Abada, T., & Tenkorang, E. Y. (2012). Women’s autonomy and unintended pregnancies in the Philippines. Journal of Biosocial Science, 44(6), 703–718. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932012000120
Abbink, K., Islam, A., & Nguyen, C. (2020). Whose voice matters? An experimental examination of gender bias in intra-household decision-making. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 176, 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2020.02.003
Abreha, S. K., & Zereyesus, Y. A. (2021). Women’s empowerment and infant and child health status in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 25, 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-020-03025-y
Abubakar, N. H., & Dasuki, S. I. (2018). Empowerment in their hands: Use of WhatsApp by women in Nigeria. Gender, Technology, and Development, 22(2), 164–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2018.1509490
Acharya, D. R., Bell, J. S., Simkhada, P., van Teijlingen, E. R., & Regmi, P. R. (2010). Women’s autonomy in household decision-making: A demographic study in Nepal. Reproductive Health, 7, Article 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-7-15
Ackerson, L. K., Kawachi, I., Barbeau, E. M., & Subramanian, S. V. (2008). Effects of individual and proximate educational context on intimate partner violence: A population-based study of women in India. American Journal of Public Health, 98(3), 507–514. https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2007.113738
Ackerson, L. K., & Subramanian, S. V. (2008). Domestic violence and chronic malnutrition among women and children in India. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167(10), 1188–1196. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwn049
Adoho, F., Chakravarty, S., Korkoyah, D. T., Lundberg, M. K., & Tasneem, A. (2014). The impact of an adolescent girls employment program: The EPAG project in Liberia (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6832). The World Bank. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2420245
Agarwal, B. (1997). “Bargaining” and gender relations: Within and beyond the household. Feminist Economics, 3(1), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/135457097338799
Agyei-Holmes, A., Buehren, N., Goldstein, M. P., Osei, R. D., Osei-Akoto, I., & Udry, C. (2020). The effects of land title registration on tenure security, investment and the allocation of productive resources (Global Poverty Research Lab Working Paper No. 20–107). Global Poverty Research Lab, Buffet Institute for Global Studies. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3694776
Ahmed, R., & Hyndman-Rizk, N. (2020). The higher education paradox: Towards improving women’s empowerment, agency development and labour force participation in Bangladesh. Gender and Education, 32(4), 447–465. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2018.1471452
Ahmed, S., Ahmed, S., McKaig, C., Begum, N., Mungia, J., Norton, M., & Baqui, A. H. (2015). The effect of integrating family planning with a maternal and newborn health program on postpartum contraceptive use and optimal birth spacing in rural Bangladesh. Studies in Family Planning, 46(3), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2015.00031.x
Ahmed, S., Creanga A. A., Gillespie, D. G., & Tsui, A. O. (2010). Economic status, education and empowerment: Implications for maternal health service utilization in developing countries. PLOS One, 5(6), Article e11190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011190
Ajayi, K. F., Dao, A., & Koussoube, E. (2022). The effects of childcare on women and children: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Burkina Faso (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 10239). The World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099215111282254210/pdf/IDU09ee54b690865904f71089a60d76ad621601c.pdf
Aker, J. C., Ksoll, C., & Lybbert, T. J. (2012). ABC, 123: Can mobile phones improve learning? Evidence from a field experiment in Niger. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4(4), 94–120. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.4.4.94
Aker, J. C., & Mbiti, I. M. (2010). Mobile phones and economic development in Africa. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 24(3), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.24.3.207
Aker, J. C., Sawyer, M., Goldstein, M., O’Sullivan, M., & McConnell, M. (2020). Just a bit of cushion: The role of a simple savings device in meeting planned and unplanned expenses in rural Niger. World Development, 128, Article 104772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104772
Akter, S., Krupnik, T. J., Rossi, F., & Khanam, F. (2016). The influence of gender and product design on farmers’ preferences for weather-indexed crop insurance. Global Environmental Change, 38, 217–229.
Al Akash, R. A., & Chalmiers, M. A. (2021). Early marriage among Syrian refugees in Jordan: Exploring contested meanings through ethnography. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2021.2004637
Alam, A., Baez, J., & Del Carpio, X. V. (2021). Does cash for school influence young women’s behavior in the longer term? Evidence from Pakistan (IZA Discussion Paper No. 5703). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://www.iza.org/pub/2tYyeF3t
Alderman, H., Chiappori, P.-A., Haddad, L., Hoddinott, J., & Kanbur, R. (1995). Unitary versus collective models of the household: Is it time to shift the burden of proof? The World Bank Research Observer, 10(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/10.1.1
Alemu, G. T. (2015). Women’s land use right policy and household food security in Ethiopia. International Journal of African and Asian Studies, 12, 56–65. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JAAS/article/viewFile/24781/25384
Ali, D. A., Deininger, K., & Goldstein, M. (2014). Environmental and gender impacts of land tenure regularization in Africa: Pilot evidence from Rwanda. Journal of Development Economics, 110(September), 262–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.12.009
Alibhai, S., Buehren, N., Frese, M., Goldstein, M., Papineni, S., & Wolf, K. (2019). Full esteem ahead? Mindset-oriented business training in Ethiopia (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 8892). The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8892
Alkema, L., Chou, D., Hogan, D., Zhang, S., Moller, A.-B., Gemmill, A., Fat, D. M., Boerma, T., Temmerman, M., Mathers, C., Say, L., Ahmed, S., Ali, M., Amouzou, A., Braunholtz, D., Byass, P., Carvajal-Velez, L., Gaigbe-Togbe, V., … Suzuki, E. (2016). Global, regional, and national levels and trends in maternal mortality between 1990 and 2015, with scenario-based projections to 2030: A systematic analysis by the UN Maternal Mortality Estimation Inter-Agency Group. The Lancet, 387(10017), 462–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00838-7
Alkire, S. (2008). Concepts and measures of agency (OPHI Working Paper No. 09). Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, University of Oxford. https://ophi.org.uk/sites/default/files/OPHI-wp09.pdf
Allen, A. (2008). Power and the politics of difference: Oppression, empowerment, and transnational justice. Hypatia, 23(3), 156–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2008.tb01210.x
Allen, P., & Cutts, D. (2018). How do gender quotas affect public support for women as political leaders? West European Politics, 41(1), 147–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1320082
Allendorf, K. (2007). Couples’ reports of women’s autonomy and health-care use in Nepal. Studies in Family Planning, 38(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2007.00114.x
Allendorf, K. (2012). Women’s agency and the quality of family relationships in India. Population Research and Policy Review, 31(2), 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11113-012-9228-7
Altunbas, Y., Gambacorta, L., Reghezza, A., & Velliscig, G. (2022). Does gender diversity in the workplace mitigate climate change? Journal of Corporate Finance, 77, Article 102303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2022.102303
Ambler, K., Jones, K. M., & O’Sullivan, M. (2021). Increasing women’s empowerment: Implications for family welfare (IZA Discussion Paper No. 14861). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/14861/increasing-womens-empowerment-implications-for-family-welfare
Amin, S., Ahmed, J., Saha, J., Hossain, M. I., & Haque, E. (2016). Delaying child marriage through community-based skills-development programs for girls: Results from a randomized controlled study in rural Bangladesh. Population Council. https://knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org/departments_sbsr-pgy/557/
Amirapu, A., Asadullah, M. N., & Wahhaj, Z. (2022). Social barriers to female migration: Theory and evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 158, Article 102891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102891
Anderson, L., Sheppard, P., & Monden, C. (2018). Grandparent effects in educational outcomes: A systematic review. Sociological Science, 5, 114–142. https://doi.org/10.15195/v5.a6
Anderson, L. M., Scrimshaw, S. C., Fullilove, M. C., Fielding, J. E., & Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2003). The Community Guide’s model for linking the social environment to health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24(3S), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(02)00652-9
Anderson, S., & Eswaran, M. (2009). What determines female autonomy? Evidence from Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 90(2), 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.004
Anderson, S., & Ray, D. (2010). Missing women: Age and disease. Review of Economic Studies, 77, 1262–1300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2010.00609.x
Andrews, C., Backiny-Yetna, P., Garin, E., Weedon, E., Wodon, Q., & Zampaglione, G. (2011). Liberia’s cash for work temporary employment project: Responding to crisis in low income, fragile countries (SP Discussion Paper No. 1114). The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/836781468263674274
Andriano, L., & Monden, C. W. S. (2019). The causal effect of maternal education on child mortality: Evidence from a quasi-experiment in Malawi and Uganda. Demography, 56(5), 1765–1790. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-019-00812-3
Annan, J., Donald, A., Goldstein, M., Gonzalez Martinez, P., & Koolwal, G. (2021). Taking power: Women’s empowerment and household well-being in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 140, Article 105292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105292
Asaki, B., & Hayes, S. (2011). Leaders, not clients: Grassroots women’s groups transforming social protection. Gender & Development, 19(2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2011.592634
Asaolu, I. O., Alaofè, H., Gunn, J. K. L., Adu, A. K., Monroy, A. J., Ehiri, J. E., Hayden, M. H., & Ernst, K. C. (2018). Measuring women’s empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the demographic and health surveys. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00994
Ashraf, N. (2009). Spousal control and intra-household decision making: An experimental study in the Philippines. American Economic Review, 99(4), 1245–1277. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.4.1245
Ashraf, N., Bau, N., Low, C., & McGinn, K. (2020). Negotiating a better future: How interpersonal skills facilitate intergenerational investment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 135(2), 1095–1151. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz039
Ashraf, N., Field, E., & Lee, J. (2014). Household bargaining and excess fertility: An experimental study in Zambia. American Economic Review, 104(7), 2210–2237. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.7.2210
Ashraf, N., Karlan, D., & Yin, W. (2010). Female empowerment: Impact of a commitment savings product in the Philippines. World Development, 38(3), 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.05.010
Ashraf, Q. H., Weil, D. N., & Wilde, J. (2013). The effect of fertility reduction on economic growth. Population and Development Review, 39(1), 97–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00575.x
Atake, E.-H., & Ali, P. G. (2019). Women’s empowerment and fertility preferences in high fertility countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Women’s Health, 19, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0747-9
Athey, S., Bergstrom, K., Hadad, V., Jamison, J. C., Özler, B., Parisotto, L., & Sama, J. D. (2023). Can personalized digital counseling improve consumer search for modern contraceptive methods? Science Advances, 9(40). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg4420
Austrian, K., Soler-Hampejsek, E., Behrman, J. R., Digitale, J., Jackson Hachonda, N., Bweupe, M., & Hewett, P. C. (2020). The impact of the Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP) on short and long term social, economic, education and fertility outcomes: A cluster randomized controlled trial in Zambia. BMC Public Health, 20(1), Article 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08468-0
Austrian, K., Soler-Hampejsek, E., Kangwana, B., Maddox, N., Diaw, M., Wado, Y. D., Abuya, B., Muluve, E., Mbushi, F., Mohammed, H., Aden, A., & Maluccio, J. A. (2022). Impacts of multisectoral cash plus programs on marriage and fertility after 4 years in pastoralist Kenya: A randomized trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 70(6), 885–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.12.015
Avdeenko, A., & Gilligan, M. J. (2015). International interventions to build social capital: Evidence from a field experiment in Sudan. American Political Science Review, 109(3), 427–449. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055415000210
Averbach, S., Johns, N. E., Ghule, M., Dixit, A., Begum, S., Battala, M., Saggurti, N., Silverman, J., & Raj, A. (2023). Understanding quality of contraceptive counseling in the CHARM2 gender-equity focused family planning intervention: Findings from a cluster randomized controlled trial among couples in rural India. Contraception, 118, Article 109907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2022.10.009
Babalola, S., Loehr, C., Oyenubi, O., Akiode, A., & Mobley, A. (2019). Efficacy of a digital health tool on contraceptive ideation and use in Nigeria: Results of a cluster-randomized control trial. Global Health: Science and Practice, 7(2), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-19-00066
Bageant, E. R., & Barrett, C. B. (2017). Are there gender differences in demand for index-based livestock insurance? The Journal of Development Studies, 53(6), 932–952. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1214717
Baiocchi, M., Omondi, B., Langat, N., Boothroyd, D. B., Sinclair, J., Pavia, L., Mulinge, M., Githua, O., Golden, N. H., & Sarnquist, C. (2017). A behavior-based intervention that prevents sexual assault: The results of a matched-pairs, cluster-randomized study in Nairobi, Kenya. Prevention Science, 18(7), 818–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0701-0
Baird, S., Chirwa, E., de Hoop, J., & Özler, B. (2016). Girl power: Cash transfers and adolescent welfare. Evidence from a cluster-randomized experiment in Malawi. In S. Edwards, S. Johnson, & D. Weil (Eds.), African successes, Volume II: Human capital (pp. 139–164). University of Chicago Press.
