Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty in the Assessment of Benefits and Risks of Pharmaceutical Products: A Workshop Series

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Despite the extensive body of evidence that informs regulatory decisions on pharmaceutical products, significant uncertainties persist, including the underlying variability in human biology, factors associated with the chemistry of a drug, and limitations in the research and clinical trial process itself that might limit the generalizability of results. As a result, regulatory reviewers are consistently required to draw conclusions about a drug's safety and efficacy from imperfect data. Efforts are underway within the drug development community to enhance the evaluation and communication of the benefits and risks associated with pharmaceutical products, aimed at increasing the predictability, transparency, and efficiency of pharmaceutical regulatory decision making. Effectively communicating regulatory decisions necessarily includes explanation of the impact of uncertainty on decision making.

On February 12 and May 12, 2014, the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation held public workshops to advance the development of more systematic and structured approaches to characterize and communicate the sources of uncertainty in the assessment of benefits and risks, and to consider their implications for pharmaceutical regulatory decisions. Workshop presentations and discussions on February 12 were convened to explore the science of identifying and characterizing uncertainty in scientific evidence and approaches to translate uncertainties into decisions that reflect the values of stakeholders. The May 12 workshop presentations and discussions explored tools and approaches to communicating about scientific uncertainties to a range of stakeholders in the drug development process. Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty in the Assessment of Benefits and Risks of Pharmaceutical Products summarizes the presentation and discussion of both events. This report explores potential analytical and communication approaches and identifies key considerations on their development, evaluation, and incorporation into pharmaceutical benefit- risk assessment throughout the entire drug development lifecycle.

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150 pages · 6 x 9 · paperback
ISBN Paperback: 0-309-31000-8
ISBN Ebook: 0-309-31001-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/18870

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Institute of Medicine. 2014. Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty in the Assessment of Benefits and Risks of Pharmaceutical Products: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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Baruch Fischhoff

Baruch Fischoff, Ph.D., M.A., B.S., is Howard Heinz University Professor, in the Departments of Social and Decision Sciences and of Engineering and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University, where he heads the Decision Sciences major. A graduate of the Detroit Public Schools, he holds a BS in mathematics and psychology from Wayne State University and an MA and PhD in psychology from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies and is a past President of the Society for Judgment and Decision Making and of the Society for Risk Analysis. He chaired the Food and Drug Administration Risk Communication Advisory Committee and the National Research Council Committee on Behavioral and Social Science Research to Improve Intelligence Analysis for National Security; he currently co-chairs the NRC Committee on Future Research Goals and Directions for Foundational Science in Cybersecurity. He was a member of the Eugene, Oregon Commission on the Rights of Women, the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Advisory Committee, and the Environmental Protection Agency Scientific Advisory Board, where he chaired the Homeland Security Advisory Committee. He has written or edited several books: Acceptable Risk (1981), A Two-State Solution in the Middle East: Prospects and Possibilities (1993), Preference Elicitation (1999), Risk Communication: The Mental Models Approach (2001), Intelligence Analysis: Behavioral and Social Science Foundations (2011), Risk: A Very Short Introduction (2011), Communicating Risks and Benefits: An Evidence-Based User’s Guide (2011), Judgment and Decision Making (2011), Risk Analysis and Human Behavior (2011), and Counting Civilian Casualties (2013).

