A
Africa
coral reefs, 69
lungfish, 182
Afro-European continental shelf, 58
Agonic lines, 75-76
Albert I, Prince of Monaco, 251
Aldrich, Pelham, 202
Aldrin, Buzz, 209
Aleutian Trench, 226
Alexis, Carl, 238
Algeria, 43
Aluminum, 53
Alvin submersibles, 232, 234-235, 239
Amboyna, Dutch East Indies, 199
American Geophysical Union, 240
American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC), 238-239, 240, 241, 242
Amundsen, Roald, 165
Anchialine organisms, 97-98
Ancoma (German frigate), 178
Andes Mountains, 230
Andries Vening Meinesz, Felix, 196
ANGUS (Acoustic Navigated Geological Undersea Surveyor), 233
Anhydrite, 41
Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), 154, 156, 157
Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 153
Antarctic Convergence, 153, 156
biological fecundity of waters, 157
climatic effects, 154, 156, 158-159
currents and seas, 153-154, 156, 157
desert characteristics, 154
energy resources, 77
discovery, 129-130
Europa analogue, 170-171
freshwater resources, 154, 168-170
ice accumulation rates, 161
ice cores from, 160-162
precipitation, 154
separation from South America, 157-158
temperatures, 160
thermal isolation, 158
Vostok Ice Station, 160-162, 168-169
Antrim, 151
Apollo missions, 24, 172, 173, 253
Arafura Sea, 197
Archaean era, 70
Archimede bathyscaphe, 234-235
Arctic resources, 77
Arcturus (yacht), 206
Armstrong, Neil, 209
Around the World in Eighty Days, xi
Aru island, 198
Ascension Island, 231
Assal Rift, 233
Aswan Dam, 43
Atherstone, Dr., 131
Atlantic easterly drift current, 132
Atlantic Ocean
circulation system, 88-89
deepest part of, 196
earthquake epicenters, 59
mid-Atlantic ridge, 53, 55-60, 62, 84, 98, 141, 147, 231-236
topographic charts, 29
zone of crustal formation, 234
Atlantis (ketch), 141
Atolls, formation of, 71
Atomic bomb testing, 163
Attenborough, David, 69
Aboriginals, 184
Aysheaia, 189
Azoic theory, 2-3, 4, 5, 62, 210, 217
Azoic zone, 2
Azores, 108-113, 231, 234, 248
B
Bacon, Francis, 56
Bacteria
bioluminescence in, 114
in ice cores, 169-170
in polymetallic nodules, 54
sulfur-oxidizing extremophiles, 236
Bahamas, 89
Bahia, Brazil, 121-126
Banda Island, 198-199
Barium, in sediments, 81
Barramundi, 180
Basalt, 23
Bascom, Willard, 241
Batchian island, 199
Bathybius huxleyei, 251
Bathyscaphes, 205, 212-217, 231, 234-235
Bauer, R.F., 244
Beebe, William, 205-212, 213, 214
Belgium, 213
Bellerophon (ironclad), 35
Ben Mor, 185
Bendix-Pacific Corporation, 241
Bermuda
Castle Harbor, 97
climate, 91
deepsea manned exploration, 206, 209-212
freshwater, 95
Hamilton Harbor, 84-86, 94-99, 100
strategic importance to British, 85
structure, 67
Walsingham Caves, 95-99
Bermuda Triangle, 74, 75-76, 78-79, 82, 84
Bimini Island, 88
Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory, 105
Biodiversity hotspots, 97
Bluejackets/tars
burial at sea, 74
contempt for science and Scientifics, 19, 100-101
Crimean War privations, 18, 45
desertions, xiii, 12, 93, 101, 109, 131, 133, 177, 179, 192
discipline, 18
expenses, 21
“Hands to Bathe,”74
hardships and hazards of sea life, 15, 18, 19, 45, 50, 73-74, 85, 99, 119, 125, 179, 185-186, 231
literacy levels, 17-18
shipboard life and routines, 45-46, 65-67, 74, 132, 148
shore leave, 108-110, 177, 178, 192-193, 227, 231
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 127-128
Bonneycastle, Charles, 29-30
Botany Bay, 178
Brady, H. B., 249
Brazil, 121-126
British enterprises in, 122-123
local customs and culture, 123-124, 125
Fernando Noronha penal colony, 118-120, 121
vaqueiros and cattle industry, 124-125
Brewer, Peter, 83
British Admiral (steamer), 186
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 7
British Columbia, 188
Brooke, John Mercer, 28
Brooklyn Naval Yards, 234
Brown, Crum, 15
Buchanan, John Young
career, 251
death251
education and skills, 15-16
expedition report, 249
hardships, 21
laboratory on Challenger, 16, 48
and manganese nodules, 51-52, 54
sediment experiments, 63-64, 133, 251
and von Willemoes Suhm, 16
Bumper subs, 241-242
Burgess Shale fauna, 188-189
Bush, Thomas, 231
Butkevich, V. S., 54
C
