REFERENCES

Abadi, M. G., Hurwitz, D. S., Sheth, M., McCormack, E., and Goodchild, A. (2019). Factors Impacting Bicyclist Lateral Position and Velocity in Proximity to Commercial Vehicle Loading Zones: Application of a Bicycling Simulator. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 125, 29–39.

Abdel-Aty, M. (2003). Analysis of Driver Injury Severity Levels at Multiple Locations Using Ordered Probit Models. Journal of Safety Research, 34(5), 597-603.

Abdel-Aty, M. A., Lee, C., Park, J., Wang, J. H., Abuzwidah, M., and Al-Arifi, S. (2014). Validation and Application of Highway Safety Manual (part D) in Florida (Report No. BDK78-977-14). Florida Department of Transportation.

Abdel-Aty, M., and Keller, J. (2005). Exploring the Overall and Specific Crash Severity Levels at Signalized Intersections. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 37(3), 417–425.

Abdel-Rahim, A., and Sonnen, J. (2012). Potential Safety Effects of Lane Width and Shoulder Width on Two-Lane Rural State Highways in Idaho (Report No. FHWA-ID-12-200). Idaho Transportation Department.

Alhajyaseen, W. K. M. (2015). The Integration of Conflict Probability and Severity for the Safety Assessment of Intersections. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 40(2), 421–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1553-1

Allen, B., Shin, B. T., and Cooper, P. (1978). Analysis of Traffic Conflicts and Collisions. Transportation Research Record, 667, 67–74.

Alliance for Biking and Walking. (2016). Bicycling and Walking in the United States: 2016 Benchmarking Report. https://bikeleague.org/sites/default/files/2016BenchmarkingReport_web.pdf

Alluri, P., Raihan, M. A., Saha, D., Wu, W., Huq, A., Nafis, S., and Gan, A. (2017). Statewide Analysis of Bicycle Crashes. Florida Department of Transportation.

American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials. (2010) Highway Safety Manual (1st ed.).

American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials. (2012). Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. (4th ed.).

American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials. (2021). Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities. (5th ed.).

Amoh-Gyimah, R., Saberi, M., and Sarvi, M. (2016). Macroscopic Modeling of Pedestrian and Bicycle Crashes: A Cross-Comparison of Estimation Methods. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 93, 147-159.

Andersson, A. L., and Bunketorp, O. (2002). Cycling and Alcohol. Injury, 33(6), 467–471.

Arlington County Crash Analysis. https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOTljN2M0YjQtNjU4ZS00MDJmLWI1NjMtYjc4MDRkMDI5ZjU1IiwidCI6IjgwMzU0ODA0LTFmZGYtNDI4ZS05ZjVmLTUwOTFlOTk0Y2Y1NCIsImMiOjF9. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Arlington County GIS Open Data. https://gisdata-arlgis.opendata.arcgis.com. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Arteaga, C., Paz, A., and Park, J. (2020). Injury Severity on Traffic Crashes: A Text Mining with an Interpretable Machine-Learning Approach. Safety Science, 132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104988

Axelsson, A., and Stigson, H. (2019). Characteristics of Bicycle Crashes Among Children and the Effect of Bicycle Helmets. Traffic Injury Prevention, 20(3), 21–26.

Aziz, H. A., Ukkusuri, S. V., and Hasan, S. (2013). Exploring the Determinants of Pedestrian–Vehicle Crash Severity in New York City. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 1298-1309.

Beck, B., Chong, D., Olivier, J., Perkins, M., Tsay, A., Rushford, A., ... and Johnson, M. (2019). How much space do drivers provide when passing cyclists? Understanding the impact of motor vehicle and infrastructure characteristics on passing distance. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 128, 253-260.

Beck, B., Stevenson, M., Newstead, S., Cameron, P., Judson, R., Edwards, E. R., Bucknill, A., Johnson, M., and Gabbe, B. (2016). Bicycling Crash Characteristics: An In-Depth Crash Investigation Study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 96, 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2016.08.012

Beck, M. J. H., and Immers, L. H. (1994). Bicycle Ownership and Use in Amsterdam. Transportation Research Record, 1441, 141–146.

Behnood, A., and Mannering, F. (2017). Determinants of bicyclist injury severities in bicycle-vehicle crashes: A random parameters approach with heterogeneity in means and variances. Analytic Methods in Accident Research, 16, 35-47.

Bike Arlington Dashboard. https://counters.bikearlington.com/?_ga=2.108941952.305499637.1649948954-1353863110.1649686434. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Bíl, M., Bílová, M., and Müller, I. (2010). Critical Factors in Fatal Collisions of Adult Bicyclists with Automobiles. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 1632–1636.

Blaizot, S., Papon, F., Haddak, M. M., and Amoros, E. (2013). Injury Incidence Rates of Bicyclists Compared to Pedestrians, Car Occupants and Powered Two-Wheeler Riders, Using a Medical Registry and Mobility Data, Rhône County, France. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 58, 35–45.

Boston Maps Open Data. https://bostonopendata-boston.opendata.arcgis.com. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Boston Region Metropolitan Planning Organization. https://www.ctps.org/appsloc/bike_ped5/bike_ped_query.html. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Boufous, S., de Rome, L., Senserrick, T., and Ivers, R. (2012). Risk Factors for Severe Injury in Bicyclists Involved in Traffic Crashes in Victoria, Australia. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 49, 404–409.

Branion-Calles, M., Nelson, T., Fuller, D., Gauvin, L., Winters, M. (2019). Associations Between Individual Characteristics, Availability of Bicycle Infrastructure, and City-Wide Safety Perceptions of Bicycling: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Bicyclists in 6 Canadian and U.S. Cities. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 123, 229–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.10.024

Brown, H., Sun, C., and Qing, Z. (2017). Investigation of Alternative Bicycle Pavement Markings with the Use of a Bicycle Simulator. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2662(1), 143–151.

Butrina, P., McCormack, E., Goodchild, A., and Drescher, J. (2016). An Evaluation of Bicycle Safety Impacts of Seattle’s Commercial Vehicle Load Zones. Pacific Northwest Transportation Consortium (PacTrans).

Campbell, K. L. (2012). The SHRP 2 Naturalistic Driving Study: Addressing Driver Performance and Behavior in Traffic Safety. TR News, 282, September–October 2012, 30–35.

