A

Acceptable risk, 9, 24

Aerial and digital-frame photography, 38, 44

Africa Real Time Environmental Monitoring Information System (ARTEMIS), 26, 184

Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution Model, 187

Airborne pollution, 17-19, 44, 184

Alabama, 26-27, 118, 131, 132, 135, 143, 150, 151, 153, 154, 191, 193, 194

Alaska, 109, 138, 144, 148, 154, 194, 195, 196

Applied Insurance Research, catastrophe model, 30

Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) model, 18-19

Arizona, 138, 144, 195, 196

Arkansas, 137, 150, 151, 153, 154, 191, 193

Armageddon (film), 1

Assessment of disaster proneness. See Exposure assessment;

Losses from disasters;

Risk/hazard assessment;

Vulnerability assessment

Association of Bay Area Governments, 51-52

AVN model, 184, 186

B

BAM model, 185

Bangladesh, 33

Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Non-point Sources, 187

Brandes, Heinrich, 48

BREACH, 187

Building construction, 14, 94, 103, 112

Bureau of the Census, TIGER/Line database, 53

Burkina Faso, 27, 33

C

Cadastral, 47

California

cold extremes, 133, 193

disaster declarations, 147

earthquakes, 1, 29, 34, 57, 65, 80, 82, 83, 106, 108, 116, 118, 137, 138, 194

fatalities, 118, 128, 151-152, 154

floods, 82, 86, 116, 118, 121, 191

hazardousness, 152, 153, 154

heat extremes, 131

losses from all hazard types, 116, 118, 147, 148-150, 154

perceptions of hazards in, 1-2, 119

severe storms, 82, 94, 116

toxic releases, 144, 146, 195, 196

volcanic hazards, 138, 195

vulnerability assessment, 27-28

wildfires, 1, 96, 128, 129, 192

winter storms, 132, 193

Canada, 35

Cancer risk, 17-18

Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project, 25

Catalogue of Significant Earthquakes, 69, 73, 74, 137

Catastrophe Paid Loss Database, 64

Cellular telephone network, 55-56

Center for Integration of Natural Disaster Information, 53

Center for International Earth Science Information Network, 35

Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, 64

Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog, 73

Chemical releases, 18-19, 70, 74-75, 110, 144

Chile, 34

Clearinghouses, 63, 66, 162-163

Climate change. See Global climate change

CLIPER model, 21, 185

Coastal Erosion Information System, 185

Coastal vulnerability

development and, 103, 106, 112

erosion, 23, 161, 185

financial risks and exposure, 30

flooding, 20, 22, 23

high-risk characteristics, 23

oil spills, 23

risk assessment, 20, 22-23

seismic events, 115

tropical storms, 30, 91, 115

Coastal Vulnerability Index, 23-23

Cold extremes, 100-102, 132-134, 193

Colorado, 53, 85, 91, 94, 116, 118, 119, 151, 153, 154, 191, 192

Communication. See also Warning of disaster

cellular telephone network, 55-56

of data on hazards, 61-62, 63-64

of geographic information, 54-59

Comparative risk assessment, 7, 15, 32

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), 7, 145-146

Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO) , 18-19

Connecticut, 148-150

Consequences Assessment Tool Set, 188

Council of National Seismic Systems, 69, 73, 137

Council on Environmental Quality, 163

Critical facilities, 24

Crop Moisture Index, 187

D

Dam failures, 22, 86, 110, 119, 186- 187

DAMBRK model, 186

Dante’s Peak (film), 1

Data on hazards. See also Geographic information systems;

Web sites;