Robert E. Ratner

Robert E. Ratner. M.D., FACP, FACE, is Chief Scientific & Medical Officer for the American Diabetes Association where he provides leadership and oversight of scientific and medical activities including research, clinical affairs, program recognition and certification, medical information and professional education. In this capacity, he oversees the Association's support of a broad range of professional education activities and the development of the Association’s Clinical Practice Recommendations, clinical consensus reports and expert opinions. Prior to joining the American Diabetes Association, Dr. Ratner was a Professor of Medicine at Georgetown University Medical School and Senior Research Scientist at the MedStar Health Research Institute in Washington, DC. In 2012 he completed a sabbatical as a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Policy Fellow, having served as the study director for the Institute of Medicine Comparative Effectiveness Research Priorities Committee, and a program examiner for health reform in the Health Division of the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. He received his MD from Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas where he also completed his Internal Medicine training. He underwent fellowship training in Endocrinology and Metabolism at Harvard Medical School and the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston. Dr. Ratner recently completed six years of service on the Steering Committee of the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP), representing the American Diabetes Association. He has served on the Board of Directors of the National Certification Board for Diabetes Education and the American Association of Diabetes Educators, and is Past-President of the Washington Area Affiliate of the American Diabetes Association. His research interests include diabetes therapeutics and complications, with an emphasis on translational efforts from controlled trials into community-based practice. He is the author of more than 120 original scientific articles and 20 book chapters.

Margaret Anderson

Margaret Anderson, M.S., is the executive director of FasterCures/The Center for Accelerating Medical Solutions, a Milken Institute center that works to speed up the timeline for new medicines to go from discovery to patients. She is a founding board member and past-president of the Alliance for a Stronger FDA, co-chairs the eHealth Initiative's Council on Data and Research, and is a member of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences Advisory Council, the Cures Acceleration Network Review Board, the National Health Council Board of Directors, United for Medical Research Steering Committee, and the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Drug Discovery, Development and Translation. Previously, Anderson was the deputy director and a team leader in the Center on AIDS & Community Health at the Academy for Educational Development, where she led public health projects; program director at the Society for Women’s Health Research; health science analyst at the American Public Health Association, where she managed a programmatic portfolio on HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, infectious diseases, women’s health, and public health infrastructure issues; and analyst and project director at the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment in the Biological Applications Program, where she studied societal and business implications of genetic testing. Anderson holds a bachelor's degree from the University of Maryland and a master's degree in science, technology, and public policy from George Washington University.

Christopher P. Austin

Christopher P. Austin, M.D., is Director of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. NCATS’ mission is to catalyze the generation of innovative methods and technologies that will enhance the development, testing, and implementation of diagnostics and therapeutics across a wide range of human diseases and conditions. Before becoming NCATS Director in September 2012, he was director of the NCATS Division of Preclinical Innovation, which focuses on translating basic science discoveries into new treatments, particularly for rare and neglected diseases, and developing new technologies and paradigms to improve the efficiency of therapeutic and diagnostic development. In this role, he founded and directed numerous initiatives including the NIH Chemical Genomics Center (NCGC), the Therapeutics for Rare and Neglected Diseases (TRND) program, and the Toxicology in the 21st Century (Tox21) program. Before joining NIH in 2002, Dr. Austin directed research programs genomics-based target discovery, pharmacogenomics, and neuropsychiatric drug development at Merck, with a particular focus on schizophrenia. Dr. Austin received his A.B. in biology from Princeton and M.D. from Harvard Medical School. He completed clinical training in internal medicine and neurology at the Massachusetts General Hospital, and a fellowship in genetics at Harvard.

Patrick Frey

Patrick J. Frey, M.P.P., is the Director of the Office of Program and Strategic Analysis in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This office is deeply involved in numerous aspects of CDER’s business, including the implementation and evaluation of significant CDER programs such as the PDUFA, GDUFA, and BsUFA programs, performance analysis and reporting of the user fee programs, economic analysis with respect to CDER’s external stakeholder environment, lean management approaches to CDER’s regulatory operations, and developing structured approaches to CDER’s regulatory decision-making. Before joining CDER, Mr. Frey was a Research Chemist at Merck and Co., Inc. in West Point, PA, where he supported various drug development programs from the pre-IND phase through market launch. Mr. Frey received his B.S. in Chemistry from the University of Pittsburgh, and a Masters in Public Policy from the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan.