Capital Metro GTFS. https://openmobilitydata.org/p/capital-metro/24. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Central Ohio Bikeways. (2018). Retrieved from https://opendata.columbus.gov/datasets/columbus::central-ohio-bikeways/about

Chen, L., Chen, C., Srinivasan, R., McKnight, C. E., Ewing, R., and Roe, M. (2012). Evaluating the Safety Effects of Bicycle Lanes in New York City. American Journal of Public Health, 102(6).

Chen, P. (2015). Built Environment Factors in Explaining the Automobile-Involved Bicycle Crash Frequencies: A Spatial Statistic Approach. Safety Science, 79, 336–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.06.016

Chen, P., and Shen, Q., 2016. Built Environment Effects on Bicyclist Injury Severity in Automobile-Involved Bicycle Crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 86, 239–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.11.002

Chicago Metropolitan Agency for Planning (2019). Retrieved from https://www.cmap.illinois.gov/

Chu, X. (2003). The Fatality Risk of Walking in America: A Time-Based Comparative Approach. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Walking in the 21st Century, Portland, Oregon.

Chu, X. (2009). Measuring Injury Risks from Motor Vehicle Crashes with an Integrated Approach. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 1(3), 190–202.

Cicchino, J. B., McCarthy, M. L., Newgard, C. D., Wall, S. P., DiMaggio, C. J., Kulie, P. E., ... and Zuby, D. S. (2020). Not All Protected Bike Lanes Are the Same: Infrastructure and Risk of Cyclist Collisions and Falls Leading to Emergency Department Visits in Three U.S. Cities. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 141, 105490.

City of Austin. Austin Open Data Portal, https://data.austintexas.gov. Accessed April 30, 2022.

City of Copenhagen. (2002). Cycle Policy 2002–2012, City of Copenhagen.

Clayton, W., Parkin, J., and Billington, C., (2017). Cycling and Disability: A Call for Further Research. Journal of Transport and Health, 6, 452–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.01.013

Coleman, H., and Mizenko, K. (2018). Pedestrian and Bicyclist Data Analysis (Report No.: DOT HS 812 205). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://doi.org/10.21949/1525947

Dadashova, B., and Griffin, G. P. (2020). Random Parameter Models for Estimating Statewide Daily Bicycle Counts Using Crowdsourced Data. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 84, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102368

Dadashova, B., Griffin, G. P., Das, S., Turner, S., and Sherman, B. (2020). Estimation of Average Annual Daily Bicycle Counts Using Crowdsourced Strava Data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2674(11), 390–402.

Dai, B., and Hudson, J. G. (2019). Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis Work-Austin District Crash Findings 2011–2018. Texas Department of Transportation.

Das, S., and Sun, X. (2015). Factor Association with Multiple Correspondence Analysis in Vehicle–Pedestrian Crashes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2519(1), 95–103.

Das, S., Le, M., and Dai, B. (2020). Application of Machine Learning Tools in Classifying Pedestrian Crash Types: A Case Study. Transportation Safety and Environment, 2(2), 106–119.

Davis, G. A., Hourdos, J., Xiong, H., and Chatterjee, I. (2011). Outline for a Causal Model of Traffic Conflicts and Crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(6), 1907–1919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.001

de Geus, B., Vandenbulcke, G., Panis, L. I., Thomas, I., Degraeuwe, B., Cumps, E., Aertsens, J., Torfs. R., and Meeusen, R. (2012). A Prospective Cohort Study on Minor Accidents Involving Commuter Bicyclists in Belgium. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 683–693.

Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission. https://dvrpc-dvrpcgis.opendata.arcgis.com. Accessed April 30, 2022.

DiGioia, J., Watkins, K. E., Xu, Y., Rodgers, M., and Guensler, R. (2017). Safety Impacts of Bicycle Infrastructure: A Critical Review. Journal of Safety Research, 61, 105–119.

Dill, J., and McNeil, N. (2016). Revisiting the Four Types of Bicyclists: Findings from a National Survey. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2587(1), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.3141/2587-11

Ding, H., Sze, N. N., Li, H., and Guo, Y. (2020). Roles of Infrastructure and Land Use in Bicycle Crash Exposure and Frequency: A Case Study Using Greater London Bike Sharing Data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 144, 105652.

Dixon, K., Avelar, R., Brown, L., Mecham, M., and Van Schalkwyk, I. (2012). Quantifying Safety Performance of Driveways on State Highways (Report No. FHWA-OR-RD-13-02). Federal Highway Administration.

Dixon, K., Monsere, C., Xie, F., and Gladhill, K. (2012). Calibrating the Future Highway Safety Manual Predictive Methods for Oregon State Highways (Report No. OTREC-RR-12-02). Oregon Department of Transportation.

Dixon, K., Van Schalkwyk, I., and Layton, R. (2009). Balancing Urban Driveway Design Demands Based on Stopping Sight Distance. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2120(1), 18–27.

Dolatsara, H. A. (2014). Development of Safety Performance Functions for Non-Motorized Traffic Safety [Master’s Thesis, Western Michigan University].

Dozza, M., and Werneke, J. (2014). Introducing Naturalistic Cycling Data: What Factors Influence Bicyclists’ Safety in the Real World? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 24, 83–91.

Dozza, M., Piccinini, G. F. B., and Werneke, J. (2016). Using Naturalistic Data to Assess E-Cyclist Behavior. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 41, 217–226.

Duthie, J., Brady, J. F., Mills, A. F., and Machemehl, R. B. (2010). Effects of On-Street Bikeway Configuration on Bicyclist and Motorist Behavior. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2190(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.3141/2190-05

Ekman, L. (1996). On the Treatment of Flow in Traffic Safety Analysis: A Non-Parametric Approach Applied on Vulnerable Road Users (Bulletin No. 136). Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI).

Ekman, R., Welander, G., Svanström, L., Schelp, L., and Santesson, P. (2001). Bicycle-Related Injuries Among the Elderly—A New Epidemic? Public Health, 115(1), 38–43.

Eluru, N., Bhat, C. R., and Hensher, D. A. (2008). A Mixed Generalized Ordered Response Model for Examining Pedestrian and Bicyclist Injury Severity Level in Traffic Crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(3), 1033–1054.

Ewing, R. (1999). Traffic Calming: State of the Practice (Report No. FHWA-RD-99-135). Federal Highway Administration.

Federal Highway Administration. (2015). Separated Bike Lane Planning and Design Guide (Report No. FHWA-HEP-15-025).