individual databases

application constraints, 61-62, 67

availability, 61, 66

clearinghouses, 63, 66, 162-163

coordination and integration of, 61, 62-63, 76, 163-164

dissemination, 61-62, 63-64, 162- 163

financial investment in, 67

floods, 63-64, 69, 72

geophysical/geohydrological hazards, 63, 69, 70, 72-73, 74

historic trends, 161

hazardous materials and toxic chemical releases, 64, 70, 74-75

hurricanes, 69, 71-72

interpretation problems, 64-66

legal/liability issues, 67

loss-estimation databases, 64, 67- 76, 78-79

for mapping, 37-42

national database on events and losses, 160-162

nuclear incidents, 75-76

sharing, 9, 66-67, 161

sources and needs, 37-42, 71, 159, 160, 161

weather-related, 63, 67-68, 71

Decennial Census, 41, 53

Deciles model, 187

Decision, Risk, and Management Science program, 6

Delaware, 154

Dependable Rains model, 188

Deterministic methods, 24, 29

Development of hazard-prone areas, 84, 86, 103, 106, 112-113, 158

Disaster

analysis, 188

assistance, 158-159, 165

defined, 3

management and incident control, 53, 54

movies, 1, 2, 109

preparedness, 25, 33

presidential declarations, 44, 82, 146-147, 154

response, 25, 37-38, 45, 53

Disaster Information Task Force, 62

Disaster-Proneness Index, 33

Dispersion models, 17-19, 54

Distributed Rainfall-Runoff Model, 186

Doppler radar, 21, 43, 90

Droughts, 44, 57, 80, 84-85, 96-99, 131-132, 154, 187-188, 193

Dust storms, 44

E

Earth Resource Technology Satellite (ERTS) program, 44

Earthquake Disaster Risk Index, 33, 34

Earthquake Research Institute, 69

Earthquakes. See also Seismic activity

Coalinga (1983), 108

damage categories, 73

data sources, 69, 73, 74, 137

economic losses and damage, 51-52, 65, 69, 79, 80, 82, 83, 106-108, 112, 137-138, 154, 194

fatalities, 69, 80, 106-108, 112, 116, 137-138, 194

geographic distribution, 69, 73, 74, 135, 137-138

Hanshin-Awaji, 33

intensity, 33, 57

Loma Prieta (1989), 1, 65, 80, 82, 83, 106, 108, 112, 116, 138

mitigation strategies, 31, 33, 108

modeling, 29, 188

Northridge (1994), 1, 65, 80, 82, 83, 108, 112, 116, 138

risk index, 33, 34

secondary effects, 106

temporal trends, 106, 107

volcanic activity and, 138

Yountville (2000), 29

Whittier Narrows (1987), 108, 138

Ecological fallacy, 40

Ecological losses, 31-32, 146-153

Ecological risk assessment, 23, 31-32

Economic losses and damages

cold extremes, 80, 101-102, 133-134, 193

data sources, 64

disaster declarations and, 146- 147, 154

drought, 80, 82, 97-99, 131-132, 154, 193

earthquakes, 51-52, 65, 69, 79, 80, 82, 83, 106-108, 112, 137-138, 154, 194

fatality rates and, 148, 151

floods, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 98, 112, 119, 120, 191

forms of, 65

GDP-standardized, 147, 148, 149-150, 154

hail, 68, 80, 90-91, 92, 123, 124, 192

hazardous material spills, 80, 110-111, 116, 141

heat extremes, 80, 82, 100, 130-131, 193

hurricanes and tropical storms, 65, 79, 80, 81, 82-83, 97, 98, 104, 105, 106, 112, 135, 136, 194

