072		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 36		 Exposed Controls
n = 108		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 15 62 1.01
(0.56–1.84)		 1.14
(0.61–2.11)		 <10 <10
Dust and PM 210 803 1.43
(1.01–2.03)		 1.39
(0.95–2.04)		 32 100 0.00
(0.00–I)		 0.00
(0.00–I)
Exhaust 206 789 1.36
(0.96–1.94)		 1.30
(0.89–1.88)		 32 90 1.00
(0.06–15.99)		 1.00
(0.02–50.40)
Fuels 92 384 0.96
(0.72–1.29)		 0.97
(0.71–1.31)		 16 32 2.33
(0.60–9.02)		 5.71
(0.35–92.30)
Incinerator Emissions 173 656 1.30
(0.96–1.75)		 1.30
(0.91–1.85)		 26 90 0.00
(0.00–I)		 0.00
(0.00–I)
Metals 35 166 0.89
(0.59–1.35)		 0.89
(0.58–1.36)		 11 16 2.50
(0.49–12.89)		 1.83
(0.04–76.76)
Mold 13 82 0.64
(0.35–1.18)		 0.62
(0.33–1.15)		 <10 <10
Radiation <10 12 <10 <10
Solvents 56 254 0.91
(0.65–1.28)		 0.90
(0.63–1.28)		 14 30 2.33
(0.60–9.02)		 5.71
(0.35–92.30)

NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CI = confidence interval; I = CI is undefined; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 325 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-34 Odds Ratios for ALS by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 296		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,181		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 <10 48 0.99
(0.45–2.20)
2 33 107 1.70
(1.01–2.87)		 1.69
(0.98–2.92)
3 120 444 1.52
(1.01–2.29)		 1.43
(0.92–2.24)
4 19 74 1.40
(0.75–2.60)		 1.40
(0.74–2.66)
5 38 119 1.79
(1.07–3.00)		 1.62
(0.95–2.77)
6 29 155 1.06
(0.62–1.83)		 1.03
(0.58–1.83)
7+ <10 23 2.24
(0.91–5.52)

NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CI = confidence interval.

Page 326 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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DEMENTIA

TABLE G-35 Odds Ratios for Dementia

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 3,890		 Exposed Controls
n = 15,459		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 151 819 0.72
(0.60–0.86)		 0.69
(0.58–0.83)
Dust and PM 3,037 11,804 1.13
(1.04–1.24)		 1.01
(0.92–1.12)
Exhaust 3,000 11,703 1.11
(1.02–1.22)		 1.03
(0.94–1.14)
Fuels 1,260 5,427 0.89
(0.82–0.96)		 0.92
(0.85–0.99)
Incinerator Emissions 2,620 9,893 1.19
(1.10–1.29)		 1.06
(0.97–1.16)
Metals 651 2,586 1.01
(0.92–1.11)		 1.02
(0.92–1.12)
Mold 229 993 0.92
(0.79–1.06)		 0.97
(0.83–1.12)
Radiation 32 198 0.64
(0.44–0.94)		 0.66
(0.46–0.97)
Solvents 932 3,842 0.96
(0.88–1.04)		 0.93
(0.85–1.01)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 327 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-36 Odds Ratios for Dementia Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 2,340		 Exposed Controls
n = 14,021		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 1,550		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,438		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 78 720 0.72
(0.56–0.93)		 0.71
(0.55–0.91)		 73 99 0.71
(0.44–1.13)		 0.73
(0.45–1.18)
Dust and PM 1,692 10,489 0.99
(0.89–1.11)		 0.93
(0.83–1.05)		 1,345 1,315 0.47
(0.32–0.69)		 0.53
(0.34–0.82)
Exhaust 1,710 10,420 1.04
(0.93–1.16)		 1.00
(0.89–1.12)		 1,290 1,283 0.49
(0.34–0.72)		 0.56
(0.37–0.83)
Fuels 701 4,854 0.88
(0.79–0.97)		 0.90
(0.81–1.00)		 559 573 0.92
(0.73–1.16)		 0.92
(0.72–1.19)
Incinerator Emissions 1,443 8,757 1.06
(0.96–1.17)		 0.99
(0.88–1.10)		 1,177 1,136 0.74
(0.57–0.98)		 0.85
(0.61–1.19)
Metals 339 2,263 1.00
(0.87–1.14)		 1.01
(0.88–1.15)		 312 323 0.84
(0.64–1.11)		 0.86
(0.64–1.16)
Mold 139 904 0.99
(0.81–1.20)		 1.02
(0.84–1.24)		 90 89 0.88
(0.54–1.44)		 0.87
(0.53–1.44)
Radiation 17 180 0.60
(0.36–1.01)		 0.61
(0.36–1.02)		 15 18 0.60
(0.18–2.02)		 0.66
(0.19–2.32)
Solvents 482 3,353 0.91
(0.81–1.02)		 0.89
(0.79–1.01)		 450 489 0.84
(0.66–1.08)		 0.90
(0.70–1.17)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 328 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-37 Odds Ratios for Dementia Stratified by Age

