Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993)

Chapter: References

Previous Chapter: 8. Composition of Feed Ingredients
Suggested Citation: "References." National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2115.

References

DIETARY REQUIREMENTS

Energy

Benedict, F. G., and L. E. Emmes. 1912. The influence upon metabolism of non-oxidizable material in the intestinal tract. Am. J. Physiol. 30: 197.

Borsook, H. 1936. The specific dynamic action of protein and amino acids in animals. Biol. Rev. 11: 147-180.

Brett, J. R. 1973. Energy expenditure of sockeye salmon during sustained performance. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 1799-1809.

Brett, J. R., and T. D. D. Groves. 1979. Physiological energetics. Pp. 279-352 in Fish Physiology, vol. 8 . W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall, and J. R. Brett, eds. New York: Academic Press.

Brody, S. 1945. Bioenergetics and Growth. New York: Hofner.


Cho, C. Y. 1982. Effects of dietary protein and lipid levels on energy metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Pp. 175-183 in Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, A. Ekern and F. Sundstl, eds. Norway: European Associaton for Animal Production.

Cho, C. Y., and S. J. Kaushik. 1985. Effects of protein intake on metabolizable and net energy values of fish diets. Pp. 95-117 in Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, C. B. Cowey, A. M. Mackie, and J. G. Bell, eds. London: Academic Press.

Cho, C. Y., and S. J. Kaushik. 1990. Nutritional energetics in fish: Energy and protein utilization in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 61: 132-172.

Cho, C. Y., and S. J. Slinger. 1979. Effect of water temperature on energy utilization in rainbow trout. Pp. 287-291 in Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Energy Metabolism in Farm Animals, S. E. Mont, ed. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.

Cho, C. Y., and B. Woodward. 1989. Studies on the protein-to-energy ratio in diets for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Pp. 37-40 in Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium on Energy Metabolism, Lunteren 1988. European Association for Animal Production Publication 43. Wageningen, Netherlands: Pudoc Wageningen.

Cho, C. Y., S. J. Slinger, and H. S. Bayley. 1982. Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: Energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73B: 25-41.

Cowey, C. B. 1975. Aspects of protein utilization by fish. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 34: 57-63.

Cruz, E. M. 1975. Determination of nutrient digestibility in various classes of natural and purified feed materials for channel catfish. Ph.D. dissertation. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.


Daniels, W. H., and E. H. Robinson. 1986. Protein and energy requirements of red drum. Aquaculture 53: 232-243.


El-Sayed, A. M. 1987. Protein and energy requirements of Tilapia zillii. Ph.D. dissertation. Michigan State University. East Lansing, Mich.


Farrell, D. J. 1974. General principles and assumptions of calorimetry. Pp. 1-24 in Energy Requirements of Poultry, T. R. Morris and B. M. Freeman, eds. Edinburgh, U.K.: British Poultry Science.


Garling, D. L., Jr., and R. P. Wilson. 1976. Optimum dietary protein-to-energy ratios for channel catfish fingerlings, Ictalurus punctatus. J. Nutr. 106: 1368-1375.

Gatlin, D. M., III., W. E. Poe, and R. P. Wilson. 1986. Protein and energy requirements of fingerling channel catfish for maintenance and growth. J. Nutr. 116: 2121-2131.

Goldstein, L., and R. P. Forster. 1970. Nitrogen metabolism in fish. Pp. 495-515 in Comparative Biochemistry of Nitrogen Metabolism, vol. 2. The Verteleratts, J. W. Campbell, ed. New York: Academic Press.


Kleiber, M. 1975. The Fire of Life: An Introduction to Animal Energetics. Huntington, N.Y.: R. E. Krieger.


Li, M., and R. T. Lovell. 1992. Comparison of satiate feeding and restricted feeding of channel catfish with various concentrations of dietary protein in production ponds. Aquaculture 103: 165-175.


Mangalik, A. 1986. Dietary energy requirements of channel catfish. Ph.D. dissertation. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2115.

Martin A. K., and K. L. Blaxter. 1965. The energy cost of urea synthesis in sheep. Pp. 83-91 in Energy Metabolism, K. L. Blaxter, ed. New York: Academic Press.

National Research Council. 1981. Nutritional Energetics of Domestic Animals and Glossary of Energy Terms. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

National Research Council. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

National Research Council. 1988. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Nematipour, G. R., M. L. Brown, and D. M. Gatlin, III. 1992. Effects of dietary energy: Protein ratio on growth charcteristics and body composition of hybrid striped bass, Moroni chrysops × M. saxitalis . Aquaculture 107: 359-368.


Page, J. W., and J. W. Andrew. 1973. Interactions of dietary levels of protein and energy on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. Nutr. 103: 1339-1346.