lightning, 79, 80, 94-95, 126-128, 192

per capita, 147, 148, 149-150, 154

per square mile, 147, 148, 149-150, 154

ranking, 82-83, 154, 191-196

risk models, 30-31

single-event, 65

temporal trends, 157-158

thunderstorm wind, 80, 93, 94, 125-126, 192

tornadoes, 79, 87, 88, 89-90, 112, 121-123, 191

volcanoes, 80, 109-110, 195

vulnerability assessment, 51-52

wildfires, 80, 96, 98, 127, 128-129, 192

winter storms, 80, 102-103, 132-133, 193

El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, 94, 103-104

El Salvador, 33

EM-DAT, 64

Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA), 74-75

Endeavor (Space Shuttle) mapping project, 47

Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model , 187

EnviroMapper, 58

Environmental Defense, 58

Environmental risks and hazards, mapping, 50

Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI), 23

Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI), 51, 57-58

ERDAS, 51

Eta and meso-Eta models, 186

Ethiopia, 33

Evacuation planning, 19, 42, 52, 86, 109-110

Exposure assessment. See also Risk/ hazard assessment

ecological, 31-32

financial, 30-31

private-sector approaches, 30-31

probabilistic, 15

ranking, by state, 153, 154

Extratropical cyclones and convection, 43

F

Famine Early Warning System (FEWS), 26, 27

Fatalities from disasters

cold extremes, 80, 101, 132-133, 134, 193

drought, 80, 84, 131, 132

earthquakes, 69, 80, 106-108, 112, 116, 137-138, 194

economic damage and, 148, 151

floods, 79, 80, 84-86, 112, 116, 119, 120, 158, 191

geographic distribution, 116-118, 148, 151-152

hail, 68, 80, 90, 92, 123, 124

hazardous materials spills, 80, 110-111, 112, 117, 140, 141, 195

heat extremes, 80, 99-100, 129-131, 158, 193

hurricanes and tropical storms, 80, 81, 104, 105, 135, 136, 194

lightning, 79, 80, 94, 95, 117, 126-127, 158, 192

national average, 151

ranking by state, 118, 151, 154, 191-196

rates by state, 151-152, 154

regional patterns, 148, 151-152

relative risk, 151-152

thunderstorm wind, 93, 94, 123, 125

temporal trends, 79-81, 84, 87-90, 92-95, 99-111, 158

thunderstorm wind, 80, 91, 93, 94, 123, 125-126, 192

tornadoes, 79, 80, 87, 88, 89, 121, 122, 158, 191

volcanoes, 80, 109-110, 195

wildfires, 80, 96, 98, 123, 127, 128

winter storms, 79, 80, 102-103, 132, 193

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

databases, 64, 160-161

expansion of mission, 163

Flood Hazard Mapping Program, 49

Map Modernization Plan, 45

multihazard assessment, 50, 57-58

National Mitigation Strategy, 11, 25

On-line Hazard Maps, 57-58

Project Impact program, 11, 57-58

Recovery Times, 121

Federal Geographic Data Committee, 62-63, 162

Federal Response Plan, 161

Fire insurance maps, 48

Fires. See Wildfires

Flood Damage Analysis package, 186

Flood Flow Frequency, 186

Flood Forecasting, 186

Flood insurance rate maps (FIRMs), 20, 38, 45, 46, 49, 59

Floods/flooding. See also Storm surge

Big Thompson, 85, 116, 119

coastal, 20, 22, 23

control structures and, 3, 22, 86, 110, 119

dam failures, 22, 86, 110, 119

data sources, 63-64, 69, 72

development of floodplains and, 84, 86

drought and, 84-85

economic/damage losses, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 98, 112, 119, 120, 191

evacuation, 86

fatalities, 79, 80, 84-86, 112, 116, 119, 120, 158, 191

flash, 22, 85, 110, 119

geographic distribution, 119-121

hurricane-related, 20, 22, 23, 103, 104

Johnstown, 85-86, 119

mapping areas prone to, 20, 38, 44, 45, 46, 49, 51, 52, 67

Midwest (1993), 1, 80, 82, 86, 87, 112, 119-120, 158

mitigation approaches, 86

models, 186-187

North Dakota (1997), 1, 120-121

Rapid City, 85

risk estimation, 20, 22, 43

riverine, 1, 3, 22, 57, 72, 80, 82, 85-86, 87, 110, 112, 116, 119- 121

seismic events and, 109

vulnerability assessment, 28

watches and warnings, 72

Florida

disaster declarations, 147

economic/damage losses, 98, 118, 133-134, 147, 148-150, 154, 192, 195

fatalities from all events, 117, 118, 135, 154, 192, 195

freeze events, 101, 133-134, 193

hazardousness, 2, 152, 153, 154

hurricanes, 1, 30, 38, 39, 65, 80, 82, 83, 104, 118, 135, 194

lightning, 126, 192

nuclear power plants, 143

tornadoes, 89, 191

toxic releases, 110, 146, 195

vulnerability assessment, 25-26

wildfires, 96, 98, 128, 192

Food security, 26, 27

G

Gap analysis, 31

Geographic information systems (GIS). See also Maps/mapping of hazards;