Baird, S., Ferreira, F. H. G., Özler, B., & Woolcock, M. (2013), Relative effectiveness of conditional and unconditional cash transfers for schooling outcomes in developing countries: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 9, 1–124. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2013.8
Baird, S., McIntosh, C., & Özler, B. (2011). Cash or condition? Evidence from a cash transfer experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1709–1753. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr032
___. (2019). When the money runs out: Do cash transfers have sustained effects on human capital accumulation? Journal of Development Economics 140, 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.04.004
Balaj, M., York, H. W., Sripada, K., Besnier, E., Vonen, H. D., Aravkin, A., Friedman, J., Griswold, M., Jensen, M. R., Mohammad, T., Mullany, E. C., Solhaug, S., Sorensen, R., Stonkute, D., Tallaksen, A., Whisnant, J., Zheng, P., Gakidou, E., & Eikemo, T. A. (2021). Parental education and inequalities in child mortality: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 398(10300), 608–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00534-1
Bamiwuye, S. O., Wet, N. D., & Adedini, S. A. (2013). Linkages between autonomy, poverty and contraceptive use in two sub-Saharan African countries. African Population Studies, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.11564/27-2-438
Bandiera, O., Buehren, N., Burgess, R., Goldstein, M., Gulesci, S., Rasul, I., & Sulaiman, M. (2020). Women’s empowerment in action: Evidence from a randomized control trial in Africa. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 12(1), 210–259. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20170416
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
Bapolisi, W. A., Ferrari, G., Blampain, C., Makelele, J., Kono-Tange, L., Bisimwa, G., & Merten, S. (2020). Impact of a complex gender-transformative intervention on maternal and child health outcomes in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Protocol of a longitudinal parallel mixed-methods study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), Article 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8084-3
Baraka, J., Lawson, D. W., Schaffnit, S. B., Wamoyi, J., & Urassa, M. (2022). Why marry early? Parental influence, agency and gendered conflict in Tanzanian marriages. Evolutionary Human Sciences, 4, Article e49. https://doi.org/10.1017/ehs.2022.46
Barbieri, M., & Hertrich, V. (2005). Age difference between spouses and contraceptive practice in sub-Saharan Africa. Population, 60(5-6), 617–654. https://doi.org/10.2307/4148187
Barcellos, S. H., Carvalho, L. S., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2014). Child gender and parental investments in India: Are boys and girls treated differently? American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 6(1), 157–189. https://doi.og/10.1257/app.6.1.157
Basu, A. M., & Koolwal, G. B. (2005). Two concepts of female empowerment: Some leads from DHS data on women’s status and reproductive health. The DHS Program. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/od32/3.pdf
Basu, K. (2006). Gender and say: A model of household behaviour with endogenously determined balance of power. The Economic Journal, 116(511), 558–580. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01092.x
Batyra, E., & Pesando, L. M. (2024). Increases in child marriage among the poorest in Mali: “Reverse policies” or data quality issues? Population Studies, 78(1), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2023.2181383
Bazzi, S., Cameron, L. A., Schaner, S., & Witoelar, F. (2021). Information, intermediaries, and international migration (NBER Working Paper No. 29588). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3989597
Beaman, L., Chattopadhyay, R., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2009). Powerful women: Does exposure reduce bias? Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(4), 1497–1540. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2009.124.4.1497
Beaman, L., Duflo, E., Pande, R., & Topalova, P. (2010). Political reservation and substantive representation: Evidence from Indian Village Councils. India Policy Forum. https://www.ncaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/4_Lori-Beaman_Esther-Duflo_Rohini-Pande_Petia-Topalova.pdf
___. (2012). Female leadership raises aspirations and educational attainment for girls: A policy experiment in India. Science, 335(6068), 582–586. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1212382
Becchetti, L., & Pelloni, A. (2013). What are we learning from the life satisfaction literature? International Review of Economics, 60, 113–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-013-0177-1
Beckwith, K. (2000). Beyond compare? Women’s movements in comparative perspective. European Journal of Political Research, 37(4), 431–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.00521
Bedoya, G., Belyakova, Y., Coville, A., Escande, T., Isaqzadeh, M., & Ndiaye, A. (2023). The enduring impacts of a big push during multiple crises: Experimental evidence from Afghanistan (Policy Research Working Paper No. 10596). The World Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099837211062311087
Bedoya, G., Coville, A., Haushofer, J., Isaqzadeh, M., & Shapiro, J. (2019). No household left behind: Afghanistan targeting the ultra poor impact evaluation (Policy Research Working Paper No. 8877). The World Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/855831560172245349/no-household-left-behind-afghanistan-targeting-the-ultra-poor-impact-evaluation
Begay, J. L., Chambers, R. A., Rosenstock, S., Kemp, C. G., Lee, A., Lazelere, F., Pinal, L., & Tingey, L. (2023). Assessing the effectiveness of the respecting the circle of life project on condom and contraception self-efficacy among American Indian youth. Prevention Science, 24(2), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-023-01514-4
Behrman, J. A. (2019). Contextual declines in educational hypergamy and intimate partner violence. Social Forces, 97(3), 1257–1282. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy085
Berg, R. C., & Denison, E. (2012). Effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review. Studies in Family Planning, 43(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2012.00311.x
Bergenfeld, I., Cislaghi, B., Yount, K. M., Essaid, A., Sajdi, J., Taleb, R. A., Morrow, G. L., D’souza, J. S., Spencer, R. A., & Clark, C. J. (2021). Diagnosing norms surrounding sexual harassment at a Jordanian university. Frontiers in Sociology, Gender, Sex and Sexualities, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2021.667220
Bergolo, M., & Galván, E. (2018). Intra-household behavioral responses to cash transfer programs. Evidence from a regression discontinuity design. World Development, 103, 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.030
Bernheim, B. D., & Whinston, M. D. (1985). Common marketing agency as a device for facilitating collusion. The RAND Journal of Economics, 16(2), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.2307/2555414
Bernier, Q., & Meinzen-Dick, R. S. (2014). Resilience and social capital. International Food Policy Research Institute. http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/128152
Best, R. H., Shair-Rosenfield, S., & Wood, R. M. (2019). Legislative gender diversity and the resolution of civil conflict. Political Research Quarterly, 72(1), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912918785459
Beyers, J. M., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & Dodge, K. A. (2003). Neighborhood structure, parenting processes, and the development of youths’ externalizing behaviors: A multilevel analysis. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1023018502759
Bhalotra, S. (2010). Fatal fluctuations? Cyclicality in infant mortality in India. Journal of Development Economics, 93(1), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.03.006
Bhalotra, S., Brulé, R., & Roy, S. (2020). Women’s inheritance rights reform and the preference for sons in India. Journal of Development Economics, 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.08.001
Bhalotra, S., Clarke, D., Gomes, J. F., & Venkataramani, A. (2023). Maternal mortality and women’s political power. Journal of the European Economic Association, 21(5), 2172–2208. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvad012
Bhalotra, S., & Clots-Figueras, I. (2014). Health and the political agency of women. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 6(2), 164–197. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.6.2.164
Bhandari, A. (2017). Women’s status and global food security: An overview. Sociology Compass, 11(5), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12479
Bhavnani, R. R. (2009). Do electoral quotas work after they are withdrawn? Evidence from a natural experiment in India. The American Political Science Review, 103(01), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055409090029
Bhutta, Z. A., Bawany, F. A., Feroze, A., Rizvi, A., Thapa, S. J., & Patel, M. (2009). Effects of the crises on child nutrition and health in East Asia and the Pacific. Global Social Policy, 9(Suppl. l), 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018109106888
Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M. F., Walker, N., Horton, S., Webb, P., Lartey, A., & Black, R. E. (2013). Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: What can be done and at what cost? The Lancet, 382(9890), 452–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4
Bhuwania, P., Huh, K., & Heymann, J. (2023). Impact of tuition-free education policy on child marriage and early childbearing: Does secondary matter more? Population and Development Review, 49(1), 43–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12538
Biasi, B., & Sarsons, H. (2022). Flexible wages, bargaining, and the gender gap. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 137(1), 215–266. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjab026
Bick, A. (2016). The quantitative role of child care for female labor force participation and fertility. Journal of the European Economic Association, 14(3), 639–668. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12143
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2018). A conceptual model of women and girls’ empowerment. https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/Documents/BMGF_EmpowermentModel.pdf
Biskupski-Mujanovic, S., & Najjar, D. (2020). Gender and rural women’s collectives literature review. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/12394
Bjorvatn, K., Ferris, D., Gulesci, S., Nasgowitz, A., Somville, V., & Vandewalle, L. (2022). Childcare, labor supply, and business development: Experimental evidence from Uganda (CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP17243). Centre for Economic Policy Research. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4121426
Blanc, A. K. (2001). The effect of power in sexual relationships on sexual and reproductive health: An examination of the evidence. Studies in Family Planning, 32(3), 189–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2001.00189.x
Blanchard, A. K., Prost, A., & Houweling, T. A. J. (2019). Effects of community health worker interventions on socioeconomic inequities in maternal and newborn health in low-income and middle-income countries: A mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Global Health, 4(3), Article e001308. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001308
Blaydes, L. (2023). Assessing the labor conditions of migrant domestic workers in the Arab gulf states. ILR Review, 76(4), 724–747. https://doi.org/10.1177/00197939221147497
Bloom, D., Canning, D., & Sevilla, J. (2003). The demographic dividend: A new perspective on the economic consequences of population change. RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR1274.html
Bloom, S. S., Wypij, D., & Das Gupta, M. (2001). Dimensions of women’s autonomy and the influence on maternal health care utilization in a north Indian city. Demography, 38, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2001.0001
Blumenstock, J., & Eagle, N. (2010). Mobile divides: Gender, socioeconomic status, and mobile phone use in Rwanda. ACM Int Conf Proc Ser. ICTD ’10: Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1145/2369220.2369225
Boevink, W., Kroon, H., Delespaul, P., & Van Os, J. (2016). Empowerment according to persons with severe mental illness: Development of the Netherlands Empowerment List and its psychometric properties. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 7(01), 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2017.71002
Bongaarts, J., & Guilmoto, C. Z. (2015). How many more missing women? Excess female mortality and prenatal sex selection, 1970–2050. Population and Development Review, 41(2), 241–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00046.x
Bonilla, J., Zarzur, R. C., Handa, S., Nowlin, C., Peterman, A., Ring, H., & Seidenfeld, D. (2017). Cash for women’s empowerment? A mixed-methods evaluation of the government of Zambia’s Child Grant Program. World Development, 95, 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.017
Bossuroy, T., Goldstein, M., Karimou, B., Karlan, D., Kazianga, H., Parienté, W., Premand, P., Thomas, C. C., Udry, C., Vaillant, J., & Wright, K. A. (2022). Tackling psychosocial and capital constraints to alleviate poverty. Nature, 605(7909), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04647-8
Boyer, K. (2023). Sexual harassment and claiming the right to everyday life. Activist Feminist Geographies, 46(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03091325211024340
Boyle, E. H., & Corl, A. C. (2010). Law and culture in a global context: Interventions to eradicate female genital cutting. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 6(1), 195–215.
Brassiolo, P. (2016). Domestic violence and divorce law: When divorce threats become credible. Journal of Labor Economics, 34(2), 443–477. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/683666
Brody, C., De Hoop, T., Vojtkova, M., Warnock, R., Dunbar, M., Murthy, P., & Dworkin, S. L. (2015). Economic self‐help group programs for improving women’s empowerment: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 11(1), 1–182. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2015.19
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
___. (1986). Recent advances in research on the ecology of human development. In R. K. Silbereisen, K. Eyferth, & G. Rudinger (Eds.), Development as action in context: Problem behavior and normal youth development (pp. 287–309). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02475-1_15
Brundtland, G. (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our common future (Document No. A/42/427). United Nations General Assembly. http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-ov.htm
Bryan, E., Alvi, M., Huyer, S., & Ringler, C. (2023). Addressing gender inequalities and strengthening women’s agency to create more climate-resilient and sustainable food systems (Impact Platform Working Paper No. 13). CGIAR GENDER Impact Platform. https://gender.cgiar.org/publications/addressing-gender-inequalities-and-strengthening-womens-agency-climate-resilient-and
Bryan, E., & Mekonnen, D. (2023). Does small-scale irrigation provide a pathway to women’s empowerment? Lessons from Northern Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 97, 474–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.12.035
Buchmann, N., Field, E. M., Glennerster, R., Nazneen, S., & Wang, X. Y. (2021). A signal to end child marriage: Theory and experimental evidence from Bangladesh (NBER Working Paper No. 29052). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w29052
Buehren, N., Goldstein, M., Gulesci, S., Sulaiman, M., & Yam, V. (2017). Evaluation of an adolescent development program for girls in Tanzania (Working Paper No. 7961). The Working Bank. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2913320
Buller, A. M., Peterman, A., Ranganathan, M., Bleile, A., Hidrobo, M., & Heise, L. (2018). A mixed-method review of cash transfers and intimate partner violence in low- and middle-income countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 33(2), 218–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lky002
Burke, E., Pyle, M., Machin, K., Varese, F., & Morrison, A. P. (2019). The effects of peer support on empowerment, self-efficacy, and internalized stigma: A narrative synthesis and meta-analysis. Stigma and Health, 4(3), 337–356. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/sah0000148
Cadenas, G. A., Liu, L., Li, K. M., & Beachy, S. (2022). Promoting critical consciousness, academic performance, and persistence among graduate students experiencing class-based oppression. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 15(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000250
Caldwell, J. C. (1979). Education as a factor in mortality decline: An examination of Nigerian data. Population Studies, 33(3), 395–413. https://doi.org/10.2307/2173888
Calvès, A. E. (2009). Empowerment: The history of a key concept in contemporary development. Revue Tiers-Monde, 200(4). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282978215_Empowerment_The_History_of_a_Key_Concept_in_Contemporary_Development_Discourse
Calvi, R. (2020). Why are older women missing in India? The age profile of bargaining power and poverty. Journal of Political Economy, 128(7), 2453–2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/706983
Campos, F., Frese, M., Goldstein, M., Iacovone, L., Johnson, H. C., McKenzie, D., & Mensmann, M. (2017). Teaching personal initiative beats traditional training in boosting small business in West Africa. Science, 357(6357), 1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan5329
Carlson, G. J., Kordas, K., & Murray-Kolb, L. E. (2015). Associations between women’s autonomy and child nutritional status: A review of the literature. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 11(4), 452–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12113
Carranza, E. (2014). Soil endowments, female labor force participation, and the demographic deficit of women in India. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 6(4), 197–225. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.6.4.197
Carranza, E., Donald, A., Grosset, F., & Kaur, S. (2022). The social tax: Redistributive pressure and labor supply (NBER No. w30438). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4216224
Caruso, B. A., Conrad, A., Patrick, M., Owens, A., Kviten, K., Zarella, O., Rogers, H., & Sinharoy, S. S. (2022). Water, sanitation, and women’s empowerment: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis. PLoS Water, 1, Article e0000026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000026
Cassidy, R., Bruinderink, M. G., Janssens, W., & Morsink, K. (2021). The power to protect: Household bargaining and female condom use. Journal of Development Economics, 153, Article 102745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102745
Castilla, C. (2018). Political role models and child marriage in India. Review of Development Economics, 22(4), 1409–1431. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12513
Cavalcanti, T., & Tavares, J. (2016). The output cost of gender discrimination: A model-based macroeconomics estimate. Economic Journal, 126(590), 109–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12303
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Improving social connectedness. https://www.cdc.gov/social-connectedness/about/index.html
Chang, W., Diaz-Martin, L., Gopalan, A., Guarnieri, E., Jayachandran, S., & Walsh, C. (2020). What works to enhance women’s agency: Cross-cutting lessons from experimental and quasi-experimental studies (J-PAL Working Paper No. 87). Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab. https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/research-paper/gender_womens-agency-review_2020-march-05.pdf
Chao, F., Gerland, P., Cook, A. R., & Alkema, L. (2019). Systematic assessment of the sex ratio at birth for all countries and estimation of national imbalances and regional reference levels. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(19), 9303–9311. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1812593116
Chatterjee, E., & Desai, S. (2019). Physical versus imagined communities: Migration and women’s autonomy in India. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(14), 2977–2996. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1585016
Chatterjee, E., Desai, S., & Vanneman, R. (2018). Indian paradox: Rising education, declining womens’ employment. Demographic Research, 38, 855–878. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.31
Chatterji, S., Johns, N., Ghule, M., Begum, S., Averbach, S., Battala, M., & Raj, A. (2023). Examining the longitudinal relationship between intimate partner violence and couples’ marital quality in rural India. Journal of Family Violence, 38(1), 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-022-00363-z
Chattopadhyay, R., & Duflo, E. (2004). Women as policy makers: Evidence from a randomized policy experiment in India. Econometrica, 72(5), 1409–1443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2004.00539.x
Chaturvedi, S. (2019). Global evidence on the impact of center-based quality childcare on maternal employment and early childhood development outcomes (IWWAGE Working Paper Series No. 1). Initiative for What Works to Advance Women and Girls in the Economy. https://iwwage.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/ChildcareseriesPaper1_compressed.pdf
Chiappori, P.-A. (1992). Collective labor supply and welfare. Journal of Political Economy, 100(3), 437–467. https://doi.org/10.1086/261825
___. (1997). Introducing household production in collective models of labor supply. Journal of Political Economy, 105(1), 191–209. https://doi.org/10.1086/262071
Chiappori, P.-A., Fortin, B., & Lacroix, G. (2002). Marriage market, divorce legislation, and household labor supply. Journal of Political Economy, 110(1), 37–72. https://doi.org/10.1086/324385
Chioda, L., Contreras-Loya, D., Gertler, P., & Carney, D. (2023). Making entrepreneurs: The return to training youth in hard versus soft business skills (CEDIL Research Project Paper No. 11). Centre of Excellence for Development Impact and Learning. https://doi.org/10.51744/CRPP11
Chiplunkar, G., & Goldberg, P. K. (2023). Aggregate implications of barriers to female entrepreneurship (NBER Working Paper No. 28486). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3790224
Chiplunkar, G., & Weaver, J. (2023). Marriage markets and the rise of dowry in India (IZA Discussion Paper No. 16135). IZA Institute of Labor Economics. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4447097
Cho, S.-Y. (2018). A bride deficit and marriage migration in South Korea. International Migration, 56(6), 100–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12432
Chowa, G. (2019). The next frontier for social development: Deepening our understanding, discovering new solutions, and forging ahead. Global Social Welfare, 6, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40609-019-00145-4
Christian, P. (2010). Impact of the economic crisis and increase in food prices on child mortality: Exploring nutritional pathways. The Journal of Nutrition, 140(1), 177S–181S. https://doi.org/10.3945%2Fjn.109.111708
Clark, S. (2000). Son preference and sex composition of children: Evidence from India. Demography, 37(1), 95–108. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10748992/
Clark, S., Kabiru, C. W., Laszlo, S., & Muthuri, S. (2019). The impact of childcare on poor urban women’s economic empowerment in Africa. Demography, 56(4), 1247–1272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00793-3
Clarke, D., & Mühlrad, H. (2021). Abortion laws and women’s health. Journal of Health Economics, 76, Article 102413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102413
Clarke, D. J., & Kumar, N. (2016). Microinsurance decisions: Gendered evidence from rural Bangladesh. Gender, Technology and Development, 20(2), 218–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971852416639784
Clayton, A. (2021). How do electoral gender quotas affect policy? Annual Review of Political Science, 24, 235–252. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102019
Clemens, M. A. (2011). Economics and emigration: Trillion-dollar bills on the sidewalk? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25(3), 83–106. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.25.3.83
Clots-Figueras, I. (2011). Women in politics: Evidence from the Indian States. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7-8), 664–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.017
Coale, A. J. (1991). Excess female mortality and the balance of the sexes in the population: An estimate of the number of “missing females.” Population and Development Review, 17(3), 517–523. https://doi.org/10.2307/1971953
Coale, A. J., & Banister, J. (1994). Five decades of missing females in China. Demography, 31(3), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061752
Coale, A. J., & Hoover, E. M. (1958). Population growth and economic development in low-income countries: A case study of India’s prospects. Princeton University Press.