Popma, T. J. 1982. Digestibility of selected feedstuffs and naturally occurring algae by tilapia. Ph.D. dissertation. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.


Smith, B. W. and R. T. Lovell. 1973. Digestibility of nutrients by channel catfish in stainless steel troughs. Proc. Annu. Conf. South. Assoc. Game. Comm. 25: 252-259.

Smith, R. R. 1976. Metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for trout. Feedstuffs 48: 16-21.

Smith, R. R. 1989. Nutritional energetics. Pp. 2-28 in Fish Nutrition, J. E. Halver, ed. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.


Takeuchi, T., T. Watanabe, and C. Ogino. 1979. Optimum ratio of dietary energy to protein for carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 45: 983-987.


Watanabe, T., T. Takeuchi, and C. Ogino. 1979. Studies on the sparing effect of lipids on dietary protein in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ). Pp. 113-125 in Finfish Nutrition and Fish feed Technology, K. Tiews and J. E. Halver, eds. Berlin: Heenemann GmbH.

Wilson, R. P., and W. E. Poe. 1985. Apparent digestibility protein and energy coefficients of feed ingredients for channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 47: 154-158.

Windell, J. T., J. W. Foltz, and J. A. Sarokon. 1978. Methods of fecal collection and nutrient leaching in digestibility studies. Prog. Fish-Cult. 40(2): 51-55.

Protein and Amino Acids

Akiyama, T. 1987. Studies on the essential amino acids and scoliosis caused by tryptophan deficiency of chum salmon fry. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Kyushu, Japan.

Akiyama, T., S. Arai, T. Murai, and T. Nose. 1985. Threonine, histidine and lysine requirements of chum salmon fry. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 51: 635-639.

Akiyama, T., T. Murai, and T. Nose. 1986. Oral administration of serotonin against spinal deformity of chum salmon fry induced by tryptophan deficiency. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 52: 1249-1254.

Almquist, H. J. 1972. Proteins and Amino Acids in Animal Nutrition, 5th ed. New York: S. B. Penick.

Anderson, R. J., E. W. Kienholz, and S. A. Flickinger. 1981. Protein requirements of smallmouth bass and largemouth bass. J. Nutr. 111: 1085-1097.

Ash, R. 1985. Protein digestion and absorption. Pp. 69-93 in Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, C. B. Cowey, A. M. Mackie, and J. G. Bell, eds. London: Academic Press.


Baker, D. H. 1987. Failure of excess dietary lysine to antagonize arginine in young pigs. J. Nutr. 117: 1396-1401.

Bowen, S. H. 1987. Dietary protein requirements of fishes—A reassessment. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 1995-2001.

Brett, J. R. 1979. Environmental factors and growth. Pp. 599-675 in Fish Physiology, vol. 8. Bioenergetics and Growth, W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall, and J. R. Brett, eds. New York: Academic Press.


Chance, R. E., E. T. Mertz, and J. E. Halver. 1964. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. 12. Isoleucine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine requirements of chinook salmon and interrelations between isoleucine and leucine for growth. J. Nutr. 83: 177-185.

Cho, C. Y., S. J. Kaushik, and B. Woodward. 1989. Dietary arginine requirement for rainbow trout. FASEB 3: A649, 2459 (abstr.).

Choo, P. S. 1990. Leucine nutrition of the rainbow trout. M.Sc. thesis. University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Cowey, C. B., J. A. Pope, J. W. Adron, and A. Blair. 1972. Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The protein requirement of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Br. J. Nutr. 28: 447-456.

Cowey, C. B., C. Y. Cho, J. G. Sivak, J. A. Weerheim, and D. D. Stuart. 1992. Methionine intake in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), relationship to cataract formation and the metabolism of methionine. J. Nutr. 122: 1154-1163.

Czarnecki, G. L., D. A. Hirakawa, and D. H. Baker. 1985. Antagonism of arginine by excess dietary lysine in growing dogs. J. Nutr. 115: 743-752.


Dabrowski, K. R. 1977. Protein requirements of grass carp fry (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Aquaculture 12: 63-73.

Dabrowski, K. R. 1981. Tryptophan requirement of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) fry. Z. Tierphysiol., Tierernaehr. Futtermittelkd. 46: 64-71.

DeLong, D. C., J. E. Halver, and E. T. Mertz. 1958. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. 6. Protein requirements of chinook salmon at two water temperatures. J. Nutr. 65: 589-599.

DeLong, D. C., J. E. Halver, and E. T. Mertz. 1962. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. 10. Quantitative threonine requirements of chinook salmon at two water temperatures. J. Nutr. 76: 174-178.


Finke, M. D., G. R. DeFoliart, and N. J. Benevenga. 1987. Use of simultaneous curve fitting and a four-parameter logistic model to evaluate the nutritional value of protein sources at growth rates of rats from maintenance to maximum gain. J. Nutr. 117: 1681-1688.