Spatial variation

analytical tools, 51-52

collection of data for, 51

communication of information from, 54-59

defined, 51

dissemination of information from, 54-59, 160

functionality of, 53

limitations of, 59-60

in loss estimation, 29, 71, 116

mapping of hazards, 26, 31, 50, 51-52, 57

spatial decision support systems and, 50, 52-54

technology, 47, 51, 54-55

in vulnerability assessment, 23, 25, 28

Georgia, 84, 86, 89, 118, 135, 153, 192, 193, 194

Geostationary Observational Environmental Satellite (GOES), 43

GFDI model, 184, 185

GFDL model, 20, 184, 185

Global climate change, 23, 25, 45, 158

Global Disaster Information Network (GDIN), 62, 63

Global Information and Early Warning System (GIEWS), 26

Global Positioning System (GPS), 21, 46, 51, 54-55

Global Volcanism Program, 70, 74

Grapes of Wrath (film), 1

H

Hail, 43, 68, 71, 80, 90-91, 92, 123, 124, 126, 192

Haines Index, 188

HAPEM, 184

Harvard Seismology, 73

Hawaii, 109, 135, 138, 148-150, 194, 195

Hazard

adjustment paradigm, 5-6

analysis, 9-11

assessment. See Risk/hazard assessment

classification inconsistencies, 71, 104, 131

contextual model, 6

defined, 2-3, 15

perception, 1-2, 8-9

proneness, by state, 152-153

slow-onset, 14, 97

Hazard mitigation/reduction building construction, 14, 94, 103, 112

disaster assistance and, 158-159

distributive justice in, 164

earthquakes, 31, 33, 108

floods, 86

hazard/risk analysis applied to, 11

high-priority areas, 11-12, 163- 165

land-use planning, 108, 110, 112, 158-159

modeling, 20, 31

monitoring technology and, 45-46, 54-55, 110

programs, 25, 33, 164-165

SDSS applications, 53

strategic plan, 164

sustainable approach to, 4, 12, 159, 164-165

warning systems, 53, 54, 90, 103 112

Hazardous airborne pollutant exposure models, 17-19

Hazardous Materials Information System, 70, 74

HAZUS, 28-30, 53

Heat extremes, 99-100, 129-131, 158, 188, 193

Heat/Health Index, 188

HEC5-Q, HEC-6, HEC-18, 187

Heinz Center, 23, 161

Honduras, 33

Hurricanes/tropical storms

Agnes, 81, 135

Alberto, 83

Andrew, 1, 30, 38, 39, 65, 80, 82, 83, 104, 112, 118, 135, 158

Betsy, 83

Carol, 83

Cecilia, 83

data sources on, 69, 71-72

Donna, 83

economic/property losses, 65, 79, 80, 81, 82-83, 97, 98, 104, 105, 106, 112, 135, 136, 194

Elena, 106

evacuation, 42

fatalities, 80, 81, 104, 105, 135, 136, 194

and flooding, 20, 22, 23, 103, 104

Floyd, 1, 45, 81, 82, 83, 106

Fran, 82, 83

Frederick, 83, 104, 106, 135

Galveston (1900), 104

geographic patterns, 30, 91, 115, 134-135

Georges, 82, 83

Gloria, 106

Hazel, 83

Hugo, 1, 44, 65, 80, 82, 83, 104, 112, 135

Iniki, 82, 104, 112, 135

intensity modeling, 21, 185

Juan, 106

Kate, 106

loss assessment, 30, 31, 40, 46, 71-72

Mitch, 28, 53

Opal, 83

Saffir-Simpson scale, 104

storm surges, 19-20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 102, 185

strike forecasting and wind fields, 17, 20-21, 26, 184, 185

temporal trends, 79, 80, 81, 103- 106

vulnerability assessment, 26-27, 28

Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, 22

I

Ice-jam floods, 22

Idaho, 148-150, 192, 194, 195

IFSAR (Interferrometer Synthetic Aperture Radar), 45

IKONOS platform, 44

Illinois, 99-100, 130, 137, 147, 153, 195, 196

Impact Forecasting, natural hazard loss estimation model, 31

India, 20, 35

Indiana, 193

Indonesia, 34

Industrial Source Complex (ISC), 17-18, 184

Industrial Waste Air Model, 184

Institute of Business and Home Safety, 64

Insurance industry, 30-31, 64, 83

Insurance Research Council, 30

Intergraph, 51

Interior Flood Hydrology Model, 186

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), 11-12, 33

International development assistance, 25

Internet, 56-59, 66, 160.