Feng, F., Bao, S., Hampshire, R. C., and Delp, M. (2018). Drivers Overtaking Bicyclists—An Examination Using Naturalistic Driving Data. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 115, 98-109.

Feng, Sun, Mao-Jing, Jin., Dian-Hai, Wang., and Wei-Wei, Guo. (2013). Study of the Effect of Bus Stop on Roadway Link Capacity. 北京理工大学学报自然版, 33(12), 1284-1288.

Fournier, N., Christofa, E., and Knodler Jr., M. A. (2019). A Mixed Methods Investigation of Bicycle Exposure in Crash Rates. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 130, 54–61.

Furth, P. G., Dulaski, D. M., Buessing, M., and Tavakolian, P. (2010). Parking Lane Width and Bicycle Operating Space. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2190(1), 45–50.

Gao, L., and Wu, H. (2013). Verb-Based Text Mining of Road Crash Report. Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers.

Gårder, P. (1995). Rumble Strips or Not Along Wide Shoulders Designated for Bicycle Traffic? Transportation Research Record, 1502, 1–7.

Geedipally, S. R., Lord, D., Pratt, M. P., Fitzpatrick, K., and Park, E. S. (2020). Safety Performance of One-Way Arterials. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2674(10), 548–559.

General Transit Feed Survey. http://gtfs.org/schedule/. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Goddard, T. B. (2017). Drivers’ Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Bicyclists: Intermodal Interactions and Implications for Road Safety. Transportation Research and Education Center, 207. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.3424

Goddard, T., McDonald, A. D., Alambeigi, H., Kim, A. J., and Anderson, B. A. (2020). Unsafe Bicyclist Overtaking Behavior in a Simulated Driving Task: The Role of Implicit and Explicit Attitudes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 144, 105595.

Goldman, S., Siman-Tov, M., Bahouth, H., Kessel, B., Klein, Y., Michaelson, M., Miklosh, B., Rivkind, A., Shaked, G., Simon, D., Soffer, D., Stein, M., and Peleg, K. (2015). The Contribution of the Israeli Trauma System to the Survival of Road Traffic Casualties. Traffic Injury Prevention, 16(4), 368–373.

Gopinath, B., Jagnoor, J., Craig, A., Kifley, A., Dinh, M., Ivers, R., Boufous, S. and Cameron, I. D. (2016). Describing and Comparing the Characteristics of Injured Bicyclists and Other Injured Road Users: A Prospective Cohort Study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 324.

Greibe, P. (2003). Accident Prediction Models for Urban Roads. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(2), 273–285.

Greibe, P., and Buch, T. S. (2016). Capacity and Behaviour on One-Way Separated Bicycle Lanes of Different Widths. Transportation Research Procedia, 15, 122–136.

Griffin, G. P., and Jiao, J. (2019). Crowdsourcing Bicycle Volumes: Exploring the Role of Volunteered Geographic Information and Established Monitoring Methods (Paper No e3hbc). SocArXiv, Center for Open Science. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:osf:socarx:e3hbc

Guler, S. I., and Grembek, O. (2016). Use of Different Exposure Metrics for Understanding Multi-Modal Travel Injury Risk. International Journal of Transportation Science and Technology, 5(1), 28–37.

Guo, Y., Li, Z., Wu, Y., and Xu, C. (2018). Exploring Unobserved Heterogeneity in Bicyclists’ Red-Light Running Behaviors at Different Crossing Facilities. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 115, 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.006

Gustafsson, L., and Archer, J. (2013). A Naturalistic Study of Commuter Bicyclists in the Greater Stockholm Area. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 58, 286–298.

Hagel, B. E., Romanow, N. T. R., Morgunov, N., Embree, T., Couperthwaite, A. B., Voaklander, D., and Rowe, B. H. (2014). The Relationship Between Visibility Aid Use and Motor Vehicle Related Injuries Among Bicyclists Presenting to Emergency Departments. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 65, 85–96.

Haleem, K., and Abdel-Aty, M. (2010). Examining Traffic Crash Injury Severity at Unsignalized Intersections. Journal of Safety Research, 41(4), 347–357.

Haleem, K., Alluri, P., and Gan, A. (2015). Analyzing Pedestrian Crash Injury Severity at Signalized and Non-Signalized Locations. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 81, 14-23.

Hamann, C. J., and Peek-Asa, C. (2017). Examination of Adult and Child Bicyclist Safety-Relevant Events Using Naturalistic Bicycling Methodology. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 102, 1–11.

Hansson, A. (1975). Studies in Driver Behaviour, with Applications in Traffic Design And Planning: Two Examples (Bulletin 9 Monograph). Swedish National Road and Traffic Research Institute.

Harris, M. A., Reynolds, C. C. O., Winters, M., Cripton, P. A., Shen, H., Chipman, M. L., Cusimano, M. D., Babul, S., Brubacher, J. R., Friedman, S. M., Hunte, G., Monro, M., Vernich, L., and Teschke, K. (2013). Comparing the Effects of Infrastructure on Bicycling Injury at Intersections and Non-Intersections Using a Case-Crossover Design. Injury Prevention, 19, 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2012-040561

Hauer, E. (1997). Observational Before/After Studies in Road Safety. Estimating The Effect of Highway and Traffic Engineering Measures on Road Safety. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Hickman, J. S., and Hanowski, R. J. (2011). Use of a Video Monitoring Approach to Reduce At-Risk Driving Behaviors in Commercial Vehicle Operations. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 14(3), 189–198.

Hoffman, M. R., Lambert, W. E., Peck, E. G., Mayberry, J. C. (2010). Bicycle Commuter Injury Prevention: It Is Time to Focus on the Environment. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 69, 1112–1119.

Høye, A. (2017). Road Safety for Bicyclists (Report No. 1597). Institute of Transport Economics, Norwegian Centre for Transport Research.

Hunter, W. W. (1999). An Evaluation of Red Shoulders as a Bicycle and Pedestrian Facility. Annual Proceedings of Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 43, 29.

Hunter, W. W., Harkey, D. L., Richard Stewart, J., and Birk, M. L. (2000). Evaluation of Blue Bike-Lane Treatment in Portland, Oregon. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1705(1), 107–115.

Hunter, W. W., Srinivasan, R., and Martell, C. (2008). Evaluation of a Green Bike Lane Weaving Area in St. Petersburg, Florida (Final Report). Florida Department of Transportation.