Cadrill I (drilling vessel), 244
Calcite compensation depth, 61-65, 84, 138
California Institute of Technology, 172
Cambrian radiation, 188-189
Campbell, Lord George
disgust with dredging, 61, 133
on French colonialism, 227
impressions and observations, 52, 61, 111, 113, 114-115, 116, 120, 121, 133, 134, 149, 150-151, 192, 197, 198, 199-200, 201-202, 218, 220, 221, 224
and Japanese culture, 218, 220, 221
Log Letters from Challenger, xiv, 220, 251
naval life as officer and aristocrat, 92, 111, 118, 122, 148, 218, 220, 230
promotion and transfer, 230
roots and personal characteristics, 17
Canada, climate, 90
Canadian Journal of Physics, 225
Cape Farewell, New Zealand, 185
Cape Finisterre, 248
Cape Hatteras, 89
Cape of Good Hope, 55, 92, 109, 127, 129
Cape Town, South Africa, 67, 131, 132
Cape Ushant, 248
Cape Verde Islands, 110, 111-112, 214, 231
Cape York, Australia, 179, 193, 197
Carbon dioxide
hydrates, 82-83
and subduction, 197
Caribbean Sea, xiii
agonic line, 75-76
Bermuda Triangle, 74, 75-76, 78-79, 82, 84
coral reefs, 69
Carlsberg Ridge, 60
Carpenter, William, 2, 3, 4, 5, 20, 37, 101, 134, 210, 217
Castle Harbor, Bermuda, 97
Ceram (Seram) Island, 198
Ceylon, 26
Challenger expedition
accidents and deaths, 15, 19, 50, 73-74, 85-86, 99, 185-186, 226, 231
in Admiralty Islands, 203, 222
approval, funding, and support, 5, 180
Atlantic transect, 45-55, 60, 61-65, 111, 232, 236
in Australia, 174-175, 176-179, 180-181, 182-183, 184, 193
in the Azores, 108-113, 231, 248
in Brazil, 118-126
captain, officers, and crew, 12-13, 17, 93, 111, 202-203, 230;
see also Bluejackets
correspondence from home, 91-92, 110
crew’s relationship with Scientifics, 17, 19, 21, 65-66, 93
Darwin’s influence, 5-6, 14, 16, 34-35, 71, 117-118, 169, 179-180, 228
desertions of crew, xiii, 12, 93, 101, 109, 131, 133, 177, 179, 192
discoveries and successes, 23, 27, 28, 33, 34, 36-37, 51-55, 60, 63-65, 84, 147, 204-205, 236, 252
duration and extent, xiii, 230
in Dutch East Indies, 198-201
at Fernando Noronha penal colony, 118-120, 121
fauna dredged up or discovered by, 27, 28, 34-35, 135, 136-137, 180-181, 186-187, 188
in Friendly Isles and Fiji Islands, 192-193
at Gibraltar, 34-37
in the Gulf Stream, 87, 93, 147
at Halifax, Nova Scotia, 89, 90-93, 109
at Hamilton, Bermuda, 84-86, 94-99, 100
in Hawaiian Archipelago, 222-224
health issues and problems, 67, 93, 94, 100, 108, 112, 125-126, 231, 252
holidays and celebrations, 21, 94, 147, 148-149, 229
iceberg encounters, 154-155, 166-167, 174-175, 178
in Japan, 218-221
at Kergeulen, 150-152
lectures, 65
legacy of, 172-173, 174, 252-254
life insurance policies, 112-113
at Lisbon, Portugal, 25-26
manganese nodules, 51-55, 84, 111, 147, 227, 252
at Marion Island, 149-150, 151
published accounts of, 17
purpose and objectives, 2, 4-6, 27, 133
report of Scientifics, xiii, 13, 135, 249
re-provisioning and refitting, 109, 110, 112, 128, 129, 132, 175, 178, 192
scientific staff (“Scientifics”), xiii-xiv, 13-16, 17, 20, 112-113
Sheerness to Portsmouth, 19-20
ship rescue mission, 73
shipboard life and routines, 17-18, 45-46, 48, 50, 65-66, 92, 94, 101, 132, 148
shore leave, 108-110, 177, 192-193, 227, 231
sounding and dredging
equipment and activities, 10, 31, 33, 45, 46-49, 65, 73, 87, 101. 110, 133, 148, 166, 185-186, 204-205, 222
at South Africa, 130-133
at St. Paul’s Rocks, 116-118
at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 65-69, 72-73
telegraph cable surveying, 7, 178, 185
and Termination Land, 164-168
at Tristan da Cunha, 127-129
at Valparaiso, 229-230
volcanic exploration, 200-201, 222-223, 224
weather problems, 19-20, 21, 65, 90-91, 112, 147-148, 150, 155, 166-167, 185-186, 192
wildlife destruction, 149, 151
Challenger Lunar Module, 173, 253
Challenger Orbital Vehicle99, 172-173, 253
Challenger Space Shuttle, 172-173, 253
Chambers Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Arts, 104
Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas, 67-68
Chernobyl disaster, 163
Chlorine hydrate, 77
Christ College, Cambridge, 251
Circumpolar storm track, 153
Cita, Maria-Bianca, 41-42
Clathrates, 76-77.