Exposure <65 years 65+ years
Exposed Cases
n = 3,319		 Exposed Controls
n = 13,096		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 571		 Exposed Controls
n = 2,363		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 140 740 0.73
(0.61–0.88)		 0.71
(0.59–0.85)		 11 79 0.56
(0.28–1.13)		 0.53
(0.26–1.08)
Dust and PM 2,749 10,505 1.22
(1.10–1.36)		 1.07
(0.95–1.20)		 288 1,299 0.85
(0.70–1.03)		 0.84
(0.69–1.03)
Exhaust 2,706 10,409 1.17
(1.06–1.30)		 1.07
(0.96–1.19)		 294 1,294 0.88
(0.72–1.07)		 0.88
(0.72–1.08)
Fuels 1,158 4,948 0.88
(0.82–0.96)		 0.92
(0.85–1.00)		 102 479 0.88
(0.69–1.13)		 0.89
(0.69–1.14)
Incinerator Emissions 2,379 8,822 1.25
(1.15–1.37)		 1.10
(0.99–1.21)		 241 1,071 0.89
(0.74–1.09)		 0.87
(0.71–1.07)
Metals 620 2,466 1.00
(0.90–1.10)		 1.02
(0.92–1.13)		 31 120 1.14
(0.74–1.74)		 1.07
(0.70–1.65)
Mold 207 889 0.91
(0.78–1.06)		 0.97
(0.83–1.13)		 22 104 0.93
(0.57–1.51)		 0.91
(0.56–1.47)
Radiation 26 180 0.57
(0.38–0.87)		 0.59
(0.39–0.89)		 <10 17
Solvents 870 3,566 0.95
(0.87–1.04)		 0.93
(0.85–1.01)		 62 276 0.92
(0.69–1.26)		 0.92
(0.68–1.24)

NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 329 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-38 Odds Ratios for Dementia by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 3,890		 Exposed Controls
n = 15,459		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 93 432 0.89
(0.70–1.13)		 0.86
(0.67–1.09)
2 235 1,134 0.87
(0.73–1.02)		 0.89
(0.75–1.06)
3 1,693 6,092 1.17
(1.05–1.30)		 1.06
(0.94–1.18)
4 199 905 0.92
(0.77–1.10)		 0.89
(0.74–1.06)
5 370 1,688 0.92
(0.80–1.07)		 0.89
(0.77–1.04)
6 528 2,016 1.11
(0.97–1.26)		 1.00
(0.87–1.15)
7+ 64 299 0.90
(0.68–1.20)		 0.81
(0.61–1.08)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 330 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

