The Criminal Justice System and Social Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender

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The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in April 2018 to examine how the criminal justice system affects the fundamental status of people as members of society and to consider next steps for research, practice, and policy for the field. The goal of the workshop was to find common ground to work toward a criminal justice system that avoids social exclusion and instead reflects the principles of citizenship and social justice with a fair distribution of rights, resources and opportunities.

The workshop was specifically designed to explore the reasons for the disparate experiences of individuals involved with the criminal justice system by race, ethnicity, and gender, the mechanisms that cause them to persist, and what can be done through policy and practice to minimize those differences. Participants—including researchers, policy makers, and advocates for victims and offenders—discussed issues in five areas: (1) the role of criminal justice in social exclusion; (2) patterns of inequality in criminal justice; (3) collateral sanctions of the criminal justice system; (4) special concerns for youth and young adult populations; and (5) next steps for research, policy, and practice. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Publication information

12 pages · 8.5 x 11 ·
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-48403-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25247

Suggested citation

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. The Criminal Justice System and Social Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Ruth D. Peterson

Ruth D. Peterson is the former vice-chair of the Committee on Law and Justice and Professor Emerita of Sociology, former Distinguished Professor of Social and Behavioral Science, and former director of the Criminal Justice Research Center (CJRC) at Ohio State University (OSU). Her research focuses on community conditions and crime, racial and ethnic inequality in patterns of crime, and the consequences of criminal justice policies for racially and ethnically distinct communities. Her most recent work attempts to explain how and why patterns of neighborhood crime vary across communities of different colors, and explores how residential and non-residential neighborhoods that individuals traverse during the course of their daily activities differentially influence their participation in crime, drug use, and other problem behaviors. With Lauren J. Krivo, Dr. Peterson co-authored Divergent Social Worlds: Neighborhood Crime and the Racial-Spatial Divide (Russell Sage Foundation 2010). With Lauren J. Krivo and John Hagan, she was the co-editor of The Many Colors of Crime: Inequalities of Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America published by New York University Press (2006). She is also the coordinator of the "Racial Democracy, Crime and Justice Network" and Principal Investigator for the Network's National Science Foundation-sponsored "Crime and Justice Summer Research Institute: Broadening Participation and Perspectives". Dr. Peterson received her Ph.D. in sociology at the University of Wisconsin.

Reginald D. Betts

Reginald Dwayne Betts is a Ph. D. in law candidate at Yale and Emerson Fellow at New America. He holds a B.A. from the University of Maryland and a J.D. from Yale Law School, where he was awarded the Israel H. Perez Prize for best student note or comment appearing in the Yale Law Journal. He spent his summers with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the District of Columbia’s Public Defender Service. He has worked in the New Haven Public Defender’s Office as a Liman Fellow. Prior to law school, Dwayne was a Radcliffe Fellow at Harvard’s Radcliffe Institute of Advanced Studies and a Soros Justice Fellow. In addition, he served by appointment of former President Barack Obama as a practitioner member of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. The author of three books, Betts’ latest collection of poems, Bastards of the Reagan Era, has been named the winner of the Pen New England Poetry Prize. His first collection of poems, Shahid Reads His Own Palm, won the Beatrice Hawley Award. Betts’ memoir, A Question of Freedom: A Memoir of Learning, Survival, and Coming of Age in Prison, was the recipient of the 2010 NAACP Image Award for non-fiction.

Marshall Clement

Marshall Clement directs the Council of State Governments Justice Center’s State Initiatives Division, including the Justice Reinvestment Program, which assists policymakers seeking to reduce spending on corrections and reinvest savings in strategies to reduce recidivism and increase public safety. As part of this assistance, Marshall coordinates the work of a team of policy analysts and national experts to analyze corrections data and policy and develop policy options for state policymakers. He regularly facilitates meetings among judicial and state agency officials, and testifies before legislative committees in various states across the country. His findings have been used to inform policy initiatives in over a dozen states that have enjoyed overwhelming bipartisan support. Before joining the Justice Center, Marshall was a policy researcher with the Rhode Island Family Life Center, a nationally recognized prisoner reentry program, where he worked on improving access to housing and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) resources for individuals recently released from prison and jail. Marshall received his B.A. in public policy with Honors from Brown University.

Kimberle W. Crenshaw

Kimberlé W. Crenshaw is professor of law at Columbia University and the University of California-Los Angeles. She is also director of the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies (CISPS) at Columbia Law School, which she founded in 2011. She is also co-founder of the African American Policy Forum. Crenshaw teaches civil rights and other courses in critical race studies and constitutional law. Her primary scholarly interests center on race and the law, and she was a founder and has been a leader in the intellectual movement called Critical Race Theory. In addition to race and the law, she has written in the areas of civil rights and black feminist legal theory. Crenshaw's publications include Critical Race Theory (edited by Crenshaw, et al., 1995) and Words that Wound: Critical Race Theory, Assaultive Speech and the First Amendment (with Matsuda, et al., 1993). Work on these topics has appeared in the Harvard Law Review, the National Black Law Journal, the Stanford Law Review, and the Southern California Law Review. In 2007, Professor Crenshaw was awarded the Fulbright Chair for Latin America in Brazil. In 2008, she joined the selective group of scholars awarded with an in-residence fellowship at the Center of Advanced Behavioral Studies at Stanford. In addition, she was twice named Professor of the Year at UCLA Law School and received the Lucy Terry Prince Unsung Heroine Award, presented by the Lawyers Committee on Civil Rights Under Law, for her path breaking work on black women and the law. She also received the ACLU Ira Glasser Racial Justice Fellowship in 2005-2007. Crenshaw received her J.D. from Harvard and her LL.M from the University of Wisconsin.