See also Web sites

Iowa, 118, 119, 131, 148-150, 153, 191, 192, 193

J

Japan, 33, 34

K

Kansas, 2, 121, 153, 191, 192, 196

Keetch-Byram Drought Index, 188

Kentucky, 89, 137, 138, 153, 193, 194

L

La Niña, 94, 104

Land-use planning, 108, 110, 112, 158-159, 165

Landslides, 27, 30, 106

LandView III system, 53

LBAR model, 185

Legal/liability issues, in sharing data, 67

LIDAR (light airborne detection and ranging), 45

Lightning, 68, 79, 80, 94-95, 117, 126-128, 158, 192

Losses from disasters. See also Fatalities;

individual types of events

accuracy of estimates, 30, 46, 64-65, 66, 71, 77-78, 131-132, 138

all hazard types, 29, 112, 116-118

average annual, 29, 112

costs of relief and recovery, 65, 78, 83

cumulative impacts of low-consequence events, 158

databases, 64, 67-76, 78-79, 160-162

definitions, 161

direct, 65, 76, 158, 161

ecological, 31-32, 146-153

estimation methods, 26, 28-32, 65-66

expenditures, 65

financial, see Economic losses and damages

GIS applied to, 29, 71, 116

HAZUS, 28-30, 52, 53

historical, 79-84, 116

indirect, 30, 65, 78, 158, 161

probable maximum, 29, 31

ranking, 79-81, 82-83, 98, 99, 102, 119, 191-196

reduction of, 24, 164-165

risk factors, 23, 66, 77, 89, 94, 103, 106, 112

satellite data, 44, 45-46

single-event threshold, 65

spatial variation, 116, 119-146

temporal trends, 13, 84-111, 157-158

windshield survey, 46

Louisiana, 118, 119, 132, 150, 153, 191, 192, 193, 194

M

Maine, 137

MapInfo, 51

Maps/mapping of hazards. See also Geographic information systems;

specific hazards

accuracy, 46-47, 59-60, 66, 126

cartography principles and, 47-50

coverage, 42-46

data needs and inputs, 37-42, 160

ecological falacy and, 40

environmental, 50

graphical representations, 41-42, 47

historical context for, 46-50

monitoring and surveillance technology, 43-46

pre-disaster imagery, 38, 44

resolution, 39-41, 44-46, 47, 55-56

scale, 39-40, 59, 71

spatial considerations, 39-41, 44-46, 50, 52-54, 58, 59, 66-67, 126

temporal dimension, 38-39

toxins/hazardous materials, 50, 52, 58-59

vulnerability, 50, 56-57

Web sites, 56-59

wireless communications of, 54-56

MARPLOT, 18, 19

Maryland, 84, 94, 193, 196

Massachusetts, 34, 102, 137

Mauritania, 33

Maximum credible event, 24

Maximum Envelope of Water (MEOW), 19

Mesocyclone signatures, 21

Mexico, 34, 35

Michigan, 123, 125, 153, 192, 196

Microbursts, 126

Minnesota, 120-121, 153, 192

Mississippi, 118, 132, 135, 150, 151, 153, 191, 193, 194

Mississippi River, 1, 80, 82, 86, 87, 112, 119-120

Missouri, 34, 118, 119, 137, 153, 191, 192, 193

Mobile6, 184

Modified areal unit problem, 40

Modified Mercalli Scale, 33, 73

MOM (Maximum of MEOW), 19

Monitoring and surveillance technology, 43-46, 54-55, 72-73, 110

Montana, 110, 138, 151, 195

Monthly Weather Review, 72

Munich Insurance Group, 64

N

National Academy of Public Administration, 63

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 43, 44, 51, 63

National Biological Survey, 31

National Climatic Data Center, 63, 64, 67, 68, 71, 99, 132

National Drought Mitigation Center, 57, 98

National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, 24, 57

National Fire Danger Rating System, 188

National Flood Insurance Program, 49

National Geographic Society, 50

National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), 69, 73, 74

National Hurricane Center, 17, 19, 20, 69, 71, 72

National Institute for Building Science, 28

National Interagency Fire Center, 96

National Loss Inventory/Natural Hazard Events Data Clearinghouse, 162-163

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 19, 21, 26, 43-44, 51, 57, 160-161

National Priority List, 17-18, 74, 145-146

National Rainfall Index, 188

National Research Council, 7

National Science Foundation, 6

National seismic hazard maps, 24

National Severe Storms Forecast Center, 21

National Severe Storms Laboratory, 21

National Weather Service, 19, 21, 22, 43, 57, 69, 72, 78, 84, 116

Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, 78

Nebraska, 191, 192, 193, 196

NEHRP Effective Peak Acceleration, 188

NEHRP Effective Peak Velocity, 188

Nevada, 137, 144, 194, 196

New Hampshire, 137

New Jersey, 146, 148-150, 196

New Mexico, 96, 138, 151, 192, 195

New York (state), 118, 119, 123, 126, 132, 137, 143, 146, 147, 153, 192, 193, 196