Hunter, W. W., Stewart, J. R., Stutts, J. C., Huang, H. H., and Pein, W. E. (1999). A Comparative Analysis of Bicycle Lanes Versus Wide Curb Lanes (Final report). Federal Highway Administration.

Hunter, W. W., Stutts, J. C., Pein, W. E., and Cox, C. L. (1996). Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990’s (Report No. FHWA-RD-95-163). Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center.

Hupfer, C. (1997). Deceleration to Safety Time (DST)-A Useful Figure to Evaluate Traffic Safety? Proceedings of the 10th International Co-operation on Theories and Concepts in Traffic Safety (ICTCT) Workshop, Lund, Sweden.

Jacobsen, P. L. (2003). Safety in Numbers: More Walkers and Bicyclists, Safer Walking and Bicycling. Injury Prevention, 9, 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.9.3.205rep

Jensen, S. U. (2008). Bicycle Tracks and Lanes: A Before-and-After Study. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 87th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Johnson, M., Charlton, J., Oxley, J., and Newstead, S. (2010, January). Naturalistic Cycling Study: Identifying Risk Factors for On-Road Commuter Bicyclists. Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine/Annual Scientific Conference, 54, 275.

Johnson, M., Chong, D., Carroll, J., Katz, R., Oxley, J., and Charlton, J. L. (2014). Naturalistic Cycling Study: Identifying Risk Factors for Bicyclists in the Australian Capital Territory. Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC).

Johnson, M., Newstead, S., Charlton, J., Oxley, J. (2011). Riding Through Red Lights: The Rate, Characteristics and Risk Factors of Non-Compliant Urban Commuter Bicyclists. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43, 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.08.030

Johnson, M., Newstead, S., Oxley, J., and Charlton, J. (2013). Bicyclists and Open Vehicle Doors: Crash Characteristics and Risk Factors. Safety Science, 59, 135–140.

Johnsson, C., Laureshyn, A., and De Ceunynck, T. (2018). In Search of Surrogate Safety Indicators for Vulnerable Road Users: A Review of Surrogate Safety Indicators. Transport Reviews, 38(6), 765–785.

Kamel, M. B., and Sayed, T. (2020). The Impact of Bike Network Indicators on Bike Kilometers Traveled and Bike Safety: A Network Theory Approach. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, https://doi.org/10.1177/2399808320964469

Kaplan, S., and Giacomo Prato, C. (2015). A Spatial Analysis of Land Use and Network Effects on Frequency and Severity of Bicyclist–Motorist Crashes in the Copenhagen Region. Traffic Injury Prevention. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2014.1003818

Kim, D., and Kim, K. (2015). The Influence of Bicycle Oriented Facilities on Bicycle Crashes Within Crash Concentrated Areas. Traffic Injury Prevention, 16(1), 70–75.

Kim, J. K., Kim, S., Ulfarsson, G. F., and Porrello, L. A. (2007). Bicyclist Injury Severities in Bicycle–Motor Vehicle Accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(2), 238–251.

Kim, K., Pant, P., and Yamashita, E. (2010). Accidents and Accessibility: Measuring Influences of Demographic and Land Use Variables in Honolulu, Hawaii. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2147(1), 9-17.

Kim, Y. J., Seo, D. W., Lee, J. H., Lee, Y. S., Oh, B. J., Lim, K. S., and Kim, W. Y. (2017). Trends in the Incidence and Outcomes of Bicycle-Related Injury in the Emergency Department: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in South Korea, 2012–2014. PLoS ONE, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181362

Klassen, J., El-Basyouny, K., Islam, M. T. (2014). Analyzing the Severity of Bicycle-Motor Vehicle Collision Using Spatial Mixed Logit Models: A City of Edmonton Case Study. Safety Science, 62, 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.09.007

Klop, J. R., and Khattak, A. J. (1999). Factors Influencing Bicycle Crash Severity on Two-Lane, Undivided Roadways in North Carolina. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1674(1), 78–85.

Koorey, G., and Parsons, J. (2016). The Effect of Cycle Lanes on Cycling Numbers and Safety (Paper No. 16-4965). Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Kröyer, H. R. G., and Väg, L. (2015). Accidents Between Pedestrians, Bicyclists and Motorized Vehicles: Accident Risk and Injury Severity (Bulletin). Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University.

Kullgren, A., Stigson, H., Ydenius, A., Axelsson, A., Engström, E., and Rizzi, M. (2019). The Potential of Vehicle and Road Infrastructure Interventions in Fatal Bicyclist Accidents on Swedish Roads—What Can In-Depth Studies Tell Us? Traffic Injury Prevention, 20, S7–S12. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2019.1610171

Kwigizile, V., Oh, J. S., Ikonomov, P., Hasan, R., Villalobos, C. G., Kurdi, A. H., and Shaw, A. (2017). Real time Bicycle Simulation Study of Bicyclists’ Behaviors and Their Implication on Safety (Report No. TRCLC 2015-03). Transportation Research Center for Livable Communities, Western Michigan University.

LaMondia, J., McGhee, J., Fisher, M., and Cordero, F. (2019). Evaluating the Safety and Behavioral Impacts of Green Bike Lanes in Suburban Communities. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673(11), 671–679.

Laureshyn, A., Svensson, Å., and Hydén, C. (2010). Evaluation of Traffic Safety, Based on Micro-Level Behavioural Data: Theoretical Framework and First Implementation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42, 1637–1646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.03.021

Leaf, W. A., and Preusser, D. F. (1999). Literature Review on Vehicle Travel Speeds and Pedestrian Injuries (Report No. DOT-HS-809-021/NTIS-PB2000103347). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Ledezma-Navarro, B., Stipancic, J., Andreoli, A., and Miranda-Moreno, L. (2018). Evaluation of Level of Service and Safety for Vehicles and Bicyclists at Signalized Intersections (Paper No. 18-04807). Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Lee, K., and Sener, I. N. (2020). Emerging Data for Pedestrian and Bicycle Monitoring: Sources and Applications. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 4, 100095.

Limpert, R. (1994). Motor Vehicle Crash Reconstruction and Cause Analysis. Michie Company

Li, X., Farrukh, M., Lee, C., Khreis, H., Sarda, S., Sohrabi, S., and Dadashova, B. (2022). COVID-19 Impacts on Mobility, Environment, and Health of Active Transportation Users. Cities, 131, 103886.