Tarek Hammad

Tark A. Hammad, M.D., PH.D., MSC, M.S., FISPE, has recently joined Merck as an Executive Director in the Department of Epidemiology. Prior to joining Merck, he was the Deputy Division Director of the US Food and Drug Administration’s Division of Epidemiology located in the Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology (OSE) in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). In 2000, he joined the Divisions of Neurology and Psychiatry Drug Products in CDER as a drug safety Medical Reviewer and served as an active member of a multidisciplinary team which had the overall responsibility for pre- and post-marketing safety evaluation of neurology and psychiatry drugs in the Divisions. Subsequently, in 2004, Dr. Hammad joined OSE as a Senior Medical Epidemiologist to work on large electronic medical records and insurance claims databases assessing post-marketing safety issues. He served as the Analytic Epidemiology Team Leader (2004) and as the Associate Director of Epidemiology (2008) in the same Division. Dr. Hammad has authored over 60 peer-reviewed publications and made many presentations in various scientific conferences and other settings. He also holds several academic appointments, spanning various medical disciplines.

Gavin Huntley-Fenner

Gavin Huntley-Fenner, Ph.D., is a human factors and safety consultant with a unique problem-solving skill set and communication style developed over more than 15 years as a researcher, author, educator and business consultant. He regularly provides consumer product hazard analyses and has served as an expert witness for matters relating to risk perception, instruction manuals, warnings, labeling, safety and human development, human reaction time and decision-making. Dr. Huntley-Fenner is an educator and certified Continuing Legal Education (CLE) provider, as well as a published author. Dr. Huntley-Fenner’s consulting and forensic projects have involved a wide variety of types of products and situations, including consumer products, professional tools, medical devices and human behavior in a variety of environments including homes, schools, workplace and daytime and nighttime outdoor contexts. Dr. Huntley-Fenner’s research employs a range of tools including literature reviews, incident database analyses, statistics, experimental design, hazard and risk analyses, and specific human behavioral research methods such as surveys and human subjects testing. Recent research has focused on the impact of risk perception and design on product safety, an analysis of online consumer reviews for child safety related content, a review of the effectiveness of auditory and visual warnings at railroad grade crossings, and a study on the impact of environmental signs on perceived risk. Dr. Huntley-Fenner’s peer reviewed and invited publications include: “ANSI Z535.6 and conspicuity: A test of the new state of the art format for instructional manuals” (Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society) and “How will the Searchable Consumer Products Safety Incident Database Improve Product Safety” (Analysis and Perspective, Product Safety and Liability Reporter). Dr. Huntley-Fenner has been invited to speak at national and international scientific and nonscientific gatherings on topics ranging from basic and applied research to forensic consulting and to education. He is a member of the United States Food and Drug Administration Risk Communication Advisory Committee and he served as a member of California’s Statewide Committee on Autism and Education. Prior to focusing full-time as a human factors consultant, Dr. Huntley-Fenner was a business consultant at McKinsey & Company. He began his professional career as an Assistant Professor at the University of California, Irvine. While on the UCI faculty, Dr. Huntley-Fenner’s National Science Foundation-supported research focused on problem solving, language processing and language development, cognitive development, and normal and abnormal brain development. Since 2005, Dr. Huntley-Fenner has served as a Governing Board Member of the Irvine Unified School District.