New Zealand, 35

NGM model, 186

NHC90/NHC91, 185

Nicaragua, 33

NIMBUS, 43

NOGAPS model, 20, 184

North Carolina, 27, 45, 84, 87, 89, 118, 132, 135, 153, 192, 193, 194, 196

North Dakota, 1, 118, 120-121, 146, 147, 148-150, 151, 154, 193

Nuclear power plants

accidents, 140, 142

data sources on, 64, 75-76, 143

geographic distribution of, 140, 142-143

relative hazardousness, 196

Systematic Assessment of Licensee Performance, 75-76, 143, 196

O

Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, 64

Ohio, 87, 153, 192, 193, 195, 196

Oil seeps, 44

Oil spills, 23

Oklahoma, 89, 91, 121, 147, 153, 191, 192

Oregon, 127, 138, 192, 194, 195

Organization of American States, Working Group on Vulnerability Assessment and Indexing, 25

P

Palmer Drought Severity Index, 187

PartnerRe, tropical cyclone model, 31

Pennsylvania, 84, 85-86, 87, 118, 119, 132-133, 137, 140, 142, 146, 153, 154, 191, 192, 195, 196

People’s Republic of China, 20

Percent of Normal model, 187

Personal digital assistants, 56

Peru, 34

Philippines, 34

Pilot Environmental Sustainability Index, 35

Precipitation estimation, 43, 186, 187

Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System, 186

Probabilistic methods/models, 7, 24, 26, 29, 30, 57

Project Impact program, 11, 57-58

Q

Qualcomm OmniTRACS system, 54-55, 56

R

Recovery and relief operations, 121

modeling, 20

resource allocation, 44, 53

Red River, 120-121

Regional River Forecast Centers, 22

Reinsurance, 31

Remote-sensing technologies, 23, 26, 31, 43-46

Reverse Emergency-911 system, 53, 54

Rhode Island, 154

Risk

acceptable, 9, 24

defined, 3, 15

paradigm, 6

perception, 1-2, 9

relocation/transference, 36

Risk Analysis (periodical), 7

Risk Assessment Tools for Diagnosis of Urban Areas Against Seismic Disasters (RADIUS), 33, 34

Risk/hazard assessment

applications, 6, 11, 16

approaches and models, 4, 17-24

coastal vulnerability, 20, 22-23

comparative, 7, 15, 32

data sources and needs, 37-42, 71, 159

defined, 4, 15-16

ecological, 8, 31-32

elements, 9-10

event score, by state, 152-153

financial, 30-31

flood, 20, 22, 43

geographic/spatial dimension, 37, 40-41

goal, 7

hazardous airborne pollutant exposure models, 17-19

historical context, 6-7

hurricane strike forecasting and wind fields, 20-21

methodological issues, 8, 9-11, 15-16

models, 183-188

nationwide, 159

natural-hazards field, 16

NRC framework, 7

probabilistic methods/models, 7, 24, 26, 29, 30, 57

quantitative, 6, 10

research funding for, 6

seismic, 23-24, 33, 34

storm surge, 19-20

temporal characteristics, 37, 38-39

tornado, 21

Risk Management Solutions, Insurance and Investment Risk Assessment System, 30-31

RISK Model, 188

RUC model, 186

S

Sanborn Company, 48

SBEACH model, 185

Scorecard, 58-59

SCREEN3D, 184

Sea, Lake, and Overland Surges (SLOSH) model, 19-20, 28, 185

Sea level rise, 23

Seismic activity. See also Earthquakes;

Volcanoes

coastal vulnerability, 115

data sources, 63, 69, 70, 72-73, 74, 137

development of hazard-prone areas, 112-113

and flooding, 109

intraplate, 137

mapping project, 57

monitoring, 43, 72-73

New Madrid fault zone, 137

risk estimation, 23-24, 33, 34

vulnerability assessment, 27, 34, 154

SHIFOR model, 21, 185

SHIPS model, 21, 185

Siemens Power Corporation, 143-144

SKYWARN System, 21

Smithsonian Institution, 70, 74

Snow, John, 46, 48

Society for Risk Analysis, 6-7

South Carolina, 28, 44, 48, 50, 87, 89, 104, 118, 132, 135, 137, 143, 147, 148-150, 153, 193, 194