Coall, D. A., & Hertwig, R. (2010). Grandparental investment: Past, present, and future. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X09991105
Coffey, D., Hathi, P., Khurana, N., & Thorat, A. (2018). Explicit prejudice. Economic and Political Weekly, 53(1), 46–54. https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/1/special-articles/explicit-prejudice.html
Coffey, D., Khera, R., & Spears, D. (2022). Mothers’ social status and children’s health: Evidence from joint households in rural India. Demography, 59(5), 1981–2002. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-10217164
Cools, S., & Kotsadam, A. (2017). Resources and intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 95, 211–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.027
Corno, L., Hildebrandt, N., & Voena, A. (2020). Age of marriage, weather shocks, and the direction of marriage payments. Econometrica, 88, 879–915. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA15505
Corno, L., & Voena, A. (2023). Child marriage as informal insurance: Empirical evidence and policy simulations. Journal of Development Economics, 162, Article 103047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103047
Crisman, B., Dykstra, S., Kenny, C., & O’Donnell, M. (2016). The impact of legislation on the hazard of female genital mutilation/cutting: Regression discontinuity evidence from Burkina Faso (Working Paper No. 432). Center for Global Development. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/impact-legislation-hazard-female-genital-mutilationcutting-regression-discontinuity
Croft, T. N., Allen, C. K., Zachary, B. W., et al. (2023). Guide to DHS statistics. ICF. https://dhsprogram.com/data/Guide-to-DHS-Statistics/index.cfm
Cuberes, D., & Teignier, M. (2014). Gender inequality and economic growth: A critical review. Journal of International Development, 26(2), 260–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2983
___. (2016). Aggregate effects of gender gaps in the labor market: A quantitative estimate. Journal of Human Capital, 10(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1086/683847
Dahl, A. L. (2012). Human development: A vision of well-being. International Environment Forum. https://iefworld.org/ddahl12m
Dahlum, S., Knutsen, C. H., & Mechkova, V. (2022). Women’s political empowerment and economic growth. World Development, 156, Article 105822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105822
Dalal, K., Yasmin, M., Dahlqvist, H., & Klein, G. O. (2022). Do electronic and economic empowerment protect women from intimate partner violence (IPV) in India? BMC Women’s Health, 22(1). https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12905-022-02110-4
Das, S., Department of Public Health & Mortality Studies, & Singh, R. R. (2023). Does empowering women influence maternal healthcare service utilization? Evidence from National Family Health Survey-5, India. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 28, 679–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-023-03823-0
Das Gupta, M. (1987). Selective discrimination against female children in rural Punjab, India. Population and Development Review, 13(1), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972121
Das Gupta, M., & Bhat, P. N. M. (1997). Fertility decline and increased manifestation of sex bias in India. Population Studies, 51(3), 307–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000150076
Das Gupta, M., Zhenghua, J., Bohua, L., Zhenming, X., Chung, W., & Hwa-Ok, B. (2003). Why is son preference so persistent in East and South Asia? A cross-country study of China, India and the Republic of Korea. Journal of Development Studies, 40(2), 153–187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220380412331293807
De Azevedo, T. A., Davis, J., & Charles, M. (2013). Testing “What Works in Youth Employment”: Evaluating Kenya’s Ninaweza Program. International Youth Foundation.
de Barros, R. P., Olinto, P., Lunde, T., & Caralho, M. (2013). The impact of access to free childcare on women’s labor market outcomes: Evidence from a randomized trial in low-income neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro. EnGender Impact, The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/672391468231860498/The-impact-of-access-to-free-childcare-on-womens-labor-market-outcomes-evidence-from-a-randomized-trial-in-low-income-neighborhoods-of-Rio-de-Janeiro
de Brauw, A., Gilligan, D. O., Hoddinott, J., & Roy, S. (2014). The impact of Bolsa Família on women’s decision-making power. World Development, 59, 487–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.003
de Brauw, A., & Peterman, A. (2020). Can conditional cash transfers improve maternal health care? Evidence from El Salvador’s Comunidades Solidarias Rurales program. Health Economics, 29(6), 700–715. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.4012
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality. In R. A. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1990: Perspectives on motivation (pp. 237–288). University of Nebraska Press.
Decker, M. R., Wood, S. N., Ndinda, E., Yenokyan, G., Sinclair, J., Maksud, N., Ross, B., Omondi, B., & Ndirangu, M. (2018). Sexual violence among adolescent girls and young women in Malawi: A cluster-randomized controlled implementation trial of empowerment self-defense training. BMC Public Health, 18(1), Article 1341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6220-0
DeGue, S., Valle, L. A., Holt, M. K., Massetti, G. M., Matjasko, J. L., & Tharp, A. T. (2014). A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(4), 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.05.004
De Hoop, J., Premand, P., Rosati, F., & Vakis, R. (2018). Women’s economic capacity and children’s human capital accumulation. Journal of Population Economics, 31(2), 453–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-017-0656-x
Deininger, K., Goyal, A., & Nagarajan, H. (2013). Inheritance law reform and women’s access to capital evidence from India’s Hindu Succession Act (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5338). The World Bank. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1625154
Deininger, K., Nagarajan, H. K., & Singh, S. K. (2020). Women’s political leadership and economic empowerment: Evidence from public works in India. Journal of Comparative Economics, 48(2), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2019.12.003
Delavallade, C., Dizon, F., Hill, R. V., & Petraud, J. P. (2015). Managing risk with insurance and savings: Experimental evidence for male and female farm managers in the Sahel (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7176). The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/684751524225397389
Delea, M., Sinharoy, S., Cheong, Y. F., Heckert, J., Seymour, G., Meinzen-Dick, R. S., & Yount, K. M. (2021). The Group-Related Collective Agency Scales (GCAS-23 and GCAS-12)–Full and short form scales for construct measurement. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4004711
De Neve, J.-E., & Sachs, J. D. (2020). Chapter 6: Sustainable development and human well-being. In J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, J. D. Sachs, & J. E. De Neve (Eds.), World happiness report 2020. Sustainable Development Solutions Network. https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2020/sustainable-development-and-human-well-being/
De Pinto, A., Seymour, G., Bryan, E., & Bhandari, P. (2020). Women’s empowerment and farmland allocations in Bangladesh: Evidence of a possible pathway to crop diversification. Climatic Change, 163, 1025–1043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-020-02925-w
Desai, M. A. (2010). Hope in hard times: Women’s empowerment and human development (UNDP-HDRO Occasional Papers No. 2010/14). https://ssrn.com/abstract=2351509
Desai, S., & Alva, S. (1998). Maternal education and child health: Is there a strong causal relationship? Demography, 35(1), 71–81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9512911/
Desai, S., & Andrist, L. (2010). Gender scripts and age at marriage in India. Demography, 47(3), 667–687. https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fdem.0.0118
Desai, S., & Johnson, K. (2005). Women’s decisionmaking and child health: Familial and social hierarchies. In S. Kishor (Ed.), A focus on gender. ORC Macro.
Devereux, S. (2001). Livelihood insecurity and social protection: A re‐emerging issue in rural development. Development Policy Review, 19(4), 507–519. https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/12093123.pdf
Dey, A., Singh, G., & Gupta, A. K. (2018). Women and climate stress: Role reversal from beneficiaries to expert participants. World Development, 103, 336–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.026
Dharmalingam, A., & Philip Morgan, S. (1996). Women’s work, autonomy, and birth control: Evidence from two South Indian villages. Population Studies, 50(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000149296
Diemer, M. A., Rapa, L. J., Park, C. J., & Perry, J. C. (2017). Development and validation of the Critical Consciousness Scale. Youth & Society, 49(4), 461–483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X14538289
Diop, N. J., & Askew, I. (2009). The effectiveness of a community‐based education program on abandoning female genital mutilation/cutting in Senegal. Studies in Family Planning, 40(4), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2009.00213.x
Doepke, M., & Tertilt, M. (2019). Does female empowerment promote economic development? Journal of Economic Growth, 24, 309–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-019-09172-4
Donald, A., Goldstein, M., & Rouanet, L. (2022). Two heads are better than one: Agricultural production and investment in Côte D’Ivoire (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 10047). The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10047
Donald, A., Koolwal, G., Annan, J., Falb, K., & Goldstein, M. (2017). Measuring women’s agency (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 8148). SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3006222
___. (2020). Measuring women’s agency. Feminist Economics, 26(3), 200–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1683757
Donald, A., Lowes, S., & Vaillant, J. (2023). Experimental evidence on rural childcare provision. https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f203417.pdf
Donald, A. A., Goldstein, M., Koroknay-Palicz, T., & Sage, M. (2024). The fertility impacts of development programs (Impact Evaluation Series Policy Research Working Paper). The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099518407102437684/IDU1699f7acb16ca614fe4199601d8d3c9a94a76
Donato, K. M., Alexander, J. T., Gabaccia, D. R., & Leinonen, J. (2011). Variations in the gender composition of immigrant populations: How they matter. International Migration Review, 45(3), 495–526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2011.00856.x
Dong, X. (2022). Intrahousehold property ownership, women’s bargaining power, and family structure. Labour Economics, 78, Article 102239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102239
Doss, C. R. (1996). Testing among models of intrahousehold resource allocation. World Development, 24(10), 1597–1609. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00063-0
___. (2013). Intrahousehold bargaining and resource allocation in developing countries (The World Bank Working Paper No. 6337). The World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/701071468155969077/pdf/wps6337.pdf
Dovis, M., Augier, P., & Sadania, C. (2021). Labor market shocks and youths’ time allocation in Egypt: Where does women’s empowerment come in? Economic Development and Cultural Change, 69(4), 1501–1540. https://doi.org/10.1086/705713
Doyle, K., Levtov, R. G., Barker, G., Bastian, G. G., Bingenheimer, J. B., Kazimbaya, S., Nzabonimpa, A., Pulerwitz, J., Sayinzoga, F., Sharma, V., & Shattuck, D. (2018). Gender-transformative Bandebereho couples’ intervention to promote male engagement in reproductive and maternal health and violence prevention in Rwanda: Findings from a randomized controlled trial. PLOS One, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192756
Doyle, K., Levtov, R. G., Karamage, E., Rakshit, D., Kazimbaya, S., Sayinzoga, F., Sibomana, H., Ngayaboshya, S., Rutayisire, F., & Barker, G. (2023). Long-term impacts of the Bandebereho programme on violence against women and children, maternal health-seeking, and couple relations in Rwanda: A six-year follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. eClinicalMedicine, 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102233
Duflo, E. (2003). Grandmothers and granddaughters: Old-age pensions and intrahousehold allocation in South Africa. The World Bank Economic Review, 17(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhg013
___. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(4), 1051–1079. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.4.1051
Duflo, E., Dupas, P., & Kremer, M. (2015). Education, HIV, and early fertility: Experimental evidence from Kenya. American Economic Review, 105(9), 2757–2797. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20121607
Duflo, E., Dupas, P., Spelke, E., & Walsh, M. (2024). Intergenerational impacts of secondary education: Experimental evidence from Ghana (Working Paper). The American Economic Association. https://www.nber.org/papers/w32742
Dupas, P. (2011). Do teenagers respond to HIV risk information? Evidence from a field experiment in Kenya. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.3.1.1
Dupas, P., & Jain, R. (2024). Women left behind: Gender disparities in utilization of government health insurance in India (NBER Working Paper No. 28972). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3875139
Dupas, P., & Robinson, J. (2013). Why don’t the poor save more? Evidence from health savings experiments. American Economic Review, 103(4), 1138–1171. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.4.1138
Duvendack, M., & Mader, P. (2020). Impact of financial inclusion in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of reviews. Journal of Economic Surveys, 34(3), 594–629. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2019.2
Dyson, T., & Moore, M. (1983). On kinship structure, female autonomy, and demographic behavior in India. Population and Development Review, 9(1), 35–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972894
Edmeades, J., Hinson, L., Sebany, M., & Murithi, L. (2018). A conceptual framework for reproductive empowerment: Empowering individuals and couples to improve their health [Issue Brief]. International Center for Research on Women. https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ICRW_ReproEmpowerment_ConceptualFramework_Brief_WebReady_v14.pdf
Edmonds, E. V., Feigenberg, B., & Leight, J. (2023). Advancing the agency of adolescent girls. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 105(4), 852–866. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_01074
Eger, C., Miller, G., & Scarles, C. (2018). Gender and capacity building: A multi-layered study of empowerment. World Development, 106, 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.024
Eggers del Campo, I., & Steinert, J. I. (2022). The effect of female economic empowerment interventions on the risk of intimate partner violence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(3), 810–826. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020976088
Elder, G. H., Jr. (1995). The life course paradigm: Social change and individual development. In P. Moen, G. H. Elder, Jr., & K. K. Lüscher (Eds.), Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development (pp. 101–139). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10176-003
Engle, P. L., Scrimshaw, S. C. M., & Smidt, R. (1984). Sex differences in attitudes towards newborn infants among women of Mexican origin. Medical Anthropology, 8(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.1984.9965897
Evans, A., & Nambiar, D. (2013). Collective action and women’s agency: A background paper (The World Bank Working Paper No. 92758). The World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/511631468154151855/pdf/927580NWP0Wome00Box385358B00PUBLIC0.pdf
Ewerling, F., Raj, A., Victora, C. G., Hellwig, F., Coll, C. V., & Barros, A. J. (2020). SWPER Global: A survey-based women’s empowerment index expanded from Africa to all low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Global Health, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020434
Ezenwaka, U., Manzano, A., Onyedinma, C., Ogbozor, P., Agbawodikeizu, U., Etiaba, E., Ensor, T., Onwujekwe, O., Ebenso, B., Uzochukwu, B., & Mirzoev, T. (2021). Influence of conditional cash transfers on the uptake of maternal and child health services in Nigeria: Insights from a mixed-methods study. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.670534
Fafchamps, M., Kebede, B., & Quisumbing, A. R. (2009). Intrahousehold welfare in rural Ethiopia. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71(4), 567–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2009.00553.x
Farnworth, C. R., Hà, T. T., Sander, B. O., Wollenberg, E., De Haan, N. C., & McGuire, S. (2017). Incorporating gender into low-emission development: A case study from Vietnam. Gender, Technology and Development, 21(1-2), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2017.1385314
Farnsworth, S. K., Böse, K., Fajobi, O., Souza, P. P., Peniston, A., Davidson, L. L., Griffiths, M., & Hodgins, S. (2014). Community engagement to enhance child survival and early development in low-and middle-income countries: An evidence review. Journal of Health Communication, 19, 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2014.941519
Fatehkia, M., Kashyap, R., & Weber, I. (2018) Using Facebook ad data to track the global digital gender gap. World Development, 107, 189–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.03.007
Fawole, O. I., & Adeoye, I. A. (2015). Women’s status within the household as a determinant of maternal health care use in Nigeria. African Health Sciences, 15(1), 217–225. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i1.28
Feldman, B. S., Zaslavsky, A. M., Ezzati, M., Peterson, K. E., & Mitchell, M. (2009). Contraceptive use, birth spacing, and autonomy: An analysis of the Oportunidades program in rural Mexico. Studies in Family Planning, 40(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2009.00186.x
Ferrant, G., & Tuccio, M. (2015). South–south migration and discrimination against women in social institutions: A two-way relationship. World Development, 72, 240–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.03.002
Ferrant, G., Tuccio, M., Loiseau, E., & Nowacka, K. (2014). The role of discriminatory social institutions in female South-South migration (OECD Report). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/45d3a024-en
Fiala, N., Garcia-Hernandez, A., Narula, K., & Prakash, N. (2022). Wheels of change: Transforming girls’ lives with bicycles (CESifo Working Paper No. 9865). CESifo Group. https://www.cesifo.org/DocDL/cesifo1_wp9865.pdf
Field, E., Jayachandran, S., & Pande, R. (2010). Do traditional institutions constrain female entrepreneurship? A field experiment on business training in India. American Economic Review, 100(2), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.125
Field, E., Pande, R., Rigol, N., Schaner, S., & Moore, C. T. (2021). On her own account: How strengthening women’s financial control impacts labor supply and gender norms. American Economic Review, 111(7), 2342–2375. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200705
Finlay, J. E., & Lee, M. A. (2018). Identifying causal effects of reproductive health improvements on women’s economic empowerment through the population poverty research initiative. The Milbank Quarterly, 96(2), 300–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12326
Flake, D. F. (2005). Individual, family, and community risk markers for domestic violence in Peru. Violence Against Women, 11(3), 353–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204272129
