Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans (2025)
Chapter: Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables
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Appendix F: Comparison of Characteristics of Alternative Study Cohorts
Appendix G
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Appendix G
Odds Ratio Tables
This appendix presents results from all data analyses. The adjusted conditional logistic regression models account for the variables used to match cases and controls (age at encounter, sex, and enrollment year in the Veterans Benefits Administration) and for race, ethnicity, and last known service branch.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
ADJUSTMENT DISORDERS
TABLE G-1 Odds Ratios for Adjustment Disorders
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 423,877 | Exposed Controls n = 1,694,584 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 26,967 | 108,147 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) |
| Dust and PM | 341,775 | 1,290,633 | 1.36 (1.35–1.37) | 1.11 (1.10–1.13) |
| Exhaust | 324,867 | 1,240,049 | 1.28 (1.27–1.29) | 1.14 (1.13–1.15) |
| Fuels | 163,764 | 669,871 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 276,577 | 1,003,663 | 1.35 (1.34–1.36) | 1.14 (1.13–1.15) |
| Metals | 84,965 | 332,338 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) |
| Mold | 31,655 | 140,479 | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) |
| Radiation | 6,788 | 32,254 | 0.84 (0.82–0.86) | 0.90 (0.87–0.92) |
| Solvents | 120,650 | 442,500 | 1.13 (1.13–1.14) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-2 Odds Ratios for Adjustment Disorders Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 350,277 | Exposed Controls n = 1,649,214 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 73,599 | Exposed Controls n = 45,366 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 21,545 | 104,776 | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.90 (0.89–0.91) | 5,422 | 3,371 | 1.15 (1.03–1.29) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) |
| Dust and PM | 274,830 | 1,251,872 | 1.24 (1.22–1.25) | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | 66,945 | 38,761 | 1.63 (1.46–1.81) | 1.45 (1.28–1.63) |
| Exhaust | 261,903 | 1,203,684 | 1.20 (1.19–1.21) | 1.10 (1.08–1.11) | 62,964 | 36,365 | 1.36 (1.25–1.50) | 1.25 (1.13–1.37) |
| Fuels | 133,156 | 651,116 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 30,608 | 18,755 | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 220,378 | 972,374 | 1.26 (1.25–1.27) | 1.09 (1.08–1.10) | 56,199 | 31,289 | 1.38 (1.28–1.48) | 1.24 (1.14–1.35) |
| Metals | 68,243 | 322,629 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 16,722 | 9,709 | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) | 1.11 (1.02–1.20) |
| Mold | 26,285 | 136,652 | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 5,370 | 3,827 | 0.83 (0.74–0.93) | 0.87 (0.77–0.97) |
| Radiation | 5,640 | 31,299 | 0.84 (0.82–0.86) | 0.88 (0.86–0.91) | 1,148 | 955 | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.83 (0.67–1.04) |
| Solvents | 95,097 | 427,946 | 1.09 (1.08–1.10) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 25,553 | 14,554 | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | 1.11 (1.03–1.18) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-3 Odds Ratios for Adjustment Disorders by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 423,877 | Exposed Controls n = 1,694,584 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 17,684 | 77,619 | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) |
| 2 | 29,101 | 141,653 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 1.08 (1.06–1.09) |
| 3 | 158,145 | 565,199 | 1.44 (1.42–1.45) | 1.19 (1.17–1.20) |
| 4 | 25,244 | 108,070 | 1.17 (1.16–1.19) | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) |
| 5 | 56,037 | 233,143 | 1.22 (1.21–1.24) | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) |
| 6 | 63,708 | 226,269 | 1.45 (1.43–1.47) | 1.18 (1.16–1.20) |
| 7+ | 9,047 | 34,808 | 1.33 (1.29–1.36) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
ATTENTION DISORDERS
TABLE G-4 Odds Ratios for Attention Disorders
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 70,310 | Exposed Controls n = 281,217 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 4,532 | 19,547 | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) |
| Dust and PM | 57,631 | 230,589 | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) |
| Exhaust | 54,401 | 217,184 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) |
| Fuels | 27,723 | 114,008 | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 46,267 | 183,203 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) |
| Metals | 14,779 | 60,143 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) |
| Mold | 5,230 | 22,459 | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) |
| Radiation | 1,132 | 4,992 | 0.90 (0.85–0.97) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) |
| Solvents | 20,880 | 84,685 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-5 Odds Ratios for Attention Disorders Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
| Exposed Cases n = 54,649 | Exposed Controls n = 246,092 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 15,661 | Exposed Controls n = 35,125 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 3,375 | 16,739 | 0.90 (0.86–0.93) | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) | 1,157 | 2,808 | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) |
| Dust and PM | 43,313 | 198,174 | 0.94 (0.91–0.96) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 14,318 | 32,415 | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) |
| Exhaust | 40,991 | 186,808 | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 13,410 | 30,376 | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) |
| Fuels | 21,062 | 98,593 | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 6,661 | 15,415 | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 34,366 | 156,284 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 11,901 | 26,919 | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) |
| Metals | 11,145 | 51,640 | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 3,634 | 8,503 | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) |
| Mold | 4,056 | 19,706 | 0.93 (0.89–0.96) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | 1,174 | 2,753 | 0.91 (0.80–1.03) | 0.91 (0.80–1.04) |
| Radiation | 876 | 4,398 | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | 256 | 594 | 0.92 (0.71–1.20) | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) |
| Solvents | 15,236 | 71,684 | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 5,644 | 13,001 | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-6 Odds Ratios for Attention Disorders by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 70,310 | Exposed Controls n = 281,217 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 2,885 | 12,491 | 0.91 (0.87–0.96) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) |
| 2 | 4,902 | 19,582 | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
| 3 | 26,100 | 101,286 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) |
| 4 | 4,242 | 17,033 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.97 (0.93–1.02) |
| 5 | 10,216 | 41,490 | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) |
| 6 | 10,495 | 43,152 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) |
| 7+ | 1,491 | 6,589 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.89 (0.83–0.95) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
TABLE G-7 Odds Ratios for Anxiety Disorders