See also Carbon dioxide hydrates;
Methane hydrates
CLIMAP (Climate: Long-Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction) project, 144-146
Climate change
Antarctica and, 154, 156, 158-159
boundary conditions, 145-146
glacial-interglacial cycles, 57, 82, 95, 140-146, 158-159, 160-162, 163, 164
global warming, 80, 82, 83, 90, 156
greenhouse gases and, 162, 163
and Gulf Stream route, 90
ice record, 158-159, 160-162, 163-164
Little Ice Age, 164
methane hydrates and, 79-82
modeling, 138-146
sodium marker of storminess, 163-164
Younger Dryas, 163
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (film), 76
Cnidaria, 72
Cobalt, 53
Coelacanths, 182
Coelenterazine system, 114
Colorado School of Mines, 78
Columbia University, 206, 207, 244
Columbus, Christopher, 87, 103, 105, 106
Commerell, Commodore, 130
Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur, 169
Connemara IV (ship), 103
Continental crust, 22, 23, 60, 196, 225, 239, 240
Continental drift theory, 38, 56-57, 58, 157-158, 196, 225, 246
Continental Oil, 240
Continental shelves, 21-23, 34, 58, 77, 84, 89
Continental slope, 29
Contuit Bay, Massachusetts, 207
Conway Morris, Simon, 189, 190
Cook, Captain James, 129-130, 148, 150, 151, 178, 227
Cook Strait, 185
Copper, 53
Coral reefs
atoll formation, 71
biological perspective, 71-72
cays, 68-69
Darwin’s theory about, 71
diversity of species in, 69
fossil record, 189
geographical distribution of, 69, 71-72
geological perspective, 70-71
nonsymbiotic, 70
polyp structure, 72
shipping hazards, 84, 186, 193
Coral Sea, 193
Corallium spp., 51
CORE (Consortium for Ocean Research and Exploration), 244
Cores and coring
climate record in, 140-146, 160-162, 243
greenhouse gases in, 162
ice, 158-159, 160-164, 169-170
living fossils in, 164, 169-170
methane hydrates in sediment samples, 78
pollution record in, 163-164
radioactivity in, 163
sodium marker of storminess in, 163-164
volcanic record in, 162-163
Cousteau, Jacques, 69
Crack in the World (film), 241
Cretaceous period, 157-158
Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 82
Crozet Islands, 132, 146, 150, 151
CUSS I (drilling barge), 240, 241, 242, 245
Cyana submersible, 235
Cynodonts, 183
D
da Cunha, Tristão, 127
Dampier, William, 228
Darwin, Charles, xii, 2, 5-6, 13, 14, 16, 27, 34-35, 71, 117-118, 169, 179-180, 184, 191, 195, 228, 250
Dating
radiometric, 225
stalagmite, 96-97
Davy, Sir Humphrey, 77
de Gama, Vasco, 25-26
de Kerguelen-Tremarec, Yves Joseph, 151
Deep ocean.
See also Seawater
calcite compensation depth, 61-65, 84, 138
carbon dioxide storage as hydrates in, 82-83
see also specific currents
dredging and sounding, 4, 10, 28-33, 45, 46-49, 65, 73, 87, 101, 110, 133, 148, 166, 185-186, 204-205, 222
“evolutionary throwback” notion, 28
faunal populations, 210, 211-212, 217
gravels, 39
gravitational fields in, 196
hydrate formation in, 77-79, 82
hydrothermal vents, 173, 235-236
manned exploration, see Deep-sea exploration
mid-ocean ridges, 29, 33, 53, 55-60, 62, 81, 84, 138, 195, 196, 224, 231-236, 246
pressure, 47, 77, 205, 206, 209, 211
sediments, see Sediments, seafloor
Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), xii, 38, 42, 77-78, 144, 245, 246, 253
Deep-sea drilling.
See also Cores and coring;
Deep Sea Drilling Project;
GLOMAR Challenger
bumper subs, 241-242
dynamic positioning system, 241, 245
mobile oil platforms, 240
for sediment cores, 243-246
vessels, 244
Deep-sea exploration
in bathyscaphes, 205, 212-217, 231, 234-235
at Cape Verde Islands, 214
Challenger Deep exploration, 205, 215-217
FAMOUS project, 231-236
in Mediterranean Sea, 214
of mid-Atlantic Ridge, 232-236
radio broadcasts during, 211-212
record dives, 209-210, 211, 212, 214, 215-217
robotic submersibles, 233
sonar mapping, 235
thermocline layer and, 216
Deepwater formation, 64-65, 79-80, 157-158
Deserts
Antarctica as, 154
seas and oceans as, 38-44, 107
Devonian period, 181
Diamond industry, 131-132
Dickens, Jerry, 81
Dickens, Mr., 219
Dinoflagellates, 114, 115, 137
Diploblastic body plan, 72
Disney, Walt, 181
Dipnoi, 181
Disraeli, Benjamin, 6
DNA sequencing, 169-170
Douro (mail steamer), 252
Dredging. See Sounding and dredging
D’Urville Island, 185
Duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus paradoxus), 182-183, 184
Dutch East Indies, 198-201
Dwarf fauna, 40
Dysentery, 100
E
Earthquakes, 59, 81, 83, 192, 194, 199, 202, 220, 235
East African Rift Valley, 58-59, 60, 233
East Antarctic ice sheet, 170
East Islands, 150
Elizabeth Island, 230
Ellen Austin (schooner), 102
Emancipation of slaves, 68
Emery, K. O., 232
Emiliani, Cesare, 142, 143, 161, 243-244
Emma Jane (whaler), 152
Emperor Seamount chain, 225
Endemic species, 97
Energy resources, 77
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), 239
Environmental stress, 40
See also P-E boundary
Equatorial current, 116
Ericson, David, 141-143
Erysipelas, 226
Euplectella subearea, 34-35, 136
European continental shelf, 21-22, 34
Eutheria, 183
Evaporation, and current density, 89