Fleming, P. J., Silverman, J., Ghule, M., Ritter, J., Battala, M., Velhal, G., Nair, S., Dasgupta, A., Donta, B., Saggurti, N., & Raj, A. (2018). Can a gender equity and family planning intervention for men change their gender ideology? Results from the CHARM intervention in rural India. Studies in Family Planning, 49(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/sifp.12047
Folbre, N. (1995). Engendering economics: New perspectives on women, work, and demographic change. In M. Bruno & B. Pleskovic (Eds.), Proceedings of the Annual World Bank conference on development economics (pp. 127–153). The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/887251468764143753
Foner, N. (2009). Gender and migration: West Indians in comparative perspective. International Migration, 47(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2008.00480.x
Food and Agriculture Organization. (2023). The status of women in agrifood systems. The United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en
Forsyth, S., & Ward, K. P. (2022). Media use and men’s approval of intimate partner violence in Honduras. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(13–14), NP11541–NP11556. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260521993926
Frankenberger, T., Mueller, M., Spangler, T., & Alexander, S. (2013). Community resilience: Conceptual framework and measurement feed the future learning agenda [Issue Brief]. https://agrilinks.org/sites/default/files/resource/files/FTF%20Learning_Agenda_Community_Resilience_Oct%202013.pdf
Freire, P. (1978). Pedagogy of the oppressed. In J. Beck, C. Jenks, & N. Keddie (Eds.), Toward a sociology of education. Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429339530-34/pedagogy-oppressed-paulo-freire
Friedemann-Sánchez, G. (2006). Assets in intrahousehold bargaining among women workers in Colombia’s cut-flower industry. Feminist Economics, 12(1–2), 247–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700500508551
Fujiwara, T. (2015), Voting technology, political responsiveness, and infant health: Evidence from Brazil. Econometrica, 83(2), 423–464. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA11520
Fukuda-Parr, S. (2003). The human development paradigm, operationalizing Sen’s ideas on capabilities. Feminist Economics, 9(2–3), 301–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354570022000077980
Fukuyama, F. (2001). Social capital, civil society and developme. Third World Quarterly, 22(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/713701144
Galiè, A., & Farnworth, C. R. (2019). Power through: A new concept in the empowerment discourse. Global Food Security, 21, 13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.07.001
Galvin, L., Verissimo, C. K., Ambikapathi, R., Gunaratna, N. S., Rudnicka, P., Sunseri, A., Jeong, J., O’Malley, S. F., Yousafzai, A. K., Sando, M. M., Mosha, D., Kumalija, E., Connolly, H., PrayGod, G., Endyke-Doran, C., & Kieffer, M. P. (2023). Effects of engaging fathers and bundling nutrition and parenting interventions on household gender equality and women’s empowerment in rural Tanzania: Results from EFFECTS, a five-arm cluster-randomized controlled trial. Social Science & Medicine, 324, Article 115869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115869
Gammage, S., Kabeer, N., & van der Meulen Rodgers, Y. (2016). Voice and agency: Where are we now? Feminist Economics, 22(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1101308
García-Moreno, C., Pallitto, C., Devries, K., Stöckl, H., Watts, C., & Abrahams, N. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/85239/9789241564625_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Gardner, N., Cui, J., & Coiacetto, E. (2017). Harassment on public transport and its impacts on women’s travel behaviour. Australian Planner, 54(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2017.1299189
Garg, P., Das, M., Goyal, L. D., & Verma, M. (2021). Trends and correlates of intimate partner violence experienced by ever-married women of India: Results from National Family Health Survey round III and IV. BMC Public Health, 21, Article 2012. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12028-5
Garikipati, S. (2008). The impact of lending to women on household vulnerability and women’s empowerment: Evidence from India. World Development, 36(12), 2620–2642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.11.008
Garro, L. (2000). Remembering what one knows and the construction of the past: A comparison of cultural consensus theory and cultural schema theory. Ethos, 28, 275–319. https://doi.org/10.1525/eth.2000.28.3.275
Gasper, D. (1997). Sen’s capability approach and Nussbaum’s capabilities ethic. Journal of International Development, 9(2), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199703)9:2%3C281::AID-JID438%3E3.0.CO;2-K
Gewirth, A. (1992). Human dignity as the basis of rights. In M. J. Meyer & W. A. Parent (Eds.), The constitution of rights (pp. 10–28). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501737213-003
Ghanotakis, E., Hoke, T., Wilcher, R., Field, S., Mercer, S., Bobrow, E. A., Namubiru, M., Katirayi, L. & Mandera, I. (2017). Evaluation of a male engagement intervention to transform gender norms and improve family planning and HIV service uptake in Kabale, Uganda. Global Public Health, 12(10), 1297–1314. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1168863
Ghurye, G. S. (1955). Family and kin in Indo-European culture. Oxford University Press. https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4182/page/n8/mode/1up
Gibbs, A., & Hatcher, A. (2020). Covert family planning as a symbol of agency for young, married women. EClinicalMedicine, 23, Article 100393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100393
Gichuru, W., Ojha, S., Smith, S., Smyth, A. R., & Szatkowski, L. (2019). Is microfinance associated with changes in women’s well-being and children’s nutrition? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023658
Gitter, S. R., & Barham, B. L. (2008). Women’s power, conditional cash transfers, and schooling in Nicaragua. The World Bank Economic Review, 22(2), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhn006
Givord, P., & Marbot, C. (2015). Does the cost of child care affect female labor market participation? An evaluation of a French reform of childcare subsidies. Labour Economics, 36, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2015.07.003
Glaub, M. E., Frese, M., Fischer, S., & Hoppe, M. (2014). Increasing personal initiative in small business managers or owners leads to entrepreneurial success: A theory-based controlled randomized field intervention for evidence-based management. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13(3), 354–379. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2013.0234
Goldstein, M., Gonzalez, P., Papineni, S., & Wimpey, J. (2022). Childcare, COVID-19 and female firm exit: Impact of COVID-19 school closure policies on global gender gaps in business outcomes (The World Bank Working Paper No. 10012). The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099801504202219533
González, L., & Viitanen, T. K. (2009). The effect of divorce laws on divorce rates in Europe. European Economic Review, 53(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2008.05.005
Gourlay, A., Floyd, S., Magut, F., Mulwa, S., Mthiyane, N., Wambiya, E., Otieno, M., Kamire, V., Osindo, J., & Chimbindi, N. (2022). Impact of the DREAMS Partnership on social support and general self-efficacy among adolescent girls and young women: Causal analysis of population-based cohorts in Kenya and South Africa. BMJ Global Health, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006965
Graham, L. M., Ranapurwala, S. I., Zimmer, C., Macy, R. J., Rizo, C. F., Lanier, P., & Martin, S. L. (2021). Disparities in potential years of life lost due to intimate partner violence: Data from 16 states for 2006–2015. PLOS One, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246477
Gram, L., Morrison, J., & Skordis-Worrall, J. (2019). Organising concepts of “women’s empowerment” for measurement: A typology. Social Indicators Research, 143(3), 1349–1376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-2012-2
Gray, J. (2014). Scales of cultural influence: Malawian consumption of foreign media. Media, Culture & Society, 36, 982–997. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344371453608
Green, E. P., Blattman, C., Jamison, J., & Annan, J. (2015). Women’s entrepreneurship and intimate partner violence: A cluster randomized trial of microenterprise assistance and partner participation in post-conflict Uganda (SSM-D-14-01580R1). Social Science & Medicine, 133, 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.042
Grépin, K. A., & Bharadwaj, P. (2015). Maternal education and child mortality in Zimbabwe. Journal of Health Economics, 44, 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.08.003
Grillos, T. (2018). Women’s participation in environmental decision-making: Quasi-experimental evidence from northern Kenya. World Development, 108, 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.03.017
Grogan, L. (2023). Manufacturing employment and women’s agency: Evidence from Lesotho 2004–2014. Journal of Development Economics, 160, Article 102951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102951
Groysberg, B. (2010). Chasing stars: The myth of talent and the portability of performance. Princeton University Press. https://archive.org/details/chasingstarsmyth0000groy
Guha, M., Baschieri, A., Bharat, S., Bhatnagar, T., Sane, S. S., Godbole, S. V., Saravanamurthy, P. S., Mainkar, M. K., Williams, J., & Collumbien, M. (2012). Risk reduction and perceived collective efficacy and community support among female sex workers in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, India: The importance of context. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 66(Suppl. 2), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2011-200562
Guirkinger, C., Gross, J., & Platteau, J. P. (2021). Are women emancipating? Evidence from marriage, divorce and remarriage in rural northern Burkina Faso. World Development, 146, Article 105512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105512
Gurbuz Cuneo, A., Vaillant, J., Koussoubé, E., Pierotti, R. S., Falb, K., & Kabeya, R. (2023). Prevention, cessation, or harm reduction: Heterogeneous effects of an intimate partner violence prevention program in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLOS One, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282339
Gurrieri, L., Prothero, A., Bettany, S., Dobscha, S., Drenten, J., Ferguson, S., Finkelstein, S., McVey, L., Ourahmoune, N., Steinfield, L., & Zayer, L. T. (2022). Feminist academic organizations: Challenging sexism through collective mobilizing across research, support, and advocacy. Gender, Work & Organization, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12912
Hahn, Y., Islam, A., Nuzhat, K., Smyth, R., & Yang, H. S. (2018). Education, marriage, and fertility: Long-term evidence from a female stipend program in Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 66(2), 383–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694930
Halim, N., Yount, K. M., Cunningham, S. A., & Pande, R. P. (2016). Women’s political empowerment and investments in primary schooling in India. Social Indicators Research, 125(3), 813–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0870-4
Hallfors, D., Cho, H., Rusakaniko, S., Iritani, B., Mapfumo, J., & Halpern, C. (2011). Supporting adolescent orphan girls to stay in school as HIV risk prevention: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Zimbabwe. American Journal of Public Health, 101(6), 1082–1088. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2010.300042
Hallward-Driemeier, M., & Gajigo, O. (2015). Strengthening economic rights and women’s occupational choice: The impact of reforming Ethiopia’s family law. World Development, 70(C), 260–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.01.008
Handa, S., Halpern, C. T., Pettifor, A., & Thirumurthy, H. (2014). The government of Kenya’s cash transfer program reduces the risk of sexual debut among young people age 15-25. PLOS One, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085473
Handa, S., Palermo, T., Rosenberg, M., Pettifor, A., Halpern, C. T., & Thirumurthy, H. (2017). How does a national poverty programme influence sexual debut among Kenyan adolescents? Global Public Health, 12(5), 617–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2015.1134617
Handa, S., Peterman, A., Davis, B., & Stampini, M. (2009). Opening up Pandora’s box: The effect of gender targeting and conditionality on household spending behavior in Mexico’s Progresa program. World Development, 37(6), 1129–1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.10.005
Handa, S., Peterman, A., Huang, C., Halpern, C., Pettifor, A., & Thirumurthy, H. (2015). Impact of the Kenya cash transfer for orphans and vulnerable children on early pregnancy and marriage of adolescent girls. Social Science and Medicine, 141, 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.024
Haque, R., Alam, K., Rahman, S. M., Keramet, S. A., & Al-Hanawi, M. K. (2021). Women’s empowerment and fertility decision-making in 53 low and middle resource countries: A pooled analysis of demographic and health surveys. BMJ Open, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045952
Harris-Fry, H. A., Azad, K., Younes, L., Kuddus, A., Shaha, S., Nahar, T., Hossen, M., Costello, A., & Fottrell, E. (2016). Formative evaluation of a participatory women’s group intervention to improve reproductive and women’s health outcomes in rural Bangladesh: A controlled before and after study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 70(7), 663–670. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-205855
Hathi, P., Coffey, D., Thorat, A., & Khalid, N. (2021). When women eat last: Discrimination at home and women’s mental health. PLOS One, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247065
Hay, K., McDougal, L., Percival, V., Henry, S., Klugman, J., Wurie, H., Raven, J., Shabalala, F., Fielding-Miller, R., Dey, A., Dehingia, N., Morgan, R., Atmavilas, Y., Saggurti, N., Yore, J., Blokhina, E., Huque, R., Barasa, E., Bhan, N., Kharel, C., … Gender Equality, Norms, and Health Steering Committee. (2019). Disrupting gender norms in health systems: Making the case for change. Lancet, 393(10190), 2535–2549. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30648-8
Heath, R. (2014). Women’s access to labor market opportunities, control of household resources, and domestic violence: Evidence from Bangladesh. World Development, 57, 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.028
Heath, R., & Jayachandran, S. (2016). The causes and consequences of increased female education and labor force participation in developing countries (NBER Working Paper No. 22766). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w22766/w22766.pdf
Heath, R., & Mobarak, A. M. (2015). Manufacturing growth and the lives of Bangladeshi women. Journal of Development Economics, 115, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.01.006
Heath, R., & Tan, X. (2018). Worth fighting for: Daughters improve their mothers’ autonomy in south Asia. Journal of Development Economics, 135, 255–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.07.003
___. (2020). Intrahousehold bargaining, female autonomy, and labor supply: Theory and evidence from India. Journal of the European Economic Association, 18(4), 1928–1968. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvz026
Heck, C. J., Grilo, S. A., Song, X., Lutalo, T., Nakyanjo, N., & Santelli, J. S. (2018). “It is my business”: A mixed-methods analysis of covert contraceptive use among women in Rakai, Uganda. Contraception, 98(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2018.02.017
Heckert, J., Olney, D. K., & Ruel, M. T. (2019). Is women’s empowerment a pathway to improving child nutrition outcomes in a nutrition-sensitive agriculture program? Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Burkina Faso. Social Science & Medicine, 233, 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.016
Heymann, J., Levy, J. K., Bose, B., Ríos-Salas, V., Mekonen, Y., Swaminathan, H., Omidakhsh, N., Gadoth, A., Huh, K., Greene, M. E., Darmstadt, G. L., & Gender Equality, Norms and Health Steering Committee. (2019). Improving health with programmatic, legal, and policy approaches to reduce gender inequality and change restrictive gender norms. The Lancet, 393(10190), 2522–2534. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30656-7
Hitlin, S., & Kirkpatrick Johnson, M. (2015). Reconceptualizing agency within the life course: The power of looking ahead. American Journal of Sociology, 120(5), 1429–1472. https://doi.org/10.1086/681216
Hoddinott, J., & Haddad, L. (1995). Does female income share influence household expenditures? Evidence from Côte d’Ivoire. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 57(1), 77–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1995.tb00028.x
Hoehn-Velasco, L., & Penglase, J. (2021). The impact of no-fault unilateral divorce laws on divorce rates in Mexico. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 70(1), 203–236. https://doi.org/10.1086/706826
Holden, S. T., Deininger, K., & Ghebru, H. (2011). Tenure insecurity, gender, low-cost land certification and land rental market participation in Ethiopia. The Journal of Development Studies, 47(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220381003706460
Holmes, R. (2019). Promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment in shock-sensitive social protection (ODI Working Paper No. 549). Overseas Development Institute & Australian Aid. https://media.odi.org/documents/20190228_sp_promoting_gender_equality.pdf
Hoover, A., Andes, K., Talukder, A., Naved, R., & Yount, K. M. (2024). Microcredit, gender norms, and women’s experiences of economic coercion and agency in Matlab, Bangladesh. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2024.2345998
Hornung, C. A., McCullough, B. C., & Sugimoto, T. (1981). Status relationships in marriage: Risk factors in spouse abuse. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43(3), 675–692. https://doi.org/10.2307/351768
Hsieh, C.-T., Hurst, E., Jones, C. I., & Klenow, P. J. (2019), The allocation of talent and U.S. economic growth. Econometrica, 87, 1439–1474. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA11427
Htun, M., & Weldon, S. L. (2012). The civic origins of progressive policy change: Combating violence against women in global perspective, 1975–2005. American Political Science Review, 106(3), 548–569. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055412000226
Htun, N. M. M., Hnin, Z. L., & Khaing, W. (2021). Empowerment and health care access barriers among currently married women in Myanmar. BMC Public Health, 21(139). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10181-5
Hudson, V. M., Ballif-Spanvill, B., Caprioli, M., & Emmett, C. F. (2012). Sex and world peace. Columbia University Press.
Hughes, M. M., Paxton, P., & Krook, M. L. (2017). Gender quotas for legislatures and corporate boards. Annual Review of Sociology, 43, 331–352. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053324
Huis, M., Lensink, R., Vu, N., & Hansen, N. (2019). Impacts of the gender and entrepreneurship together ahead (GET ahead) training on empowerment of female microfinance borrowers in northern Vietnam. World Development, 120, 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.04.001
Hulme, D., & Shepherd, A. (2003). Conceptualizing chronic poverty. World Development, 31(3), 403–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00222-X
Hurwitz, H. M., & Taylor, V. (2012). Women’s cultures and social movements in global contexts. Sociology Compass, 6(10), 808–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2012.00502.x
Hussain, T. M., & Smith, J. F. (1999). Women’s physical mobility in rural Bangladesh: The role of socio‐economic and community factors. Contemporary South Asia, 8(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584939908719863
Hutchison, E. D. (2010). A life course perspective. In Dimensions of human behavior: The changing life course (Vol. 4, pp. 1–38).