Charles F. Manski

Charles F. Manski, Ph.D., has been Board of Trustees Professor in Economics at Northwestern University since 1997. He previously was a faculty member at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1983-98), the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1979-83), and Carnegie Mellon University (1973-80). He received his B.S. and Ph.D. in economics from M. I. T. in 1970 and 1973. Manski’s research spans econometrics, judgement and decision, and the analysis of social policy. He is author of Public Policy in an Uncertain World (Harvard 2013), Identification for Prediction and Decision (Harvard 2007), Social Choice with Partial Knowledge of Treatment Response (Princeton 2005), Partial Identification of Probability Distributions (Springer, 2003), Identification Problems in the Social Sciences (Harvard 1995), and Analog Estimation Methods in Econometrics (Chapman & Hall, 1988), co-author of College Choice in America (Harvard 1983), and co-editor of Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs (Harvard 1992) and Structural Analysis of Discrete Data with Econometric Applications (MIT 1981). He has served as Director of the Institute for Research on Poverty (1988-91) and as Chair of the Board of Overseers of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1994-98). Editorial service includes terms as editor of the Journal of Human Resources(1991-94),co-editor of the Econometric Society Monograph Series (1983-88), member of the Editorial Board of the Annual Review of Economics (from 2007), and associate editor of the Annals of Applied Statistics (2006-10), Econometrica, (1980-88), Journal of Economic Perspectives (1986-89), Journal of the American Statistical Association(1983-85, 2002-04), and Transportation Science (1978-84). Service at the National Research Council includes being Chair of the Committee on Data and Research for Policy on Illegal Drugs(1998-2001) and a member of the Report Review Committee (from 2010), the Committee on Law and Justice (from 2009), the Board on Mathematical Sciences and their Applications (2004-2007), the Committee on National Statistics (1996-2000), and the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (1992-98). Manski is an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, and an elected fellow of the Econometric Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Paul J. Seligman

Paul Seligman, M.D., M.P.H., is currently Executive Director for Global Regulatory Policy at Amgen. Prior to joining Amgen in 2012, he had a 28+ year public health career in the Federal government. At the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) he served as the Director of FDA’s Latin America Regional Office, as Associate Director for Safety Policy and Communication in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) and as the Director of the Office of Pharmacoepidemiology and Statistical Science. Before joining the FDA in July 2001, Dr. Seligman served for 7 years as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health Studies at the Department of Energy. He began his Public Health Service (PHS) career in 1983 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer. He completed a primary care internal medicine residency at The Cambridge Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts prior to joining the CDC. From 1974-1976, he was a Peace Corps volunteer in Kenya.Dr. Seligman holds an M.D. degree from the University of California, Davis, an M.P.H. in industrial health from the University of Michigan, and a B.S. in chemistry from Yale University. He is board certified in internal medicine, occupational medicine, and public health and general preventive medicine. He is a retired Commissioned Officer from the USPHS having attained the rank of Rear Admiral.

Lana Skirboll

Lana R. Skriboll, Ph.D., M.S., is Vice President of Academic and Scientific Affairs at Sanofi, where she works on policy issues of importance to innovation. She formerly served as Director of Science Policy at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), where she was responsible for identifying policy issues relevant to the support and conduct of research, analyzing and recommending and creating new policies that advance the interest of the Agency. These included human subject protections, the privacy and confidentiality of research records, conflicts of interest, human embryo research, cloning and fetal tissue research, genetics, health, and society, dual use research, gene therapy and nanotechnology, comparative effectiveness research, personalized medicine, among others. Dr. Skirboll played a leadership role in NIH’s organizational strategic planning and evaluation, where, for example, she developed NIH’s efforts to measure and report on Agency performance. She also worked with the NIH Director, Elias Zerhouni, to design and implement the “Roadmap for Medical Research.” She initiated the development of a new program on Return on Investment to explore NIH’s impact on local economies and national competitiveness. She was responsible for developing and coordinating the NIH Public-Private partnership program, which leveraged NIH investments by working with industry. In addition, her team ran a small, but highly creative, science education program that worked nation-wide to develop materials for students and teachers on behalf of national science literacy and the pipeline of new young scientists, as well as creating opportunities with local students to learn about careers in science. As Acting Director of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives, she led national efforts to identify and address emerging scientific opportunities and rising public health challenges that cut across institutes, including the management of nearly 0.75 billion dollars in research funds. In addition, Dr. Skirboll was also responsible for NIH offices that coordinate research and activities related to research on AIDS, behavioral and social sciences, women's health, disease prevention, rare diseases, and dietary supplements. She also led NIH’s burgeoning efforts to design and implement a program in Portfolio Analysis to inform Agency investments. Dr. Skirboll was trained in Pharmacology and Neuroscience. She completed her Ph.D. at Georgetown University Medical School, followed by post-doctoral work and research positions at Yale University, the Karolinska Institute (Sweden), and the National Institute of Mental Health. She is the author of more than 70 peer reviewed scientific publications.

