Endnotes

1 For more on these technologies’ pace of change, consult McKinsey. 2025. “The State of AI in 2025: Agents, Innovation, and Transformation.” November 5. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/quantumblack/our-insights/the-state-of-ai; Bort, J. 2025. “It’s Not Your Imagination: AI Is Speeding Up the Pace of Change.” TechCrunch, May 30. https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/30/its-not-your-imagination-ai-is-speeding-up-the-pace-of-change.

2 References to companies or private-sector activities are included only as illustrations and do not imply endorsement.

3 Kerry, C.F., and S. Mishra. 2025. “The Myth of the Monolith: AI Is Not One Thing.” Brookings, October 9. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-myth-of-the-monolith-ai-is-not-one-thing.

4 IBM. n.d. “What Is Edge AI?” https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/edge-ai (accessed March 2, 2026).

5 Missouri Department of Transportation. 2024. “Data Acquisition and Processing Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning.” https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/76741.

6 Federal Highway Administration. 2024. “Predictive Real-Time Traffic Management in Large-Scale Networks Using Model-Based Artificial Intelligence: Fact Sheet.” https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/FHWA-HRT-23-107.pdf.

7 Federal Highway Administration. 2024. “Using Artificial Intelligence to Evaluate Pavement Condition and Safety: Fact Sheet.” https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/FHWAHRT-24-058.pdf.

8 Federal Highway Administration. 2024. “Employing Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Enhance Infrastructure Inspections: Fact Sheet.” https://highways.dot.gov/media/56881.

9 Federal Highway Administration. 2024. “Digital Twin-Enabled Extended Active Safety Analysis for Mixed Traffic: Fact Sheet.” https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/FHWAHRT-24-054.pdf.

10 The SMARTER Center. n.d. “AI-Powered Infrastructure Monitoring and Decision Support for Transportation Safety.” https://smartercenter.org/about-2/projects/ai-powered-infrastructure-monitoring-and-decision-support-for-transportation-safety (accessed November 11, 2025).

11 The SMARTER Center. n.d. “Enhancing Intersection Safety Through Advanced Planning and AI Integration.” https://smartercenter.org/about-2/projects/enhancing-intersection-safety-through-advanced-planning-and-ai-integration (accessed November 11, 2025).

12 TRB Research in Progress Database. 2024. “AI-Driven Preventive Maintenance for Coastal Bridges in Marine Environments.” https://rip.trb.org/View/2406734.

13 National Center for Transportation Cybersecurity and Resilience. n.d. “Resilience-Enhanced Intrusion Monitoring Against Emerging and Uncertain Threats in V2X Networks.” https://www.clemson.edu/cecas/tracr/research/projects/#resilienceenhancedintrusionmonitoringagainstemerginganduncertainthreatsinv2xnetworks (accessed November 11, 2025).

14 Transportation Precast Innovation Center. n.d. “Year 2 Funded Exploratory Projects.” https://trans-ipic.illinois.edu/research/Year-2-Funded-Projects (accessed November 11, 2025).

15 City of Austin. 2024. “Proactive Safety Through Video Analytics.” https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/3f2ec9571b704124aeacb0345c5bedf9.

16 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Big Data to Enhance Safety Analysis: A Guide. NCRHP Research Report 1152. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/29098.

17 U.S. Department of Transportation. 2023. “Non-Motorist Safety at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings: Object Detection Technology and Encroachment Mitigation – Year 3.” University Transportation Center for Railway Safety, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. https://www.utrgv.edu/railwaysafety/_files/documents/research/operations/exhibit-d_utcrs_unl_non-motorist_rail_crossing_safety_khattak_2025.pdf.

18 Zaman, A. 2025. “AI Data Challenges in Detecting Grade Crossing Violations and Trespassing.” Presented at the Transportation Research Board Conference on Data and AI for Transportation Advancement, May 27–29. https://trb.secure-platform.com/transportationequity/solicitations/182/sessiongallery/schedule/items/2451. Refer also to National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Electronic Surveillance of Railroad-Highway Crossings for Collision Avoidance: State of the Practice. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/28291.