López, G., Pérez-Zuriaga, A. M., Moll, S., and García, A. (2020). Analysis of Overtaking Maneuvers to Cycling Groups on Two-Lane Rural Roads Using Objective and Subjective Risk. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2674(7), 148-160.

Lott, D. F., and Lott, D. Y. (1976). Effect of Bike Lanes on Ten Classes of Bicycle-Automobile Accidents in Davis, California. Journal of Safety Research, 8(4).

Lusk, A. C., Morency, P., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., Willett, W. C., and Dennerlein, J. T. (2013). Bicycle Guidelines and Crash Rates on Separated Bicycle Lanes in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 103(7), 1240–1248.

Lyons, W., Rasmussen, B., Daddio, D., Fijalkowski, J., and Simmons, E. (2014). Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program: Continued Progress in Developing Walking and Bicycling Networks (Report No. DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-14-04). Volpe National Transportation Systems Center.

Ma, M., Yan, X., Abdel-Aty, M., Huang, H., and Wang, X. (2010). Safety Analysis of Urban Arterials under Mixed-Traffic Patterns in Beijing. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2193(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.3141/2193-13

MacAlister, A., and Zuby, D. S. (2015). Bicyclist Crash Scenarios and Factors Relevant to the Design of Bicyclist Detection Systems. Proceedings of the International Research Council on Biomechanics of Injury Conference. 373–384.

Mackenzie, J. R. R., Thompson, J. P., and Dutschke, J. K. (2017, October). Development of a Device Suitable for Naturalistic Studies of Passing Distances Between Cyclists and Vehicles. In Australasian Road Safety Conference, Perth, Western Australia (pp. 10-12).

Marshall, W. E., and Ferenchak, N. N. (2019). Why Cities with High Bicycling Rates Are Safer for All Road Users. Journal of Transport & Health, 13.

Marshall, W. E., and Garrick, N. W. (2011). Evidence on Why Bike-Friendly Cities Are Safer for All Road Users. Environmental Practice, 13, 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466046610000566

Marshall, W. E., Ferenchak, N., and Janson, B. (2018). Why are bike-friendly cities safer for all road users? Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute, North Dakota State University.

Martínez-Ruiz, V., Lardelli-Claret, P., Jiménez-Mejías, E., Amezcua-Prieto, C., Jimenez-Moleon, J. J., and del Castillo, J. D. D. L. (2013). Risk Factors for Causing Road Crashes Involving Bicyclists: An Application of a Quasi-Induced Exposure Method. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 51, 228–237.

Massachusetts DOT (MassDOT) Open Data. https://geo-massdot.opendata.arcgis.com. Accessed April 30, 2022.

MassDOT. Crash Query and Visualization. https://apps.impact.dot.state.ma.us/cdv/. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Mbatta, G. (2011). Developing Crash Modification Factors for Urban Highway with Substandard Wide Curb Lane [Doctoral Dissertation, Florida State University].

McAdams, R. J., Swidarski, K., Clark, R. M., Roberts, K. J., Yang, J., and Mckenzie, L. B. (2018). Bicycle-Related Injuries Among Children Treated in U.S. Emergency Departments, 2006–2015. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 118, 11–17.

McNeil, N., Monsere, C. M. and Dill, J. (2015). Influence of Bike Lane Buffer Types on Perceived Comfort and Safety of Bicyclists and Potential Bicyclists. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2520(1), 132–142.

Minneapolis Public Works Department. https://www2.minneapolismn.gov. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Minnesota DOT. https://apps.impact.dot.state.ma.us/cdp/home. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Minnesota Geospatial Commons. https://gisdata.mn.gov/dataset/. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Mitchell, R. J., and Bambach, M. R. (2015). Examination of Narratives from Emergency Department Presentations to Identify Road Trauma, Crash and Injury Risk Factors for Different Age Groups. Health Information Management Journal, 44(1), 21–29.

Mitra, B., Charters, K. E., Spencer, J. C., Fitzgerald, M. C., and Cameron, P. A. (2017). Alcohol Intoxication in Non‐Motorised Road Trauma. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 29(1), 96–100.

Mjåland, O., Nygaard, A., Storm-Larsen, C., and Brommeland, T. (2019). Cycling-Related Injuries at Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand. Journal for Practical Medicine, 139(12).

Moahn, D., Geetam T., Meleckidzedeck K., and Muyla Nafukho, F. (2006). Risk Factors for Road Traffic Injuries. In Road Traffic Injury Prevention: Training Manual (pp. 21–40). World Health Organization.

Monsere, C. M., McNeil, N., and Dill, J. (2012). Multiuser Perspectives on Separated, On-Street Bicycle Infrastructure. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2314(1), 22–30.

Monsere, C., Dill, J., McNeil, N., Clifton, K. J., Foster, N., Goddard, T., ... and Parks, J. (2014). Lessons from the Green Lanes: Evaluating Protected Bike Lanes in the U.S.

Mukoko, K. K., and Pulugurtha, S. S. (2019). Examining the Influence of Network, Land Use, and Demographic Characteristics to Estimate the Number of Bicycle-Vehicle Crashes on Urban Roads. IATSS Research, 12–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2019.04.001

National Association of City Transportation Officials. (2014). Urban Bikeway Design Guide. Island Press. https://nacto.org/publication/urban-bikeway-design-guide/

National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019a). Bicyclists and Other Bicyclists Traffic Safety Facts 2017 Data. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.12.004

National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2019b). 2018 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview.

National Complete Streets Coalition. (2014). Dangerous by Design 2014. http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/livablecommunities/documents-2014/Dangerous-by-Design-Report-2014.pdf

National Transportation Safety Board. (2019). Bicyclist Safety on U.S. Roadways: Crash Risks and Countermeasures.

Nazemi, M., van Eggermond, M. A., Erath, A., Schaffner, D., Joos, M., and Axhausen, K. W. (2020). Studying Bicyclists’ Perceived Level of Safety Using a Bicycle Simulator Combined with Immersive Virtual Reality. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 151, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105943

Niska, A. (2010). The Importance of Winter Maintenance for Bicyclists. Proceedings of the PIARC 13th International Winter Road Congress, Québec Canada.

Noland, R., and Quddus, M. (2004). Analysis of Pedestrian and Bicycle Casualties with Regional Panel Data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1897(1), 28–33.