Robert D. Crutchfield

Robert Crutchfield is a professor in the Department of Sociology and adjunct professor of American Ethnic Studies, and Social Work at the University of Washington. He has served two terms as department chair. His research is on labor markets and crime, and race, ethnicity and the criminal justice system. Dr. Crutchfield just finished a book on employment, labor markets, crime and delinquency that is being published by New York University Press. He is currently collaborating with colleagues at the Social Development Research group in the School of Social Work on a project studying racial differences in criminal justice experience and health outcomes resulting from early experiences, including early experiences with contact with the justice system. Crutchfield is also collaborating with colleagues at the University of Queensland in Brisbane Australia studying race, ethnicity, and immigration, and community efforts to control crime and to prepare for natural disasters and terrorism. Crutchfield is a fellow of the American Society of Criminology (ASC), and a University of Washington Distinguished Teaching Award winner. He was elected vice-president of the ASC, chair of the American Sociological Association's (ASA) Crime, Law, and Deviance Section, and to the Council of the ASA. He has served on the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Law and Justice, and several National Academies study panels including the Committee to Improve Research and Data On Firearms, the Committee on Assessing the Research Program of The National Institute of Justice, and the Committee on the Causes and Consequences of High Rates of Incarceration. He is currently on the Board of Directors of The Sentencing Project. Crutchfield has been on the Washington State Juvenile Sentencing Commission and the Board for the Washington State Council on Crime and Delinquency. He is a former juvenile probation officer and worked as a Parole Agent for the Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole. He is also a National Associate, National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences. He received his B.A. in sociology from Thiel College in Pennsylvania, and his M.A. and Ph.D. from Vanderbilt University.

Nicole D. Porter

Nicole D. Porter manages The Sentencing Project’s state and local efforts on sentencing reform, voting rights, and eliminating racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Her work has supported criminal justice reforms in several states including Kentucky, Missouri, and California. Porter was named a "New Civil Rights Leader" by Essence Magazine in November 2014 for her work to eliminate mass incarceration. Since joining The Sentencing Project in 2009, Porter's work has been cited in several major media outlets including the New York Times, Washington Post, and National Public Radio. She has given a number of talks on state sentencing policy, collateral consequences, and racial disparity to various audiences including the League of Women Voters, NAACP, and the United Methodist Women's Assembly. Porter is the former director of the Texas ACLU’s Prison & Jail Accountability Project (PJAP). PJAP’s mission was to monitor the conditions of confinement in state jails and prisons. Porter presented to the Texas legislature to address felony enfranchisement reforms, to eliminate prison rape, and improve prison medical care. Porter received her undergraduate degree from Johns Hopkins University and a Master of public affairs from the University of Texas at Austin. Her master’s thesis addressed exploring self employment among formerly incarcerated African Americans. She also studied African Politics at the University of Ghana, West Africa.

Steven Raphael

Steven Raphael is a professor of public policy at UC Berkeley. His research focuses on the economics of low-wage labor markets, housing, and the economics of crime and corrections. His most recent research focuses on the social consequences of the large increases in U.S. incarceration rates. Dr. Raphael also works on immigration policy, research questions pertaining to various aspects of racial inequality, the economics of labor unions, social insurance policies, homelessness, and low-income housing. He is the author (with Michael Stoll) of Why Are so Many Americans in Prison? (published by the Russell Sage Foundation Press) and The New Scarlet Letter? Negotiating the U.S. Labor Market with a Criminal Record (published by the W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research). Dr. Raphael is also editor in chief of Industrial Relations and a research fellow at the University of Michigan National Poverty Center, the University of Chicago Crime Lab, IZA, Bonn Germany, and the Pubic Policy Institute of California. He holds a Ph.D. in economics from UC Berkeley.

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The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in April 2018 to examine how the criminal justice system affects the fundamental status of people as members of society and to consider next steps for research, practice, and policy for the field. The goal of the workshop was to find common ground to work toward a criminal justice system that avoids social exclusion and instead reflects the principles of citizenship and social justice with a fair distribution of rights, resources and opportunities.

The workshop was specifically designed to explore the reasons for the disparate experiences of individuals involved with the criminal justice system by race, ethnicity, and gender, the mechanisms that cause them to persist, and what can be done through policy and practice to minimize those differences. Participants—including researchers, policy makers, and advocates for victims and offenders—discussed issues in five areas: (1) the role of criminal justice in social exclusion; (2) patterns of inequality in criminal justice; (3) collateral sanctions of the criminal justice system; (4) special concerns for youth and young adult populations; and (5) next steps for research, policy, and practice. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Publication information

12 pages · 8.5 x 11 ·
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-48403-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25247

Suggested citation

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. The Criminal Justice System and Social Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Import this citation to:

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The Criminal Justice System's Relationship to Social/Legal Inclusion and Exclusion of Racial and Ethnic Populations - A Workshop

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