Finke, M. D., G. R. DeFoliart, and N. J. Benevenga. 1989. Use of a four-parameter logistic model to evaluate the quality of the protein from three insect species when fed to rats. J. Nutr. 119: 864-871.


Gahl, M. J., M. D. Finke, T. D. Crenshaw, and N. J. Benevenga. 1991. Use of a four parameter logistic equation to evaluate the response of growing rats to ten levels of each indispensable amino acid. J. Nutr. 121: 1720-1729.

Garling, D. L., Jr., and R. P. Wilson. 1976. Optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for channel catfish fingerlings, Ictalurus punctatus . J. Nutr. 106: 1368-1375.


Halver, J. E. 1965. Tryptophan requirements of chinook, sockeye and silver salmon. FASEB 24: 229 (abstr.).

Halver, J. E., and W. E. Shanks. 1960. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. 8. Indispensable amino acids for sockeye salmon. J. Nutr. 72: 340-346.

Halver, J. E., D. C. DeLong, and E. T. Mertz. 1958. Threonine and lysine requirements of chinook salmon. FASEB 17: 1873 (abstr.).

Halver, J. E., D. C. DeLong, and E. T. Mertz. 1959. Methionine and cystine requirements of chinook salmon . Fed. Proc. 18: 2076 (abstr.).

Halver, J. E., L. S. Bates, and E. T. Mertz. 1964. Protein requirements of sockeye salmon and rainbow trout. FASEB 23: 1778 (abstr.).

Harding, D. E., O. W. Allen, Jr., and R. P. Wilson. 1977. Sulfur amino acid requirement of channel catfish: L-methionine and L-cystine. J. Nutr. 107: 2031-2035.

Hughes, S. G., G. L. Rumsey, and M. C. Nesheim. 1983. Dietary requirements for essential branched-chain amino acids by lake trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 812-817.


Jackson, A. J., and B. S. Capper. 1982. Investigations into the requirements of the tilapia (Sarotherodon mossambicus) for dietary methionine, lysine and arginine in semisynthetic diets. Aquaculture 29: 289-297.

Jauncey, K. 1982. The effects of varying dietary protein level on the growth,

Suggested Citation: "References." National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2115.

food conversion, protein utilization, and body composition of juvenile tilapias (Sarotherodon mossambicus). Aquaculture 27: 43-54.

Kanazawa, A., S. Teshima, M. Sakamoto, and A. Shinomiya. 1980. Nutritional requirements of the puffer fish: Purified test diet and the optimum protein level. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 1357-1361.

Kaushik, S. 1979. Application of a biochemical method for the estimation of amino acid needs in fish. Quantitative arginine requirements of rainbow trout in different salinities. Pp. 197-207 in Finfish Nutrition and Fish feed Technology, K. Tiews and J. E. Halver, eds. Berlin: Heenemann GmbH.

Ketola, H. G. 1983. Requirement for dietary lysine and arginine by fry of rainbow trout. J. Anim. Sci. 56: 101-107.

Kim, K. I., and T. B. Kayes. 1982. Test diet development and lysine requirement of rainbow trout. FASEB 41: 716 (abstr.).

Kim, K. I., T. B. Kayes, and C. H. Amundson. 1983. Protein and arginine requirements of rainbow trout. FASEB 42: 2198 (abstr.).

Kim, K. I., T. B. Kayes, and C. H. Amundson. 1984. Requirements for sulfur containing amino acids and utilization of D-methionine by rainbow trout. FASEB 43: 3338 (abstr.).

Kim, K. I., T. B. Kayes, and C. H. Amundson. 1987. Effects of dietary tryptophan levels on growth, feed/gain carcass composition and liver glutamate dehydrogenase activity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 88B: 737-741.

Kim, K. I., T. B. Kayes, and C. H. Amundson. 1992. Requirements for sulfur amino acids and utilization of D-methionine by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 101: 95-103.

Klein, R. G., and J. E. Halver. 1970. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. Arginine and histidine requirements of chinook and coho salmon. J. Nutr. 100: 1105-1109.


Lall, S. P., and F. J. Bishop. 1977. Studies on mineral and protein utilization by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) grown in sea water. Technical Report No. 688. Ottawa: Fisheries and Marine Service, Environment Canada.

Lim, C., S. Sukhawongs, and F. P. Pascual. 1979. A preliminary study on the protein requirements of (Chanos chanos) (Forskal) fry in a controlled environment. Aquaculture 17: 195-201.

Luquet, P., and J. J. Sabaut. 1974. Nutrition azotee et croissance chez la daurade et la truite. Actes de Colloques, Colloques sur L'Aquaculture, Brest 1: 243-253.