Ibarra, H. (1992). Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(3), 422–447. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/2393451
___. (1993). Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 56–87. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.2307/258823
Idris, I. B., Hamis, A. A., Bukhori, A. B. M., Hoong, D. C. C., Yusop, H., Shaharuddin, M. A., Fauzi, N. A. F. A., & Kandayah, T. (2023). Women’s autonomy in healthcare decision making: A systematic review. BMC Women’s Health, 23(1), Article 643. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-023-02792-4
Ikenwilo, D., Olajide, D., Obembe, O., Ibeji, N., & Akindola, R. (2016). The impact of a rural microcredit scheme on women’s household vulnerability and empowerment: Evidence from southwest Nigeria (PEP Working Paper No. 2016–01). Partnership for Economic Policy. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3167363
Institute of Medicine. (2001). Health and behavior: The interplay of biological, behavioral, and societal influences. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9838
___. (2002). Speaking of health: Assessing health communication strategies for diverse populations. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/10018
International Committee of the Red Cross. (2015). What is economic security? https://www.icrc.org/en/document/introduction-economic-security
International Labour Office. (1999). Decent work: Report of the director-general at the 87th session of International Labour Conference (ILO Report). International Labour Office. https://webapps.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc87/rep-i.htm
Jackman, R. W., & Miller, R. A. (1998). Social capital and politics. Annual Review of Political Science, 1(1), 47–73. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.1.1.47
Jackson, P. (2007). A prehistory of the Millennium Development Goals. UN Chronicle, 44(4), 6–7. https://doi.org/10.18356/86089317-en
Jain, A. K. (2011). Measuring the effect of fertility decline on the maternal mortality ratio. Studies in Family Planning, 42, 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2011.00288.x
James, S. L., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdela, J., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abebe, Z., Abera, S. F., Abil, O. Z., Abraha, H. N., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E., Accrombessi, M. M. K., … Murray, C. J. L. (2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 1789–1858. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32279-7
Jayachandran, S. (2017). Fertility decline and missing women. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 9(1), 118–139. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20150576
Jayachandran, S., & Kuziemko, I. (2011). Why do mothers breastfeed girls less than boys? Evidence and implications for child health in India. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(3), 1485–1538. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr029
Jejeebhoy, S. J., Santhya, K., Acharya, R., Zavier, A. J. F., Pandey, N., Singh, S.K., Saxena, K., Basu, S., & Gogoi, A. (2017). Empowering women and addressing violence against them through self-help groups (SHGs) (Population Council Report). Population Council, Centre for Catalyzing Change, & The London School of Hygiene. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12580.27524
Jennings, L., Na, M., Cherewick, M., Hindin, M., Mullany, B., & Ahmed, S. (2014). Women’s empowerment and male involvement in antenatal care: Analyses of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in selected African countries. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-297
Jensen, R. (2012). Do labor market opportunities affect young women’s work and family decisions? Experimental evidence from India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(2), 753–792. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjs002
Johansson, S. R. (1984). Deferred infanticide: Excess female mortality during childhood. In G. Hausfater & S. B. Hausfater (Eds.), Infanticide: Comparative and evolutionary perspectives (pp. 463–486). Aldine.
Jones, N., Presler-Marshall, E., Kassahun, G., & Kebedi, M. (2020a). Constrained choices: Exploring the complexities of adolescent girls’ voice and agency in child marriage decisions in Ethiopia. Progress in Development Studies, 20(4), 296–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993420958215
Jones, R. E., Haardörfer, R., Ramakrishnan, U., Yount, K. M., Miedema, S. S., Roach, T. D., & Girard, A. W. (2020b). Intrinsic and instrumental agency associated with nutritional status of East African women. Social Science & Medicine, 247, Article 112803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112803
J-PAL Policy Bulletin. (2018). Reducing pregnancy among adolescents [Issue Brief]. https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publication/reducing-pregnancy-among-adolescents.pdf
Kabeer, N. (1997). Women, wages and intra-household power relations in urban Bangladesh. Development and Change, 28(2), 261–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00043
___. (1999a). The conditions and consequences of choice: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment (UNRISD Report No. 108). United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/28994/dp108.pdf
___. (1999b). Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment. Development and Change, 30(3), 435–464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-7660.00125
___. (2001). Conflicts over credit: Re-evaluating the empowerment potential of loans to women in rural Bangladesh. World Development, 29(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00081-4
___. (2005). The Beijing platform for action and the millennium development goals: Different processes, different outcomes (DAW Report Ep. 11). United Nations Division for the Advancement of Women. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/bpfamd2005/experts-papers/EGM-BPFA-MD-MDG-2005-EP.11.pdf
___. (2011). Between affiliation and autonomy: Navigating pathways of women’s empowerment and gender justice in rural Bangladesh. Development and Change, 42(2), 499–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01703.x
___. (2016). Gender equality, economic growth, and women’s agency: The “endless variety” and “monotonous similarity” of patriarchal constraints. Feminist Economics, 22(1), 295–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1090009
Kabeer, N., Mahmud, S., & Tasneem, S. (2018). The contested relationship between paid work and women’s empowerment: Empirical analysis from Bangladesh. The European Journal of Development Research, 30(2), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-017-0119-y
Kabir, A., Rashid, M. M., Hossain, K., Khan, A., Sikder, S. S., & Gidding, H. F. (2020). Women’s empowerment is associated with maternal nutrition and low birth weight: Evidence from Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey. BMC Women’s Health, 20(1), Article 93. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-00952-4
Kaestle, C. E., Morisky, D. E., & Wiley, D. J. (2002). Sexual intercourse and the age difference between adolescent females and their romantic partners. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 34(6), 304–309. https://doi.org/10.2307/3097749
Kalamar, A. M., Lee-Rife, S., & Hindin, M. J. (2016). Interventions to prevent child marriage among young people in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review of the published and gray literature. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(Suppl 3), S16–S21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.015
Kandiyoti, D. (1988). Bargaining with patriarchy. Gender & Society, 2(3), 274–290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124388002003004
Karimli, L., Lecoutere, E., Wells, C. R., & Ismayilova, L. (2021). More assets, more decision-making power? Mediation model in a cluster-randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of the graduation program on women’s empowerment in Burkina Faso. World Development, 137, Article 105159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105159
Karlan, D., Thuysbaert, B., & Gray, B. (2017). Credit with health education in Benin: A cluster randomized trial examining impacts on knowledge and behavior. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 96(2), 501–510. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.16-0126
Karp, C., Wood, S. N., Galadanci, H., Sebina Kibira, S. P., Makumbi, F., Omoluabi, E., Shiferaw, S., Seme, A., Tsui, A., & Moreau, C. (2020). “I am the master key that opens and locks”: Presentation and application of a conceptual framework for women’s and girls’ empowerment in reproductive health. Social Science & Medicine, 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113086
Karra, M., Canning, D., & Wilde, J. (2017). The effect of fertility decline on economic growth in Africa: A macrosimulation model. Population and Development Review, 43(S1), 237–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12009
Karra, M., Maggio, D., Guo, M., Ngwira, B., & Canning, D. (2022). The causal effect of a family planning intervention on women’s contraceptive use and birth spacing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 119(22), Article e2200279119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2200279119
Kaur, R. (2016). Too many men, too few women: Social consequences of gender imbalance in India and China. Orient Blackswan.
Kavanaugh, G., Sviatschi, M. M., & Trako, I. (2019). Female officers, gender violence and human capital: Evidence from all-women’s justice centers in Peru (Working Paper). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3022670
Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S. V., & Kim, D. (2008). Social capital and health: A decade of progress and beyond. Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-0-387-71311-3
Kawaguchi, D., & Lee, S. (2017). Brides for sale: Cross-border marriages and female immigration. Economic Inquirer, 55(2), 633–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12411
Keats, A. (2018). Women’s schooling, fertility, and child health outcomes: Evidence from Uganda’s free primary education program. Journal of Development Economics, 135, 142–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.07.002
Keyes, C. L. M., & Shapiro, A. D. (2004). Social well-being in the United States: A descriptive epidemiology. In O. G. Brim, C. D. Ryff, & R. C. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at midlife (pp. 350–372). The University of Chicago Press.
Khader, S. (2016). Beyond autonomy fetishism: Affiliation with autonomy in women’s empowerment. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 17(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2015.1025043
Khatiwada, J., Muzembo, B. A., Wada, K., & Ikeda, S. (2020). Dimensions of women’s empowerment on access to skilled delivery services in Nepal. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(622). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03309-9
Kiani, Z., Simbar, M., Hajian, S., & Zayeri, F. (2020). Quality of life among infertile women living in a paradox of concerns and dealing strategies: A qualitative study. Nursing Open, 8(1), 251–261. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.624
___. (2021). The prevalence of depression symptoms among infertile women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility Research and Practice, 7(1), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40738-021-00098-3
Kilburn, K. N., Pettifor, A., Edwards, J. K., Selin, A., Twine, R., MacPhail, C., Wagner, R., Hughes, J. P., Wang, J., & Kahn, K. (2018). Conditional cash transfers and the reduction in partner violence for young women: An investigation of causal pathways using evidence from a randomized experiment in South Africa (HPTN 068). Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21(Suppl 1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25043
King, G., & Murray, C. J. L. (2001). Rethinking human security. Political Science Quarterly, 116(4), 585–610. https://doi.org/10.2307/798222
King, M. T. (2014). Between birth and death: Female infanticide in nineteenth-century China. Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9780804785983.001.0001
Klasen, S. (2002). Low schooling for girls, slower growth for all? Cross‐country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development. The World Bank Economic Review, 16(3), 345–373. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhf004
Klasen, S., & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: New evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700902893106
Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Leite-Mariante, G. (2023). The child penalty atlas (NBER Working Paper No. 31649). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w31649
Klugman, J. (2022). The gender dimensions of forced displacement: A synthesis of new research (The World Bank Report No. 168165). The World Bank Group. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/895601643214591612/pdf/The-Gender-Dimensions-of-Forced-Displacement-A-Synthesis-of-New-Research.pdf
Klugman, J., Hanmer, L., Twigg, S., Hasan, T., McCleary-Sills, J., & Santamaria, J. (2014). Voice and agency: Empowering women and girls for shared prosperity. The World Bank Group. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/19036
Kneip, T., Bauer, G., & Reinhold, S. (2014). Direct and indirect effects of unilateral divorce law on marital stability. Demography, 51(6), 2103–2126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0337-2
Kohno, A., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., Dahlui, M., Daliana, N., Farid, N., & Nakayama, T. (2020). Investigation of the key factors that influence the girls to enter into child marriage: A meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence. PLOS One, 15(7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235959
Komter, A. (1989). Hidden power in marriage. Gender & Society, 3(2), 187–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124389003002003
Kotschy, R., & Bloom, D. E. (2023). Population aging and economic growth: From demographic dividend to demographic drag? (NBER Working Paper No. 31585). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w31585
Krishnan, S., Subbiah, K., Chandra, P., & Srinivasan, K. (2012). Minimizing risks and monitoring safety of an antenatal care intervention to mitigate domestic violence among young Indian women: The Dil Mil trial. BMC Public Health, 12(943). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-943
Krook, M. L., & Zetterberg, P. (2014). Introduction: Gender quotas and women’s representation—New directions in research. Representation, 50(3), 287–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2014.951168
Kudamatsu, M. (2012). Has democratization reduced infant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from micro data. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(6), 1294–1317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2012.01092.x
Kudeva, R., Halaas, B., Kagotho, N., Lee, G., & Biswas, B. (2020). Optimal birth interval and empowerment: A closer look at women’s agency in Kenya. African Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 14(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.12968/ajmw.2019.0028
Kumar, N., & Quisumbing, A. R. (2012). Beyond “death do us part”: The long-term implications of divorce perceptions on women’s well-being and child schooling in rural Ethiopia. World Development, 40(12), 2478–2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.08.001
Kumar, N., Raghunathan, K., Arrieta, A., Jilani, A., & Pandey, S. (2021). The power of the collective empowers women: Evidence from self-help groups in India. World Development, 146, Article 105579. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WORLDDEV.2021.105579
Kumari, T. (2020). Women’s economic empowerment: An integrative review of its antecedents and consequences. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 56. https://doi.org/10.7176/JPID/56-05
Lancaster, G., Maitra, P., & Ray, R. (2006). Endogenous intra-household balance of power and its impact on expenditure patterns: Evidence from India. Economica, 73(291), 435–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00502.x
Lane, S. D., Jok, J. M., & El-Mouelhy, M. T. (1998). Buying safety: The economics of reproductive risk and abortion in Egypt. Social Science & Medicine, 47(8), 1089–1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00129-4
Langer, A., Meleis, A., Knaul, F. M., Atun, R., Aran, M., Arreola-Ornelas, H., Bhutta, Z. A., Binagwaho, A., Bonita, R., Caglia, J. M., Claeson, M., Davies, J., Donnay, F. A., Gausman, J. M., Glickman, C., Kearns, A. D., Kendall, T., Lozano, R., Seboni, N., … Frenk, J. (2015). Women and health: The key for sustainable development. The Lancet, 386(9999), 1165–1210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60497-4
Larsen, U., Chung, W., & Gupta, M. D. (1998). Fertility and son preference in Korea. Population Studies, 52(3), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000150496
Larson, J. S. (1993). The measurement of social well-being. Social Indicators Research, 28(3), 285–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01079022
Lecoutere, E., d’Exelle, B., & Van Campenhout, B. (2015). Sharing common resources in patriarchal and status-based societies: Evidence from Tanzania. Feminist Economics, 21(3), 142–167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1024274
Lecoutere, E., Spielman, D. J., & Van Campenhout, B. (2023). Empowering women through targeting information or role models: Evidence from an experiment in agricultural extension in Uganda. World Development, 167, Article 106240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106240
Lecoutere, E., & Wuyts, E. (2021). Confronting the wall of patriarchy: Does participatory intrahousehold decision making empower women in agricultural households? The Journal of Development Studies, 57(6), 882–905. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1849620
Leder, S. (2016). Linking women’s empowerment and resilience: Literature review. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3395.0809
Lee, H. (2010). Family migration issues in North-east Asia (IOM Research Paper). International Organization for Migration. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr2010_family_migration_neasia.pdf
Lee, J. T., & Yen, H. W. (2007). Randomized controlled evaluation of a theory-based postpartum sexual health education programme. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(4), 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04395.x
Lee, M. (2024). Allocation of female talent and cross-country productivity differences. The Economic Journal, 134(664), 3333–3359. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueae056
Lee, M., & Murdie, A. (2021). The global diffusion of the #MeToo movement. Politics & Gender, 17(4), 827–855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X20000148
Lee-Rife, S. M. (2010). Women’s empowerment and reproductive experiences over the life-course. Social Science & Medicine, 71(3), 634–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.04.019
Leight, J., Pedehombga, A., Ganaba, R., & Gelli, A. (2022). Women’s empowerment, maternal depression, and stress: Evidence from rural Burkina Faso. SSM Mental Health, 2, Article 100160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100160
Leventhal, K. S., Gillham, J., DeMaria, L., Andrew, G., Peabody, J., & Leventhal, S. (2015). Building psychosocial assets and wellbeing among adolescent girls: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Adolescence, 45, 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.09.011
Levitt, P. (1998). Social remittances: Migration driven local-level forms of cultural diffusion. The International Migration Review, 32(4), 926–948. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2547666.pdf
Li, C., & Sun, D. (2023). Women’s bargaining power and spending on children’s education: Evidence from a natural experiment in China. International Journal of Educational Development, 100, Article 102787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102787
Li, Z. (2023). Does intrahousehold bargaining power enhance women’s marital satisfaction? A perspective from two competing forces in China. Review of Development Economics, 27(1), 476–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12947
Lindsay, S., Khudejha, A., Ilana, S., Gary, Y., Teame Tesfay, G., Leora, W., Asham Assazenew, B., Amy, N., & Kathryn, L. F. (2018). Preventing violence against refugee adolescent girls: Findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial in Ethiopia. BMJ Global Health, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000825
Lokot, M., Shakya, H. B., & Cislaghi, B. (2022). The limits of child agency? Dissonances and contradictions in conceptualisations of agency within child-led marriages in Somalia and Cameroon. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 30(1), 173–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-30010007
Longwe, H. S. (1995a). Framework for Gender Analysis.
___. (1995b). Women’s Empowerment Framework.
Lopes, S. C., Constant, D., Fraga, S., & Harries, J. (2022). How women’s empowerment influences fertility-related outcomes and contraceptive practices: A cross-sectional study in Mozambique. PLOS Global Public Health, 2(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000670
Luke, N. (2003). Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 34, 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00067.x
Lutter, M. (2015). Do women suffer from network closure? The moderating effect of social capital on gender inequality in a project-based labor market, 1929 to 2010. American Sociological Review, 80(2), 329–358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122414568788
Lutz, W., & Pachauri, S. (2023). Systems analysis for sustainable wellbeing: 50 years of IIASA research, 40 years after the Brundtland Commission, contributing to the post-2030 Global Agenda. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8214208
Maara, J., Cirillo, C., Angeles, G., Prencipe, L., deMilliano, M., Lima, S. M., Palermo, T., Ghana LEAP 1000 Evaluation Team, Tanzania Adolescent Cash Plus Evaluation Team, & Malawi SCT Evaluation Team. (2023). Impacts of cash transfer and “cash plus” programs on self-perceived stress in Africa: Evidence from Ghana, Malawi, and Tanzania. SSM Population Health, 22, Article 101403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101403
Madajewicz, M., Tsegay, A. H., & Norton, M. (2013). Managing risks to agricultural livelihoods: Impact evaluation of the HARITA program in Tigray, Ethiopia, 2009-2012 (Oxfam America Report). Oxfam America. http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/media/files/Oxfam_America_Impact_Evaluation_of_HARITA_2009-2012_English.pdf
Mainuddin, A., Begum, H. A., Rawal, L. B., Islam, A., & Islam, S. S. (2015). Women empowerment and its relation with health seeking behavior in Bangladesh. Journal of Family & Reproductive Health, 9(2), 65–73.