Evolution
Cambrian radiation, 188-189
chains of, 179-184
Darwin’s theory of descent with modification, 5, 16, 27, 184, 195
missing links, 179-184, 186-191, 252
modern synthesis of, 252
mosaic, 184
“throwback” notion, 28
Ewing, Maurice “Doc,”37, 57, 60, 78, 141, 195, 232, 233, 239, 244, 246
Exeter College, Oxford, 13, 250
Exocetus, 192
Extinction of species, 82, 99, 182, 184
Extremophiles, 236
F
FAMOUS (French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Studies) project, 231-236
Fantasia (film), 181
Farallon de Pajaros, 204
Farr, Harold, 32
Farraday, Michael, 77
Feira St. Anna, Brazil, 123-124
Fernando Noronha penal colony, 118-120, 121
Ferro Island, 51
Fessenden, Reginald A., 30
Fessenden Oscillator, 30
Field, A. J., 240
FNRS 2 bathyscaphe, 213
Fonds Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), 213
Florida, 87-88
Fluorescence, 113
Foraminifera, 39-40, 42, 62, 80, 107, 134, 135, 136, 138, 140, 142, 145
Forbes, Edwin, 2, 3, 4, 62, 210, 217
See also Living fossils
Burgess Shale fauna, 188-189
of Cambrian radiation, 188-189
coral reefs, 189
dwarf fauna, 40
lungfish, 182
mass extinctions in, 82
missing links in, 179-180, 182, 188-189
stromatolites, 41
Fountain of youth, 87
Fox Dipping Circle, 34
France
colonialism, 227
deep-sea exploration, 213, 214, 231-236
Free, E.E., 208
Freshwater resources, 95, 154, 168-170
Friendly Isles, 192
Froelich, Paul, 32
G
Galileo spacecraft, 173
Ganymede, 173
Gastropod snails, 107
General Electric Company, 208
General Instruments Corporation of Massachusetts, 32
Genomanian-Turonian boundary, 82
Geological Society of America, 235
Geology
of continental shelves, 22
planetary, 22-24
Geothermal flux, 168
Germany, oceanographic research, 6
Straits of, 40
Ginsburg, Bob, 243
Glaciations. See Ice ages and glaciations
Gladstone, William, 6
Glass, William, 128
Globigerina ooze, 51, 52, 61-62, 63, 64, 74, 133-134, 135
Globorotalia menardii, 140, 141
GLOMAR Challenger, 37, 38-39, 77-78, 245-247, 253
GLOMAR Explorer, 245
Global Marine Exploration Company, 240, 241, 244, 245
Good Words (magazine), 101
Gounong-Api volcano, 199
Gravels, 39
Gravitational fields, in deep ocean, 196
Gray ooze, 62
Great Britain
in Africa, 112
educational reforms, 17-18
economic and maritime pre-eminence, 6, 26, 85, 123, 177
foreign policy, 10
Gulf Stream effects, 90
moral code, 7
navy, see Royal Navy
Great Southern Ice Barrier, xiii, 5, 93-94, 129, 134, 146, 159, 164-165
Green, Peter, 128
Viking colonies, 164
Greenland Sea
Grisley Folk, The (Wells), 44
Guadalupe island, 242
Guano/fertilizer industry, 13
Guatemala, 78
Gulf of Guinea, 112
Gulf of Maine, 232
Gulf Stream, 147
discovery, 87-88
mapping, 88
Gutenberg, Beno, 59
Gypsum, 39
See also Sargasso Sea
H
Haber, Fritz, 140
Haeckel, Ernst, 251
Haemocoel, 188
Half Mile Down (Beebe), 212
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 89, 90-93, 109
Hallucigenia, 189-190
Hamilton Harbor, Bermuda, 84-86, 94
Harris Anti-Submarine Warfare, 32
Harrow school, 13-14
Harston, Lt., 111
Hatchet fish, 210
Hawaiian Archipelago, xiii, 53, 173-174, 221, 222-226, 233
Heezen, Bruce, 57-58, 59-60, 195, 225, 231
Heirtzler, Jim, 232
Hemiaster phillipi, 137
Hercules (ironclad), 35
Hess, Harry, 195-196, 237, 238, 240
Hilo Bay, 222
HMS Agamemnon, 18
HMS Agincourt (ironclad), 35
HMS Beagle, xii, 6, 14, 71, 117-118
HMS Bounty, 227
HMS Captain, 21
HMS Challenger.
See also Challenger expedition
builder, 7
crews’ quarters, 50
foreign tours prior to expedition, 10
instrument and sampling platform, 11
modern namesakes, 172-173, 253
repairs, 178
HMS Duke, 229
HMS Essex, 18
HMS Invincible, 18
HMS Iron Duke, 202
HMS Modesty, 202
HMS Pearl, 185
HMS Rattlesnake, xii-xiii, 6, 130
HMS Royal Alfred, 93
HMS Sussex, 18
Hobart, Tasmania, 176
Hog Island, 150
Home, David Milne, 96
Honolulu, Hawaii, 222
Honor School of Natural Science, Oxford, 14
Horse Latitudes, 103
Horta, Pico island, 108
Hotspots
biodiversity, 97
volcanic, 224-226
Houot, Georges, 214
Hughes, Howard, 53
Humboldt Bay, 203
Humpbacked whales, 192
Huxley, Thomas Henry, xii-xiii, 4, 7, 13, 15, 101, 130, 180, 226, 251
Hydrates. See Carbon dioxide;
Methane hydrates
Hydrothermal vent systems, 54, 173-174, 235-236
I
Ice ages and glaciations
cause, 145
glacial-interglacial cycles, 57, 82, 95, 140-146, 158-159, 160-162, 163, 164
Little Ice Age, 164
sediment record, 140-146, 243-244
Younger Dryas, 163
Ice cores, 169-170
climate record, 158-159, 160-164
accumulation rates, 161
Illing, Vincent, 43
Ilo-Ilo island, 201
Imperial College (London), 43
Indian Ocean, 131
Carlsberg Ridge, 60
coral reefs, 69
earthquake epicenters, 59
Industrial Revolution, 163
Inouye, Admiral, 193
Inquisition, 26
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 247, 253
International Date Line, 192
International Geophysical Year, 160
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 239
Ireland Island, 95
Iron, 53
Israel, 43
J
James B. Chester (bark), 102
Jameson, Robert, 2
Java, 197
Jenkin, Fleeming, 3
John Murray (publisher), 250