TABLE G-39 Odds Ratios for MS

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 3,208		 Exposed Controls
n = 12,827		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 155 773 0.79
(0.66–0.94)		 0.81
(0.68–0.97)
Dust and PM 2,490 10,419 0.78
(0.71–0.86)		 0.82
(0.73–0.92)
Exhaust 2,489 10,225 0.86
(0.78–0.95)		 0.88
(0.79–0.98)
Fuels 1,241 5,115 0.95
(0.88–1.03)		 0.95
(0.87–1.03)
Incinerator Emissions 2,051 8,651 0.84
(0.77–0.92)		 0.84
(0.76–0.93)
Metals 624 2,602 0.95
(0.86–1.05)		 1.00
(0.91–1.11)
Mold 239 956 1.00
(0.86–1.16)		 0.97
(0.83–1.12)
Radiation 38 177 0.86
(0.60–1.22)		 0.82
(0.57–1.17)
Solvents 845 3,651 0.90
(0.82–0.98)		 0.96
(0.87–1.05)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; MS = multiple sclerosis; PM = particulate matter.

Page 331 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-40 Odds Ratios for MS Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 2,685		 Exposed Controls
n = 11,288		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 523		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,539		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 115 646 0.72
(0.59–0.89)		 0.75
(0.60–0.92)		 40 127 0.95
(0.48–1.89)		 0.99
(0.47–2.08)
Dust and PM 2,022 8,983 0.75
(0.68–0.84)		 0.80
(0.71–0.90)		 468 1,436 1.10
(0.54–2.26)		 1.62
(0.69–3.77)
Exhaust 2,040 8,845 0.85
(0.76–0.95)		 0.88
(0.78–0.99)		 449 1,380 0.92
(0.49–1.75)		 1.11
(0.55–2.25)
Fuels 1,018 4,440 0.94
(0.86–1.03)		 0.93
(0.85–1.02)		 223 675 1.02
(0.69–1.52)		 1.14
(0.74–1.75)
Incinerator Emissions 1,651 7,423 0.82
(0.74–0.90)		 0.83
(0.75–0.93)		 400 1,228 1.22
(0.74–2.01)		 1.09
(0.60–2.00)
Metals 508 2,229 0.93
(0.84–1.05)		 0.98
(0.87–1.10)		 116 373 0.97
(0.63–1.50)		 1.15
(0.71–1.87)
Mold 195 853 0.96
(0.81–1.13)		 0.92
(0.77–1.09)		 44 103 1.31
(0.62–2.79)		 1.38
(0.63–3.05)
Radiation 30 158 0.72
(0.48–1.08)		 0.70
(0.47–1.04)		 <10 19
Solvents 666 3,102 0.87
(0.78–0.96)		 0.92
(0.83–1.02)		 179 549 0.92
(0.61–1.40)		 1.05
(0.67–1.63)

NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. CI = confidence interval; MS = multiple sclerosis; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 332 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-41 Odds Ratios for MS by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 3,208		 Exposed Controls
n = 12,827		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 92 436 0.71
(0.55–0.90)		 0.73
(0.56–0.93)
2 263 924 0.94
(0.79–1.11)		 0.88
(0.74–1.05)
3 1,245 4,988 0.82
(0.72–0.92)		 0.84
(0.73–0.96)
4 178 821 0.71
(0.59–0.86)		 0.68
(0.56–0.83)
5 367 1,598 0.75
(0.64–0.87)		 0.82
(0.70–0.97)
6 471 1,984 0.77
(0.67–0.90)		 0.81
(0.69–0.95)
7+ 63 301 0.68
(0.51–0.91)		 0.73
(0.54–0.98)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; MS = multiple sclerosis.