19 Transportation Research Board. 2025. “New Tool for Predicting the Retroreflectivity (RL) of Pavement Markings.” NCHRP IDEA Project 237. https://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/183315.aspx.

20 Bernardin, V. 2025. “New Applications of AI to Travel Demand Modeling.” Presentation to the Ohio Travel Demand Model User Group, June 2. https://www.otdmug.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/OHMUG_AIDCM.pdf.

21 Zhang, Z., Y. Sun, Z. Wang, Y. Nie, X. Ma, R. Li, P. Sun, and X. Ban. 2025. Large Language Models for Mobility Analysis in Transportation Systems: A Survey on Forecasting Tasks. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2680(2):756–774. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251367699; Nishida, R., T. Ishigaki, and M. Onishi. 2025. Large Language Models Predict Transportation Mode Choice Behavior for a Variety of Alternative Sets. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2679(12):249–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251352499.

22 Shah, V., B. Pecheux, S. Kraemer, and G. Ledbetter. 2024. “Predictive Analytics for Traffic Management Systems.” FHWA-HRT-24-091. https://highways.dot.gov/sites/fhwa.dot.gov/files/FHWA-HRT-24-091.pdf.

23 Zhou, F., and S. Hu. 2025. “Development of an AI-Powered

Dynamic Modulus Test with a Low-Cost Loading Frame.” IDEA Project NCHRP 20-30/IDEA 242. https://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/183321.aspx.

24 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Quantitative Safety Analyses for Highway Applications. NCHRP Research Report 1140. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/28851.

25 Google has recently launched Mobility AI to provide this type of analysis, and other private analytics consulting firms may have similar abilities. Google Research. 2025. “Introducing Mobility AI: Advancing Urban Transportation.” https://research.google/blog/introducing-mobility-ai-advancing-urban-transportation.

26 Center for Understanding Future Travel Behavior and Demand. n.d. “Analysis and Implications of the Vehicle Inventory and Use Survey (VIUS).” https://tbd.ctr.utexas.edu/researchproduct/analysis-and-implications-of-the-vehicle-inventory-and-use-survey-vius (accessed November 12, 2025); Ogungbire, A., and S.K. Mitra. 2024. Unlocking Telecommuting Patterns Before, During, and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Explainable AI-Driven Study. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 28:101244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2024.101244. For a review of machine learning in travel behavior research and research needs as of 2020, refer to Koushik, A.N., M. Manoj, and N. Nezamuddin. 2020. Machine Learning Applications in Activity-Travel Behaviour Research: A Review. Transport Reviews 40(3):288–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2019.1704307.

27 For examples, refer to Nishida, R., T. Ishigaki, and M. Onishi. 2025. Large Language Models Predict Transportation Mode Choice Behavior for a Variety of Alternative Sets. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2679(12):249–264. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251352499; Zhang, Z., Y. Sun, Z. Wang, Y. Nie, X. Ma, R. Li, P. Sun, and X. Ban. 2025. Large Language Models for Mobility Analysis in Transportation Systems: A Survey on Forecasting Tasks. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2680(2):756–774. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981251367699.

28 For recent examples refer to Fabre, L., C. Bayart, P. Bonnel, and N. Mony. 2023. The Potential of Wi-Fi Data to Estimate Bus Passenger Mobility. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 192:122509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122509; Palmberg, R.C.O. 2025. Put Your Heart into It: What Biometrics and Behaviour Can Teach Us About Road Users. PhD dissertation. KTH Royal Institute of Technology. https://kth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1987039&dswid=-5594.

29 Barry, V., M.E. Van Dyke, J.Y. Nakayama, H. Zaganjor, M. Sheppard, Z. Stein, L. Radhakrishnan, E. Schweninger, K. Rose, G.P. Whitfield, and B. West. 2024. Emergency Department Visits for Pedestrians Injured in Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes—United States, January 2021–December 2023. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 73(17):387–392. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7317a1; Soltani, S., L. Schwarcz, D. Morris, R. Plevin, R. Dicker, C. Juillard, A. Nwabuo, and M. Wier. 2022. What Is Counted Counts: An Innovative Linkage of Police, Hospital, and Spatial Data for Transportation Injury Prevention. Journal of Safety Research 83:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.002.