Makino, M., Ngo, T. D, Psaki, S., Amin, S., & Austrian, K. (2021). Heterogeneous impacts of interventions aiming to delay girls’ marriage and pregnancy across girls’ backgrounds and social contexts. Journal of Adolescent Health, 69(6), S39–S45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.09.016
Malhotra, A., & Mather, M. (1997). Do schooling and work empower women in developing countries? Gender and domestic decisions in Sri Lanka. Sociological Forum, 12(4), 599–630. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022126824127
Malhotra, A., Schuler, S. R., & Boender, C. (2002). Measuring women’s empowerment as a variable in international development. The World Bank Workshop on Poverty and Gender: New Perspectives. http://ereserve.library.utah.edu/Annual/ECON/Knowledge/Memis/meas.pdf
Marcus, R. (2021). Gender, social norms, and women’s economic empowerment. In K. Grantham, G. Dowie, & A. de Haan (Eds.), Women’s economic empowerment (1st ed., pp. 126–153). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003141938
Martimort, D., & Stole, L. (2009). Market participation in delegated and intrinsic common‐agency games. The RAND Journal of Economics, 40(1), 78–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2171.2008.00056.x
Martínez, C. A., & Perticará, M. (2017). Childcare effects on maternal employment: Evidence from Chile. Journal of Development Economics, 126, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.01.001
Masis, L., Gichaga, A., Zerayacob, T., Lu, C., & Perry, H. B. (2021). Community health workers at the dawn of a new era: 4. Programme financing. Health Research Policy and Systems, 19(Suppl 3), Article 107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-021-00751-9
Mason, K. (2002). Measuring women’s empowerment: Learning from cross-national research. In D. Narayanan (Ed.), Measuring empowerment. The World Bank.
Mason, K. O., & Smith, H. L. (2000). Husbands’ versus wives’ fertility goals and use of contraception: The influence of gender context in five Asian countries. Demography, 37(3), 299–311. https://doi.org/10.2307/2648043
Mason, K. O., & Taj, A. M. (1987). Differences between women’s and men’s reproductive goals in developing countries. Population and Development Review, 13(4), 611–638. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1973025
Matouschek, N., & Rasul, I. (2008). The economics of the marriage contract: Theories and evidence. Journal of Law and Economics, 51(1), 59–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/588596
Mavisakalyan, A., & Tarverdi, Y. (2019). Gender and climate change: Do female parliamentarians make difference? European Journal of Political Economy, 56, 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.08.001
McChesney, K. Y. (2015). Successful approaches to ending female genital cutting. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 42, Article 2.
McDougal, L., Jackson, E. C., McClendon, K. A., Belayneh, Y., Sinha, A., & Raj, A. (2018). Beyond the statistic: Exploring the process of early marriage decision-making using qualitative findings from Ethiopia and India. BMC Women’s Health, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0631-z
McDougal, L., Klugman, J., Dehingia, N., Trivedi, A., & Raj, A. (2019). Financial inclusion and intimate partner violence: What does the evidence suggest? PLoS One, 14, Article e0223721.
McElroy, M. B., & Horney, M. J. (1981). Nash-bargained household decisions: Toward a generalization of the theory of demand. International Economic Review, 333–349. https://doi.org/10.2307/2526280
McFarland, J. (1988). Review essay: The construction of women and development theory. Canadian Review of Sociology, 25(2), 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618X.1988.tb00107.x
McKelway, M. (2018). Women’s self-efficacy and women’s employment: Experimental evidence from India (Working Paper). https://barrett.dyson.cornell.edu/NEUDC/paper_571.pdf
___. (2021). Women’s agency and women’s employment: How women’s sense of agency affects their labor supply (King Center on Global Development Working Paper No. 1083). Stanford University. https://kingcenter.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj16611/files/media/file/wp1083_0.pdf
McKinney, L. A., & Fulkerson, G. M. (2015). Gender equality and climate justice: A cross-national analysis. Social Justice Research, 28, 293–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-015-0241-y
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 415–444. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
Meinzen-Dick, R., Quisumbing, A., Doss, C., & Theis, S. (2019). Women’s land rights as a pathway to poverty reduction: Framework and review of available evidence. Agricultural Systems, 172, 72–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.10.009
Mersha, A. A., & Van Laerhoven, F. (2016). A gender approach to understanding the differentiated impact of barriers to adaptation: Responses to climate change in rural Ethiopia. Regional Environmental Change, 16(6), 1701–1713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0921-z
Miedema, E., Koster, W., & Pouw, N. (2020). Taking choice seriously: Emic understandings of decision-making about child marriage. Progress in Development Studies, 20(4), 261–269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993420965315
Miedema, S. S., Haardörfer, R., Girard, A. W., & Yount, K. M. (2018). Women’s empowerment in East Africa: Development of a cross-country comparable measure. World Development, 110, 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.031
Milazzo, A. (2018). Why are adult women missing? Son preference and maternal survival in India. Journal of Development Economics, 134, 467–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.06.009
Miller, G. (2008). Women’s suffrage, political responsiveness, and child survival in American history. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(3), 1287–1327. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.3.1287
Minasyan, A., Zenker, J., Klasen, S., & Vollmer, S. (2019). Educational gender gaps and economic growth: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. World Development, 122, 199–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.006
Minckas, N., Shannon, G., & Mannell, J. (2020). The role of participation and community mobilisation in preventing violence against women and girls: A programme review and critique. Global Health Action, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2020.1775061
Mittal, S. (2016). Role of mobile phone-enabled climate information services in gender-inclusive agriculture. Gender, Technology and Development, 20(2), 200–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852416639772
Mokam, B., & Zamo Akono, C. (2022). The association between women’s empowerment and reproductive health care utilization in Cameroon. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzac032
Molitoris, J., Barclay, K., & Kolk, M. (2019). When and where birth spacing matters for child survival: An international comparison using the DHS. Demography, 56(4), 1349–1370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00798-y
Molyneux, M., & Thomson, M. (2011). Cash transfers, gender equity and women’s empowerment in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. Gender & Development, 19(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2011.592631
Moore, L., Chersich, M. F., Steen, R., Reza-Paul, S., Dhana, A., Vuylsteke, B., Lafort, Y., & Scorgie, F. (2014). Community empowerment and involvement of female sex workers in targeted sexual and reproductive health interventions in Africa: A systematic review. Globalization and Health, 10(47). https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-10-47
Mootz, J. J., Spencer, C. M., Ettelbrick, J., Kann, B., Fortunato dos Santos, P., Palmer, M., & Stith, S. M. (2022). Risk markers for victimization and perpetration of male-to-female physical intimate partner violence in sub-Saharan Africa: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 5. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221129589
Moreau, C., Karp, C., Wood, S. N., Galadanci, H., Kibira, S. P. S., Makumbi, F., Omoluabi, E., Shiferaw, S., Seme, A., & Tsui, A. (2020). Reconceptualizing women’s and girls’ empowerment: A cross-cultural index for measuring progress toward improved sexual and reproductive health. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 46, 187–198. https://doi.org/10.1363/46e9920
Mosedale, S. (2005). Assessing women’s empowerment: Towards a conceptual framework. Journal of International Development, 17(2), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1212
___. (2006). Global research framework for CARE’s strategic impact inquiry on women’s empowerment (CARE Paper). Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere. https://www.care.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/SII-Womens-Empowerment-Global-Research-Framework-with-annexes-2006.pdf
Moser, C. O. (1989). Gender planning in the Third World: Meeting practical and strategic gender needs. World Development, 17(11), 1799–1825. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(89)90201-5
Mpiima, D. M., Manyire, H., Kabonesa, C., & Espiling, M. (2019). Gender analysis of agricultural extension policies in Uganda: Informing practice? Gender, Technology and Development, 23, 187–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2019.1657610
Mukherjee, S. (2013). Skewed sex ratio and migrant brides in Haryana: Reflections from the field. Social Change, 43(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085713475725
Mukoya, F. (2020). ICTs as enablers of resilient social capital for ethnic peace. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies (pp. 116–126). http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3378393.3402266
Muluneh, M. D., Francis, L., Agho, K., & Stulz, V. (2021). A systematic review and meta-analysis of associated factors of gender-based violence against women in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), Article 4407. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094407
Muralidharan, K., & Prakash, N. (2017). Cycling to school: Increasing secondary school enrollment for girls in India. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 9(3), 321–350. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26598064
Muthumbi, J., Svanemyr, J., Scolaro, E., Temmerman, M., & Say, L. (2015). Female genital mutilation: A literature review of the current status of legislation and policies in 27 African countries and Yemen. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 19(3), 32–40.
Mwaikambo, L., Speizer, I. S., Schurmann, A., Morgan, G., & Fikree, F. (2011). What works in family planning interventions: A systematic review. Studies in Family Planning, 42(2), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2011.00267.x
Nahar, S., & Mengo, C. W. (2022). Measuring women’s empowerment in developing countries: A systematic review. Journal of International Development, 34(2), 322–333. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3594
Nanda, P., Datta, N., Lamba, S., & Pradhan, E. (2016). Impact of a conditional cash transfer program on girls’ education and age of marriage in India: Synthesis of findings (ICRW Report). International Center for Research on Women. https://www.icrw.org/publications/making-change-with-cash-impact-of-a-conditional-cash-transfer-program-on-age-of-marriage-in-india-4/
Nanda, V., Nayak, M., & Goldstein, J. (2020). Global efforts to realize the essential but elusive goal of gender equality and women’s empowerment (SDG 5). Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, 48(1).
Nandi, A. (2015). The unintended effects of a ban on sex-selective abortion on infant mortality: Evidence from India. Oxford Development Studies, 43(4), 466–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2014.973390
Nanvubya, A., Wanyenze, R. K., Abaasa, A., Nakaweesa, T., Mpendo, J., Kawoozo, B., Matovu, F., Nabukalu, S., Omoding, G., Kaweesi, J., Ndugga, J., Bagaya, B., Chinyenze, K., Price, M. A., & Van Geertruyden, J. P. (2022). Evaluating the effectiveness of enhanced family planning education on knowledge and use of family planning in fishing communities of Lake Victoria in Uganda: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Health Services Research, 22, Article 506. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07898-3
Narayan-Parker, D. (2002). Empowerment and poverty reduction: A sourcebook. The World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/827431468765280211/Empowerment-and-poverty-reduction-a-sourcebook
Natarajan, M., & Babu, D. (2020). Women police stations: Have they fulfilled their promise? Police Practice and Research, 21(5), 442–458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2020.1809827
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2021). Family planning, women’s empowerment, and population and societal impacts: Proceedings of a workshop. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26023
National Research Council. (1986). Population growth and economic development: Policy questions. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/620
___. (1994). Science priorities for the human dimensions of global change. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/9175
Navarro-Mantas, L., de Lemus, S., García-Sánchez, E., McGill, L., Hansen, N., & Megías, J. L. (2022). Defining power and agency in gender relations in El Salvador: Consequences for intimate partner violence and women’s mental health. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.867945
Naved, R. T., Mahmud, S., Al Mamun, M., Parvin, K., Kalra, S., Laterra, A., & Sprinkel, A. (2024). Effectiveness of combined interventions to empower girls and address social norms in reducing child marriage in a rural sub-district of Bangladesh: A cluster randomised controlled trial of the tipping point initiative. Journal of Global Health, 14, 04020. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.04020
Naz, S., & Acharya, Y. (2021). The effect of reframing the goals of family planning programs from limiting fertility to birth spacing: Evidence from Pakistan. Studies in Family Planning, 52(2), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/sifp.12155
Newton, K. (2001). Trust, social capital, civil society, and democracy. International Political Science Review, 22(2), 201–214. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251210122200
Nieuwenhuijze, M., & Leahy-Warren, P. (2019). Women’s empowerment in pregnancy and childbirth: A concept analysis. Midwifery, 78, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.07.015
Njue, C., Karumbi, J., Esho, T., Varol, N., & Dawson, A. (2019) Preventing female genital mutilation in high income countries: A systematic review of the evidence. Reproductive Health, 16, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0774-x
Ntoimo, L. F. C., Okonofua, F. E., Aikpitanyi, J., Yaya, S., Johnson, E., Sombie, I., Aina, O., & Imongan, W. (2022). Influence of women’s empowerment indices on the utilization of skilled maternity care: Evidence from rural Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science, 54(1), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932020000681
Nussbaum, M. (2011). Creating capabilities: The human development approach. Harvard University Press. https://archive.org/details/creatingcapabili0000nuss/page/n2/mode/1up
Olney, D. K., Bliznashka, L., Pedehombga, A., Dillon, A., Ruel, M. T., & Heckert, J. (2016). A 2-year integrated agriculture and nutrition program targeted to mothers of young children in Burkina Faso reduces underweight among mothers and increases their empowerment: A cluster-randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(5), 1109–1117. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.224261
Orkin, K., Garlick, R., Mahmud, M., Sedlmayr, R., Haushofer, J., & Dercon, S. (2023). Aspiring to a better future: Can a simple psychological intervention reduce poverty? (NBER Working Paper No. 31735). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w31735/w31735.pdf
Orsini, M. M., Ewald, D. R., & Strack, R. W. (2022). Development and validation of the 4-Factor Critical Consciousness Scale. SSM - Population Health, 19, Article 101202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101202
Orton, L., Pennington, A., Nayak, S., Sowden, A., White, M., & Whitehead, M. (2016). Group-based microfinance for collective empowerment: A systematic review of health impacts. Bull World Health Organization, 94(9), 694–704a. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.15.168252
Osamor, P. E., & Grady, C. (2016). Women’s autonomy in health care decision-making in developing countries: A synthesis of the literature. International Journal of Women’s Health, 8, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S105483
Osili, U. O., & Long, B. T. (2008). Does female schooling reduce fertility? Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Development Economics, 87(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2007.10.003
Ostrom, E. (2000). Collective action and the evolution of social norms. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(3), 137–158. https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.14.3.137
Our World in Data Team. (2023). Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. https://ourworldindata.org/sdgs/gender-equality
Ozier, O. (2018). The impact of secondary schooling in Kenya: A regression discontinuity analysis. Journal of Human Resources, 53(1), 157–188. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.53.1.0915-7407R
Özler, B., Hallman, K., Guimond, M. F., Kelvin, E. A., Rogers, M., & Karnley, E. (2020). Girl Empower – A gender transformative mentoring and cash transfer intervention to promote adolescent wellbeing: Impact findings from a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Liberia. SSM Population Health, 10, Article 100527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100527
Palriwala, R. (1993). Economics and patriliny: Consumption and authority within the household. Social Scientist, 21(9/11), 47–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3520426
Parvez Butt, A. (2020). Communities changing social norms to end female genital cutting in West Africa. Oxfam. https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/handle/10546/621088
Perera, C., Bakrania, S., Ipince, A., Nesbitt-Ahmed, Z., Obasola, O., Richardson, D., Van de Scheur, J., & Yu, R. (2022). Impact of social protection on gender equality in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of reviews. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1240
Pesando, L. M. (2022). Safer if connected? Mobile technology and intimate partner violence. Demography, 59(2), 653–684. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9774978
Pesando, L. M., & Qiyomiddin, K. (2023). Mobile phones and infant health at birth. PLOS One, 18(9), Article e0288089. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288089
Pesando, L. M., & Rotondi, V. (2020). Mobile technology and gender equality. In W. Leal Filho, A. Azul, L. Brandli, A. Lange Salvia, & T. Wall (Eds.), Gender equality. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70060-1_140-1
Peterman, A., Pereira, A., Bleck, J., Palermo, T. M., & Yount, K. M. (2017). Women’s individual asset ownership and experience of intimate partner violence: Evidence from 28 international surveys. American Journal of Public Health, 107(5), 747–755. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303694
Picard, M. (2021). Empowering women in climate, environment and disaster risk governance: From national policy to local action [Virtual conference session]. UN Women Expert Group Meeting. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.19131.69925
Pike, K., & English, B. (2022). And roses too: How “better work” facilitates gender empowerment in global supply chains. Gender, Work & Organization, 29(1), 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12740
Pizzamiglio, R., & Kovacs, P. (2021). Accelerating women’s empowerment through legal empowerment and social accountability strategies. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 22(3), 517–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2021.1890005
Polis, C. B., Cox, C. M., Tunçalp, Ö., McLain, A. C., & Thoma, M. E. (2017). Estimating infertility prevalence in low-to-middle-income countries: An application of a current duration approach to Demographic and Health Survey data. Human Reproduction, 32(5), 1064–1074. https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumrep%2Fdex025
Poteat, V. P., Calzo, J. P., & Yoshikawa, H. (2018). Gay-Straight Alliance involvement and youths’ participation in civic engagement, advocacy, and awareness-raising. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 56, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2018.01.001
Poudel, S., Adhikari, C., Yadav, R. K., Yadav, D. K., Thapa, D. K., & Jakovljevic, M. (2022). Disempowered mothers have undernourished children: How strong is the intrinsic agency? Frontiers in Public Health, 10, Article 817717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.817717