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 199,477 | Exposed Controls n = 797,666 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 13,732 | 52,229 | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Dust and PM | 159,751 | 628,667 | 1.10 (1.08–1.11) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
| Exhaust | 150,059 | 596,962 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) |
| Fuels | 76,484 | 309,219 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 128,562 | 500,483 | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) |
| Metals | 38,784 | 154,516 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
| Mold | 15,031 | 63,342 | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| Radiation | 3,389 | 14,240 | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) |
| Solvents | 56,632 | 217,556 | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-8 Odds Ratios for Anxiety Disorders Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 166,496 | Exposed Controls n = 714,232 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 32,978 | Exposed Controls n = 83,429 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 11,130 | 45,845 | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 2,602 | 6,384 | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) | 0.97 (0.89–1.06) |
| Dust and PM | 130,075 | 552,272 | 1.07 (1.05–1.08) | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 29,676 | 76,395 | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) |
| Exhaust | 122,277 | 525,384 | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 27,782 | 71,578 | 0.88 (0.81–0.94) | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) |
| Fuels | 62,736 | 273,929 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 13,748 | 35,290 | 0.96 (0.91–1.00) | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 103,705 | 436,501 | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | 24,857 | 63,982 | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) |
| Metals | 31,467 | 135,501 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 7,317 | 19,015 | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) |
| Mold | 12,534 | 57,043 | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 2,497 | 6,299 | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) |
| Radiation | 2,867 | 12,852 | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.99 (0.95–1.04) | 522 | 1,388 | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) |
| Solvents | 45,149 | 188,021 | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 11,483 | 29,535 | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-9 Odds Ratios for Anxiety Disorders by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 199,477 | Exposed Controls n = 797,666 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 9,503 | 36,260 | 1.08 (1.05–1.10) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) |
| 2 | 13,278 | 59,811 | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) |
| 3 | 71,980 | 283,748 | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) |
| 4 | 12,372 | 49,850 | 1.03 (1.00–1.05) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| 5 | 25,702 | 106,291 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) |
| 6 | 30,008 | 112,923 | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| 7+ | 4,555 | 17,128 | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
DEPRESSION
TABLE G-10 Odds Ratios for Depression
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 473,754 | Exposed Controls n = 1,894,163 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 29,477 | 122,434 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 0.90 (0.89–0.91) |
| Dust and PM | 388,399 | 1,505,273 | 1.21 (1.20–1.22) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) |
| Exhaust | 369,957 | 1,440,528 | 1.17 (1.16–1.18) | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) |
| Fuels | 182,465 | 751,837 | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 318,781 | 1,197,959 | 1.23 (1.23–1.24) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) |
| Metals | 96,362 | 381,569 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) |
| Mold | 34,306 | 150,574 | 0.90 (0.89–0.91) | 0.96 (0.94–0.97) |
| Radiation | 7,099 | 34,240 | 0.83 (0.80–0.85) | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) |
| Solvents | 138,302 | 528,580 | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 1.02 (1.01–1.02) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-11 Odds Ratios for Depression Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 386,710 | Exposed Controls n = 1,748,391 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 87,037 | Exposed Controls n = 145,761 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 23,172 | 111,205 | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | 0.89 (0.87–0.90) | 6,305 | 11,229 | 0.94 (0.89–1.01) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) |
| Dust and PM | 308,629 | 1,371,794 | 1.14 (1.12–1.15) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 79,770 | 133,479 | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 0.98 (0.90–1.05) |
| Exhaust | 294,566 | 1,315,222 | 1.12 (1.11–1.13) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | 75,391 | 125,306 | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) |
| Fuels | 146,034 | 689,587 | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 36,431 | 62,250 | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 251,365 | 1,086,112 | 1.19 (1.18–1.20) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | 67,416 | 111,847 | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) |
| Metals | 76,163 | 348,021 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 20,199 | 33,548 | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 1.08 (1.03–1.12) |
| Mold | 27,999 | 139,305 | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 6,307 | 11,269 | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) |
| Radiation | 5,806 | 31,504 | 0.83 (0.80–0.85) | 0.86 (0.84–0.89) | 1,293 | 2,736 | 0.74 (0.65–0.85) | 0.75 (0.66–0.86) |
| Solvents | 107,552 | 476,312 | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 30,750 | 52,268 | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-12 Odds Ratios for Depression by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 473,754 | Exposed Controls n = 1,894,163 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 18,473 | 81,628 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) |
| 2 | 30,531 | 143,362 | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) |
| 3 | 183,456 | 677,400 | 1.25 (1.24–1.27) | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) |
| 4 | 27,397 | 119,276 | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) |
| 5 | 61,948 | 260,221 | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) |
| 6 | 73,817 | 272,595 | 1.25 (1.24–1.27) | 1.07 (1.06–1.09) |
| 7+ | 10,277 | 42,011 | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
TABLE G-13 Odds Ratios for PTSD
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 514,125 | Exposed Controls n = 2,055,806 | Overall estimates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||||
| Burn Pits | 34,626 | 120,761 | 1.16 (1.15–1.17) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | |
| Dust and PM | 454,554 | 1,601,270 | 2.37 (2.35–2.39) | 1.71 (1.70–1.73) | |
| Exhaust | 432,725 | 1,570,629 | 1.85 (1.83–1.86) | 1.52 (1.51–1.54) | |
| Fuels | 209,408 | 831,242 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 1.09 (1.08–1.09) | |
| Incinerator Emissions | 381,034 | 1,273,414 | 1.89 (1.87–1.90) | 1.44 (1.43–1.45) | |
| Metals | 114,632 | 424,295 | 1.11 (1.10–1.12) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | |
| Mold | 37,152 | 165,615 | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | |
| Radiation | 7,654 | 34,789 | 0.88 (0.86–0.90) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | |
| Solvents | 168,429 | 559,072 | 1.32 (1.31–1.33) | 1.13 (1.13–1.14) | |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-14 Odds Ratios for PTSD Using Limited VHA Cohort
| Exposure | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
| Burn Pits | 1.26 (1.25–1.28) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
| Dust and PM | 1.59 (1.58–1.60) | 1.21 (1.20–1.22) |
| Exhaust | 1.47 (1.46–1.48) | 1.19 (1.18–1.20) |
| Fuels | 1.12 (1.11–1.12) | 1.07 (1.07–1.08) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 1.62 (1.61–1.63) | 1.21 (1.21–1.22) |
| Metals | 1.20 (1.19–1.21) | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) |
| Mold | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) |
| Radiation | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
| Solvents | 1.40 (1.39–1.41) | 1.11 (1.11–1.12) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; VHA = Veterans Health Administration.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-15 Odds Ratios for PTSD Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 402,650 | Exposed Controls n = 1,967,472 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 111,468 | Exposed Controls n = 88,319 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 26,292 | 114,538 | 1.14 (1.13–1.16) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 8,334 | 6,223 | 1.15 (1.06–1.24) | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) |
| Dust and PM | 350,300 | 1,525,453 | 2.16 (2.14–2.18) | 1.62 (1.60–1.64) | 104,254 | 75,817 | 2.46 (2.28–2.65) | 1.95 (1.79–2.12) |
| Exhaust | 334,097 | 1,498,582 | 1.75 (1.73–1.77) | 1.47 (1.46–1.49) | 98,628 | 72,047 | 1.84 (1.72–1.96) | 1.61 (1.51–1.72) |
| Fuels | 161,843 | 794,174 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 47,565 | 37,068 | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 1.09 (1.04–1.13) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 292,191 | 1,211,587 | 1.79 (1.78–1.81) | 1.40 (1.39–1.42) | 88,843 | 61,827 | 1.65 (1.57–1.74) | 1.44 (1.36–1.53) |
| Metals | 88,111 | 404,521 | 1.11 (1.10–1.11) | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 26,521 | 19,774 | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) |
| Mold | 29,003 | 158,571 | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 8,149 | 7,044 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.97 (0.89–1.04) |
| Radiation | 5,923 | 33,083 | 0.87 (0.84–0.89) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 1,731 | 1,706 | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) |
| Solvents | 127,616 | 529,987 | 1.29 (1.28–1.30) | 1.12 (1.11–1.13) | 40,813 | 29,085 | 1.21 (1.16–1.26) | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-16 Odds Ratios for PTSD by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 514,125 | Exposed Controls n = 2,055,806 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 17,296 | 75,627 | 1.67 (1.64–1.71) | 1.40 (1.37–1.43) |
| 2 | 28,600 | 169,275 | 1.39 (1.37–1.42) | 1.58 (1.55–1.61) |
| 3 | 217,110 | 727,977 | 2.57 (2.54–2.60) | 1.92 (1.89–1.94) |
| 4 | 30,448 | 129,506 | 1.95 (1.92–1.99) | 1.79 (1.76–1.82) |
| 5 | 71,862 | 285,284 | 2.15 (2.12–2.18) | 1.76 (1.73–1.78) |
| 6 | 89,889 | 289,080 | 2.70 (2.66–2.73) | 1.95 (1.92–1.98) |
| 7+ | 13,235 | 42,756 | 2.64 (2.58–2.70) | 1.96 (1.91–2.00) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS
Schizophrenia and Psychosis
TABLE G-17 Odds Ratios for Psychosis/Schizophrenia
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 29,097 | Exposed Controls n = 116,364 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 1,533 | 7,420 | 0.81 (0.77–0.86) | 0.76 (0.72–0.81) |
| Dust and PM | 24,786 | 96,361 | 1.23 (1.18–1.28) | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) |
| Exhaust | 23,701 | 91,896 | 1.23 (1.19–1.28) | 1.13 (1.08–1.17) |
| Fuels | 11,049 | 46,979 | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 20,717 | 77,804 | 1.27 (1.23–1.31) | 1.09 (1.05–1.12) |
| Metals | 6,226 | 24,888 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) |
| Mold | 1,914 | 8,935 | 0.85 (0.80–0.89) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) |
| Radiation | 344 | 1,849 | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) | 0.78 (0.70–0.88) |
| Solvents | 8,908 | 35,021 | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-18 Odds Ratios for Psychosis/Schizophrenia Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 21,390 | Exposed Controls n = 101,710 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 7,707 | Exposed Controls n = 14,654 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 1,063 | 6,375 | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) | 0.72 (0.67–0.77) | 470 | 1,045 | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) |
| Dust and PM | 17,663 | 82,810 | 1.14 (1.09–1.19) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | 7,123 | 13,551 | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 1.03 (0.82–1.31) |
| Exhaust | 16,864 | 79,101 | 1.15 (1.11–1.21) | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 6,837 | 12,795 | 1.15 (0.98–1.36) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) |
| Fuels | 7,903 | 40,624 | 0.89 (0.87–0.92) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 3,146 | 6,355 | 0.90 (0.82–0.99) | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 14,591 | 66,401 | 1.21 (1.16–1.25) | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 6,126 | 11,403 | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) |
| Metals | 4,402 | 21,370 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | 1,824 | 3,518 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) |
| Mold | 1,428 | 7,807 | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | 0.91 (0.86–0.97) | 486 | 1,128 | 0.79 (0.65–0.95) | 0.81 (0.66–0.98) |
| Radiation | 239 | 1,637 | 0.68 (0.59–0.78) | 0.71 (0.61–0.81) | 105 | 212 | 1.14 (0.78–1.66) | 1.17 (0.80–1.72) |
| Solvents | 6,192 | 29,688 | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | 2,716 | 5,333 | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-19 Odds Ratios for Psychosis/Schizophrenia by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 29,097 | Exposed Controls n = 116,364 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 938 | 4,542 | 0.93 (0.85–1.00) | 0.83 (0.77–0.90) |
| 2 | 1,733 | 8,004 | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.05 (0.98–1.13) |
| 3 | 12,366 | 43,965 | 1.36 (1.30–1.43) | 1.17 (1.11–1.23) |
| 4 | 1,446 | 6,955 | 0.99 (0.92–1.06) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) |
| 5 | 3,870 | 16,943 | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) |
| 6 | 4,780 | 17,933 | 1.29 (1.22–1.36) | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) |
| 7+ | 545 | 2,617 | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Bipolar Disorder
TABLE G-20 Odds Ratios for Bipolar Disorder
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 40,498 | Exposed Controls n = 161,961 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 1,982 | 10,331 | 0.75 (0.71–0.79) | 0.72 (0.68–0.76) |
| Dust and PM | 33,680 | 133,805 | 1.05 (1.01–1.08) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) |
| Exhaust | 32,580 | 127,849 | 1.13 (1.10–1.17) | 1.06 (1.03–1.10) |
| Fuels | 15,348 | 65,229 | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | 0.93 (0.91–0.96) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 28,182 | 107,998 | 1.17 (1.14–1.20) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) |
| Metals | 8,551 | 34,666 | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) |
| Mold | 2,697 | 12,296 | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) |
| Radiation | 489 | 2,590 | 0.75 (0.68–0.83) | 0.76 (0.69–0.84) |