30 See, for example, Center for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Safety. n.d. “Identifying Harsh Driving Behaviors and Contributing Factors Using Telematics Data: A Case Study in Oakland and Fresno, California: Research in Progress.” https://www.pedbikesafety.org/projects/25ucb01 (accessed March 6, 2026).

31 Comert, G., Z. Khan, M. Rahman, and M. Chowdhury. 2021. Grey Models for Short-Term Queue Length Predictions for Adaptive Traffic Signal Control. Expert Systems with Applications 185:115618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115618.

32 Yang, K., H. Yang, and L. Du. 2022. A Data-Driven Traffic Shockwave Detection Approach Based on Vehicle Trajectories Data. Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems Technology, Planning, and Operations 28(6):971–987. https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450.2023.2270415.

33 Wasserman, D., and K. Dunn. 2025. “Harnessing Generative AI for Enhanced Community Engagement and Survey Analysis.” Presented at the Transportation Research Board Conference on Data and AI for Transportation Advancement, May 27–29. https://trb.secure-platform.com/transportationequity/solicitations/182/sessiongallery/schedule/items/2454/application/13696. Refer also to research under way at SMARTER Center. n.d. “A Generative AI Framework for Managing Public Comments in Transportation Agency Assessments.” https://smartercenter.org/about-2/projects/a-generative-ai-framework-for-managing-public-comments-in-transportation-agency-assessments (accessed November 13, 2025).

34 Pavewise. 2025. “Pavewise Announces $2.5 Million Seed Funding Round.” October 22. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/10/22/3171190/0/en/Pavewise-Announces-2-5-Million-Seed-Funding-Round.html.

35 Porter, J. 2025. “Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) Solution for Traffic Mobility Insights.” Presented at the Transportation Research Board Conference on Data and AI for Transportation Advancement, May 27–29. https://trb.secureplatform.com/a/solicitations/182/sessiongallery/schedule/items/2455/application/13980.

36 California Department of Transportation. 2025. “Caltrans Awards Historic Contracts, Seeking to Harness the Power of GenAI to Improve Safety and Traffic Congestion Across California.” May 9. https://dot.ca.gov/news-releases/news-release-2024-016; Singh, I.P. 2025. “Enhance VRU Safety Using GenAI.” Presented at the Transportation Research Board Conference on Data and AI for Transportation Enhancement, May 27–29. https://trb.secure-platform.com/transportationequity/solicitations/182/sessiongallery/schedule/items/2465/application/13995.

37 Washington State Department of Transportation. 2025. “Truck Drivers Can Rest Easier.” September 2. https://wsdot.wa.gov/about/news/2025/truck-drivers-can-rest-easier; Jantarathaneewat, N., K. Chen, H. Yang, and Y. Wang. 2025. “Smart and Cooperative Truck Parking Information Management System.” Presented at the Transportation Research Board Conference on Data and AI for Transportation Advancement, May 27–29; see also National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Guide for Truck Parking Information Management Systems. NCHRP Research Report 1137. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/28757.

38 See Minnesota Mascot. 2018. “MnDOT Starts Installing Truck

Parking Technology at Rest Areas.” February 7. https://www.minneotamascot.com/news/mndot-starts-installing-truck-parking-technology-rest-areas.

39 Stryker, C. n.d. “Agentic AI: 4 Reasons Why It’s the Next Big Thing in AI Research.” IBM. https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/agentic-ai (accessed November 17, 2025).

40 Center for Transformative Infrastructure Preservation and Sustainability. n.d. “Agentic Artificial Intelligence Framework for Enabling Automation in Bridge Inventory Database Using Large Language Models.” CTIPS-050. https://www.ctips.org/projects/details.php?id=648 (accessed November 17, 2025).