Pouw, N., & Gupta, J. (2017). Inclusive development: A multi-disciplinary approach. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 24, 104–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.11.013
Pradhan, M. R., Unisa, S., Rawat, R., Surabhi, S., Saraswat, A., Reshmi, R. S., & Sethi, V. (2023). Women empowerment through involvement in community-based health and nutrition interventions: Evidence from a qualitative study in India. PLOS One, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284521
Prakash, N., & Vadlamannati, K. C. (2019). Girls for sale? Child sex ratio and girl trafficking in India. Feminist Economics, 25(4), 267–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1666212
Pratley, P. (2016). Associations between quantitative measures of women’s empowerment and access to care and health status for mothers and their children: A systematic review of evidence from the developing world. Social Science & Medicine, 169, 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.08.001
Prillaman, S. A. (2023). Strength in numbers: How women’s groups close India’s political gender gap. American Journal of Political Science, 67(2), 390–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12651
Priya, P., Venkatesh, A., & Shukla, A. (2021). Two decades of theorising and measuring women’s empowerment: Literature review and future research agenda. Women’s Studies International Forum. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102495
Pronyk, P. M., Harpham, T., Busza, J., Phetla, G., Morison, L. A., Hargreaves, J. R., Kim, J. C., Watts, C. H., & Porter, J. D. (2008). Can social capital be intentionally generated? A randomized trial from rural South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 67(10), 1559–1570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.07.022
Prost, A., Colbourn, T., Seward, N., Azad, K., Coomarasamy, A., Copas, A., Houweling, T. A., Fottrell, E., Kuddus, A., Lewycka, S., MacArthur, C., Manandhar, D., Morrison, J., Mwansambo, C., Nirmala, N., Nambiar, B., Osrin, D., Pagel, C., Phiri, T., … Costello., A. (2013). Women’s groups practising participatory learning and action to improve maternal and newborn health in low-resource settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 381(9879), 1736–1746. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60685-6
Pulgaron, E. R., Marchante, A. N., Agosto, Y., Lebron, C. N., & Delamater, A. M. (2016). Grandparent involvement and children’s health outcomes: The current state of the literature. Families, Systems, & Health, 34(3), 260–269. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh000021
Purvis, B., Mao, Y., & Robinson, D. (2019). Three pillars of sustainability: In search of conceptual origins. Sustainability Science, 14(3), 681–695. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002
Qian, N. (2008). Missing women and the price of tea in China: The effect of sex-specific earnings on sex imbalance. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(3), 1251–1285. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.3.1251
Questa, K., Das, M., King, R., Everitt, M., Rassi, C., Cartwright, C., Ferdous, T., Barua, D., Putnis, N., Snell, A. C., Huque, R., Newell, J., & Elsey, H. (2020). Community engagement interventions for communicable disease control in low- and lower- middle-income countries: Evidence from a review of systematic reviews. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(51). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01169-5
Quisumbing, A. R. (2003). Household decisions, gender, and development (IFPRI Report). International Food Policy Research Institute. https://www.efdinitiative.org/sites/default/files/publications/genderbook.pdf
Quisumbing, A. R., & Kumar, N. (2014). Land rights knowledge and conservation in rural Ethiopia: Mind the gender gap (IFPRI-Discussion Paper No. 01386). International Food Policy Research Institute. http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/128480
Quisumbing, A. R., & Maluccio, J. A. (2003). Resources at marriage and intrahousehold allocation: Evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Indonesia, and South Africa. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 65(3), 283–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.t01-1-00052
Quisumbing, A. R., Meinzen-Dick, R., Malapit, H. J., Seymour, G., Heckert, J., Doss, C., Johnson, N., Rubin, D., Thai, G., Ramani, G., Myers, E., & the GAAP2 for pro-WEAI Study Team. (2024). Enhancing agency and empowerment in agricultural development projects: A synthesis of mixed methods impact evaluations from the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project, Phase 2 (GAAP2). Journal of Rural Studies, 108, Article 103295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2024.103295
Rahman, M. (2012). Women’s autonomy and unintended pregnancy among currently pregnant women in Bangladesh. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(6), 1206–1214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0897-3
Rahman, R., Rahman, M., & Haque, S. E. (2021). Empowerment dimensions and their relationship with continuum care for maternal health in Bangladesh. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 18760. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98181-8
Raj, A., Dey, A., Lundgren, R., & EMERGE Team. (2021). A conceptual framework for measuring women’s empowerment (EMERGE Paper). University of California, San Diego’s Center on Gender Health and Equity. https://emerge.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/emerge-conceptual-framework-to-measure-empowerment.pdf
Raj, A., Dey, A., Rao, N., Yore, J., McDougal, L., Bhan, N., Silverman, J. G., Hay, K., Thomas, E. E., Fotso, J. C., & Lundgren, R. (2024). The EMERGE framework to measure empowerment for health and development. Social Science & Medicine, 351(Suppl. 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116879
Raj, A., Ghule, M., Johns, N. E., Battala, M., Begum, S., Dixit, A., Vaida, F., Saggurti, N., Silverman, J. G., & Averbach, S. (2022). Evaluation of a gender synchronized family planning intervention for married couples in rural India: The CHARM2 cluster randomized control trial. EClinicalMedicine, 45, Article 101334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101334
Raj, A., Ghule, M., Ritter, J., Battala, M., Gajanan, V., Nair, S., Dasgupta, A., Silverman, J. G., Balaiah, D., & Saggurti, N. (2016). Cluster randomized controlled trial evaluation of a gender equity and family planning intervention for married men and couples in rural India. PLOS One, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153190
Rajkhowa, P., & Qaim, M. (2022). Mobile phones, women’s physical mobility, and contraceptive use in India. Social Science and Medicine, 305, Article 115074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115074
Rangel, M. A. (2006). Alimony rights and intrahousehold allocation of resources: Evidence from Brazil. The Economic Journal, 116(513), 627–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01104.x
Rangel, M., & Thomas, D. (2019). Decision-making in complex households (NBER Working Paper No. 26511). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/papers/w26511
Rao, N. (2015). Marriage, violence, and choice: Understanding Dalit women’s agency in rural Tamil Nadu. Gender and Society, 29(3), 410–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891243214554798
Rao, N., Lawson, E. T., Raditloaneng, W. N., Solomon, D., & Angula, M. N. (2019). Gendered vulnerabilities to climate change: Insights from the semi-arid regions of Africa and Asia. Climate and Development, 11(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1372266
Rappaport, J. (1995). Empowerment meets narrative: Listening to stories and creating settings. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 795–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506992
Rastogi, G., & Sharma, A. (2022). Unwanted daughters: The unintended consequences of a ban on sex-selective abortions on the educational attainment of women. Journal of Population Economics, 35, 1473–1516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-022-00896-z
Ray, R., & Korteweg, A. C. (1999). Women’s movements in the Third World: Identity, mobilization, and autonomy. Annual Review of Sociology, 25(1), 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.47
Reggio, I. (2011). The influence of the mother’s power on her child’s labor in Mexico. Journal of Development Economics, 96(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.07.002
Reifsnider, E., Gallagher, M., & Forgione, B. (2005). Using ecological models in research on health disparities. Journal of Professional Nursing, 21(4), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2005.05.006
Reniers, G. (2003). Divorce and remarriage in rural Malawi. Demographic Research, 1(6), 175–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2003.S1.6
Resurrección, B. P. (2013). Persistent women and environment linkages in climate change and sustainable development agendas. Women’s Studies International Forum, 40, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.03.011
Richardson, R. A. (2018a). Measuring women’s empowerment: A need for context and caution. The Lancet Global Health, 6(1), Article e30. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30460-6
___. (2018b). Measuring women’s empowerment: A critical review of current practices and recommendations for researchers. Social Indicators Research, 137(2), 539–557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1622-4
Richardson, R. A., Harper, S., Bates, L. M., & Nandi, A. (2019). The effect of agency on women’s mental distress: A prospective cohort study from rural Rajasthan, India. Social Science & Medicine, 233, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.05.052
Riley, E. (2024). Resisting social pressure in the household using mobile money: Experimental evidence on microenterprise investment in Uganda. American Economic Review, 114(5), 1415–1447. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20220717
Rivera, A. I. V., Mondragón-Sánchez, E. J., Vasconcelos, F. K. A., Pinheiro, P. N. D. C., Ferreira, A. G. N., & Galvão, M. T. G. (2021). Actions to prevent sexual violence against adolescents: An integrative literature review. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 74(Suppl. 4), Article e20190876. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0876
Robinson, J. L., Narasimhan, M., Amin, A., Morse, S., Beres, L. K., Yeh, P. T., & Kennedy, C. E. (2017). Interventions to address unequal gender, power relations, and improve self-efficacy and empowerment for sexual and reproductive health decision-making for women living with HIV: A systematic review. PLOS One, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180699
Rocca, C. H., Rathod, S., Falle, T., Pande, R. P., & Krishnan, S. (2009). Challenging assumptions about women’s empowerment: Social and economic resources and domestic violence among young married women in urban south India. International Journal of Epidemiology, 38(2), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn226
Rodella, A., Cuevas, F., & Atuesta, B. (2015). Haiti Adolescent Girl Initiative (AGI) (The World Bank Project Report No. 98201). The World Bank Group. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/106851468186565029/pdf/98201-WP-P123483-Box391506B-PUBLIC-Haiti-Adolescent-Girls-Initiative.pdf
Roff, J. (2017). Cleaning in the shadow of the law? Bargaining, marital investment, and the impact of divorce law on husbands’ intrahousehold work. Journal of Law & Economics, 60(1), 115–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/692806
Rogers, B. L., & Schlossman, N. P. (Eds.). (1990). Intra-household resource allocation: Issues and methods for development policy and planning: Papers prepared for the Workshop on Methods of Measuring Intra-household Resource Allocation, Gloucester, Massachusetts, USA, October 1983 (Vol. 15). United Nations University Press.
Rogers, E. S., Chamberlin, J., Ellison, M. L., & Crean, T. (1997). A consumer-constructed scale to measure empowerment among users of mental health services. Psychiatric Services, 48(8), 1042–1047. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.48.8.1042
Rose, E. (1999). Consumption smoothing and excess female mortality in rural India. Review of Economics and Statistics, 81(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465399767923809
Rossi, P., & Godard, M. (2022). The old-age security motive for fertility: Evidence from the extension of social pensions in Namibia. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 14(4), 488–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3457324
Rotondi, V., Kashyap, R., Pesando, L. M., Spinelli, S., & Billari, F. C. (2020). Leveraging mobile phones to attain sustainable development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117(24), 13413–13420. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909326117
Rowlands, J. (1995). Empowerment examined. Development in Practice, 5(2), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/0961452951000157074
___. (1997). Questioning empowerment: Working with women in Honduras. Oxfam.
Rowther, A. A., Kazi, A. K., Nazir, H., Atiq, M., Atif, N., Rauf, N., Malik, A., & Surkan, P. J. (2020). “A woman is a puppet.” Women’s disempowerment and prenatal anxiety in Pakistan: A qualitative study of sources, mitigators, and coping strategies for anxiety in pregnancy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), Article 4926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17144926
Roy, S., Ara, J., Das, N., & Quisumbing, A. R. (2015). “Flypaper effects” in transfers targeted to women: Evidence from BRAC’s Targeting the Ultra-poor Program in Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 117, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.06.004
Ruck, D. J., Bentley, R. A., & Lawson, D. J. (2020). Cultural prerequisites of socioeconomic development. Royal Society Open Science, 7(2), Article 190725. https://doi.org/doi:10.1098/rsos.190725
Ruel, M. T., & Alderman, H. (2013). Nutrition-sensitive interventions and programmes: How can they help to accelerate progress in improving maternal and child nutrition? Lancet, 382, 536–551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60843-0
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
Saggurti, N., Atmavilas, Y., Porwal, A., Schooley, J., Das, R., Kande, N., Irani, L., & Hay, K. (2018). Effect of health intervention integration within women’s self-help groups on collectivization and healthy practices around reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health in rural India. PLOS One, 13(8), Article e0202562. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202562
Salem, R., Cheong, Y. F., & Yount, K. M. (2018). Is women’s work a pathway to their agency in rural Minya, Egypt? Social Indicators Research, 136(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1573-9
Saluja, O. B., Singh, P., & Kumar, H. (2023). Barriers and interventions on the way to empower women through financial inclusion: A 2 decades systematic review (2000–2020). Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(148). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01640-y
Samari, G. (2017). Women’s agency and fertility: Recent evidence from Egypt. Population Research and Policy Review, 36(4), 561–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-017-9427-3
___. (2019). Women’s empowerment in Egypt: The reliability of a complex construct. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 27(1), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2019.1586816
Santos Silva, M., & Klasen, S. (2021). Gender inequality as a barrier to economic growth: A review of the theoretical literature. Review of Economics of the Household, 19, 581–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-020-09535-6
Santoso, M. V., Kerr, R. B., Hoddinott, J., Garigipati, P., Olmos, S., & Young, S. L. (2019). Role of women’s empowerment in child nutrition outcomes: A systematic review. Advances in Nutrition, 10(6), 1138–1151. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz056
Sapkal, R. S. (2017). From mother to daughter: Does equal inheritance property laws reform improve female labor supply and educational attainments in India? Asian Journal of Law and Economics, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/ajle-2015-0028
Sardinha, L., Maheu-Giroux, M., Stöckl, H., Meyer, S. R., & García-Moreno, C. (2022). Global, regional, and national prevalence estimates of physical or sexual, or both, intimate partner violence against women in 2018. The Lancet, 399(10327), 803–813. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02664-7
Scales, P. C., Benson, P. L., Dershem, L., Fraher, K., Makonnen, R., Nazneen, S., Syvertsen, A. K., & Titus, S. (2013). Building developmental assets to empower adolescent girls in rural Bangladesh: Evaluation of project Kishoree Kontha. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(1), 171–184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00805.x
Schaffnit, S. B., Wamoyi, J., Urassa, M., Dardoumpa, M., & Lawson, D. W. (2021). When marriage is the best available option: Perceptions of opportunity and risk in female adolescence in Tanzania. Global Public Health, 16(12), 1820–1833. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1837911
Schierl, T., Tanaka, L. F., Klug, S. J., Winkler, A. S., & Stelzle, D. (2023). The association of women’s empowerment with HIV-related indicators: A pooled analysis of demographic and health surveys in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 13, 816–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-023-00153-w
Scrimshaw, S. C. (1978). Part two: Stages in women’s lives and reproductive decision‐making in Latin America. Medical Anthropology, 2(3), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/01459740.1978.9986954
Scrimshaw, S. C., Lane, S. D., Rubinstein, R. A., & Fisher, J. (2022). Introduction. In S. C. Scrimshaw, S. D. Lane, R. A. Rubenstein, & J. Fisher (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of social studies of health and medicine (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Scrimshaw, S. C. M. (1984). Infanticide in human populations: Societal and individual concerns. In G. Hausfater & S. B. Hardy (Eds.), Infanticide: Comparative and evolutionary perspectives (pp. 439–462). Aldine.
____. (1985). Bringing the period down: Government and squatter settlement confront induced abortion in Ecuador. In P. J. Pelto & W. deWalt (Eds.), Macro and micro levels of analysis in anthropology (pp. 121–146). Westview Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429036071-6
Sear, R., & Coall, D. (2011). How much does family matter? Cooperative breeding and the demographic transition. Population and Development Review, 37, 81–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2011.00379.x
Sear, R., & Mace, R. (2008). Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.10.001
Sedlmayr, R., Shah, A., & Sulaiman, M. (2018). Cash-plus: Poverty impacts of transfer-based intervention alternatives. Journal of Development Economics, 144, Article 102418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.102418
Segal, S. P., Silverman, C., & Temkin, T. (1995). Measuring empowerment in client-run self-help agencies. Community Mental Health Journal, 31(3), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02188748
Seider, S., Clark, S., & Graves, D. (2020). The development of critical consciousness and its relation to academic achievement in adolescents of color. Child Development, 91(2), e451–e474. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13262
Sekabira, H., & Qaim, M. (2017). Can mobile phones improve gender equality and nutrition? Panel data evidence from farm households in Uganda. Food Policy, 73, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.10.004
Sen, A. (1987). Gender and cooperative conflicts. World Institute for Development Economics Research.
___. (1990). More than 100 million women are missing. The New York Review of Books, 37(20), 219–222.
___. (1992). Missing women. British Medical Journal, 304, 587–588. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6827.587
___. (1999). Development as freedom. Alfred Knopf.
___. (2006). Development as freedom: An India perspective. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 42(2), 157–169.
Sen, G., & Grown, C. (1987). Development crises and alternative visions: Third World women’s perspectives. Routledge.
Sen, G., & Ostlin, P. (2011). Gender inequality in health. In J. H. Lee & R. Saldana (Eds.), Improving equality in health by addressing social determinants (pp. 59–87). World Health Organization.
Seymour, G., Heckert, J., Quisumbing, A., Meinzen-Dick, R., Malapit, H., Paz, F., Faas, S., Myers, E., Doss, C., Sinharoy, S. S., Cheong, Y. F., Yount, K. M., Hassan, M. Z., Hassan, M. I., Sharma, S., Pokhrel, P., Sagastume, M. D., Kanyanda, S. S. E., Vundru, W. D., & Moylan, H. (2024). Measuring women’s empowerment in national surveys: Development of the Women’s Empowerment Metric for National Statistical Systems (WEMNS) (IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 2254). International Food Policy Research Institute.