May, R. C., N. Pipenbrock, and R. A. Kelly. 1991. Leucine-induced amino acid antagonism in rats: Muscle valine metabolism and growth impairment. J. Nutr. 121: 293-301.

Mazid, M. A., Y. Tanaka, T. Katayama, M. A. Rahman, K. L. Simpson, and C. O. Chichester. 1979. Growth response of Tilapia zillii fingerlings fed isocaloric diets with variable protein levels. Aquaculture 18: 115-122.

Millikin M. R. 1983. Interactive effects of dietary protein and lipid on growth and protein utilization of age-0 striped bass. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 185-193.

Murai, T., H. Ogata, Y. Hirasawa, T. Akiyama, and T. Nose. 1987. Portal absorption and hepatic uptake of amino acids in rainbow trout forcefed complete diets containing casein or crystalline amino acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 53: 1847-1859.


National Research Council. 1981. Nutrient Requirements of Cold-water Fishes. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

National Research Council. 1983. Nutrient Requirements of Warm-water Fishes and Shellfishes. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Nose, T. 1979. Summary report on the requirements of essential amino acids for carp. Pp. 145-156 in Finfish Nutrition and Fish feed Technology, K. Tiews and J. E. Halver, eds. Berlin: Heenemann GmbH.

Nose, T., and S. Arai. 1972. Optimum level of protein in purified test diet for eel (Anguilla japonica). Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. Tokyo 22: 145-155.


Ogino, C. 1980. Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for essential amino acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 171-175.

Ogino, C., and K. Saito. 1970. Protein nutrition in fish. 1. The utilization of dietary protein by young carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 36: 250-254.


Page, J. W., and J. W. Andrews. 1973. Interactions of dietary levels of protein and energy on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. Nutr. 103: 1339-1346.

Poston, H. A., and G. L. Rumsey. 1983. Factors affecting dietary requirement and deficiency signs of L-tryptophan in rainbow trout. J. Nutr. 113: 2568-2577.

Poston, H. A., R. C. Riis, G. L. Rumsey, and H. G. Ketola. 1977. The effect of supplemental dietary amino acids, minerals and vitamins on salmonids fed cataractogenic diets. Cornell Vet. 67: 472-509.


Robinson, E. H., R. P. Wilson, and W. E. Poe. 1980a. Total aromatic amino acid requirement, phenylalanine requirement and tyrosine replacement value for fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 110: 1805-1812.

Robinson, E. H., R. P. Wilson, and W. E. Poe. 1980b. Re-evaluation of the lysine requirement and lysine utilization by fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 110: 2313-2316.

Robinson, E. H., R. P. Wilson, and W. E. Poe. 1981. Arginine requirement and apparent absence of a lysine-arginine antagonist in fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 111: 46-52.

Rumsey, G. L., J. W. Page, and M. L. Scott. 1983. Methionine and cystine requirements of rainbow trout. Prog. Fish-Cult. 45: 139-143.


Sabaut, J. J., and P. Luquet. 1973. Nutritional requirements of the gilthead bream (Chrysophyrys aurata), quantitative protein requirements. Marine Biol. 18: 50-54.

Santiago, C. B., and R. T. Lovell. 1988. Amino acid requirements for growth of Nile tilapia. J. Nutr. 118: 1540-1546.

Satia, B. P. 1974. Quantitative protein requirements of rainbow trout. Prog. Fish-Cult. 36: 80-85.


Takeda, M., S. Shimeno, H. Hosokawa, H. Kajiyama, and T. Kaisyo. 1975. The effect of dietary calorie-to-protein ratio on the growth, feed conversion and body composition of young yellowtail. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 41: 443-447.

Takeuchi, T., T. Watanabe, and C. Ogino. 1979. Optimum ratio of dietary energy to protein for carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 45: 983-987.

Teng, S., T. Chua, and P. Lim. 1978. Preliminary observations on the dietary protein requirement of estuary grouper Epinephelus salmoides Maxwell, cultured in floating net-cages. Aquaculture 15: 257-271.


Walton, M. J., C. B. Cowey, and J. W. Adron. 1982. Methionine metabolism in rainbow trout fed diets of differing methionine and cystine content. J. Nutr. 112: 1525-1535.

Walton, M. J., C. B. Cowey, and J. W. Adron. 1984a. The effect of dietary lysine levels on growth and metabolism of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri). Br. J. Nutr. 52: 115-122.

Walton, M. J., R. M. Coloso, C. B. Cowey, J. W. Adron, and D. Knox. 1984b. The effects of dietary tryptophan levels on growth and metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Br. J. Nutr. 51: 279-287.