41 U.S. Department of Transportation. 2023. “Multi-modal AI Agents for Railway Safety.” University Transportation Center for Railway Safety, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. https://www.utrgv.edu/railwaysafety/_files/documents/research/operations/exhibit-d_utcrs_ucr_multimodal_ai_agents_for_railway_safety_papalexakis_2025.pdf.

42 Yu, J., J. Zhao, L. Miranda-Moreno, and M. Korp. 2025. Modular AI Agents for Transportation Surveys and Interviews: Advancing Engagement, Transparency, and Cost Efficiency. Communications in Transportation Research 5:100172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commtr.2025.100172.

43 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Machine Learning for Safety-Critical Applications: Opportunities, Challenges, and a Research Agenda. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27970.

44 See Favaro, F., L. Fraade-Blanar, S. Schnelle, T. Victor, M. Peña, J. Engström, J.M. Scanlon, K.D. Kusano, and D. Smith. 2023. “Building a Credible Case for Safety: Waymo’s Approach to the Absence of Unreasonable Risk.” https://waymo.com/intl/jp/research/building-a-credible-case-for-safety-waymos-appro; Aurora. n.d. “Safety Case Framework Development and Tailoring.” https://safetycaseframework.aurora.tech/gsn (accessed March 6, 2026).

45 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Designing Safety Regulations for High-Hazard Industries. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 59–87. https://doi.org/10.17226/24907.

46 Kusano, K.D., J.M. Scanlon, Y.H. Chen, T.L. McMurry, R. Chen, T. Gode, and T. Victor. 2024. Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only Crash Data to Human Benchmarks at 7.1 Million Miles. Traffic Injury Prevention 25(Suppl 1):S66–S77. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2024.2380786.

47 Kusano, K.D., J.M. Scanlon, Y.H. Chen, T.L. McMurry, T. Gode, and T. Victor. 2025. Comparison of Waymo Rider-Only Crash Rates by Crash Type to Human Benchmarks at 56.7 Million Miles. Traffic Injury Prevention 26(Suppl 1):S8–S20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2025.2499887.

48 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Emerging Hazards in Commercial Aviation—Report 2: Ensuring the Safety During Transformative Changes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27805.

49 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Lifecycle BIM for Infrastructure: A Business Case for Project Delivery and Asset Management. CRP Special Release 4. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/26731.

50 ITS America. 2025. “ITS America Digital Twinning Decoded.” https://itsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Digital-TwinningDecoded.pdf.

51 ITS America. 2025. “ITS Technology Use Case Library.” https://itsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/ITSA-Use-CaseLibrary-2025-COPY.pdf.

52 Michigan Department of Transportation. n.d. “Digital Delivery.” https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/business/contractors/digital-delivery (accessed March 6, 2026).

53 Utah Department of Transportation. n.d. “Digital Delivery.” https://digitaldelivery.udot.utah.gov (accessed March 6, 2026).

54 Texas Department of Transportation. n.d. “Digital Delivery.” https://www.txdot.gov/business/resources/digital-delivery.html (accessed March 6, 2026).

55 Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. n.d. “Pilot Projects.” https://www.pa.gov/agencies/penndot/programs-anddoing-business/digital-delivery/pilot-projects (accessed March 6, 2026).

56 Federal Highway Administration. 2014. “Techbrief: Digital As-Builting as an Integral Part of Digital Delivery—An Iowa DOT Case Study.” https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/80419.

57 Federal Highway Administration. 2021. “Advancing BIM for Infrastructure: National Strategic Roadmap.” FHWA-HRT-21-064. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/21064/index.cfm.

58 Transportation Research Board. 2024. “Development of a Prototype Smart Hy-Rail Wheel: Final Report.” Rail Safety IDEA Project 49. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/IDEA/FinalReports/Safety/Safety49.pdf.

59 City of Bellevue (WA). 2024. “Passive Pedestrian Detection Real-Time Safety Application: Phase Extension Pilot.” https://bellevuewa.gov/sites/default/files/media/pdf_document/2024/Passive%20Pedestrian%20Detection%20Real-Time%20Safety%20Application%20Phase%20Extension%20Pilot.pdf.