| Solvents | 11,922 | 48,348 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-21 Odds Ratios for Bipolar Disorder Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 30,613 | Exposed Controls n = 142,372 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 9,885 | Exposed Controls n = 19,589 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 1,397 | 8,898 | 0.72 (0.68–0.77) | 0.70 (0.66–0.74) | 585 | 1,433 | 0.72 (0.60–0.85) | 0.73 (0.61–0.87) |
| Dust and PM | 24,542 | 115,701 | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.86 (0.83–0.90) | 9,138 | 18,104 | 0.90 (0.76–1.07) | 1.02 (0.84–1.25) |
| Exhaust | 23,827 | 110,682 | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 8,753 | 17,167 | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) |
| Fuels | 11,314 | 56,690 | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) | 4,034 | 8,539 | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 20,354 | 92,778 | 1.11 (1.07–1.14) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 7,828 | 15,220 | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) |
| Metals | 6,174 | 29,943 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 2,377 | 4,723 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) |
| Mold | 2,028 | 10,804 | 0.87 (0.82–0.91) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | 669 | 1,492 | 0.90 (0.77–1.06) | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) |
| Radiation | 370 | 2,279 | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | 0.73 (0.66–0.82) | 119 | 311 | 0.65 (0.44–0.94) | 0.65 (0.44–0.95) |
| Solvents | 8,460 | 41,146 | 0.95 (0.93–0.98) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 3,462 | 7,202 | 0.92 (0.84–1.00) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-22 Odds Ratios for Bipolar Disorder by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 40,498 | Exposed Controls n = 161,961 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 1,244 | 6,247 | 0.80 (0.74–0.85) | 0.74 (0.69–0.79) |
| 2 | 2,557 | 11,357 | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) |
| 3 | 16,801 | 61,351 | 1.15 (1.10–1.19) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) |
| 4 | 2,104 | 9,605 | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | 0.83 (0.79–0.88) |
| 5 | 5,245 | 23,305 | 0.93 (0.89–0.98) | 0.91 (0.87–0.95) |
| 6 | 6,460 | 24,998 | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 0.96 (0.91–1.00) |
| 7+ | 746 | 3,545 | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 0.79 (0.73–0.87) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
SLEEP DISORDERS
TABLE G-23 Odds Ratios for Sleep Disorders
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 572,012 | Exposed Controls n = 2,286,793 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 36,759 | 143,867 | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) |
| Dust and PM | 469,925 | 1,811,438 | 1.24 (1.23–1.25) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) |
| Exhaust | 453,458 | 1,763,792 | 1.17 (1.16–1.18) | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) |
| Fuels | 225,889 | 922,319 | 0.96 (0.96–0.97) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 388,730 | 1,449,898 | 1.26 (1.25–1.26) | 1.07 (1.06–1.07) |
| Metals | 116,006 | 456,257 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) |
| Mold | 43,066 | 184,346 | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) |
| Radiation | 9,116 | 40,469 | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) |
| Solvents | 166,224 | 623,624 | 1.10 (1.09–1.10) | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-24 Odds Ratios for Sleep Disorders Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 467,785 | Exposed Controls n = 2,180,812 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 104,222 | Exposed Controls n = 105,970 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 28,813 | 136,196 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 7,946 | 7,671 | 1.13 (1.05–1.22) | 1.10 (1.02–1.19) |
| Dust and PM | 374,297 | 1,715,128 | 1.13 (1.12–1.14) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 95,628 | 96,310 | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) |
| Exhaust | 362,988 | 1,672,887 | 1.09 (1.09–1.10) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 90,470 | 90,905 | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) |
| Fuels | 182,026 | 877,130 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 43,863 | 45,189 | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 307,424 | 1,369,593 | 1.17 (1.17–1.18) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 81,306 | 80,305 | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) |
| Metals | 92,094 | 431,675 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.03 (1.03–1.04) | 23,912 | 24,582 | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) |
| Mold | 35,379 | 176,181 | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 7,687 | 8,165 | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) |
| Radiation | 7,417 | 38,584 | 0.90 (0.88–0.92) | 0.93 (0.91–0.96) | 1,699 | 1,885 | 0.85 (0.73–0.99) | 0.86 (0.73–1.00) |
| Solvents | 129,308 | 586,380 | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 36,916 | 37,244 | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-25 Odds Ratios for Sleep Disorders by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 572,012 | Exposed Controls n = 2,286,793 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 20,505 | 88,841 | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.93 (0.92–0.95) |
| 2 | 38,659 | 187,207 | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| 3 | 222,144 | 826,863 | 1.25 (1.24–1.26) | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) |
| 4 | 36,034 | 151,682 | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) |
| 5 | 73,246 | 309,977 | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
| 6 | 89,481 | 323,264 | 1.29 (1.27–1.30) | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) |
| 7+ | 13,740 | 50,017 | 1.27 (1.24–1.30) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS
TABLE G-26 Odds Ratios for SUD
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 311,996 | Exposed Controls n = 1,247,736 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 18,791 | 81,004 | 0.92 (0.91–0.94) | 0.86 (0.84–0.87) |
| Dust and PM | 268,651 | 1,026,522 | 1.39 (1.37–1.41) | 1.10 (1.09–1.11) |
| Exhaust | 257,601 | 988,273 | 1.31 (1.30–1.33) | 1.16 (1.14–1.17) |
| Fuels | 125,684 | 508,984 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 223,545 | 829,695 | 1.32 (1.30–1.33) | 1.11 (1.09–1.12) |
| Metals | 70,090 | 267,458 | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) |
| Mold | 22,231 | 97,132 | 0.91 (0.89–0.92) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
| Radiation | 4,276 | 20,586 | 0.83 (0.80–0.86) | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) |
| Solvents | 100,264 | 370,554 | 1.13 (1.12–1.14) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; SUD = substance use disorders.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-27 Odds Ratios for SUD Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 252,523 | Exposed Controls n = 1,119,913 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 59,470 | Exposed Controls n = 127,816 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 14,781 | 71,350 | 0.92 (0.90–0.93) | 0.85 (0.84–0.87) | 4,010 | 9,654 | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) | 0.84 (0.78–0.90) |
| Dust and PM | 213,110 | 908,633 | 1.32 (1.31–1.34) | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | 55,541 | 117,889 | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) |
| Exhaust | 204,729 | 876,885 | 1.27 (1.26–1.29) | 1.13 (1.11–1.14) | 52,872 | 111,388 | 1.20 (1.13–1.27) | 1.14 (1.07–1.22) |