Walton, M. J., C. B. Cowey, R. M. Coloso, and J. W. Adron. 1986. Dietary requirements of rainbow trout for tryptophan, lysine and arginine determined by growth and biochemical measurements. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 2: 161-169.

Wang, K. W., T. Takeuchi, and T. Watanabe. 1985. Effect of dietary protein levels on growth of Tilapia nilotica. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 51: 133-140.

Wee, K. L., and A. G. J. Tacon. 1982. A preliminary study on the dietary protein requirement of juvenile snakehead. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48: 1463-1468.

Wilson, R. P. 1989. Amino acids and proteins. Pp. 111-151 in Fish Nutrition, 2d ed., J. E. Halver, ed. New York: Academic Press.

Wilson, R. P., and J. E. Halver. 1986. Protein and amino acid requirements of fishes. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 6: 225-244.

Wilson, R. P., D. E. Harding, and D. L. Garling, Jr.1977. Effect of dietary pH on amino acid utilization and the lysine requirement of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 107: 166-170.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2115.

Wilson, R. P., O. W. Allen, Jr., E. H. Robinson, and W. E. Poe. 1978. Tryptophan and threonine requirements of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 108: 1595-1599.

Wilson, R. P., W. E. Poe, and E. H. Robinson. 1980. Leucine, isoleucine, valine and histidine requirements of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 110: 627-633.

Winfree, R. A., and R. R. Stickney. 1981. Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth, feed conversion efficiency and body composition of Tilapia aurea. J. Nutr. 111: 1001-1012.

Yone, Y. 1976. Nutritional studies of red sea bream. Pp. 39-64 in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Aquaculture Nutrition, K. S. Price, W. N. Shaw, and K. S. Danberg, eds. Lewes/Rehoboth: University of Delaware.


Zeitoun, I. H., D. E. Ullrey, J. E. Halver, P. I. Tack, and W. T. Magee. 1974. Influence of salinity on protein requirements of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) smolts. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 1145-1148.

Lipids

Adron, J. W., A. Blair, C. B. Cowey, and A. M. Shanks. 1976. Effects of dietary energy level and dietary energy source on growth, feed conversion and body composition of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Aquaculture 7: 125-132.


Bell, M. V., R. J. Henderson, and J. R. Sargent. 1986. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83B: 711-719.

Buranapanidgit, J., M. Boonyaratpalin, and T. Watanabe. 1989. Essential fatty acid requirement of juvenile seabass. Lates calcarifer. Paper presented at Third International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition in Fish, Toba, Japan, August 28-September 1, 1989.


Castell, J. D., R. O. Sinnhuber, J. H. Wales, and D. J. Lee. 1972. Essential fatty acids in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ): Growth, feed conversion and some gross deficiency symptoms. J. Nutr. 102: 77-86.


Deshimaru, O., and K. Kuroki. 1983. Studies on the optimum levels of protein and lipid in yellowtail diets. Pp. 44-79 in Reports of Kagoshima Prefectural Fishery Experimental Station. Kagoshima, Japan: Kagoshima Prefectural Fishery Experimental Station.


Fukusho, K., M. Okauchi, S. Nuraini, A. Tsujigado, and T. Watanabe. 1984. Food value of a rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, cultured with Tetraselmis tetrathele for larvae of red sea bream, Pagrus major. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50: 1439-1444.

Fukusho, K., M. Okauchi, H. Tanaka, P. Kraisingdecha, S. I. Wahyuni, and T. Watanabe. 1985. Food value of the small S-strain of a rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, cultured with Tetraselmis tetrathele for larvae of black sea bream, Acanthopagrus shlegeli. Bull. Natl. Res. Inst. Aquacult. (Jpn) 8: 5-13.


Gatesoupe, F.-J., C. Leger, R. Metailler, and P. Luquet. 1977. Alimentation lipidique du turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). 1. Influence de la lonqueur de chaine des acides gras de la serie w3. Annu. Hydrobiol. 8: 89-97.


Hazel, J. R. 1979. Influence of thermal acclimation on membrane lipid composition of rainbow trout liver. Am. J. Physiol. 236: R91-R101.

Hazel, J. R. 1984. Effects of temperature on the structure and metabolism of cell membranes in fish. Am. J. Physiol. 246: R460-R470.

Hazel, J. R. 1985. Determination of the phospholipid composition of trout gill by latroscan TLC/FID: Effect of thermal acclimation. Lipids 20: 516-520.

Hazel, J. R., and R. Carpenter. 1985. Rapid changes in the phospholipid composition of gill membranes during thermal acclimation of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Comp. Physiol. B155: 597-602.

Henderson, R. J., and D. R. Tocher. 1987. The lipid composition and biochemistry of freshwater fish. Prog. Lipid Res. 26: 281-347.