60 ITS America. 2025. “ITS Technology Use Case Library.” https://itsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/ITSA-Use-CaseLibrary-2025-COPY.pdf.

61 Maricopa County. n.d. “Adaptive Signal Control Technology.” https://www.maricopa.gov/4553/Adaptive-Signals (accessed March 9, 2026).

62 Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office. n.d. “Adaptive Signals.” https://www.itskrs.its.dot.gov/benefits/essential-its/adaptive-signals (accessed March 9, 2026).

63 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Leveraging Existing Traffic Signal Assets to Obtain Quality Traffic Counts: A Guide. NCHRP Web-Only Document 436. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/29214.

64 Utah Department of Transportation. n.d. “Connecting the West: Smart Transportation.” https://transportationtechnology.utah.gov/connecting-the-west-program (accessed March 9, 2026).

65 “Connected vehicle” as used here is an umbrella term for vehicles that can connect to the internet, to other vehicles (V2V), or to infrastructure (V2X) via communications technology located in the vehicle. Many current uses of the term “connected vehicle”

simply mean a vehicle capable of connecting to the internet or cloud servers in support of functions like navigation or over-the-air updates of its software.

66 Smartcar. 2024. “Traditional vs. Connected Car Telematics: What’s the Difference.” https://smartcar.com/blog/what-isembedded-telematics.

67 ITS Technology. 2024. “ITS Technology Use Case Library.” https://itsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Use-Case-LibraryFinal_DI-Week.pdf.

68 See Boston.gov. 2025. “Improving Parking and Curb Usage Through Tech Innovation: What Is the Impact.” May 16. https://www.boston.gov/news/improving-parking-and-curb-usagethrough-tech-innovation#what-is-the-impact.

69 Transportation Research Board. 2024. “Enhancing Airport Security: Transformative Role of AI Across the Industry.” Airport Cooperative Research Program Applied Technology in Airports. https://crp.trb.org/acrptransformativetech/applied-technologyin-airports/enhancing-airport-security-transformative-role-ofai-across-the-industry.

70 IdentiSys. n.d. “Guardian Indoor Active Shooter Detection System.” https://www.identisys.com/products/product-details/guardian-indoor-active-shooter-detection-system (accessed March 9, 2026).

71 Federal Railroad Administration. 2024. “CCTV and Other Detection Systems.” https://trespasstoolkit.fra.dot.gov/eLib/Details/L00040.

72 Office of Naval Research. n.d. “Maritime Sensing.” https://www.onr.navy.mil/organization/departments/code-32/division-321/maritime-sensing (accessed March 6, 2026).

73 Transportation Research Board. 2025. “Augmenting the Hearing of Safety-Critical Sounds for Highway Workers Using Artificial Intelligence.” NCHRP IDEA Project 247. https://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/183332.aspx.

74 Definitions of SAE driving automation levels available at SAE International. 2021. “SAE J3016 Levels of Driving Automation.” https://brx-content.fullsight.org/site/binaries/content/assets/sae-org/content/news/blog/sae-j3016-visual-chart_5.3.21.pdf.

75 For recent expert discussions on the future of ADAS and AVs, refer to Venture Capital. 2025. “Navigating the Future of AI and Autonomous Vehicles.” Venture Capital Podcast, Episode 107. https://www.vc.fm/podcast/navigating-the-future-of-ai-and-autonomous-vehicles; Autonocast. 2025. “How to Make AI Useful w/MIT’s Bryan Reimer.” Autonocast: The Future of Transportation, Episode 349. https://www.autonocast.com/blog/2025/11/10/349how-to-make-ai-useful-wmits-bryan-reimer.

76 Partners for Automated Vehicle Education. 2025. “Infrastructure Investments and AVs: A First Look at NCHRP 20-102(24).” PAVE Virtual Panels, July 22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txXgSp-oTKg&list=PL_JmOf0_QaCUOeAOfQwkIJ1VuSI7A93-j&index=6.