South Dakota, 85, 150

Space Imaging Inc., 44

Spatial decision support systems (SDSS), 50, 52-54

Spatial variation

in hazard events and losses, 116-118, 119-153

in mapping, 39-41, 44-46, 50, 52-54, 58, 59, 66-67, 126

regional ecology of damaging events, 146-153

in risk/hazard assessment, 37

Standardized Precipitation Index, 187

“State of Disaster” report, 163

Stereotypes of disaster proneness, 1-2

Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 78, 98, 116, 123, 129, 131, 133

Storm Prediction Center, 68, 116

Storm surge, 19-20, 22, 23, 26, 28, 102, 185

Stream gauge program, 22

Surface Water Supply Index, 188

SURGE model, 185

Surveillance. See Monitoring and surveillance technology

Sustainable development programs, 25

T

Technological hazards. See also Toxic hazards and hazardous materials releases

databases, 64

earthquake-related failures, 106

Technology Assessment and Risk Analysis program, 6

Temporal trends

drought, 98

earthquakes, 106

economic losses, 13, 84-111, 157- 158

fatalities, 79-81, 84, 87-90, 92-95, 99-111, 158

hail, 90, 92

hurricanes, 102-103, 105

lightning, 126

mapping hazards, 38-39

thunderstorm wind, 93

tornadoes, 87-88, 89-90, 158

Tennessee, 89-90, 118, 137, 151, 153, 193

TERRA satellites, 44-45

Texas

cold extremes, 193

disaster declarations, 147

drought, 193

economic losses, 82, 118, 147, 195

fatalities, 86, 116-117, 118, 119, 135, 152, 154, 195

floods, 82, 86, 119, 191

hail, 91, 123, 192

hazardousness, 152, 153, 154

heat extremes, 131, 193

hurricanes, 104, 135, 194

lightning, 192

thunderstorm wind, 123, 192

tornadoes, 87, 89, 121, 123, 191

toxic releases, 144, 146, 195, 196

Thunderstorms

initiating conditions, 126

lightning damage, 68, 79, 80, 94-95, 117, 126-128, 158

spatial trends, 123, 125-128

supercell, 91

wind damage, 68, 71, 80, 91, 93-94, 123, 125-126, 192

TIGER/Line database, 53

TIROS, 43

Tornado Alley, 121

Tornadoes

databases, 68, 71

economic/damage losses, 79, 87, 88, 89-90, 112, 121-123, 191

fatalities and injuries, 79, 80, 87, 88, 89 121, 122, 158, 191

Fujita Scale, 42

geographic patterns, 71, 116, 121-123

hail and, 126

hurricane-spawned, 103

loss assessment, 71, 116

monitoring/tracking technology, 43

Red River outbreak, 121, 123

risk estimation, 21

super outbreaks, 87

temporal trends, 87-88, 89-90, 158

warning systems, 90

Total Arbiter of Storms (TAOS) model, 25-26

Toxic hazards and hazardous materials releases

airborne, 17-19, 144, 184

chemical releases, 18-19, 70, 74-75, 110, 144, 196

data sources on, 64, 70, 74-75, 116, 140, 184

economic losses and damages, 80, 110-111, 116, 141, 146, 195

facility siting, 53, 70

fatalities from, 80, 110-111, 112, 117, 140, 141, 195

geographic distribution, 139-140, 141, 144-146

maps/mapping, 50, 52, 58-59

models, 184, 187

monitoring, 54-55

in multihazard assessment, 27, 50

National Priority List, 17-18, 74, 145-146, 196

SDSS applications, 54

spills, 23, 54, 70, 74, 80, 110-111, 112, 139-140, 141

Superfund sites, 74, 144-146

temporal trends, 110, 111

transport and management, 52, 54-55, 140

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), 75, 144, 196

Training exercises, 53

TriNet, 57

Tsunamis, 22, 27, 106, 138

TTSURGE model, 185

Turkey, 34

Twister (film), 1

U

UKMET model, 20, 184

United Nations

Disaster Relief Organization, 33

Food and Agriculture Organization, 26

urban seismic risk initiative, 33

University of Colorado, 78

Urban

brownfields development, 48

pollution, 17-18

Urban Airshed Model, 184

U.S. Agency for International Development, 26, 27, 27

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 72

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 57

U.S. Department of Energy, 55, 64

U.S. Department of Transportation, 70, 74

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Chemical Emergency Preparedness Office, 19