| Fuels | 100,201 | 454,247 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 25,483 | 54,737 | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 176,260 | 730,540 | 1.28 (1.27–1.30) | 1.09 (1.08–1.10) | 47,285 | 99,155 | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) |
| Metals | 55,442 | 237,440 | 1.06 (1.05–1.07) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) | 14,648 | 30,018 | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) |
| Mold | 17,931 | 87,489 | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 4,300 | 9,643 | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.99 (0.93–1.07) |
| Radiation | 3,456 | 18,432 | 0.83 (0.80–0.86) | 0.88 (0.85–0.91) | 820 | 2,154 | 0.96 (0.83–1.12) | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) |
| Solvents | 78,133 | 324,650 | 1.11 (1.10–1.13) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | 22,131 | 45,904 | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; SUD = substance use disorders; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-28 Odds Ratios for SUD by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 311,996 | Exposed Controls n = 1,247,736 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 9,753 | 46,011 | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) |
| 2 | 17,912 | 89,072 | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) |
| 3 | 128,734 | 469,592 | 1.45 (1.43–1.47) | 1.18 (1.16–1.20) |
| 4 | 17,303 | 77,038 | 1.16 (1.14–1.19) | 1.05 (1.03–1.08) |
| 5 | 44,210 | 179,693 | 1.29 (1.27–1.32) | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) |
| 6 | 52,949 | 191,308 | 1.46 (1.44–1.49) | 1.17 (1.15–1.20) |
| 7+ | 7,244 | 28,550 | 1.33 (1.30–1.37) | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; SUD = substance use disorders.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
NONFATAL SUICIDE ATTEMPTS AND INTENTIONAL SELF–HARM
TABLE G-29 Odds Ratios for Nonfatal Suicide Attempts and Intentional Self-Harm
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 12,603 | Exposed Controls n = 50,403 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 766 | 3,357 | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.84 (0.78–0.92) |
| Dust and PM | 10,848 | 41,505 | 1.39 (1.31–1.48) | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) |
| Exhaust | 10,205 | 39,171 | 1.31 (1.24–1.39) | 1.18 (1.11–1.25) |
| Fuels | 4,996 | 20,419 | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 8,927 | 33,166 | 1.32 (1.26–1.39) | 1.13 (1.08–1.20) |
| Metals | 2,781 | 10,810 | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) |
| Mold | 884 | 3,937 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.96 (0.88–1.03) |
| Radiation | 166 | 845 | 0.78 (0.66–0.93) | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) |
| Solvents | 4,071 | 15,272 | 1.10 (1.06–1.15) | 1.05 (1.01–1.10) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-30 Odds Ratios for Nonfatal Suicide Attempts and Intentional Self-Harm Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 8,751 | Exposed Controls n = 44,017 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 3,852 | Exposed Controls n = 6,386 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 528 | 2,828 | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 238 | 529 | 0.84 (0.63–1.10) | 0.87 (0.65–1.15) |
| Dust and PM | 7,270 | 35,592 | 1.27 (1.19–1.37) | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 3,578 | 5,913 | 1.23 (0.93–1.62) | 1.27 (0.93–1.72) |
| Exhaust | 6,813 | 33,660 | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) | 1.12 (1.04–1.20) | 3,392 | 5,511 | 1.20 (0.96–1.50) | 1.20 (0.95–1.51) |
| Fuels | 3,335 | 17,603 | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.96 (0.92–1.02) | 1,661 | 2,816 | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 1.07 (0.93–1.22) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 5,902 | 28,267 | 1.25 (1.18–1.32) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 3,025 | 4,899 | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 0.98 (0.81–1.20) |
| Metals | 1,821 | 9,267 | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 960 | 1,543 | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) |
| Mold | 602 | 3,428 | 0.87 (0.79–0.96) | 0.92 (0.84–1.01) | 282 | 509 | 0.92 (0.72–1.18) | 0.99 (0.77–1.29) |
| Radiation | 118 | 743 | 0.75 (0.62–0.92) | 0.79 (0.64–0.96) | 48 | 102 | 0.71 (0.41–1.23) | 0.74 (0.42–1.31) |
| Solvents | 2,637 | 12,895 | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1,434 | 2,377 | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 1.07 (0.93–1.22) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 12,603 | Exposed Controls n = 50,403 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 492 | 2,157 | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) |
| 2 | 715 | 3,452 | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) |
| 3 | 5,078 | 18,399 | 1.49 (1.39–1.61) | 1.24 (1.14–1.34) |
| 4 | 668 | 3,074 | 1.14 (1.03–1.27) | 1.03 (0.92–1.14) |
| 5 | 1,804 | 7,486 | 1.29 (1.18–1.40) | 1.15 (1.06–1.26) |
| 6 | 2,166 | 7,703 | 1.52 (1.40–1.65) | 1.26 (1.15–1.37) |
| 7+ | 254 | 1,167 | 1.17 (1.01–1.36) | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
TABLE G-32 Odds Ratios for ALS
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 296 | Exposed Controls n = 1,181 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 16 | 67 | 0.95 (0.54–1.67) | 1.06 (0.59–1.89) |
| Dust and PM | 242 | 903 | 1.41 (1.01–1.98) | 1.40 (0.97–2.02) |
| Exhaust | 238 | 879 | 1.47 (1.05–2.06) | 1.43 (1.00–2.04) |
| Fuels | 108 | 416 | 1.06 (0.81–1.38) | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 199 | 746 | 1.21 (0.92–1.60) | 1.23 (0.88–1.71) |
| Metals | 46 | 182 | 1.01 (0.71–1.45) | 1.00 (0.68–1.45) |
| Mold | 16 | 89 | 0.70 (0.41–1.22) | 0.69 (0.39–1.20) |
| Radiation | <10 | 13 | ||
| Solvents | 70 | 184 | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) | 0.97 (0.71–1.33) |
NOTES: Cell sizes of 10 or less are noted as <10. ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-33 Odds Ratios for ALS Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 259 | Exposed Controls n = 1,072 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 36 | Exposed Controls n = 108 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 15 | 62 | 1.01 (0.56–1.84) | 1.14 (0.61–2.11) | <10 | <10 | ||
| Dust and PM | 210 | 803 | 1.43 (1.01–2.03) | 1.39 (0.95–2.04) | 32 | 100 | 0.00 (0.00–I) | 0.00 (0.00–I) |
| Exhaust | 206 | 789 | 1.36 (0.96–1.94) | 1.30 (0.89–1.88) | 32 | 90 | 1.00 (0.06–15.99) | 1.00 (0.02–50.40) |
| Fuels | 92 | 384 | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 0.97 (0.71–1.31) | 16 | 32 | 2.33 (0.60–9.02) | 5.71 (0.35–92.30) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 173 | 656 | 1.30 (0.96–1.75) | 1.30 (0.91–1.85) | 26 | 90 | 0.00 (0.00–I) | 0.00 (0.00–I) |
| Metals | 35 | 166 | 0.89 (0.59–1.35) | 0.89 (0.58–1.36) | 11 | 16 | 2.50 (0.49–12.89) | 1.83 (0.04–76.76) |
| Mold | 13 | 82 | 0.64 (0.35–1.18) | 0.62 (0.33–1.15) | <10 | <10 | ||
| Radiation | <10 | 12 | <10 | <10 | ||||
| Solvents | 56 | 254 | 0.91 (0.65–1.28) | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 14 | 30 | 2.33 (0.60–9.02) | 5.71 (0.35–92.30) |
NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CI = confidence interval; I = CI is undefined; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-34 Odds Ratios for ALS by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 296 | Exposed Controls n = 1,181 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | <10 | 48 | 0.99 (0.45–2.20) | |
| 2 | 33 | 107 | 1.70 (1.01–2.87) | 1.69 (0.98–2.92) |
| 3 | 120 | 444 | 1.52 (1.01–2.29) | 1.43 (0.92–2.24) |
| 4 | 19 | 74 | 1.40 (0.75–2.60) | 1.40 (0.74–2.66) |
| 5 | 38 | 119 | 1.79 (1.07–3.00) | 1.62 (0.95–2.77) |
| 6 | 29 | 155 | 1.06 (0.62–1.83) | 1.03 (0.58–1.83) |
| 7+ | <10 | 23 | 2.24 (0.91–5.52) | |
NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. ALS = amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
DEMENTIA
TABLE G-35 Odds Ratios for Dementia
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 3,890 | Exposed Controls n = 15,459 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 151 | 819 | 0.72 (0.60–0.86) | 0.69 (0.58–0.83) |
| Dust and PM | 3,037 | 11,804 | 1.13 (1.04–1.24) | 1.01 (0.92–1.12) |
| Exhaust | 3,000 | 11,703 | 1.11 (1.02–1.22) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) |
| Fuels | 1,260 | 5,427 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.92 (0.85–0.99) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 2,620 | 9,893 | 1.19 (1.10–1.29) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) |
| Metals | 651 | 2,586 | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) |
| Mold | 229 | 993 | 0.92 (0.79–1.06) | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) |
| Radiation | 32 | 198 | 0.64 (0.44–0.94) | 0.66 (0.46–0.97) |
| Solvents | 932 | 3,842 | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-36 Odds Ratios for Dementia Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 2,340 | Exposed Controls n = 14,021 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 1,550 | Exposed Controls n = 1,438 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 78 | 720 | 0.72 (0.56–0.93) | 0.71 (0.55–0.91) | 73 | 99 | 0.71 (0.44–1.13) | 0.73 (0.45–1.18) |
| Dust and PM | 1,692 | 10,489 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 0.93 (0.83–1.05) | 1,345 | 1,315 | 0.47 (0.32–0.69) | 0.53 (0.34–0.82) |
| Exhaust | 1,710 | 10,420 | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 1,290 | 1,283 | 0.49 (0.34–0.72) | 0.56 (0.37–0.83) |
| Fuels | 701 | 4,854 | 0.88 (0.79–0.97) | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 559 | 573 | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 1,443 | 8,757 | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | 0.99 (0.88–1.10) | 1,177 | 1,136 | 0.74 (0.57–0.98) | 0.85 (0.61–1.19) |
| Metals | 339 | 2,263 | 1.00 (0.87–1.14) | 1.01 (0.88–1.15) | 312 | 323 | 0.84 (0.64–1.11) | 0.86 (0.64–1.16) |
| Mold | 139 | 904 | 0.99 (0.81–1.20) | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 90 | 89 | 0.88 (0.54–1.44) | 0.87 (0.53–1.44) |
| Radiation | 17 | 180 | 0.60 (0.36–1.01) | 0.61 (0.36–1.02) | 15 | 18 | 0.60 (0.18–2.02) | 0.66 (0.19–2.32) |
| Solvents | 482 | 3,353 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 450 | 489 | 0.84 (0.66–1.08) | 0.90 (0.70–1.17) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-37 Odds Ratios for Dementia Stratified by Age
| Exposure | <65 years | 65+ years | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 3,319 | Exposed Controls n = 13,096 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 571 | Exposed Controls n = 2,363 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 140 | 740 | 0.73 (0.61–0.88) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 11 | 79 | 0.56 (0.28–1.13) | 0.53 (0.26–1.08) |
| Dust and PM | 2,749 | 10,505 | 1.22 (1.10–1.36) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 288 | 1,299 | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) | 0.84 (0.69–1.03) |
| Exhaust | 2,706 | 10,409 | 1.17 (1.06–1.30) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 294 | 1,294 | 0.88 (0.72–1.07) | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) |
| Fuels | 1,158 | 4,948 | 0.88 (0.82–0.96) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 102 | 479 | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 0.89 (0.69–1.14) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 2,379 | 8,822 | 1.25 (1.15–1.37) | 1.10 (0.99–1.21) | 241 | 1,071 | 0.89 (0.74–1.09) | 0.87 (0.71–1.07) |
| Metals | 620 | 2,466 | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 31 | 120 | 1.14 (0.74–1.74) | 1.07 (0.70–1.65) |
| Mold | 207 | 889 | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 22 | 104 | 0.93 (0.57–1.51) | 0.91 (0.56–1.47) |
| Radiation | 26 | 180 | 0.57 (0.38–0.87) | 0.59 (0.39–0.89) | <10 | 17 | ||
| Solvents | 870 | 3,566 | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 62 | 276 | 0.92 (0.69–1.26) | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) |
NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-38 Odds Ratios for Dementia by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 3,890 | Exposed Controls n = 15,459 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 93 | 432 | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 0.86 (0.67–1.09) |
| 2 | 235 | 1,134 | 0.87 (0.73–1.02) | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) |
| 3 | 1,693 | 6,092 | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) | 1.06 (0.94–1.18) |
| 4 | 199 | 905 | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 0.89 (0.74–1.06) |
| 5 | 370 | 1,688 | 0.92 (0.80–1.07) | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) |
| 6 | 528 | 2,016 | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) |
| 7+ | 64 | 299 | 0.90 (0.68–1.20) | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 3,208 | Exposed Controls n = 12,827 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 155 | 773 | 0.79 (0.66–0.94) | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) |
| Dust and PM | 2,490 | 10,419 | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | 0.82 (0.73–0.92) |
| Exhaust | 2,489 | 10,225 | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) | 0.88 (0.79–0.98) |
| Fuels | 1,241 | 5,115 | 0.95 (0.88–1.03) | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 2,051 | 8,651 | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) |
| Metals | 624 | 2,602 | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 1.00 (0.91–1.11) |
| Mold | 239 | 956 | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) |
| Radiation | 38 | 177 | 0.86 (0.60–1.22) | 0.82 (0.57–1.17) |
| Solvents | 845 | 3,651 | 0.90 (0.82–0.98) | 0.96 (0.87–1.05) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; MS = multiple sclerosis; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-40 Odds Ratios for MS Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 2,685 | Exposed Controls n = 11,288 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 523 | Exposed Controls n = 1,539 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 115 | 646 | 0.72 (0.59–0.89) | 0.75 (0.60–0.92) | 40 | 127 | 0.95 (0.48–1.89) | 0.99 (0.47–2.08) |
| Dust and PM | 2,022 | 8,983 | 0.75 (0.68–0.84) | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | 468 | 1,436 | 1.10 (0.54–2.26) | 1.62 (0.69–3.77) |
| Exhaust | 2,040 | 8,845 | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 449 | 1,380 | 0.92 (0.49–1.75) | 1.11 (0.55–2.25) |
| Fuels | 1,018 | 4,440 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 223 | 675 | 1.02 (0.69–1.52) | 1.14 (0.74–1.75) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 1,651 | 7,423 | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | 0.83 (0.75–0.93) | 400 | 1,228 | 1.22 (0.74–2.01) | 1.09 (0.60–2.00) |
| Metals | 508 | 2,229 | 0.93 (0.84–1.05) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 116 | 373 | 0.97 (0.63–1.50) | 1.15 (0.71–1.87) |
| Mold | 195 | 853 | 0.96 (0.81–1.13) | 0.92 (0.77–1.09) | 44 | 103 | 1.31 (0.62–2.79) | 1.38 (0.63–3.05) |
| Radiation | 30 | 158 | 0.72 (0.48–1.08) | 0.70 (0.47–1.04) | <10 | 19 | ||
| Solvents | 666 | 3,102 | 0.87 (0.78–0.96) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 179 | 549 | 0.92 (0.61–1.40) | 1.05 (0.67–1.63) |
NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. CI = confidence interval; MS = multiple sclerosis; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-41 Odds Ratios for MS by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 3,208 | Exposed Controls n = 12,827 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 92 | 436 | 0.71 (0.55–0.90) | 0.73 (0.56–0.93) |