77 The U.S. Department of Transportation repository of documents related to autonomous vehicles numbers 844 items. U.S. Department of Transportation. 2025. “Autonomous Vehicles.” Repository and Open-Source Access Portal. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/collection_avs.

78 Transportation Research Board. 2025. “Impacts of Connected Vehicles and Automated Vehicles on State and Local Transportation Agencies: Task Order Support.” NCHRP 20-102. https://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=3824. Refer also to National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. n.d. “Forum on Preparing for Automated Vehicles and Shared Mobility Services.” https://www.nationalacademies.org/our-work/forum-on-preparing-for-automated-vehicles-and-shared-mobility-services (accessed November 19, 2025).

79 Federal Highway Administration. 2023. Part 5: Traffic Control Device Considerations for Automated Vehicles. In Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 11th Edition. https://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno_11th_Edition.htm.

80 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Highway Capacity Manual: 7th Edition: A Guide for Multimodal Mobility Analysis. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.17226/26432.

81 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Operational and Service Factors When Integrating or Consolidating ADA Paratransit and On-Demand Services. TCRP Synthesis 183. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/29206.

82 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Microtransit Solutions in Rural Communities: On-Demand Alternatives to Dial-a-Ride Services and Unproductive Coverage Routes. NCHRP Synthesis 178. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/29085. For a case study of rural microtransit service, refer to Shared-Use Mobility Center. 2025. “From Pilot to Permanent: The Evolution of PICK Transportation in Oklahoma: 2025 Update.” https://learn.sharedusemobilitycenter.org/casestudy/from-pilot-to-permanent-the-evolution-of-pick-transportation-in-oklahoma.

83 Hayden AI. 2025. “Hayden AI Powers Major Expansion of Automated Bus Lane and Bus Stop Enforcement Across Southern California.” https://www.hayden.ai/press/hayden-ai-powers-major-expansion-of-automated-bus-lane-and-bus-stop-enforcement-across-southern-california.

84 For a compilation of research on automation and transit, refer to Federal Transit Administration. n.d. “Transit Automation Research.” https://www.transit.dot.gov/automation-research (accessed November 20, 2025).

85 See, for example, Federal Transit Administration. 2021. “An Evaluation of the Valley Metro–Waymo Automated Vehicle RideChoice Mobility on Demand Demonstration: Final Report.” FTA Report No. 0198. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/2021-09/FTA-Report-No-0198%20REVISED.pdf.

86 Schrock, S. 2025. “RAPID On-Demand AV Pilot Ends After Success in Arlington.” City of Arlington, May 29. https://www.arlingtontx.gov/News-Articles/2025/May/RAPID-On-Demand-AV-Pilot-Ends-After-Success-in-Arlington; Via. 2025. “Waymo and Via Announce Strategic Partnership to Advance AVs in Public Transit.” Via Press Room, September 18. https://ridewithvia.com/news/waymo-and-via-announce-strategic-partnership-to-advance-avs-in-public-transit.

87 Partners for Automated Vehicle Education. 2025. “Tech in Transit: How Automation Is Advancing Public Transportation.”

PAVE Virtual Panel, October 30. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXcH6Zv3tk0.

88 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Modern Solutions to Safe and Efficient Work Zone Travel. NCHRP Web-Only Document 418. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/29097.

89 Ashcroft, S. 2024. “Top 10: Construction Robotics Companies,” Construction, October 17. https://constructiondigital.com/top10/the-top-10-construction-robotics-companies; Ohnsman, A. 2025. “Waymo Vets Are Automating Construction Sites with Self-Driving Dirt Diggers.” Forbes, July 16. https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2025/07/16/waymo-vets-are-automating-construction-sites-with-self-driving-dirt-diggers.

90 Federal Highway Administration. 2018. “Automation in Highway Construction Part I: Implementation Challenges at State Transportation Departments and Success Stories.” Report FHWA-HRT-16-030, p. 39. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/construction/pubs/hif13054.pdf.

91 Donath, M. 2023. “Deployment of a Snowplow Driver-Assist System.” Minnesota Department of Transportation, Final Report 2023-27. https://mdl.mndot.gov/items/202327.