JOI (Joint Oceanographic Institutions), 244
JOIDES (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling), xi, 244, 245
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 172
Juan Fernandez island, 228-229
Jupiter, moons of, 170, 171-172, 173
K
Kandavu, Fiji Islands, 192
Karakoa Ranges, 185
Karroo Desert, 131
Kauai, 225
Kenelm Chillingly (Lytton), 99
Kennedy, John F., 242
Kennett, James, 79-80
Kerguelen (Desolation Island), 132, 146, 150-152, 175
Ki island, 198
Krakatoa eruption, 197-198
Krefft, Johann, 181
Krummel, Otto, 104
Krupp Steel Works, 215
Kullenberg corer, 141
Kuroshio Current, 88
Kwajalein island, 71
L
Labrador Current, 89
Labrador Sea, 90
Lake Turkana, 58
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, 37, 57, 232, 244
Lancaster (U.S. corvette), 125
Langmuire, Irving, 105
Laurentia, 189
Lepidosiren, 182
LIBEC (LIght-BEhind-the-Camera) system, 233
Lidz, Louis, 143
Lill, Gordon, 238
Lisbon, Portugal, 25-26
Little Ice Age, 164
Lively (ironclad), 35
Living fossils, 98, 164, 169-170, 184
LOCO (LOng COres) committee, 244
Lo’ihi Underwater Volcanic Vent Mission Probe, 173-174
Loihi volcano, 225-226
Log Letters from Chalenger (Campbell), 251
Long Island, 185
Luciferin—luciferase system, 114, 115
Lusitania, 30
Lyman, John, 244
Lytton, Lord, 99
M
M-reflector layer, 38-39, 40-41, 42
Madeira island, Azores, 35, 108, 110
Magma, rate of cooling of, 23-24
Majuro island, 71
Makian eruption, 199
Malta, 37
Manganese nodules, 51-55, 84, 111, 147, 227, 252
Manila, The Philippines, 201-202
Mariana Islands, 204-205
Mariana Trench, 215
Mariner mission, 171
Marion Island, 132, 147, 149-150, 151, 175
Mars, 23
Marshall Islands, 71
Marsupials, 183
Mass extinctions, 82
Matkin, Joseph, 196
in civil service, 252
concerns about Captain Thomson, 202, 227-228
death of, 252
on deaths of fellow seamen, 186
family, 17-18, 94, 110-111, 177, 251
father’s illness and death, 21, 94, 220-221
on hardships of expedition, 21, 50, 67, 86, 93, 179
illness, 100
impressions and observations, xiv, 25, 26, 35, 73-74, 84, 91, 108, 112, 116-117, 130, 152, 166, 167, 192-194, 198, 222, 227, 230
marriage and family, 252
personal characteristics, 18
re-provisioning responsibility, 128
Matthews, Drummond, 246
Mauritius, 69
Mawson, Mr., 123
McDonald Island, 153
Mecom, John, 239-240
Mediterranean Sea
basement topography, 40-41
Chain survey, 38
deep-sea drilling in, 214
M-reflector layer, 38-39, 40-41, 42
Pillars of Atlantis, 41
Shearwater expedition, 37
trenches, 42-43
Trieste test, 214
Melbourne, Australia, 176-177
Mercury (newspaper), 111
Mercury (planet), 171
Messier Channel, 230
Messinian salinity crisis, 42, 43-44
Messoyakha gas field, 77
Metameric segmentation, 187-188
Metatheria, 183
Meteor expedition, 57, 138, 140
Meteor impacts, 82
Methane, 81, 83-84, 162, 163, 170, 173
Methane hydrates
and Bermuda Triangle myth, 76, 78-79, 82, 84
as bottom simulating reflectors, 78
cascade outgassing events, 81, 83-84
and climate change, 79-82
in core samples, 78
discovery, 77-78
distribution of deposits, 77-79
energy resource potential, 77, 81, 83-84
formation process, 82
structure and composition, 76-77
Mid-Atlantic ridge, 53, 55-60, 62, 84, 98, 141, 147, 231-236
Mid-ocean ridges, 29, 33, 53, 55-60, 62, 81, 84, 138, 195, 196, 224, 231-236, 246
Middle island, 127
Milankovitch, Milutin, 145
Milne, Sir David, 96
Minotaur (ironclad), 35
Missing links, 179-184, 186-191, 252
Mobile oil platforms, 240
Mohorovicic, Andre, 237
Mohorovicic Discontinuity, 237-238
Monitor, 85
Monteray Bay Research Institute, 83
Mosaic evolution, 184
Moseley, Henry Nottidge
anthropological interests, 203, 219, 250
boredom with dredging, xiii-xiv, 133
death, 250
education and scholarship, 13-14
honors and awards, 250
impressions and observations, 121, 128-129, 154, 155
inspiration for natural history interests, 13, 14, 228
laboratory on Challenger, 14, 16
land expeditions and experiences, 119, 121, 122-125, 182-183, 200-201, 219
and missing links, 179, 182-183, 184, 186-187, 250
personal qualities, 14, 121, 250-251
scientific contributions, 250
volcanic studies, 200-201
and von Willlemoes Suhm, 16, 226
Mt. Toba eruption, 162-163
Multibeam sonar, 32-33
Murray, John
Brazilian interior expedition, 123
death, 250
expedition report, 249
guano fertilizer business, 13, 249-250
interest in natural history, 13
leadership of Scientifics, 13, 249
scholarship, 13
sediment theory and cataloguing, 63, 133-134, 135, 146, 147, 252
Museum of Natural History (New York), 205-206
Mustard gas, 140
N
Nares, Billy, 86, 111, 119, 120
Nares, George S., 12-13, 25, 26, 50, 67, 86, 90-91, 93, 97, 101, 108, 110, 111, 112-113, 118, 119, 125, 150, 165, 166-167, 168, 176, 177, 185, 186, 192, 202, 228
Nares Abyssal Plain, 103
Nares Harbor, Admiralty Islands, 203, 218
National Geographic, 58
National Academy of Sciences, 240, 242
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 170
National Geographic Society, 208, 210
National Science Foundation, 237, 240-241, 244, 245
Natural gas, 78