Nordback, K. and Marshall, W. (2011). Effect of Increased Bicyclist Volumes on Individualized Bicyclist Risk. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 90th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Nordback, K., Marshall, W. E., and Janson, B. N. (2014). Bicyclist Safety Performance Functions for a U.S. City. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 65, 114–122.

Nosal, T. and Miranda-Moreno, L. F. (2012) Cycle-Tracks, Bicycle Lanes and On-Street Cycling in Montreal: A Preliminary Comparison of the Bicyclist Injury Risk. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

O’Hern, S., Oxley, J., and Stevenson, M. (2017). Validation of a Bicycle Simulator for Road Safety Research. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 100, 53–58.

Oh, J. S., and Kwigizile, V. (2018). Effectiveness of Bicycle Signals for Improving Safety and Multimodal Mobility at Urban Intersections (Publication No. TRCLC 2016-04) [Master’s Thesis, Western Michigan University].

Oh, J., Jun, J., Kim, E., and Kim, M. (2008). Assessing Critical Factors Associated with Bicycle Collisions at Urban Signalized Intersections. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 87th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

O’Hern, S., Oxley, J., and Stevenson, M. (2018). A Simulator Examination of Bicycle Lane Width. Advances in Transportation Studies, 1.

Ohlms, P. B., Dougald, L. E., and MacKnight, H. E. (2019). Bicycle and Pedestrian Count Programs: Scan of Current U.S. Practice. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673(3), 74–85.

Olkkonen, S., and Honkanen, R. (1990). The Role of Alcohol in Nonfatal Bicycle Injuries. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 22(1), 89–96.

Open Data Philly. https://www.opendataphilly.org. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Open Minneapolis. https://opendata.minneapolismn.gov. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Pai, C. W. (2011). Overtaking, Rear-End, and Door Crashes Involving Bicycles: An Empirical Investigation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 1228–1235.

Pai, C. W., and Jou, R. C. (2014). Bicyclists’ Red-Light Running Behaviours: An Examination of Risk-Taking, Opportunistic, and Law-Obeying Behaviours. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 62, 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.008

Papoutsi, S., Martinolli, L., Braun, C. T., and Exadaktylos, A. K. (2014). E-Bike Injuries: Experience from an Urban Emergency Department—A Retrospective Study from Switzerland. Emergency Medicine International.

Park, J., and Abdel-Aty, M. (2016). Evaluation of Safety Effectiveness of Multiple Cross Sectional Features on Urban Arterials. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 92, 245–255.

Park, J., and Abdel-Aty, M. (2021). Application of Random Effects Nonlinear Model for Analyzing Motorized and Nonmotorized Traffic Safety Performance. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Part A: Systems, 147(1), https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000485

Park, J., Abdel-Aty, M., Lee, J., and Lee, C. (2015). Developing Crash Modification Functions to Assess Safety Effects of Adding Bike Lanes for Urban Arterials with Different Roadway and Socio-Economic Characteristics. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 74, 179–191.

Peden, M., Scurfield, R., Sleet, D., Mohan, D., Hyder, A. A., Jarawan, E., and Mathers, C. (2004). World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. World Health Organization.

Petritsch, T., Landis, B., Huang, H., and Challa, S. (2006). Sidepath Safety Model: Bicycle Sidepath Design Factors Affecting Crash Rates. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1982(1), 194–201.

Polinder, S., Haagsma, J., Bos, N., Panneman, M., Wolt, K. K., Brugmans, M., and van Beeck, E. (2015). Burden of Road Traffic Injuries: Disability-Adjusted Life Years in Relation to Hospitalization and The Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 80, 193–200.

Ponte, G., Ryan, G. A., and Anderson, R. W. G. (2016). An Estimate of the Effectiveness of an In-Vehicle Automatic Collision Notification System in Reducing Road Crash Fatalities in South Australia. Traffic Injury Prevention, 17(3), 258-263.

Pucher, J. (2001). Cycling Safety on Bikeways vs. Roads.

Pucher, J., and Buehler, R. (2008). Cycling for Everyone: Lessons from Europe. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2074(1), 58-65.

Pucher, J., and Buehler, R. (2017). Cycling Towards a More Sustainable Transport Future. Transport Reviews, 37(6), 689-694.

Pulugurtha, S. S., Thakur, V. (2015). Evaluating the Effectiveness of On-Street Bicycle Lane and Assessing Risk to Bicyclists in Charlotte, North Carolina. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 76, 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2014.12.020

Raihan, M. A., and Alluri, P. (2017) Impact of Roadway Characteristics on Bicycle Safety. ITE Journal, 87(9), 33.

Raihan, M. A., Alluri, P., Wu, W., and Gan, A. (2019). Estimation of Bicycle Crash Modification Factors (CMFs) on Urban Facilities Using Zero Inflated Negative Binomial Models. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 123, 303–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.12.009

Räsänen, M., and Summala, H. (1998). Attention and Expectation Problems in Bicycle–Car Collisions: An In-Depth Study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 30(5), 657–666.

Rasmussen, B., Rousseau, G., and Lyons, W. M. (2013). Estimating the Impacts of Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program: Developing a New Community-Wide Assessment Method (Paper No. 13-4916). Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 92nd Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Rebentisch, H., Wasfi, R., Piatkowski, D. P., Manaugh, K. (2019). Safe Streets for All? Analyzing Infrastructural Response to Pedestrian and Bicyclist Crashes in New York City, 2009–2018. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673(2), 672–685. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118821672

Renski, H., Khattak, A. J., and Council, F. M. (1999). Effect of Speed Limit Increases on Crash Injury Severity: Analysis of Single-Vehicle Crashes on North Carolina Interstate Highways. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1665(1), 100–108.

Retting, R. (2019). Pedestrian Traffic Fatalities By State: 2018 Preliminary Data. Governors Highway Safety Association. https://www.ghsa.org/sites/default/files/2019-02/FINAL_Pedestrians19.pdf

Reynolds, C. C. O., Harris, M. A., Teschke, K., Cripton, P. A., and Winters, M. (2009). The Impact of Transportation Infrastructure on Bicycling Injuries and Crashes: A Review of the Literature. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-8-47

Robartes, E., and Chen, T. D. (2017). The Effect of Crash Characteristics on Bicyclist Injuries: An Analysis of Virginia Automobile-Bicycle Crash Data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 104, 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.04.020

Rodgers, G. B. (1995). Bicyclist Deaths and Fatality Risk Patterns. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 27(2), 215–223.