Brian L. Strom

Brian L. Strom, M.D., M.P.H., is the George S. Pepper Professor of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, the Executive Vice Dean of Institutional Affairs, Professor of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Professor of Medicine, and Professor of Pharmacology, all at the Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania. He formerly was Founding Chair of the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Founding Director of the Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Founding Director of the Graduate Group in Epidemiology & Biostatistics. Dr. Strom earned a B.S. in Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry from Yale University in 1971, and then an M.D. degree from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1975. From 1975-1978 he was an intern and resident in Internal Medicine and from 1978-1980 he was an NIH fellow in Clinical Pharmacology at the University of California, San Francisco. He simultaneously earned an M.P.H. Degree in Epidemiology at the University of California, Berkeley. He has been on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine since 1980. The Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics that he has created at Penn includes over 550 faculty, research and support staff, and trainees. At the time Dr. Strom stepped down, CCEB research received nearly $49 million/year in extramural support. Its total budget was approximately $67 million. More than 560 clinicians have been trained or are in training through the CCEB’s Master of Science in Clinical Epidemiology degree program, which he founded. All but 65 have appointments in academic or other research institutions. In this process, Dr. Strom has become a leader in the rigorous formal training of clinical researchers. Although Dr. Strom’s interests span many areas of clinical epidemiology, his major research interest is in the field of pharmacoepidemiology, i.e., the application of epidemiologic methods to the study of drug use and effects. He is editor of the field’s major text (now in its fifth edition), and is Editor-in-Chief for armacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, the official journal of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology. He is probably best known as a founder of the field of pharmacoepidemiology, and a pioneer in using large automated databases for research. As one of many specific contributions, his work was pivotal in getting the American Heart Association and American Dental Association to reverse 50 years of guidelines, and recommend against use of antibiotics to prevent infective endocarditis, instead of recommending for this widespread practice. In addition to writing more than 575 papers and 14 books, he has been principal investigator for more than 275 grants, including over $115 million in direct costs alone. Dr. Strom has also made substantial contributions to many additional extramurally-funded grants. Recent grants included an NCI Program Project Grant on Molecular Susceptibility to Hormone-Induced Cancers, awards from the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality for a Center for Research and Education on Therapeutics (CERTs), a Center of Excellence for Patient Safety Research and Practice, and a center within the Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness (DEcIDE) Network. He has been invited to more than 400 talks outside his local area, including being the keynote speaker for numerous international meetings. Dr. Strom has been a consultant to NIH, FDA, CDC, USP, AAMC, JCAHO, foreign governments, most major pharmaceutical manufacturers, and many law firms. Dr. Strom was a member of the Board of Regents of the American College of Physicians, the Board of Directors of the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and the Board of Directors for the American College of Epidemiology, and is currently a member of the Board of Directors for the Association for Patient-Oriented Research. He was previously President of the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology and the Association for Clinical Research Training. Dr. Strom was on the Drug Utilization Review Committee and the Gerontology Committee of the United States Pharmacopoeia. He served on the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee for the US Food and Drug Administration. Dr. Strom was Chair of the Institute of Medicine’s Committee to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of the Anthrax Vaccine, Chair of the Institute of Medicine Committee on Smallpox Vaccine Program Implementation, and was a member of the Institute of Medicine’s Committee to Review the CDC Anthrax Vaccine Safety and Efficacy Research Program. He recently chaired the Institute of Medicine Committee to Review NIOSH’s Traumatic Injury Program and was then a member of the Institute of Medicine Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines. He now chairs the Institute of Medicine’s Committee on the Consequences of Reducing Sodium in the Population. Dr. Strom is a member of the American Epidemiology Society, and is one of a handful of clinical epidemiologists ever elected to the American Society of Clinical Investigation and American Association of Physicians. He has also been an elected member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences since 2001. Dr. Strom received the 2003 Rawls-Palmer Progress in Medicine Award from the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, the Naomi M. Kanof Clinical Investigator Award of the Society for Investigative Dermatology, the George S. Pepper Professorship of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, and in 2006 he received the Sustained Scientific Excellence Award from the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology. In addition, Dr. Strom was named the 2008 recipient of the John Phillips Memorial Award for Outstanding Work in Clinical Medicine. This award is from the American College of Physicians (ACP) and is considered to be one of the highest awards in Internal Medicine. Dr. Strom also received the 2013 Association for Clinical and Translational Science/American Federation for Medical Research National Award for Career hievement and Contribution to Clinical and Translational Science for translation from clinical use into public benefit and policy. Penn awards that Dr. Strom has received include the Class of 1992 Class Teaching Award and the Samuel Martin Health Evaluation Sciences Research Award. Dr. Strom received the 2004 Christian R. and Mary F. Lindback Award, the University’s most prestigious teaching award, in recognition of the contribution he has made in his career to clinical research teaching.