Nature (journal), 101
Naval Electronics Research Laboratory (U.S.), 215
Neoceratodus, 182
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, 141
Neoproterozoic eon, 82
New Foundland Grand Banks, 87
New Guinea, 203
New York University, 208
New York Zoological Society, 206, 208
New Zealand, 178, 185-187, 192, 194
Nile River, 43
Nimitz, Admiral Chester William, 193
Nitrous oxides, 163
Nonsuch Island, Bermuda, 209
North America
continental shelf, 58, 63, 89, 89
Laurentia, 189
methane hydrate deposits, 78
North Atlantic conveyor, 88, 89
North Atlantic Current, 103
North Atlantic Deep Water, 88, 89, 90
North Atlantic Drift, 89
North Atlantic Ocean
calcite compensation depth, 64
circulation system, 88
mid-ocean ridge, 60
seismic profiles, 57-58
North Equatorial Drift, 103
North Pacific Ocean
calcite compensation depth, 64
mid-ocean ridge, 53
faunal abundance, 222
Northern lights, 91
Norwegian Sea, 89-90
Notes by a Naturalist on HMS Challenger (Moseley), 133, 250
Nova Scotia, xiii, 89, 90-93, 109
O
Oahu, 222
Obi Island, 199
Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), xi-xii, 78, 79, 247, 253
Ocean temperatures, 4
benthic isotope data, 144, 146
factor analysis method, 144
faunal abundance measurement methods, 141-143, 144
Gulf Stream, 89
hydrogen isotope method, 161, 162, 163
ice core record, 160-162
ice volume effect, 143-144
measuring, 46-48, 142-146, 205
and methane hydrate stabi}Ÿty, 77
oxygen isotope ratios and, 79, 80, 142-143, 144, 145, 146, 160-161, 162, 163, 243
in Sargasso Sea, 103, 105, 107
stability over glacial-interglacial cycle, 143-144
thermocline layer, 216
Oceanic crust, 22, 23, 196-197, 204
Oceanic Hydrozoa (Huxley), 130
Oceans. See Deep Ocean;
specific oceans and seas
Oil exploration, 70-71
Ontong Java Plateau, xi
Onycophora, 187-191
Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 71, 179, 180, 250
Orton, Arthur, 91-92
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 206
Oxygen isotope ratios, 79, 80, 142-143, 144, 145, 146, 160-161, 162, 243
Oxyluciferin, 114
P
Pacific Ocean
agonic line, 75-76
circulation system, 88
earthquake epicenters, 59
deepest part of, 204-205, 215-216
mid-ocean ridge, 60
Ring of Fire, 194, 195-198, 222-223, 230
See also P-E boundary
Paleothermometers, 79, 142-143
Pangea, 56
Papua New Guinea, 193-194
Pearl Harbor, 193
Penal colonies, 118-120
Penguins, 128-129
Permian period, 183
Permo-Triassic boundary, 182
Pernambuco, Brazil, 122
Persian Gulf, 69
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (journal), 77, 101, 134
Phoenix (German survey vessel), 15
Phosphorescence, 113
Photic excitation, 115
Photoproteins, 114
Photosynthesis, 69, 71-72, 80, 82
Piccard, Auguste, 212, 213, 214-215
Piccard, Jacques, 205, 213, 214, 215, 216
Pico island, 108
Pillars of Atlantis, 41
Pipefish (Syngnathus pelagicus), 106-107
Pirates and piracy, 68
Pitt-Rivers anthropology collection, 250
Placental onycophorans, 191
Planetary crust, 22-23
Plankton, 140
Plate tectonics theory, 252
continental drift theory and, 38, 56-57, 58, 157, 196, 225, 246-247
hot spot theory, 224-226
directional change in Pacific plate, 225
mid-ocean ridges and, 55-56, 232, 234
mid-plate volcanism and, 224-226
processes in, 23
proof of, 42
rate of cooling of magma and, 23-24
seafloor spreading theory and, 195-197, 224-225, 246-247
subduction zones, 23, 196, 204, 224
“Wound-that-never-heals hypothesis and,”59-60
zone of crustal formation, 234, 235
Pollution record, 163-164
Polychaete worms, 107
Polymetallic nodules, 54
Ponce de Leon, Don Juan, 87-88
Port Hardy, D’Urville Island, 185
Port Moresby, New Guinea, 193
Port Nicholson, 186
Port Stanley, Falkland Islands, 230
Portugal and Portuguese people, 25-26
Portsmouth, England, in 1872, 1-2
Possession Island, 150
Power, Albert E., 105
Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, 188
Pressure, deep-ocean, 47, 77, 205, 206, 209, 211
Primary crust, 22-23
Prince Edward Island, 132, 150
Princeton University, 195
Protopterus, 182
Prototheria, 183
Puerto Rico Trench, 196
Q
Queen Charlotte Sound, 185
R
Rabi, I. I., 240
Radioactivity, 163
Raine Island, 193
Ready (research ship), 208, 209, 211
Red clay sediments, 55, 61, 62, 64, 133
coral reefs, 69
Rhone River, 43
Richter, Charles, 59
Ring of Fire, 194, 195-198, 222-223, 230
Roaring Forties, 127, 131, 132-133, 147, 148, 153, 154-155
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 13, 228-229
Robot sampling, 170, 173-174, 233
Rock cycle, 23-24
Rogers, Woodes, 229
Rolleston, George, 14
Roosevelt, Theodore, 206-207
Rosalie (merchant ship), 102
Ross ice shelf, 154
Roswell King (whaler), 152
Royal Naval Shipyards at Woolwich, 7
Royal Navy, 1-2.
See also Bluejackets
Channel Fleet, 35
customs and traditions, 118
discipline, 227
North American Fleet, 85
turret warship, 85
Royal Society of Edinburgh, 96
Royal Society of London, 3, 4, 101, 240, 250
Ryan, Bill, 38-41
S
Sabhka, 41
Sagan, Carl, 172
Salt domes, 246
Saltpans Drift, 131
San Miguel, Azores, 108-109
Sandwich Islands, 53, 221, 227.