Page 333 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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PARKINSON’S DISEASE

TABLE G-42 Odds Ratios for Parkinson’s Disease

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 1,155		 Exposed Controls
n = 4,596		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 46 203 0.90
(0.65–1.25)		 0.89
(0.64–1.25)
Dust and PM 859 3,267 1.20
(1.03–1.40)		 1.22
(1.03–1.44)
Exhaust 878 3,309 1.27
(1.08–1.48)		 1.24
(1.05–1.46)
Fuels 367 1,461 1.01
(0.87–1.16)		 0.97
(0.83–1.12)
Incinerator Emissions 730 2,791 1.12
(0.97–1.29)		 1.15
(0.98–1.35)
Metals 154 644 0.95
(0.78–1.15)		 0.93
(0.76–1.13)
Mold 75 257 1.18
(0.90–1.54)		 1.16
(0.89–1.53)
Radiation 13 52 1.00
(0.54–1.85)		 0.95
(0.51–1.77)
Solvents 228 976 0.91
(0.78–1.08)		 0.91
(0.77–1.07)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 334 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-43 Odds Ratios for Parkinson’s Disease Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 966		 Exposed Controls
n = 4,244		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 189		 Exposed Controls
n = 352		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 40 173 1.06
(0.74–1.53)		 1.09
(0.75–1.59)		 <10 30
Dust and PM 692 2,957 1.14
(0.96–1.34)		 1.15
(0.97–1.38)		 167 310 1.33
(0.37–4.82)		 0.85
(0.16–4.47)
Exhaust 717 3,002 1.22
(1.03–1.45)		 1.20
(1.01–1.43)		 161 307 1.42
(0.39–5.13)		 1.51
(0.34–6.61)
Fuels 300 1,336 1.00
(0.86–1.17)		 0.95
(0.81–1.12)		 67 125 1.55
(0.79–3.04)		 2.88
(1.11–7.49)
Incinerator Emissions 583 2,510 1.06
(0.91–1.23)		 1.10
(0.93–1.30)		 147 281 1.04
(0.42–2.53)		 0.51
(0.14–1.86)
Metals 115 581 0.88
(0.71–1.10)		 0.85
(0.68–1.07)		 39 63 1.31
(0.62–2.79)		 1.53
(0.60–3.90)
Mold 61 238 1.15
(0.85–1.55)		 1.11
(0.82–1.51)		 14 19 1.00
(0.20–5.11)		 2.01
(0.25–16.44)
Radiation <10 48 <10 <10
Solvents 167 874 0.84
(0.70–1.01)		 0.84
(0.69–1.02)		 61 102 1.39
(0.73–2.63)		 1.73
(0.78–3.82)

NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 335 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-44 Odds Ratios for Parkinson’s Disease Stratified by Age

Exposure <50 years 50+ years
Exposed Cases
n = 330		 Exposed Controls
n = 1,290		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 825		 Exposed Controls
n = 3,306		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 19 75 0.97
(0.57–1.66)		 0.94
(0.55–1.62)		 27 128 0.82
(0.53–1.27)		 0.83
(0.54–1.30)
Dust and PM 285 1,100 1.02
(0.71–1.48)		 1.10
(0.72–1.66)		 574 2,167 1.21
(1.02–1.44)		 1.23
(1.03–1.48)
Exhaust 286 1,089 1.16
(0.80–1.70)		 1.22
(0.81–1.82)		 592 2,220 1.27
(1.07–1.52)		 1.24
(1.03–1.49)
Fuels 135 527 1.00
(0.78–1.28)		 0.98
(0.76–1.27)		 232 934 1.01
(0.85–1.21)		 0.98
(0.82–1.18)
Incinerator Emissions 249 940 1.10
(0.82–1.48)		 1.19
(0.84–1.68)		 481 1,851 1.09
(0.93–1.28)		 1.11
(0.93–1.32)
Metals 66 285 0.88
(0.65–1.19)		 0.90
(0.66–1.24)		 88 359 1.00
(0.77–1.29)		 0.97
(0.75–1.26)
Mold 30 101 1.21
(0.79–1.87)		 1.23
(0.79–1.90)		 45 156 1.19
(0.85–1.69)		 1.18
(0.83–1.68)
Radiation <10 21 <10 31
Solvents 98 389 0.96
(0.74–1.26)		 0.99
(0.75–1.32)		 130 587 0.88
(0.71–1.08)		 0.89
(0.72–1.11)

NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.