92 Connecting the West. 2025. “V2X Accelerator: Connecting the West Deployment Concept Webinar.” https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h0V3dciULH2WqMYwbcC7ElZK6lmOCuh8/view.

93 University of Vigo. n.d. “InfraROB.” https://infrarobproject.com (accessed March 3, 2026).

94 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Advanced Air Mobility and Community Outreach: A Primer for Successful Stakeholder Engagement. ACRP Research Report 261. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27627.

95 U.S. Department of Transportation and the AAM Interagency Working Group. 2025. “The Advanced Air Mobility National Strategy: A Bold Policy Vision for 2026–2036.” https://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/2025-12/AAM%20National%20Strategy%202025.pdf.

96 Federal Aviation Administration. n.d. “Advanced Air Mobility: Air Taxis.” https://www.faa.gov/air-taxis (accessed December 10, 2025).

97 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2022. Emerging Hazards in Aviation—Report 2: Ensuring Safety During Transformative Changes. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/27805.

98 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Implementation of Uncrewed Aircraft Systems Operational Capabilities: A Guide. NCHRP Research Report 1147. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/29132.

99 Emad Alfaris, R., Z. Vafakhah, and M. Jalayer. 2024. Application of Drones in Humanitarian Relief: A Review of State of Art and Recent Advances and Recommendations. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2678(7):689–705. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03611981231209033.

100 Examples of consumer drone delivery service providers in the United States include Zipline (https://www.zipline.com) and Wing (https://wing.com).

101 Grabowski, M.R., G. Morgan, J. McGarvey, S. Roberts, R. Squire, S. Ibanez, S. Bringsjord, and A. Rowen. 2025. Human Machine Autonomy in Medical and Humanitarian Logistics in Remote and Infrastructure-Poor Settings. Drones 9(12):841.

102 U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2024. “Coast Guard: Autonomous Ships and Efforts to Regulate Them.” GAO-24-107059. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-24-107059.pdf. See also Munim, Z.H., and H. Haralambides. 2022. Advances in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) in Merchant Shipping. Maritime Economics & Logistics 24(2):181–188. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41278-022-00232-y.

103 International Maritime Organization. n.d. “Autonomous Shipping.” https://www.imo.org/en/mediacentre/hottopics/pages/autonomous-shipping.aspx (accessed December 9, 2025).

104 Transportation Research Board. 2023. “Artificial Intelligence Use in Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS).” TRB Research Needs Statement Database. https://www.mytrb.org/RNS/Details/439.

105 U.S. Coast Guard. 2025. “Coast Guard to Invest $350 Million in Robotics and Autonomous Systems.” https://www.news.uscg.mil/Press-Releases/Article/4314137/coast-guard-to-invest-350-million-in-robotics-and-autonomous-systems.

106 U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2024. “Port Infrastructure: U.S. Ports Have Adopted Some Automation Technologies and Report Varied Effects.” GAO-24-106498. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-106498.

107 U.S. Department of Transportation. 2025. “Trump’s Transportation Secretary Sean P. Duffy Announces New Temporary Waiver Program to Better Evaluate the Impact of Automated Track Inspection Technology.” https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/trumps-transportationsecretary-sean-p-duffy-announces-new-temporary-waiver-program; Funk, J. 2025. “Railroads Will Be Allowed to Reduce Inspections and Rely More on Technology to Spot Track Problems.” Associated Press, December 5. https://apnews.com/article/automated-railroad-track-inspections-waiver-derailments-fra-d3c4b0f313585303e305e84fb4c03aef.

108 U.S. Department of Transportation. 2023. “Intelligent Aerial Drones for Railroad Track Traversability Assessment, Intrusion Detection and Integrity Evaluation.” University Transportation Center for Railway Safety, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. https://www.utrgv.edu/railwaysafety/_files/documents/research/operations/exhibit-d_utcrs_usc_rail_track_traversability_assessment_vitzilaios_2025.pdf.