See also Hawaiian Archipelago
Santa Cruz, 50
Sarcopterygii, 181
Sargasso Sea, 147
boundary currents, 103, 104, 107
as a desert, 107
legends of lost ships and crews, 102-103, 104
ocean floor beneath, 103-104
pollution problems, 107-108
thermal structure, 103, 105, 107
Sarmiento Channel, 230
SASS (Sing-Around-Sonar-System), 232-233
Sassen, Roger, 84
Scandinavia, oceanographic research, 6
Schmitz, Birger, 81
Science (journal), 145
Scientific American (magazine), 241
Scotland, 90
Scott, R. F., 165
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 18, 215, 237, 242, 244, 245, 251
Sea-Beam sonar, 33
Sea level, ice sheets and, 22, 95
Sea-spiders, 107
Seafloor spreading, 195-196, 224-225, 231, 233, 246-246
Seawater
density changes, 76, 79, 80, 89, 156-157
on Europa, 173
gold extraction from, 140
Secondary crust, 23
Sediments, seafloor.
See also specific types of sediment
barium in, 81
climate modeling from, 138-146, 243-244, 252
cores and coring technology, 140-146, 243-246
depth and, 61-65
geological timescale, 138-139
at mid-ocean ridges, 138, 246-247
oxygen isotope ratios, 79
sources of, 133-137
thickness and age of, 135, 138
Seed-shrimp (Vargula), 114
Seismic shooting, 37-38
Seismic wave velocity
of bottom simulating reflectors, 78
Mohorovicic Discontinuity and, 237-238
Severn Bore, 95
Seychelles, 69
Shackleton, Ernest, 165
Shackleton, Nick, 143-144
Shark Bay (Western Australia), 41
Sharks, 65
Shell Oil, 240
Shepard, Alan, 242
Shipwrecks and shipping disasters, 29, 30, 73, 84, 86, 91, 92, 102-103, 128, 186, 193
Siberian Tundra, 77
Sierra Leone, 112
Simon’s Bay, 130
Simonstown, South Africa, 67, 109, 129, 130-133
Six, James, 46
Slavery, 68
Smithsonian Museum, 188
Society Islands, 226
Sodium, as marker of storminess, 163-164
Sombrero, Virgin Islands, 50
Sonar (SOund NAvigation and Ranging), 31, 32-33, 38, 232-233, 235, 241
Sounding and dredging
Challenger’s equipment and activities, 10, 31, 33, 45, 46-49, 65, 73, 87, 101, 110, 133, 148, 166, 185-186, 204-205, 222
conventional, 46
principle, 28
techniques and technology, 28-33, 46, 57, 58, 235
diamond industry, 131-132
missing links, 187
South America, missing links, 182, 187
South Atlantic Ocean, mid-ocean ridge, 60
South Kensington Museum, 15
South Pacific Ocean, mid-ocean ridges, 53
Southern Ocean, 93-94
chemical and biological distinctiveness, 153
islands, 149
mixing of water masses, 156-157
sediments, 62
temperature and salinity, 152, 156-157
Speed of sound in seawater, 29, 30, 31
Spice Islands, 198
Spielberg, Steven, 76
Spiny anteater, 183
Spry, William J.
boredom with sounding and dredging, 133
colonist prejudices of, 25, 35, 36
Cruise of the HMS Challenger, xiv, 17, 251
engineering skills and duties, 46, 67, 109, 121
impressions and observations, 20-21, 36, 67, 85, 90, 125, 128, 131, 151, 167, 178, 203, 228, 248
interest in missing links, 179, 180-181
naval life and privileges, 125, 132, 230-231
and Scientifics, 48, 157, 179, 180-181
St. Amaro, Brazil, 125
St. Helena island, 127-128
St. Iago (Santiago) island, 112
St. Paul’s Rocks, 113, 115, 116-118, 121, 134
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, 60, 65-69, 72-73
St. Vincent island, Azores, 111-112
Star of South Africa (diamond), 131
Stokes, William, 73-74, 86, 99
Stoltenhoff, Gustav and Frederick, 129
Stoltenhoff island, 127
Stott, Lowell, 79-80
Stradling, Captain, 228-229
Strait of Magellan, 230
Stromatolites, 41
Sub-Antarctic intermediate water, 156
Sub-Antarctic surface water, 153
Subduction zones, 196, 197, 204, 224
Submarine Signal Company, 30
See also Deep-sea exploration;
individual submersibles
Subtropical Convergence, 153, 152
Sultan (ironclad), 35
Sunda, 197
Superficial segmentation, 189
Superior Oil, 240
Surtsey, 233
Swift, Don, 22
Swift, Mary, 252
Swire, Herbert
colonialist prejudices, 119
death, 252
impressions and observations, 69, 100, 111, 120, 201, 223
marriage and family, 252
Moseley’s friendship with, 250-251
naval life, 26, 34, 35, 65, 110, 120, 123, 125, 126, 174-175, 201, 222
personal characteristics, 17, 99, 175, 231
relationship with Scientifics, xiv, 17, 93, 99, 110, 123, 201, 204
Swire Deep, 204-205
Sydney, Australia, 177-178
Sydney Heads, 177
Syria, 43
T
Telegraph cable, underwater, 7, 37, 178, 185
Temperatures.
See also Ocean temperatures
Antarctic, 160
P-E boundary, 79
Tenerife, 50
Termination Land, 164-168, 174.