Page 336 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-45 Odds Ratios for Parkinson’s Disease by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 1,155		 Exposed Controls
n = 4,596		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 27 120 1.08
(0.69–1.69)		 1.05
(0.67–1.66)
2 99 365 1.30
(1.00–1.70)		 1.19
(0.90–1.57)
3 489 1,773 1.32
(1.10–1.59)		 1.32
(1.09–1.61)
4 72 295 1.18
(0.87–1.59)		 1.10
(0.81–1.50)
5 90 368 1.18
(0.89–1.55)		 1.12
(0.84–1.49)
6 137 530 1.25
(0.98–1.60)		 1.26
(0.98–1.64)
7+ 14 83 0.81
(0.45–1.47)		 0.76
(0.42–1.39)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval.

Page 337 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOM ILLNESS

TABLE G-46 Odds Ratios for CMI

Exposure Exposed Cases
n = 105,125		 Exposed Controls
n = 419,483		 Overall estimates
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 6,492 24,748 1.05
(1.02–1.08)		 0.98
(0.95–1.01)
Dust and PM 88,397 338,389 1.30
(1.28–1.33)		 1.10
(1.08–1.13)
Exhaust 86,011 333,102 1.20
(1.18–1.23)		 1.09
(1.07–1.11)
Fuels 41,500 169,775 0.96
(0.95–0.97)		 1.00
(0.99–1.02)
Incinerator Emissions 74,109 275,718 1.27
(1.25–1.29)		 1.09
(1.07–1.11)
Metals 21,275 85,362 1.00
(0.98–1.01)		 1.01
(0.99–1.03)
Mold 7,579 32,217 0.93
(0.91–0.96)		 1.00
(0.97–1.02)
Radiation 1,472 6,453 0.91
(0.86–0.96)		 0.95
(0.89–1.00)
Solvents 30,947 116,957 1.08
(1.07–1.10)		 1.03
(1.01–1.04)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness; PM = particulate matter.

Page 338 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-47 Odds Ratios for CMI Stratified by TBI

Exposure No or unknown TBI TBI
Exposed Cases
n = 73,857		 Exposed Controls
n = 407,129		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Exposed Cases
n = 31,267		 Exposed Controls
n = 12,353		 Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
Burn Pits 4,287 23,979 1.00
(0.96–1.03)		 0.95
(0.91–0.98)		 2,205 769 1.20
(1.00–1.43)		 1.21
(1.01–1.45)
Dust and PM 59,747 326,964 1.10
(1.08–1.12)		 1.00
(0.98–1.02)		 28,650 11,425 0.96
(0.80–1.15)		 1.02
(0.83–1.24)
Exhaust 58,646 322,184 1.07
(1.04–1.09)		 1.01
(0.99–1.03)		 27,365 10,918 0.95
(0.82–1.11)		 0.98
(0.84–1.15)
Fuels 28,585 164,646 0.95
(0.94–0.97)		 0.98
(0.97–1.00)		 12,915 5,129 1.01
(0.92–1.10)		 1.03
(0.94–1.14)
Incinerator Emissions 49,616 266,026 1.12
(1.10–1.14)		 1.01
(0.99–1.03)		 24,493 9,692 1.06
(0.95–1.19)		 1.07
(0.94–1.21)
Metals 14,246 82,534 0.98
(0.96–1.00)		 1.00
(0.98–1.02)		 7,029 2,828 0.99
(0.89–1.10)		 1.04
(0.92–1.16)
Mold 5,368 31,276 0.96
(0.93–0.99)		 1.00
(0.96–1.03)		 2,211 941 0.87
(0.74–1.03)		 0.87
(0.73–1.03)
Radiation 996 6,297 0.87
(0.81–0.94)		 0.89
(0.83–0.95)		 476 156 1.37
(0.93–2.01)		 1.34
(0.91–1.98)
Solvents 20,160 112,578 1.02
(1.00–1.04)		 1.00
(0.98–1.02)		 10,787 4,379 1.02
(0.93–1.12)		 1.07
(0.97–1.18)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.