Izquierdo, M., T. Watanabe, T. Takeuchi, T. Arakawa, and C. Kitajima. 1989. Requirement of larval red sea bream Pagrus major for essential fatty acids. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55: 859-867.


Kanazawa, A., S.-T. Teshima, M. Sakamoto, and M. A. Awal. 1980. Requirement of Tilapia zillii for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 1353-1356.

Kanazawa, A., S. Teshima, and M. Sakamoto. 1981. Requirement of essential fatty acids for the larval ayu. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48: 587-590.

Kanazawa, A., S.-T. Teshima, S. Inamori, S. Sumida, and T. Iwashita. 1982. Rearing of larval red sea bream and ayu with artificial diets. Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ. 31: 185-192.

Kitajima, C., T. Arakawa, F. Oowa, S. Fujita, O. Imada, T. Watanabe, and Y. Yone. 1980a. Dietary value for red sea bream of rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, cultured with a new type of yeast. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 43-46.

Kitajima, C., M. Yoshida, and T. Watanabe. 1980b. Dietary value for ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, or rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, cultured with baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, supplemented with cuttlefish liver oil. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 47-50.

Koven, W. M., G. W. Kissil, and A. Tandler. 1989. Lipid and n-3 requirement of Sparus aurata larvae during starvation and feeding. Aquaculture 79: 185-191.


Lee, D. J., and G. B. Putman. 1973. The response of rainbow trout to varying protein/energy ratios in a test diet. J. Nutr. 103: 916-922.

Leray, C., G. Nonnotte, P. Roubaud, and C. Leger. 1985. Incidence of (n-3) essential fatty acid deficiency on trout reproductive processes. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 25: 567-581.


Miller, N. G. A., M. W. Hill, and M. W. Smith. 1976. Positional and species analysis of membrane phospholipids extracted from goldfish adapted to different environmental temperatures. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 55: 644-654.


Oka, M., N. Suzuki, and T. Watanabe. 1980. Effect of fatty acids in rotifers in growth and fatty acid composition of larvae ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 1413-1418.

Oka, M., N. Suzuki, and T. Watanabe. 1982. Effect of fatty acids Moina on the fatty acid composition of larvae ayu Plecoglossus altivelis . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48: 1159-1162.

Owen, J. M., J. W. Adron, C. Middleton, and C. B. Cowey. 1975. Elongation and desaturation of dietary fatty acids in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus ) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Lipids 10: 528-531.


Sargent, J., R. J. Henderson, and D. R. Tocher. 1989. The lipids. Pp. 153-218 in Fish Nutrition, 2d ed., J. E. Halver, ed. New York: Academic Press.

Satoh, S., W. E. Poe, and R. P. Wilson. 1989. Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on weight gain and liver polar lipid fatty acid composition of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 119: 23-28.

Sellner, P. A., and J. R. Hazel. 1982. Time course of changes in fatty acid composition of gills and liver from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during thermal acclimation. J. Exp. Zool. 221: 159-168.

Shimma, Y., R. Suzuki, M. Yamaguchi, and T. Akiyama. 1977. On the lipids of adult carps raised on fishmeal and SCP feeds, and hatchabilities of their eggs. Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. 27: 35-48.

Stickney, R. R., and J. W. Andrews. 1972. Effects of dietary lipids on growth, food conversion, lipid and fatty acid composition of channel catfish. J. Nutr. 102: 249-258.


Takeda, M., S. Shimeno, H. Hosokawa, H. Kajiyama, and T. Kaisyo. 1975. The effect of dietary calorie to protein ratio on the growth, feed conversion, and body composition of young yellowtail. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 41: 443-447.

Takeuchi, T., and T. Watanabe. 1977a. Requirement of carp for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 43: 541-551.

Takeuchi, T., and T. Watanabe. 1977b. Dietary levels of methyl laurate and

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essential fatty acid requirement of rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 43: 893-898.

Takeuchi, T., and T. Watanabe. 1982. Effects of various polyunsaturated fatty acids on growth and fatty acid compositions of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri, coho salmon Onchorhynchus kisutch, and chum salmon Onchorhynchus keta. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48: 1745-1752.

Takeuchi, T., T. Watanabe, and C. Ogino. 1978. Optimum ratio of protein to lipid in diets of rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44: 683-688.

Takeuchi, T., S. Arai, T. Watanabe, and Y. Shimma. 1980. Requirement of eel Anguilla japonica for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 345-353.

Takeuchi, T., S. Satoh, and T. Watanabe. 1983. Requirement of Tilapia nilotica for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 49: 1127-1134.

Watanabe, T. 1982. Lipid nutrition in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 73B: 3-15.

Watanabe, T., C. Ogino, Y. Koshiishi, and T. Matsunaga. 1974. Requirement of rainbow trout for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 40: 493-499.