| 2 | 263 | 924 | 0.94 (0.79–1.11) | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) |
| 3 | 1,245 | 4,988 | 0.82 (0.72–0.92) | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) |
| 4 | 178 | 821 | 0.71 (0.59–0.86) | 0.68 (0.56–0.83) |
| 5 | 367 | 1,598 | 0.75 (0.64–0.87) | 0.82 (0.70–0.97) |
| 6 | 471 | 1,984 | 0.77 (0.67–0.90) | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) |
| 7+ | 63 | 301 | 0.68 (0.51–0.91) | 0.73 (0.54–0.98) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; MS = multiple sclerosis.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
TABLE G-42 Odds Ratios for Parkinson’s Disease
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 1,155 | Exposed Controls n = 4,596 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 46 | 203 | 0.90 (0.65–1.25) | 0.89 (0.64–1.25) |
| Dust and PM | 859 | 3,267 | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) |
| Exhaust | 878 | 3,309 | 1.27 (1.08–1.48) | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) |
| Fuels | 367 | 1,461 | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 730 | 2,791 | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 1.15 (0.98–1.35) |
| Metals | 154 | 644 | 0.95 (0.78–1.15) | 0.93 (0.76–1.13) |
| Mold | 75 | 257 | 1.18 (0.90–1.54) | 1.16 (0.89–1.53) |
| Radiation | 13 | 52 | 1.00 (0.54–1.85) | 0.95 (0.51–1.77) |
| Solvents | 228 | 976 | 0.91 (0.78–1.08) | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-43 Odds Ratios for Parkinson’s Disease Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 966 | Exposed Controls n = 4,244 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 189 | Exposed Controls n = 352 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 40 | 173 | 1.06 (0.74–1.53) | 1.09 (0.75–1.59) | <10 | 30 | ||
| Dust and PM | 692 | 2,957 | 1.14 (0.96–1.34) | 1.15 (0.97–1.38) | 167 | 310 | 1.33 (0.37–4.82) | 0.85 (0.16–4.47) |
| Exhaust | 717 | 3,002 | 1.22 (1.03–1.45) | 1.20 (1.01–1.43) | 161 | 307 | 1.42 (0.39–5.13) | 1.51 (0.34–6.61) |
| Fuels | 300 | 1,336 | 1.00 (0.86–1.17) | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | 67 | 125 | 1.55 (0.79–3.04) | 2.88 (1.11–7.49) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 583 | 2,510 | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 1.10 (0.93–1.30) | 147 | 281 | 1.04 (0.42–2.53) | 0.51 (0.14–1.86) |
| Metals | 115 | 581 | 0.88 (0.71–1.10) | 0.85 (0.68–1.07) | 39 | 63 | 1.31 (0.62–2.79) | 1.53 (0.60–3.90) |
| Mold | 61 | 238 | 1.15 (0.85–1.55) | 1.11 (0.82–1.51) | 14 | 19 | 1.00 (0.20–5.11) | 2.01 (0.25–16.44) |
| Radiation | <10 | 48 | <10 | <10 | ||||
| Solvents | 167 | 874 | 0.84 (0.70–1.01) | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | 61 | 102 | 1.39 (0.73–2.63) | 1.73 (0.78–3.82) |
NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-44 Odds Ratios for Parkinson’s Disease Stratified by Age
| Exposure | <50 years | 50+ years | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 330 | Exposed Controls n = 1,290 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 825 | Exposed Controls n = 3,306 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 19 | 75 | 0.97 (0.57–1.66) | 0.94 (0.55–1.62) | 27 | 128 | 0.82 (0.53–1.27) | 0.83 (0.54–1.30) |
| Dust and PM | 285 | 1,100 | 1.02 (0.71–1.48) | 1.10 (0.72–1.66) | 574 | 2,167 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 1.23 (1.03–1.48) |
| Exhaust | 286 | 1,089 | 1.16 (0.80–1.70) | 1.22 (0.81–1.82) | 592 | 2,220 | 1.27 (1.07–1.52) | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) |
| Fuels | 135 | 527 | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 232 | 934 | 1.01 (0.85–1.21) | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 249 | 940 | 1.10 (0.82–1.48) | 1.19 (0.84–1.68) | 481 | 1,851 | 1.09 (0.93–1.28) | 1.11 (0.93–1.32) |
| Metals | 66 | 285 | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) | 0.90 (0.66–1.24) | 88 | 359 | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) |
| Mold | 30 | 101 | 1.21 (0.79–1.87) | 1.23 (0.79–1.90) | 45 | 156 | 1.19 (0.85–1.69) | 1.18 (0.83–1.68) |
| Radiation | <10 | 21 | <10 | 31 | ||||
| Solvents | 98 | 389 | 0.96 (0.74–1.26) | 0.99 (0.75–1.32) | 130 | 587 | 0.88 (0.71–1.08) | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) |
NOTES: Cell sizes of less than 10 are noted as <10. CI = confidence interval; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-45 Odds Ratios for Parkinson’s Disease by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 1,155 | Exposed Controls n = 4,596 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 27 | 120 | 1.08 (0.69–1.69) | 1.05 (0.67–1.66) |
| 2 | 99 | 365 | 1.30 (1.00–1.70) | 1.19 (0.90–1.57) |
| 3 | 489 | 1,773 | 1.32 (1.10–1.59) | 1.32 (1.09–1.61) |
| 4 | 72 | 295 | 1.18 (0.87–1.59) | 1.10 (0.81–1.50) |
| 5 | 90 | 368 | 1.18 (0.89–1.55) | 1.12 (0.84–1.49) |
| 6 | 137 | 530 | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | 1.26 (0.98–1.64) |
| 7+ | 14 | 83 | 0.81 (0.45–1.47) | 0.76 (0.42–1.39) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
CHRONIC MULTISYMPTOM ILLNESS
TABLE G-46 Odds Ratios for CMI
| Exposure | Exposed Cases n = 105,125 | Exposed Controls n = 419,483 | Overall estimates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Burn Pits | 6,492 | 24,748 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) |
| Dust and PM | 88,397 | 338,389 | 1.30 (1.28–1.33) | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) |
| Exhaust | 86,011 | 333,102 | 1.20 (1.18–1.23) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) |
| Fuels | 41,500 | 169,775 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 74,109 | 275,718 | 1.27 (1.25–1.29) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) |
| Metals | 21,275 | 85,362 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Mold | 7,579 | 32,217 | 0.93 (0.91–0.96) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) |
| Radiation | 1,472 | 6,453 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) |
| Solvents | 30,947 | 116,957 | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-47 Odds Ratios for CMI Stratified by TBI
| Exposure | No or unknown TBI | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed Cases n = 73,857 | Exposed Controls n = 407,129 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Exposed Cases n = 31,267 | Exposed Controls n = 12,353 | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Burn Pits | 4,287 | 23,979 | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 0.95 (0.91–0.98) | 2,205 | 769 | 1.20 (1.00–1.43) | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) |
| Dust and PM | 59,747 | 326,964 | 1.10 (1.08–1.12) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 28,650 | 11,425 | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) | 1.02 (0.83–1.24) |
| Exhaust | 58,646 | 322,184 | 1.07 (1.04–1.09) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 27,365 | 10,918 | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.98 (0.84–1.15) |
| Fuels | 28,585 | 164,646 | 0.95 (0.94–0.97) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 12,915 | 5,129 | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) |
| Incinerator Emissions | 49,616 | 266,026 | 1.12 (1.10–1.14) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 24,493 | 9,692 | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) |
| Metals | 14,246 | 82,534 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 7,029 | 2,828 | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 1.04 (0.92–1.16) |
| Mold | 5,368 | 31,276 | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) | 2,211 | 941 | 0.87 (0.74–1.03) | 0.87 (0.73–1.03) |
| Radiation | 996 | 6,297 | 0.87 (0.81–0.94) | 0.89 (0.83–0.95) | 476 | 156 | 1.37 (0.93–2.01) | 1.34 (0.91–1.98) |