See also Antarctica
Ternate Island, 199-201
Terra Australis Incognita, 165-166
Tertiary crust, 23
Tertiary era, 157
Test Ban Treaty, 163
Texas A&M University, 84
Tharp, Marie, 57, 58-59, 195, 225, 231
The Deep and the Past (Ericson and Wollin), 143
Therapsids, 183
Thermal isolation, 158
Thermocline layer, 216
Thermometers
Thomson, Frank Thurle, 202, 227-228, 229
Tichborne, Sir Roger, 92
Tichborne Claimant trial, 91-92
Tidore island, 199
Titanium, 53
Tonga, Friendly Isles, 192
Topography of ocean floor
Atlantic Ocean, 29
echo sounding maps, 57
first chart, 29
continental shelves, 22
hand-drawn perspective maps, 57-58, 195
mid-Atlantic Ridge, 232-233
Ontong Java Plateau, xi
ridge and swale, 22
technology development for mapping, 28-33, 232-234
Torres Straits, 193-194, 196, 197
Treaty of Fomena, 130-131
Treaty of Utrecht, 35
Treaty of Versailles, 140
Tres Montes peninsula, 230
Triassic period, 183
Trieste bathyscaphes, 205, 213-217, 231, 232, 235, 239
Tristan da Cunha island, 126, 127-130, 152
Trolltunga iceberg, 156
Truman, Harry, 238
Tubbs, Tom, 19
Tubeworms, 236
Tufts University, 206
Tyrenhian Sea, 214-215
U
Umbellularia, 118
Underwater bells, 30
Union Oil, 240
United States, oceanographic research, 6
University of Bonn, 14
University of California at Santa Barbara, 79
University of Cambridge, 143
University of Edinburgh, 2-3, 4, 13, 15
Natural History Museum, 96
University of Iowa, 57
University of Munich, 15
University of Oxford, xiii, 250
University of Toronto, 224
University of Virginia, 29
University of Washington, 244
U.S. Naval Applied Science Laboratory, 234
U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 233
U.S. Navy
bathymetric contour maps, 57-58
bathyscaphe, 214-216
Depot of Charts and Instruments, 29
Gulf Stream mapping, 88
Office of Naval Research, 214-215, 238-239
sounding technology, 29-33
World War II, 193
USS Lexington, 193
USS Wandank, 215-216
USS Yorktown, 193
V
Vandenberg Air Force Base, 71
Varuna (British ship), 73
Venus Flower Basket, 34
Verne, Jules, xi
Victoria Falls, 40
Vigo, Portugal, 248
Vine, Fred, 246
Virgin Islands, 50, 60, 65-69, 72-73
Volcanoes and volcanism
atoll formation, 71
and extremophiles, 236
hot spot theory, 224-226
hotel and bathing contraptions at edge of, 223-224
in Hawaiian Archipelago, 222-223, 224, 225-226
and hydrate stability, 83
hydrothermal vent systems, 54, 173-174, 235-236
ice core record of eruptions, 162-163
on Jupiter’s moons, 171-172
Krakatoa eruption, 197-198
Makian eruption, 199
mid-plate activity, 224-226
Ring of Fire, 194, 195-198, 222-223, 230
in Spice Islands, 198-199
at subduction zones, 196-197, 204
submarine, 71, 83, 173-174, 225-226, 235-236
von Willemoes Suhm, Rudolf, 14-15, 16, 93, 226, 249
Vostok Ice Station, 160-162, 168-169
Voyage of the Beagle (Darwin), 14
Voyager missions, 170-172, 174
W
Walcott, Charles, 188
Walsingham caves
Admiral’s Cave, 96
Bassett’s Cave, 98
ecological threats to, 98-99
fauna, 97-98
formation, 95-96
Painter’s Vale Cave, 97
stalagmite dating, 96-97
Water sampling flasks, 46, 47, 49
Watson-Stillman Company, 208
Wave interference patterns, 32
Washington (U.S. Navy brig), 29-30
Water temperatures. See Ocean temperatures
Weather.
See also Climate change
Antarctic Bottom Water and, 154
in Bermuda triangle, 75-76
sodium marker of storminess, 163-164
Wegener, Alfred, 56-57, 58, 196, 225
Wellington, New Zealand, 186, 187
Wells, Herbert George, 43-44
West Indies, 55, 65-69, 72-73, 106
West wind drift, 153
Western boundary currents, 88
Whalers and whaling, 152-153
White Star Line, 86
Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, 7
Willm, Pierre, 214
Wing, Otto, 104
Winton, Edward, 185-186
Wollin, Goesta, 141-143
Wolseley, Garnet, 130
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 38, 81, 141, 232, 233, 234, 244
World War I, 140
World War II, 193, 203, 212, 213, 238
Worzel, Joe, 246
“Wound-that-never-heals hypothesis,”59-60
Wurm ice shelf, 154
Wyatt, Richard, 86
Wyville Thomson, Charles, 51
and calcite compensation depth, 63-64
Carpenter’s relationship with, 3-4, 5, 20, 101, 134
and Conan Doyle’s Professor Challenger, 169
death, 249
deepwater circulation theory, 34
discoveries, 4, 180-181, 210, 217
family, 20
and King of Portugal, 26
impressions and observations, 10, 117, 118-119, 128, 151, 165, 168
Lightning expedition, 3-4
published articles, 53, 77, 101-102, 134, 147, 166
at Fernando Noronha penal colony, 118-120
Nares’ relationship with, 202
Porcupine expedition, 4
relationship with other Scientifics, 15, 118, 226
scientific interests, 61
sediment theory, 133-134, 146, 147, 252
Shearwater expedition, 4, 20, 37
at University of Edinburgh, 2, 4, 96
at Walsingham Caves, 94-95, 96-97
Y
Yale University, 105
Yarra River, 183
Younger Dryas, 163
Z
Zamboanga, The Philippines, 201
Zone of crustal formation, 234
Zoutkloof, South Africa, 131