Page 339 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-48 Odds Ratios for CMI by Distinct Exposure Groups

Exposure Groups Exposed Cases
n = 105,125		 Exposed Controls
n = 419,483		 Estimates compared to 0 exposures
Unadjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)		 Adjusted Odds Ratio
(95% CI)
1 3,365 14,304 1.10
(1.06–1.15)		 1.01
(0.96–1.05)
2 7,007 33,726 1.00
(0.97–1.03)		 1.05
(1.01–1.09)
3 43,444 160,510 1.32
(1.29–1.35)		 1.12
(1.10–1.15)
4 6,411 26,619 1.16
(1.12–1.20)		 1.09
(1.06–1.13)
5 13,416 55,849 1.17
(1.14–1.20)		 1.10
(1.06–1.13)
6 16,774 61,753 1.33
(1.29–1.37)		 1.12
(1.09–1.15)
7+ 2,349 8,880 1.29
(1.22–1.35)		 1.11
(1.05–1.16)

NOTE: CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.

Page 340 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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Odds Ratios by Chronic Multisymptom Illness Criteria

TABLE G-49 Odds Ratios for Burn Pits by CMI Definitions

CMI Criteria Total Cases Total Controls Exposed Cases Exposed Controls Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
1 of 6 713,138 2,847,819 45,315 23,605 1.05
(1.03–1.06)		 0.98
(0.97–0.99)
3 of 6* 105,125 419,483 6,492 14,008 1.05
(1.02–1.08)		 0.98
(0.95–1.01)
4 of 6 22,521 89,771 1,291 4,173 1.05
(0.98–1.12)		 0.99
(0.93–1.06)
3 of 6 before 2020 26,178 104,378 1,461 4,773 0.99
(0.93–1.05)		 0.90
(0.85–0.96)

NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.

Page 341 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-50 Odds Ratios for Dust and PM by CMI Definitions

CMI Criteria Total Cases Total Controls Exposed Cases Exposed Controls Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
1 of 6 713,138 2,847,819 580,358 282,804 1.19
(1.18–1.20)		 1.03
(1.02–1.04)
3 of 6* 105,125 419,483 88,397 181,528 1.30
(1.28–1.33)		 1.10
(1.08–1.13)
4 of 6 22,521 89,771 18,912 60,048 1.28
(1.23–1.34)		 1.13
(1.08–1.18)
3 of 6 before 2020 26,178 104,378 22,659 68,215 1.45
(1.39–1.51)		 1.16
(1.11–1.21)

NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness; PM = particulate matter.

Page 342 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-51 Odds Ratios for Exhaust by CMI Definitions

CMI Criteria Total Cases Total Controls Exposed Cases Exposed Controls Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
1 of 6 713,138 2,847,819 558,656 267,663 1.13
(1.13–1.14)		 1.05
(1.04–1.06)
3 of 6* 105,125 419,483 86,011 176,588 1.20
(1.18–1.23)		 1.09
(1.07–1.11)
4 of 6 22,521 89,771 18,651 59,415 1.23
(1.18–1.28)		 1.13
(1.08–1.18)
3 of 6 before 2020 26,178 104,378 22,475 67,996 1.37
(1.32–1.43)		 1.20
(1.15–1.25)

NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.