| Solvents | 20,160 | 112,578 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 10,787 | 4,379 | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness; PM = particulate matter; TBI = traumatic brain injury.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-48 Odds Ratios for CMI by Distinct Exposure Groups
| Exposure Groups | Exposed Cases n = 105,125 | Exposed Controls n = 419,483 | Estimates compared to 0 exposures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||
| 1 | 3,365 | 14,304 | 1.10 (1.06–1.15) | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) |
| 2 | 7,007 | 33,726 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) |
| 3 | 43,444 | 160,510 | 1.32 (1.29–1.35) | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) |
| 4 | 6,411 | 26,619 | 1.16 (1.12–1.20) | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) |
| 5 | 13,416 | 55,849 | 1.17 (1.14–1.20) | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) |
| 6 | 16,774 | 61,753 | 1.33 (1.29–1.37) | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) |
| 7+ | 2,349 | 8,880 | 1.29 (1.22–1.35) | 1.11 (1.05–1.16) |
NOTE: CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Odds Ratios by Chronic Multisymptom Illness Criteria
TABLE G-49 Odds Ratios for Burn Pits by CMI Definitions
| CMI Criteria | Total Cases | Total Controls | Exposed Cases | Exposed Controls | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 of 6 | 713,138 | 2,847,819 | 45,315 | 23,605 | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) |
| 3 of 6* | 105,125 | 419,483 | 6,492 | 14,008 | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) |
| 4 of 6 | 22,521 | 89,771 | 1,291 | 4,173 | 1.05 (0.98–1.12) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) |
| 3 of 6 before 2020 | 26,178 | 104,378 | 1,461 | 4,773 | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) |
NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-50 Odds Ratios for Dust and PM by CMI Definitions
| CMI Criteria | Total Cases | Total Controls | Exposed Cases | Exposed Controls | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 of 6 | 713,138 | 2,847,819 | 580,358 | 282,804 | 1.19 (1.18–1.20) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) |
| 3 of 6* | 105,125 | 419,483 | 88,397 | 181,528 | 1.30 (1.28–1.33) | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) |
| 4 of 6 | 22,521 | 89,771 | 18,912 | 60,048 | 1.28 (1.23–1.34) | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) |
| 3 of 6 before 2020 | 26,178 | 104,378 | 22,659 | 68,215 | 1.45 (1.39–1.51) | 1.16 (1.11–1.21) |
NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness; PM = particulate matter.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-51 Odds Ratios for Exhaust by CMI Definitions
| CMI Criteria | Total Cases | Total Controls | Exposed Cases | Exposed Controls | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 of 6 | 713,138 | 2,847,819 | 558,656 | 267,663 | 1.13 (1.13–1.14) | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) |
| 3 of 6* | 105,125 | 419,483 | 86,011 | 176,588 | 1.20 (1.18–1.23) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) |
| 4 of 6 | 22,521 | 89,771 | 18,651 | 59,415 | 1.23 (1.18–1.28) | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) |
| 3 of 6 before 2020 | 26,178 | 104,378 | 22,475 | 67,996 | 1.37 (1.32–1.43) | 1.20 (1.15–1.25) |
NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-52 Odds Ratios for Fuels by CMI Definitions
| CMI Criteria | Total Cases | Total Controls | Exposed Cases | Exposed Controls | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 of 6 | 713,138 | 2,847,819 | 279,736 | 141,438 | 0.98 (0.97–0.98) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) |
| 3 of 6* | 105,125 | 419,483 | 41,500 | 91,546 | 0.96 (0.95–0.97) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
| 4 of 6 | 22,521 | 89,771 | 8,857 | 29,973 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) |
| 3 of 6 before 2020 | 26,178 | 104,378 | 10,456 | 34,344 | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-53 Odds Ratios for Incinerator Emissions by CMI Definitions
| CMI Criteria | Total Cases | Total Controls | Exposed Cases | Exposed Controls | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 of 6 | 713,138 | 2,847,819 | 476,551 | 220,281 | 1.20 (1.19–1.21) | 1.05 (1.05–1.06) |
| 3 of 6* | 105,125 | 419,483 | 74,109 | 146,058 | 1.27 (1.25–1.29) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) |
| 4 of 6 | 22,521 | 89,771 | 15,932 | 49,105 | 1.26 (1.22–1.30) | 1.10 (1.06–1.14) |
| 3 of 6 before 2020 | 26,178 | 104,378 | 19,475 | 56,378 | 1.39 (1.35–1.44) | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) |
NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-54 Odds Ratios for Radiation by CMI Definitions
| CMI Criteria | Total Cases | Total Controls | Exposed Cases | Exposed Controls | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 of 6 | 713,138 | 2,847,819 | 11,565 | 7,076 | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) |
| 3 of 6* | 105,125 | 419,483 | 1,472 | 3,755 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) |
| 4 of 6 | 22,521 | 89,771 | 280 | 1,093 | 0.88 (0.78–1.01) | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) |
| 3 of 6 before 2020 | 26,178 | 104,378 | 271 | 1,148 | 0.77 (0.67–0.87) | 0.81 (0.71–0.93) |
NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-55 Odds Ratios for Metals by CMI Definitions
| CMI Criteria | Total Cases | Total Controls | Exposed Cases | Exposed Controls | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 of 6 | 713,138 | 2,847,819 | 143,156 | 70,547 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
| 3 of 6* | 105,125 | 419,483 | 21,275 | 46,168 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| 4 of 6 | 22,521 | 89,771 | 4,480 | 15,182 | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) |
| 3 of 6 before 2020 | 26,178 | 104,378 | 5,484 | 17,448 | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) |
NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-56 Odds Ratios for Mold by CMI Definitions
| CMI Criteria | Total Cases | Total Controls | Exposed Cases | Exposed Controls | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 of 6 | 713,138 | 2,847,819 | 53,825 | 29,706 | 0.95 (0.94–0.96) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| 3 of 6* | 105,125 | 419,483 | 7,579 | 17,915 | 0.93 (0.91–0.96) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) |
| 4 of 6 | 22,521 | 89,771 | 1,546 | 5,623 | 0.91 (0.86–0.96) | 0.96 (0.90–1.01) |
| 3 of 6 before 2020 | 26,178 | 104,378 | 1,683 | 6,231 | 0.86 (0.81–0.90) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) |
NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
TABLE G-57 Odds Ratios for Solvents by CMI Definitions
| CMI Criteria | Total Cases | Total Controls | Exposed Cases | Exposed Controls | Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 of 6 | 713,138 | 2,847,819 | 204,355 | 96,586 | 1.08 (1.08–1.09) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) |
| 3 of 6* | 105,125 | 419,483 | 30,947 | 63,444 | 1.08 (1.07–1.10) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) |
| 4 of 6 | 22,521 | 89,771 | 6,566 | 20,676 | 1.10 (1.06–1.13) | 1.06 (1.02–1.10) |
| 3 of 6 before 2020 | 26,178 | 104,378 | 8,086 | 24,034 | 1.12 (1.09–1.16) | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) |
NOTES: * Criteria used in the committee’s analysis. CI = confidence interval; CMI = chronic multisymptom illness.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix G: Odds Ratio Tables." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Exploring Military Exposures and Mental, Behavioral, and Neurologic Health Outcomes Among Post-9/11 Veterans. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/29219.
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