Shah, M., Seager, J., Montalvao, J., & Goldstein, M. (2023). Sex, power, and adolescence: Intimate partner violence and sexual behaviors (NBER Working Paper No. 31624). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w31624/w31624.pdf
Shah, M., Seager, J., & Rubio, G. (2022). Supplying contraceptives to adolescents: When pure access does not breed use (Working Paper).
Shakya, H. B., Cislaghi, B., Fleming, P., Levtov, R. G., Boyce, S. C., Raj, A., & Silverman, J. G. (2022). Associations of attitudes and social norms with experiences of intimate partner violence among married adolescents and their husbands in rural Niger: A dyadic cross-sectional study. BMC Women’s Health, 22(1), Article 180. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01724-y
Sharaunga, S., Mudhara, M., & Bogale, A. (2016). Effects of ‘women empowerment’ on household food security in rural KwaZulu‐Natal province. Development Policy Review, 34(2), 223–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12151
___. (2019). Conceptualisation and measurement of women’s empowerment revisited. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 20(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2018.1546280
Sharma, S., Mehra, D., Akhtar, F., & Mehra, S. (2020). Evaluation of a community-based intervention for health and economic empowerment of marginalized women in India. BMC Public Health, 20(1), Article 1766. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09884-y
Shibre, G., Mekonnen, W., & Haile, M. D. (2023). Decomposition analysis of women’s empowerment-based inequalities in the use of maternal health care services in Ethiopia: Evidence from demographic and health surveys. PLOS One, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285024
Shiell, A., Hawe, P., & Kavanagh, S. (2020). Evidence suggests a need to rethink social capital and social capital interventions. Social Science & Medicine, 257, Article 111930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.006
Shimamoto, K., & Gipson, J. D. (2019). Investigating pathways linking women’s status and empowerment to skilled attendance at birth in Tanzania: A structural equation modeling approach. PLOS One, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212038
Singh, S., Mohan, A., Saran, A., Puskur, R., Mishra, A., Etale, L., Cole, S. M., Masset, E., Waddington, H. S., MacDonald, H., & White, H. (2022a). Protocol: Gender transformative approaches in agriculture for women’s empowerment: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1265
Singh, S., Prowse, M., White, H., Warsame, A., Waddington, H. S., Vijayamma, R., Umezawa, H., Tolin, L., Reumann, A., & Puri, J. (2022b). Effectiveness of life skills training interventions for the empowerment of women in developing countries: A systematic review (IFAD Report). International Fund of Agricultural Development. https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/47117768/egm-gender-systematic-review-top_1.pdf/f46cdf8d-fa73-f581-e756-093ae34ebb87?t=1674807443489
Sinharoy, S. S., McManus, S., Conrad, A., Patrick, M., & Caruso, B. A. (2023). The Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) Scales: Development and validation of measures of women’s empowerment in urban sanitation for low- and middle-income countries. World Development, 164, Article 106183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106183
Snoxell, S., Harpham, T., Grant, E., & Rodriguez, C. (2006). Social capital interventions: A case study from Cali, Colombia. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 27, 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2006.9669121
Solar, O., & Irwin, A. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health (WHO Discussion Conceptual Paper No. 2). World Health Organization. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/44489/9789241500852_eng.pdf?sequence=1
Sripad, P., Warren, C. E., Hindin, M. J., & Karra, M. (2019). Assessing the role of women’s autonomy and acceptability of intimate-partner violence in maternal health-care utilization in 63 low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 48(5), 1580–1592. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy299
Stark, L., Asghar, K., Seff, I., Yu, G., Tesfay Gessesse, T., Ward, L., Assazenew Baysa, A., Neiman, A., & Falb, K. L. (2018). Preventing violence against refugee adolescent girls: Findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial in Ethiopia. BMJ Global Health, 3(5), e000825. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000825
Steckermeier, L. C. (2019). Better safe than sorry. Does agency moderate the relevance of safety perceptions for the subjective well-being of young children? Child Indicators Research, 12, 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9519-y
Stevenson, B. (2007). The impact of divorce laws on marriage‐specific capital. Journal of Labor Economics, 25(1), 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.911880
Stevenson, B., & Wolfers, J. (2006). Bargaining in the shadow of the law: Divorce laws and family distress. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(1), 267–288. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/121.1.267
Stoebenau, K., Pande, R., & Malhotra, A. (2013). Has fertility decline contributed to improvements in women’s lives? (ICRW Working Paper No. 012-2013-ICRW-FE). International Center for Research on Women. https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ICRW_FEN_WPS_2013_FINAL.pdf
Suri, T., & Jack, W. (2016). The long-run poverty and gender impacts of mobile money. Science, 354(6317), 1288–1292. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah5309
Sviatschi, M. M., & Trako, I. (2024). Gender violence, enforcement, and human capital: Evidence from women’s justice centers in Peru. Journal of Development Economics, 9, Article 103262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103262
Swamy, A., Knack, S., Lee, Y., & Azfar, O. (2001). Gender and corruption. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00123-1
Tarozzi, A., Desai, J., & Johnson, K. (2015). The impacts of microcredit: Evidence from Ethiopia. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 7(1), 54–89. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20130475
Tavenner, K., van Wijk, M., Fraval, S., Hammond, J., Baltenweck, I., Teufel, N., Kihoro, E., de Haan, N., van Etten, J., Steinke, J., Baines, D., Carpena, P., Skirrow, T., Rosenstock, T., Lamanna, C., Ng’endo, M., Chesterman, S., Namoi, N., & Manda, L. (2019). Intensifying inequality? Gendered trends in commercializing and diversifying smallholder farming systems in East Africa. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3(10). https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00010
Tertilt, M. (2005). Polygyny, fertility, and savings. Journal of Political Economy, 113(6), 1341–1371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/498049
___. (2006). Polygyny, women’s rights, and development. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(2-3), 523–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jeea.2006.4.2-3.523
Thorpe, S., VanderEnde, K., Peters, C., Bardin, L., & Yount, K. M. (2016). The influence of women’s empowerment on child immunization coverage in low, lower-middle, and upper-middle income countries: A systematic review of the literature. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(1), 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1817-8
Tyner, J. A. (1999). The global context of gendered labor migration from the Philippines to the United States. American Behavioral Scientist, 42(4), 671–689. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027649921954417
Uberoi, P. (Ed.). (1993). Family, kinship and marriage in India. Oxford University Press.
Uduji, J. I., & Okolo-Obasi, E. N. (2018). Young rural women’s participation in the e-wallet programme and usage intensity of modern agricultural inputs in Nigeria. Gender, Technology and Development, 22, 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2018.1445894
United Nations. (1948). The universal declaration of human rights. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
___. (1995, September 4–15). Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women. Beijing, China. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n96/273/01/pdf/n9627301.pdf
___. (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/70/1
___. (2023). Sustainable development goals: Extended report. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2023/extended-report/
United Nations Development Programme. (2006). Resouce guide: Mainstraming gender in water management. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/publications/IWRMGenderResourceGuide-English-200610.pdf
United Nations for Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (n.d.). About good governance. https://www.ohchr.org/en/good-governance/about-good-governance
___. (2021). Human rights and elections: A handbook on international human rights standards on elections (OHCHR Report). https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/Human-Rights-and-Elections.pdf
United Nations Population Fund & International Organization for Migration. (2006). Female migrants: Bridging the gaps throughout the life cycle. https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/bridging_gap.pdf
Upadhyay, U. D., Gipson, J. D., Withers, M., Lewis, S., Ciaraldi, E. J., Fraser, A., Huchko, M. J., & Prata, N. (2014). Women’s empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature. Social Science & Medicine, 115, 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.06.014
Upadhyay, U. D., & Karasek, D. (2012). Women’s empowerment and ideal family size: An examination of DHS empowerment measures in sub-Saharan Africa. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 38(2), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1363/3807812
van Eerdewijk, A., Wong, F., Vaast, C., Newton, J., Tyszler, M., & Pennington, A. (2017). White paper: A conceptual model of women and girls’ empowerment (KIT Gender White Paper). Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen. https://www.kit.nl/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/BMGF_KIT_WhitePaper_web-1.pdf
VanderWeele, T. J., McNeely, E., & Koh, H. K. (2019). Reimagining health—flourishing. JAMA, 321(17), 1667–1668. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.3035
Vanhuyse, F., Stirrup, O., Odhiambo, A., Palmer, T., Dickin, S., Skordis, J., Batura, N., Haghparast-Bidgoli, H., Mwaki, A., & Copas, A. (2022). Effectiveness of conditional cash transfers (Afya credits incentive) to retain women in the continuum of care during pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period in Kenya: A cluster-randomised trial. BMJ Open, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055921
Varkey, P., Kureshi, S., & Lesnick, T. (2010). Empowerment of women and its association with the health of the community. Journal of Women’s Health, 19(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2009.1444
Varriale, C., Pesando, L. M., Kashyap, R., & Rotondi, V. (2022). Mobile phones and attitudes towards women’s participation in politics: Evidence from Africa. Sociology of Development, 8(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1525/sod.2020.0039
Vasquez, I., McMahon, F., Murphy, M., & Schneider, G. S. (2021). The Human Freedom Index: A global measurement of personal, civil, and economic freedom. CATO Institute. https://www.cato.org/human-freedom-index/2021
Villalonga-Olives, E., Wind, T. R., & Kawachi, I. (2018). Social capital interventions in public health: A systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 212, 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.07.022
Vladutiu, C. J., Martin, S. L., & Macy, R. J. (2011). College- or university-based sexual assault prevention programs: A review of program outcomes, characteristics, and recommendations. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 12(2), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838010390708
Voena, A. (2015). Yours, mine, and ours: Do divorce laws affect the intertemporal behavior of married couples? American Economic Review, 105(8), 2295–2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120234
Vogelstein, R. B., & Stone, M. (2021). Awakening #MeToo and the global fight for women’s rights. Public Affairs.
Waid, J. L., Wendt, A. S., Sinharoy, S. S., Kader, A., & Gabrysch, S. (2022). Impact of a homestead food production program on women’s empowerment: Pro-WEAI results from the FAARM trial in Bangladesh. World Development, 158, Article 106001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106001
Waidler, J., Gilbert, U., Mulokozi, A., & Palermo, T. (2022). A “Plus” model for safe transitions to adulthood: Impacts of an integrated intervention layered onto a national social protection program on sexual behavior and health seeking among Tanzania’s youth. Studies in Family Planning, 53(2), 233–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/sifp.12190
Weber, A. M., Cislaghi, B., Meausoone, V., Abdalla, S., Mejía-Guevara, I., Loftus, P., Hallgren, E., Seff, I., Stark, L., Victora, C. G., & Buffarini, R. (2019). Gender norms and health: Insights from global survey data. The Lancet, 393(10189), 2455–2468. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30765-2
Weitzman, A. (2014). Women’s and men’s relative status and intimate partner violence in India. Population and Development Review, 40(1), 55–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00650.x
Wekesah, F. M., Mutua, E. N., & Izugbara, C. O. (2019). Gender and conservation agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 17(1), 78–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1567245
Wekwete, N. N. (2014). Gender and economic empowerment in Africa: Evidence and policy. Journal of African Economies, 23(Suppl. 1), i87–i127. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejt022
Williams, A. L., & Merten, M. J. (2014). Linking community, parenting, and depressive symptom trajectories: Testing resilience models of adolescent agency based on race/ethnicity and gender. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43(9), 1563–1575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0141-8
Woldemicael, G. (2007). Do women with higher autonomy seek more maternal and child health-care? Evidence from Ethiopia and Eritrea. Stockholm University. https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7296
Wolfers, D., & Scrimshaw, S. (1975). Child survival and intervals between pregnancies in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Population Studies, 29(3), 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.1975.10412712
Wolfers, J. (2006). Did unilateral divorce laws raise divorce rates? A reconciliation and new results. American Economic Review, 96(5), 1802–1820. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.96.5.1802
Wood, S. N., Karp, C., Tsui, A., Kibira, S. P. S., Desta, S., Galadanci, H., Makumbi, F., Omoluabi, E., Shiferaw, S., Seme, A., & Moreau, C. (2021). A sexual and reproductive empowerment framework to explore volitional sex in sub-Saharan Africa. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 23(6), 804–821. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2020.1733667
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Promoting wellbeing. https://www.who.int/activities/promoting-well-being
___. (1948). Summary report on proceedings minutes and final acts of the International Health Conference held in New York from 19 June to 22 July 1946. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/85573
___. (2022). Abortion care guideline. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039483
___. (2023). Infertility prevalence estimates, 1990–2021. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/366700/9789240068315-eng.pdf
Wu, X., Ye, H., & He, G. G. (2012). Fertility decline and women’s empowerment in China (ICRW Working Paper Series 006-2012-ICRW-FE). International Center for Research on Women. https://www.icrw.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/ICRW-WPS_Wu_sept-2012.pdf
Yang, W., Roig, M., Jimenez, M., Perry, J., & Shepherd, A. (2016). Leaving no one behind: The imperative of inclusive development (UN Report). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2016/full-report.pdf
Yaya, S., Uthman, O. A., Ekholuenetale, M., & Bishwajit, G. (2018). Women empowerment as an enabling factor of contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel analysis of cross-sectional surveys of 32 countries. Reproductive Health, 15(1), Article 214. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0658-5
Yeo, S., Bell, M., Kim, Y. R., & Alaofè, H. (2022). Afghan women’s empowerment and antenatal care utilization: A population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1), Article 970. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05328-0
Yi, Z., Ping, T., Baochang, G., Yi, X., Bohua, L., & Yongpiing, L. (1993). Causes and implications of the recent increase in the reported sex ratio at birth in China. Population and Development Review, 19(2), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.2307/2938438
Yount, K. M. (2001). Excess mortality of girls in the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s: Patterns, correlates and gaps in research. Population Studies, 55(3), 291–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720127703
___. (2004). Maternal resources, proximity of services, and curative care of boys and girls in Minya, Egypt 1995–97. Population Studies, 58(3), 345–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472042000272384
___. (2005). Resources, family organization, and domestic violence against married women in Minya, Egypt. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(3), 579–596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00155.x
___. (2011). Women’s conformity as resistance to intimate partner violence in Assiut, Egypt. Sex Roles, 64, 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9884-1
Yount, K. M., & Carrera, J. S. (2006). Domestic violence against married women in Cambodia. Social Forces, 85(1), 355–387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0151
Yount, K. M., Cheong, Y. F., Khan, Z., Miedema, S. S., & Naved, R. T. (2021). Women’s participation in microfinance: Effects on women’s agency, exposure to partner violence, and mental health. Social Science & Medicine, 270, Article 113686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113686
Yount, K. M., Crandall, A. A., & Cheong, Y. F. (2018a). Women’s age at first marriage and long-term economic empowerment in Egypt. World Development, 102, 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.013
Yount, K. M., Durr, R. L., Bergenfeld, I., Sharma, S., Clark, C. J., Laterra, A., Kalra, S., Sprinkel, A., & Cheong, Y. F. (2023). Impact of the CARE Tipping Point Program in Nepal on adolescent girls’ agency and risk of child, early, or forced marriage: Results from a cluster-randomized controlled trial. SSM-Population Health, 22, Article 101407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101407
Yount, K. M., Johnson, E., Sharma, K., Meinzen-Dick, R. S., & Sinharoy, S. (2022). Conceptualizing and measuring women’s empowerment: Insights from country stakeholders in Asia. SSRN. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4088823
Yount, K. M., Khan, Z., Miedema, S., Cheong, Y. F., & Naved, R. T. (2020). The Women’s Agency Scale 61 (WAS-61): A comprehensive measure of women’s intrinsic, instrumental, and collective agency. SSRN. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3670180
Yount, K. M., Krause, K. H., & Miedema, S. S. (2017). Preventing gender-based violence victimization in adolescent girls in lower-income countries: Systematic review of reviews. Social Science & Medicine, 192, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.038
Yount, K. M., Peterman, A., & Cheong, Y. F. (2018b). Measuring women’s empowerment: A need for context and caution. The Lancet Global Health, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30459-X
Yount, K. M., VanderEnde, K. E., Dodell, S., & Cheong, Y. F. (2016). Measurement of women’s agency in Egypt: A national validation study. Social Indicators Research, 128(3), 1171–1192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1074-7
Yount, K. M., Zureick-Brown, S., Halim, N., & LaVilla, K. (2014). Fertility decline, girls’ wellbeing, and gender gaps in children’s well-being in poor countries. Demography, 51(2), 535–561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0282-0
Zakiyah, N., van Asselt, A. D., Roijmans, F., & Postma M. J. (2016). Economic evaluation of family planning interventions in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. PLOS One, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168447
Zhang, H., & Assaad, R. (2024). Women’s access to school, educational attainment, and fertility: Evidence from Jordan. Journal of Development Economics, 170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103291
Zimmerman, C., Mak, J., Popock, N., & Kiss, L. (2021). Human trafficking: Results of a 5-year theory-based evaluation of interventions to prevent trafficking of women from south Asia. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, Article 645059. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.645059
Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational and community levels of analysis. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 43–63). Springer.
Zinsser, J. P. (1990). The United Nations decade for women: A quiet revolution. The History Teacher, 24(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.2307/494202