databases, 64, 70, 74-75, 160-161

ecological risk assessment guidelines, 7, 32

Envirofacts Maps on Demand, 58

Industrial Source Complex, 17-18

LandView III system, 53

prioritizing environmental problems, 32

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI), 75, 144

U.S. Geological Survey, 22, 28, 44, 51, 53, 56-57, 63, 64, 72, 160- 161

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 64, 75, 143

Utah, 196

UVA/CERC Storm Risk model, 185

V

Virginia, 153, 193

Volatile organic compounds, 17-18

Volcano (film), 1, 2, 109

Volcanoes

data sources, 70, 74

economic losses and damages, 80, 109-110, 195

eruption history, 195

fatalities, 80, 109-110, 195

geographic distribution, 138-139

Global Volcanism Program, 70, 74

hazards associated with, 44, 109, 138

hot spots, 138

Kilauea, 109, 138, 195

Mt. Redoubt, 109, 138, 195

Mt. St. Helens, 74, 138, 195

Ring of Fire, 138

Vulnerability, defined, 16

Vulnerability assessment

defined, 16

Disaster-Proneness Index, 33

elements, 16, 25, 33

GIS and, 23, 25, 28

high-risk coastlines, 23

hurricanes, 26-27, 28

mitigation/reduction linked to, 2

multidisciplinary approach, 159-160

multihazard approaches, 25, 27-28, 50, 57-58

RADIUS, 33, 34

single-hazard approaches, 25, 26-27

sustainable development programs, 25, 35

Vulnerability to disasters/hazards biophysical indicators, 15, 28, 33, 51

comparative risks and, 32-35

defined, 13-14

development and, 84, 86, 103, 106, 112, 158

differential, 160

Disaster-Proneness Index, 33

equity issues, 164

hazards of place model, 15

individual indicators, 14

mapping, 50, 56-57

research activity, 159-160

science of, 159-160, 164-165

social indicators, 14-15, 27, 28, 33, 160

underlying and contextual factors, 35-36

unit of analysis, 14

W

Warning of disaster

effectiveness of systems, 90, 103

reverse Emergency-911 system, 53, 54

Washington, D.C., 102

Washington (state), 27, 138, 143-144, 146, 147, 192, 194, 195, 196

Water Erosion Prediction Project, 186

Watershed Analysis and Detention Design Model, 186

Watson Technical Consulting, 26

Weather. See also specific phenomena

data sources on, 63, 67-68, 71

losses related to, 67-68, 71, 112, 154

maps, 48

prediction models, 21

satellites, 43-44

Web sites

FEMA/ESRI on-line hazard maps, 57-58

hazard assessment models, 183-188

Scorecard, 58-59

streamflow mapping, 22, 57, 72

USEPA Envirofacts Maps on Demand, 58

USGS natural hazard events, 56-57

weather-related hazards, 68

West Virginia, 86, 151

WHIMS model, 188

White, Gilbert, 48-49, 161

Wildfires

development of hazard-prone areas, 112-113

economic losses and damage, 80, 96, 98, 127, 128-129, 192

fatalities, 80, 96, 98, 123, 127, 128

geographic distribution, 128-129

lightning and, 127, 128

management, 128

modeling, 188

monitoring, 44

notification systems, 53

Oakland, 1, 96, 128

Wind damage, losses from, 91-94, 102

Winter storms, severe. See also Cold extremes

Blizzard of 1996, 102, 132

economic losses and damages, 80, 94, 102-103, 132-133, 193

fatalities, 79, 80, 94, 102-103, 132, 193

Southeast Ice Storm (1994), 102

Storm of the Century (1993), 102

Wireless communication of geographic information, 54-56

Wisconsin, 91, 96, 100, 110, 153, 192, 193, 195

Working Group 2000, 24

World Economic Forum, 35

Worst-case scenarios, modeling, 19, 24, 30, 31

Wyoming, 138, 151, 154

Y

Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy, 35