Watanabe, T., T. Takeuchi, and C. Ogino. 1975. Effect of dietary methyl linoleate and linolenate on growth of carp-2. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 41: 263-269.

Watanabe, T., F. Oowa, C. Kitajima, and S. Fujita. 1980. Relationship between dietary value of brine shrimp Artemia salina and their content of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 35-41.

Watanabe, T., M. Ohta, C. Kitajima, and S. Fujita. 1982. Improvement of dietary value of brine shrimp Artemia salina for fish larvae by feeding them on n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48: 1775-1782.

Watanabe, T., C. Kitajima, and S. Fujita. 1983. Nutritional values of live organisms used in Japan for mass production of fish: A review. Aquaculture 34: 115-143.

Watanabe, T., T. Arakawa, C. Kitajima, and S. Fujita. 1984a. Effect of nutritional quality of broodstock diets on reproduction of red sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50: 495-501.

Watanabe, T., S. Ohhashi, A. Itoh, C. Kitajima, and S. Fujita. 1984b. Effect of nutritional composition of diets on chemical components of red sea bream broodstock and eggs produced. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50: 503-515.

Watanabe, T., T. Takeuchi, M. Saito, and K. Nishimura. 1984c. Effect of low protein-high calorie or essential fatty acid deficient diet on reproduction of rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 50: 1207-1215.

Watanabe, T., T. Takeuchi, T. Arakawa, K. Imaizumi, S. Sekiya, and C. Kitajima. 1989a. Requirement of juvenile striped jack Longirostris delicatissimus for n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55: 1111-1117.

Watanabe, T., M. S. Izquierdo, T. Takeuchi, S. Satoh, and C. Kitajima. 1989b. Comparison between eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in terms of essential fatty acid efficacy in larval red sea bream. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55: 1635-1640.

Watanabe, T., T. Arakawa, T. Takeuchi, and S. Satoh. 1989c. Comparison between eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in terms of essential fatty acid efficiency in juvenile striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex . Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55: 1989-1995.

Webster, C. D. 1989. Nutritional value of brine shrimp nauplii for striped bass larvae. Ph.D. dissertation. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

Webster, C. D., and R. T. Lovell. 1990. Response of striped bass larvae fed brine shrimp from different sources containing different fatty acid compositions. Aquaculture 90: 49-61.

Wodtke, E. 1981. Temperature adaptation of biological membranes. The effects of acclimation temperature on the unsaturation of the main neutral and charged phospholipids in mitochondrial membranes of the carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Biochem. Biophys. Acta 640: 698-709.


Yone, Y., M. Furuichi, and S. Sakamoto. 1971. Studies on nutrition or red sea bream. 3. Nutritive value and optimum content of lipids in diet. Rep. Fish. Res. Lab. Kyushu Univ. 1: 49-60.

Yu, T. C., and R. O. Sinnhuber. 1979. Effect of dietary3 and6 fatty acids on growth and feed conversion efficiency of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Aquaculture 16: 31-38.

Carbohydrates

Akiyama, T., T. Murai, and T. Nose. 1982. Effects of various dietary carbohydrates on growth, feed efficiency, and body composition of chum salmon fry. Bull. Natl. Res. Inst. Aquacult. (Jpn) 3: 75-80.

Anderson, J., A. J. Jackson, A. J. Matty, and B. S. Capper. 1984. Effects of dietary carbohydrate and fiber on the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn). Aquaculture 37: 303-314.

Atkinson, J. L., and J. W. Hilton. 1981. Response of rainbow trout to increased dietary carbohydrate. FASEB 40: 3486.


Bergot, F. 1979a. Carbohydrate in rainbow trout diets: Effects of the level and source of carbohydrate and the number of meals on growth and body composition. Aquaculture 18: 157-167.

Bergot, F. 1979b. Problems particulars poses par l'utilisation des glucides chez la truite arc-en-ciel. Annu. Nutr. Aliment. 33: 247-257.

Bergot, F. 1979c. Effect of dietary carbohydrates and of their mode of distribution on glycaemia in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 64A: 543-547.

Buhler, D. R., and J. E. Halver. 1961. Nutrition of salmonid fishes. 9. Carbohydrate requirements of chinook salmon. J. Nutr. 74: 307-318.


Cowey, C. B., and M. J. Walton. 1989. Intermediary metabolism. Pp. 259-329in Fish Nutrition, 2d ed., J. E. Halver, ed. New York: Academic Press.

Cowey, C. B., J. W. Adron, and D. A. Brown. 1975. Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The metabolism of glucose by plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and the effect of dietary energy source on protein utilization in plaice. Br. J. Nutr. 33: 219-231.