Rothenberg, H., Goodman, D., and Sundstrom, C. (2016). Separated Bike Lane Crash Analysis. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 95th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Rothman, L., Lee, V., and Howard, A. (2010). Collision Investigations of Child Pedestrians or Bicyclists Struck by Motor Vehicles. Injury Prevention, 16(1), A109–A110.

Rubie, E., Haworth, N., Twisk, D., and Yamamoto, N. (2020). Influences on Lateral Passing Distance When Motor Vehicles Overtake Bicycles: A Systematic Literature Review. Transport Reviews, 1–20.

Sadek, A. W., Dickason, A. S., and Kaplan, J. (2007). Effectiveness of Green, High-Visibility Bike Lane and Crossing Treatment (Paper No. 07-0990). Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Saha, D., Alluri, P., Gan, A., and Wu, W. (2018). Spatial Analysis of Macro-Level Bicycle Crashes Using the Class of Conditional Autoregressive Models. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 118, 166-177.

Salon, D. (2016). Estimating Pedestrian and Bicyclist Activity at the Neighborhood Scale. Journal of Transport Geography, 55, 11–21.

Sanders, R. L. (2016). We Can All Get Along: The Alignment of Driver and Bicyclist Roadway Design Preferences in the San Francisco Bay Area. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 91, 120–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.002

Sanders, R. L., and Judelman, B. (2018). Perceived Safety and Separated Bike Lanes in the Midwest: Results from a Roadway Design Survey in Michigan. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2672(36), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118758395

Sanders, R. L., Frackelton, A., Gardner, S., Schneider, R., and Hintze, M. (2017). Ballpark Method for Estimating Pedestrian and Bicyclist Exposure in Seattle, Washington: Potential Option for Resource-Constrained Cities in an Age of Big Data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2605(1), 32-44.

Sandt, L. S., Proescholdbell, S. K., Evenson, K. R., Robinson, W. R., Rodriguez, D. A., Harmon, K. J., and Marshall, S. W. (2020). Comparative Analysis of Pedestrian Injuries Using Police, Emergency Department, and Death Certificate Data Sources in North Carolina, U.S., 2007–2012. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2674(9), 687-700.

Sanford, T., McCulloch, C. E., Callcut, R. A., Carroll, P. R., and Breyer, B. N. (2015). Bicycle Trauma Injuries and Hospital Admissions in the United States, 1998–2013. JAMA, 314(9), 947–949.

Schepers, J. P., Kroeze, P. A., Sweers, W., and Wüst, J. C. (2011). Road Factors and Bicycle–Motor Vehicle Crashes at Unsignalized Priority Intersections. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 853–861.

Schepers, P., and den Brinker, B. (2011). What do bicyclists need to see to avoid single-bicycle crashes? Ergonomics, 54(4), 315–327.

Schepers, P., Hagenzieker, M., Methorst, R., Van Wee, B., and Wegman, F. (2014). A Conceptual Framework for Road Safety and Mobility Applied to Cycling Safety. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 62, 331–340.

Schepers, P., Stipdonk, H., Methorst, R., and Olivier, J. (2017). Bicycle Fatalities: Trends in Crashes with and Without Motor Vehicles in The Netherlands. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 46, 491-499.

Schimek, P. (2018). Bike Lanes Next to On-Street Parallel Parking. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 120, 74–82.

Schleinitz, K., Petzoldt, T., Franke-Bartholdt, L., Krems, J. F., and Gehlert, T. (2015). Conflict Partners And Infrastructure Use in Safety Critical Events in Cycling–Results from a Naturalistic Cycling Study. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 31, 99–111.

Schleinitz, K., Petzoldt, T., Franke-Bartholdt, L., Krems, J., and Gehlert, T. (2017). The German Naturalistic Cycling Study–Comparing Cycling Speed of Riders of Different E-Bikes and Conventional Bicycles. Safety Science, 92, 290–297.

Schleinitz, K., Petzoldt, T., Kröling, S., Gehlert, T., and Mach, S. (2019). (E-) Bicyclists Running the Red Light–The Influence of Bicycle Type and Infrastructure Characteristics on Red Light Violations. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 122, 99–107.

Schneider, R., Stefanich, J., and Corsi, L. (2015). Wisconsin Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Analysis: 2011–2013. Wisconsin Department of Transportation.

Schroeder, P., and Wilbur, M. (2013a). 2012 National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior, Volume 1: Summary Report. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Schroeder, P., and Wilbur, M. (2013b). 2012 National Survey of Bicyclist and Pedestrian Attitudes and Behavior, Volume 2: Findings Report. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Schultheiss, W., Sanders, R. L., and Toole, J. (2018). A Historical Perspective on the AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities and the Impact of the Vehicular Cycling Movement. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2672(13), 38-49.

Seattle Department of Transportation. https://www.seattle.gov/transportation/projects-and-programs/programs/bike-program/bike-counters. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Seattle DOT. https://data-seattlecitygis.opendata.arcgis.com. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Seattle Open Data. https://data.seattle.gov. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Second Strategic Highway Research Program. Roadway Inventory Database. https://ctre.iastate.edu/shrp2-rid. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Shaheen, S. A., Cohen, A., and Martin, E. (2018). Transportation Research Circular E-C231: U.S. Department of Transportation’s Mobility on Demand Initiative: Moving the Economy with Innovation and Understanding. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

Shirani-Bidabadi, N., Mallipaddi, N., Haleem, K., and Anderson, M. (2020). Developing Bicycle-Vehicle Crash-Specific Safety Performance Functions in Alabama Using Different Techniques. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 146, 105735.

Siddiqui, N. A., Chu, X., and Guttenplan, M. (2006). Crossing Locations, Light Conditions, and Pedestrian Injury Severity. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1982(1), 141-149.

Sisiopiku, V. P. (2001, August). On-Street Parking on State Roads. Proceedings of the ITE Annual Meeting, Washington DC.

Stipancic, J., Zangenehpour, S., Miranda-Moreno, L., Saunier, N., and Granié, M. A. (2016). Investigating the Gender Differences on Bicycle-Vehicle Conflicts at Urban Intersections Using an Ordered Logit Methodology. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 97, 19–27.

Stone, M., and Broughton, J. (2003). Getting off Your Bike: Cycling Accidents in Great Britain in 1990–1999. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(4), 549–556.