Myrl Weinberg

Myrl Weinberg, FASAE, CAE, is Chief Executive Officer of the National Health Council (NHC), and her extensive career has focused on health care delivery, medical research, long-term care, and related issues that affect people with chronic conditions. She has testified repeatedly before Congress and federal regulatory bodies and is a frequent speaker on the patient perspective in health policy. Before joining the NHC, she held numerous senior managerial positions at the American Diabetes Association, including Vice President for Corporate Relations and Public Affairs.Ms. Weinberg has a long history of board and committee service. She is currently a member of the Cures Acceleration Network (CAN) Review Board; Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership Executive Board; Institute of Medicine (IOM) Value Incentives Learning Collaborative, an activity of the Roundtable on Value & Science-Driven Health Care; Center for Information and Study on Clinical Research Participation (CISCRP) Board of Advisors; Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Aligning Forces for Quality Program National Advisory Committee; Brookings Active Surveillance Implementation Council; Roche International Science and Ethics Advisory Group and Clinical Research Ethics Advisory Group; and the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization Board of Directors.Ms. Weinberg also serves on the Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance Board of Directors as Vice Chair, its Panel on Charity Effectiveness, and its Communications and Marketing Committee. Ms. Weinberg is a member of the American Society of Association Executives (ASAE) and an ASAE Fellow. She currently serves on the ASAE’s Key Philanthropic Organizations Committee. Previously, Ms. Weinberg served on ASAE’s Board of Directors, ASAE Joint Finance Committee, ASAE Ethics Task Force, and ASAE Fellows Nominating Committee. Ms Weinberg is a founding member of the Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs (AAHRPP). She was also instrumental in the creation and operations of the International Alliance of Patients’ Organization (IAPO), where she served as Chair of the Governing Board. Ms. Weinberg pursued advanced graduate study at Purdue University. She holds an MA in Special Education from George Peabody College and a BA in Psychology from the University of Arkansas.

Steven Woloshin

Steven Woloshin, M.D., M.S., research interest is in learning how to enhance the quality of medical communication to the public, patients, physicians and policymakers. His work (in collaboration with Dr. Lisa Schwartz) has 2 main approaches: improving the quality of messages presenting health information to people, and preparing audiences to make sense of the messages they receive. His main focus is on the communication of medical statistics and information about the benefits and harms of screening and prescription drugs. Dr. Woloshin received his M.S. for Dartmouth Medical and his M.D. from Boston University School of Medicine.

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Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty in the Assessment of Benefits and Risks of Pharmaceutical Products: A Workshop Series

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Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty in the Assessment of Benefits and Risks of Pharmaceutical Products: A Workshop Series

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Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty in the Assessment of Benefits and Risks of Pharmaceutical Products: Workshop Summary

Description

Collaborators

Committee

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Parent projects

Forum on Drug Discovery, Development, and Translation

Major units and sub-units

Contact

Provide feedback

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National Forum on Nature-Based Solutions

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