Page 343 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-52 Odds Ratios for Fuels by CMI Definitions

CMI Criteria Total Cases Total Controls Exposed Cases Exposed Controls Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
1 of 6 713,138 2,847,819 279,736 141,438 0.98
(0.97–0.98)		 1.01
(1.01–1.02)
3 of 6* 105,125 419,483 41,500 91,546 0.96
(0.95–0.97)		 1.00
(0.99–1.02)
4 of 6 22,521 89,771 8,857 29,973 0.97
(0.94–1.00)		 1.01
(0.98–1.05)
3 of 6 before 2020 26,178 104,378 10,456 34,344 0.95
(0.92–0.98)		 1.01
(0.98–1.04)

NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.

Page 344 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-53 Odds Ratios for Incinerator Emissions by CMI Definitions

CMI Criteria Total Cases Total Controls Exposed Cases Exposed Controls Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
1 of 6 713,138 2,847,819 476,551 220,281 1.20
(1.19–1.21)		 1.05
(1.05–1.06)
3 of 6* 105,125 419,483 74,109 146,058 1.27
(1.25–1.29)		 1.09
(1.07–1.11)
4 of 6 22,521 89,771 15,932 49,105 1.26
(1.22–1.30)		 1.10
(1.06–1.14)
3 of 6 before 2020 26,178 104,378 19,475 56,378 1.39
(1.35–1.44)		 1.13
(1.09–1.17)

NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.

Page 345 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-54 Odds Ratios for Radiation by CMI Definitions

CMI Criteria Total Cases Total Controls Exposed Cases Exposed Controls Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
1 of 6 713,138 2,847,819 11,565 7,076 0.93
(0.91–0.95)		 0.97
(0.95–0.99)
3 of 6* 105,125 419,483 1,472 3,755 0.91
(0.86–0.96)		 0.95
(0.89–1.00)
4 of 6 22,521 89,771 280 1,093 0.88
(0.78–1.01)		 0.92
(0.81–1.05)
3 of 6 before 2020 26,178 104,378 271 1,148 0.77
(0.67–0.87)		 0.81
(0.71–0.93)

NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-55 Odds Ratios for Metals by CMI Definitions

CMI Criteria Total Cases Total Controls Exposed Cases Exposed Controls Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
1 of 6 713,138 2,847,819 143,156 70,547 1.01
(1.01–1.02)		 1.02
(1.01–1.03)
3 of 6* 105,125 419,483 21,275 46,168 1.00
(0.98–1.01)		 1.01
(0.99–1.03)
4 of 6 22,521 89,771 4,480 15,182 0.99
(0.95–1.03)		 1.01
(0.97–1.05)
3 of 6 before 2020 26,178 104,378 5,484 17,448 1.02
(0.98–1.05)		 1.03
(0.99–1.06)

NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-56 Odds Ratios for Mold by CMI Definitions

CMI Criteria Total Cases Total Controls Exposed Cases Exposed Controls Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
1 of 6 713,138 2,847,819 53,825 29,706 0.95
(0.94–0.96)		 1.00
(0.99–1.01)
3 of 6* 105,125 419,483 7,579 17,915 0.93
(0.91–0.96)		 1.00
(0.97–1.02)
4 of 6 22,521 89,771 1,546 5,623 0.91
(0.86–0.96)		 0.96
(0.90–1.01)
3 of 6 before 2020 26,178 104,378 1,683 6,231 0.86
(0.81–0.90)		 0.93
(0.88–0.98)

NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29219.
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TABLE G-57 Odds Ratios for Solvents by CMI Definitions

CMI Criteria Total Cases Total Controls Exposed Cases Exposed Controls Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)
1 of 6 713,138 2,847,819 204,355 96,586 1.08
(1.08–1.09)		 1.03
(1.02–1.04)
3 of 6* 105,125 419,483 30,947 63,444 1.08
(1.07–1.10)		 1.03
(1.01–1.04)
4 of 6 22,521 89,771 6,566 20,676 1.10
(1.06–1.13)		 1.06
(1.02–1.10)
3 of 6 before 2020 26,178 104,378 8,086 24,034 1.12
(1.09–1.16)		 1.05
(1.02–1.08)

NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.

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