Strauss, J., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., and Morency, P. (2013). Bicyclist Activity and Injury Risk Analysis at Signalized Intersections: A Bayesian Modelling Approach. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 59, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.04.037

Strauss, J., Zangenehpour, S., Miranda-Moreno, L. F., and Saunier, N. (2017). Bicyclist Deceleration Rate As Surrogate Safety Measure in Montreal Using Smartphone GPS Data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 99, 287–296.

Summala, H., Pasanen, E., Räsänen, M., and Sievänen, J. (1996). Bicycle Accidents and Drivers’ Visual Search at Left and Right Turns. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 28(2), 147–153.

Sze, N. N., and Wong, S. C. (2007). Diagnostic Analysis of the Logistic Model for Pedestrian Injury Severity in Traffic Crashes. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(6), 1267-1278.

Tageldin, A., Sayed, T., and Wang, X. (2015). Can Time Proximity Measures Be Used as Safety Indicators in All Driving Cultures? A Case Study of Motorcycle Safety in China. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2520(1), 165-174.

Teschke, K., Harris, M. A., Reynolds, C. C., Winters, M., Babul, S., Chipman, M., Cusimano, M. D., Brubacher, J. R., Hunte, G., Friedman, S. M., Monro, M., Shen, H., Vernich, L., and Cripton, P. A. (2012). Route Infrastructure and the Risk of Injuries to Bicyclists: A Case-Crossover Study. American Journal of Public Health, 102(12), 2336–2343.

Texas DOT. Project 0-7043 Addressing Bicyclist Safety through the Development of Crash Modification Factors for Bikeway Facilities. https://rip.trb.org/view/1716486. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Thomas, B. and DeRobertis, M. (2013). The Safety of Urban Separated Bicycle Lanes: A Review of The Literature. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 52, 219–227.

Thomas, L., Nordback, K., and Sanders, R. (2019). Bicyclist Crash Types on National, State, and Local Levels: A New Look. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673(6), 664–676.

Tilahun, N. Y., Levinson, D. M., and Krizek, K. J. (2007). Trails, Lanes, or Traffic: Valuing Bicycle Facilities with an Adaptive Stated Preference Survey. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41, 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2006.09.007

Tilahun, N. Y., Levinson, D. M., and Krizek, K. J. (2007). Trails, Lanes, or Traffic: Valuing Bicycle Facilities with an Adaptive Stated Preference Survey. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 41(4), 287-301.

Tin Tin, S., Woodward, A., and Ameratunga, S. (2013). Incidence, Risk, and Protective Factors of Bicycle Crashes: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study in New Zealand. Preventive Medicine, 57(3), 152–161.

Turner, S. A., Wood, G., Hughes, T., and Singh, R. (2011). Safety Performance Functions for Bicycle Crashes in New Zealand and Australia. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2236(1), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.3141/2236-08

Turner, S., Sener, I. N., Martin, M. E., Das, S., Hampshire, R. C., Fitzpatrick, K., Molnar, L. J., Colety, M., Robinson, S., Shipp, E. and Wijesundera, R. K. (2017). Synthesis of Methods for Estimating Pedestrian and Bicyclist Exposure to Risk at Areawide Levels and on Specific Transportation Facilities (Report No. FHWA-SA-17-041). Federal Highway Administration.

Ulak, M. B., Ozguven, E. E., Vanli, O. A., Dulebenets, M. A., and Spainhour, L. (2018). Multivariate Random Parameter Tobit Modeling of Crashes Involving Aging Drivers, Passengers, Bicyclists, and Pedestrians: Spatiotemporal Variations. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 121, 1-13.

Ulfarsson, G. F., Kim, S., and Booth, K. M. (2010). Analyzing Fault in Pedestrian–Motor Vehicle Crashes in North Carolina. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42(6), 1805-1813.

Vandenbulcke, G., Thomas, I., and Panis, L. I. (2014). Predicting Cycling Accident Risk in Brussels: A Spatial Case-Control Approach. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 62, 341–357.

Vanparijs, J., Panis, L. I., Meeusen, R., and De Geus, B. (2015). Exposure Measurement in Bicycle Safety Analysis: A Review of the Literature. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 84, 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.08.007

Virginia DOT. Crash Data. https://bit.ly/VDOTCrashTool_Public. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Virginia DOT (VDOT). Traffic Counts. https://www.virginiadot.org/info/ct-TrafficCounts.asp. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Walker, I. (2007). Drivers Overtaking Bicyclists: Objective Data on the Effects of Riding Position, Helmet Use, Vehicle Type and Apparent Gender. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(2), 417–425.

Wang, J., Huang, H., and Zeng, Q. (2017). The Effect of Zonal Factors in Estimating Crash Risks by Transportation Modes: Motor Vehicle, Bicycle and Pedestrian. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 98, 223-231.

Wang, Y., Cai, H., Li, C., Jiang, Z., Wang, L., Song, J., and Xia, J. (2013). Optimal Caliper Width for Propensity Score Matching of Three Treatment Groups: A Monte Carlo Study. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e81045.

Washington DOT Pedestrian and Bicycle Count Portal. https://wsdot.wa.gov/data/tools/bikepedcounts/. Accessed April 30, 2022.

Williamson, M. R., Zhou, H., and Fries, R. (2018). Safety Effects of Different Driveway Types Defined in Highway Safety Manual (Paper No. 18-01220). Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 97th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Winters, M., and Teschke, K., (2010). Route Preferences Among Adults in the Near Market for Bicycling: Findings of the Cycling in Cities Study. American Journal of Health Promotion, Sep–Oct(1), 40–47.

Yan, X., Chen, J., Ye, X., Wang, T., Yang, Z., and Bai, H. (2020). Studying the Influences of Bus Stop Type and Specifications on Bicycle Flow and Capacity for Better Bicycle Efficiency. Information, 11(8), 370.

Zahabi, S. A. H., Strauss, J., Manaugh, K., and Miranda-Moreno, L. F. (2011). Estimating Potential Effect of Speed Limits, Built Environment, and Other Factors on Severity of Pedestrian and Bicyclist Injuries in Crashes. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2247(1), 81–90.

Zhang, F., Li, Z., Zhao, D., Wang, Y., Wang, W., and Li, J. (2015). Influences of Various Types of Bus Stops on Traffic Operations of Bicycles, Vehicles, and Buses. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 94th Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

Zhang, X., Green, E., Chen, M., and Souleyrette, R. R. (2019). Identifying Secondary Crashes Using Text Mining Techniques. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 1–21.