109 Narayanan, A., and S. Kapoor. 2025. “AI as Normal Technology: An Alternative to the Vision of AI as a Potential Superintelligence.” Knight First Amendment Institute, April 15. https://knightcolumbia.org/content/ai-as-normal-technology.

110 U.S. Department of Transportation. 2025. “U.S. DOT Artificial Intelligence Activities.” https://www.transportation.gov/AI.

111 See, for example, Texas Department of Transportation. 2024. “Artificial Intelligence Strategic Plan: Fiscal Years 2025-2027.” https://www.txdot.gov/content/dam/docs/division/str/ai-strategic-plan-09-20-2024.pdf; Chen, S., P. Li, Z. Sheng, J. Ma, Y. Cheng, X. Qin, Y. Li, T. Shi, and J. Roberts.

2025. “Artificial Intelligence in Transportation.” Wisconsin Department of Transportation. WisDOT ID No. 0092-24-14. https://wisconsindot.gov/documents2/research/0092-24-14-final-report.pdf; Massachusetts Department of Transportation. 2025. “State DOTs AI Peer Exchange: Final Report.” https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/3ouy6yjocv9a4b51mus5u/October-2025-AI-Peer-Exchange-Final-Report.pdf?rlkey=33vr7mbroskuli7z0ir93bzvg&st=p8e6yohv&dl=0; Transportation Research Board. n.d. “Enhancing Transit Operations with Artificial Intelligence.” TCRP J-11/Task 51. https://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=5622 (accessed March 9, 2026).

112 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2025. “AI Adoption and Implementation in Transportation Operations.” https://transportationops.org/aashto-ia-dashboard.

113 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 2025. “AASHTO Survey Reviews Impact of AI on Operations.” https://aashtojournal.transportation.org/aashtosurvey-reviews-impact-of-ai-on-operations.

114 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Big Data to Enhance Safety Analysis: A Guide. NCHRP Research Report 1152. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/29098.

115 Federal Highway Administration. n.d. “Model Inventory of Roadway Elements (MIRE).” https://highways.dot.gov/safety/data-analysis-tools/mire-fde/model-inventory-roadway-elements-mire (accessed November 27, 2025).

116 Federal Highway Administration. n.d. “Work Zone Data Exchange (WZDx).” https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/wz/wzdx/index.htm (accessed November 27, 2025).

117 Iowa Department of Transportation. n.d. “About Traffic and Criminal Software (TraCS).” https://iowadot.gov/tracs-mach/about-tracs (accessed November 27, 2025).

118 Transportation Research Board. n.d. “A Guide for Holistic Information and Knowledge Management.” NCHRP Project 23-51 RFP. https://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=5889 (accessed November 24. 2025); see also National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Knowledge Management at State Departments of Transportation: Research Roadmap. NCHRP Research Report 1134. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/28598.

119 For a case study of data challenges related to digital delivery and digital as-builts, refer to Federal Highway Administration. 2014. “Techbrief: Digital As-Builting as an Integral Part of Digital Delivery—An Iowa DOT Case Study.” https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/80419.

120 General Transit Feed Specification. n.d. “About.” https://gtfs.org/about (accessed November 27, 2025).

121 Mekdad, Y., A. Aris, L. Babun, A. El Fergougui, M. Conti, R. Lazzeretti, and A.S. Uluagac. 2003. A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues of UAVs. Computer Networks 224:109626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2023.109626.

122 U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2020. “Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Current Jurisdictional, Property, and Privacy Legal Issues Regarding the Commercial and Recreational Use of Drones.” GAO-B-330570. https://www.gao.gov/products/b-330570.

123 Finn, R.L., and D. Wright. 2012. Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Surveillance, Ethics and Privacy in Civil Applications. Computer Law & Security Review 28(2):184–194; Syahmi, H. 2025. Privacy and Ethical Implications of Big Data Utilization in Public Transportation Surveillance. International Journal of Advanced Cybersecurity Systems, Technologies, and Applications 9(1):1–10.

124 Ridley, M. 2020. How Innovation Works and Why It Flourishes in Freedom. New York: Harper Perennial.