Edwards, D. J., E. Austreng, S. Risa, and T. Gjedrem. 1977. Carbohydrate in rainbow trout diets. 1. Growth of fish of different families fed diets containing different proportions of carbohydrate. Aquaculture 11: 31-38.

El-Sayed, A. M., and D. L. Garling, Jr. 1988. Carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios in diets for Tilapia zillii fingerlings. Aquaculture 73: 157-163.


Furuichi, M., and Y. Yone. 1971a. Studies on nutrition of red sea bream. 4. Nutritive value of dietary carbohydrate. Rep. Fish. Res. Lab. Kyushu Univ. 1: 75-81.

Furuichi, M., and Y. Yone. 1971b. Studies on nutrition of red sea bream. 6. A study of carbohydrate utilization by glucose and insulin glucosetolerance tests. Rep. Fish. Res. Lab. Kyushu Univ. 1: 101-106.

Furuichi, M., and Y. Yone. 1980. Effect of dietary dextrin levels on the growth and feed efficiency, the chemical composition of liver and dorsal muscle, and the absorption of dietary protein and dextrin in fishes. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 225-229.

Furuichi, M., and Y. Yone. 1981. Changes of blood sugar and plasma insulin levels of fishes in glucose tolerance tests. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47: 761-764.

Furuichi, M., and Y. Yone. 1982a. Availability of carbohydrate in nutrition of carp and red sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48: 945-948.

Furuichi, M., and Y. Yone. 1982b. Effect of insulin on blood sugar levels of fishes. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48: 1289-1291.

Furnichi, M., Y. Nakamura, and Y. Yone. 1980. A radioimmunoassay method for determination of fish plasma insulin. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 1177-1181.


Garling, D. L., Jr., and R. P. Wilson. 1976. The optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for channel catfish fingerlings, Ictalurus punctatus. J. Nutr. 106: 1368-1375.

Garling, D. L., Jr., and R. P. Wilson. 1977. Effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid

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ratios on growth and body composition of fingerling channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 39:43-47.

Gutierrez, J., T. Asgard, E. Fabbri, and E. M. Plisetskaya. 1991. Insulin receptor binding in skeletal muscle of trout. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 9:351-360.

Hertz, Y., N. Epstein, M. Abraham, Z. Madar, B. Hepher, and A. Gertler. 1989. Effects of metformin on plasma insulin glucose metabolism and protein synthesis in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture 80:175-187.

Hilton, J. W., and J. L. Atkinson. 1982. Response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to increased levels of available carbohydrate in practical trout diets. Br. J. Nutr. 47:597-607.

Hilton, J. W., E. M. Plisetskaya, and J. F. Leatherland. 1987. Does oral 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine affect dietary glucose utilization and plasma insulin levels in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 4:113-120.

Hung, S. S. O., F. K. Fynn-Aikins, P. B. Lutes, and R. Xu. 1989. Ability of juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) to utilize different carbohydrate sources. J. Nutr. 110:727-733.


Lee, D. J., and G. B. Putnam. 1973. The response of rainbow trout to varying protein/energy ratios in a test diet. J. Nutr. 103:916-922.

Luquet, P.1971. Efficacite des proteines en relation avec leur taux d'incorporation dans l'alimentation de la truite arc-en-ciel. Annu. Hydrobiol. 2:175-186.


Mommsen, T. P., and E. M. Plisetskaya. 1991. Insulin in fish and agnathans: History, structure and metabolic regulation. Rev. Aquat. Sci. 4:225-259.


Page, J. W., and J. W. Andrews. 1973. Interactions of dietary levels of protein and energy on channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. Nutr. 103:1339-1346.

Palmer, T. N., and B. E. Ryman. 1972. Studies on oral glucose intolerance in fish. J. Fish Biol. 4:311-319.

Phillips, S. M., Jr., A. V. Tunison, and D. R. Brockway. 1948. Utilization of carbohydrates by trout. Fish. Res. Bull. N.Y. 11:1-44.

Pieper, A., and E. Pfeffer. 1979. Carbohydrates as possible sources of dietary energy for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, Richardson). Pp. 209-219 in Finfish Nutrition and Fish feed Technology, vol. 1., J. E. Halver and K. Tiews, eds. Berlin: Heenemann GmbH.

Plisetskaya, E. M. 1990. Recent studies on fish pancreatic hormones: Selected topics. Zool. Sci. 7:335-353.


Shimeno, S. 1974. Studies on carbohydrate metabolism in fishes. Rep. Fish. Lab. Kochi Univ. 2:1-107.

Shimeno, S., H. Hosokawa, H. Hirata, and M. Takeda. 1977. Comparative studies on carbohydrate metabolism of yellowtail and carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 43:213-217.

Shimeno, S., H. Hosokawa, and M. Takeda. 1979. The importance of carbohydrate in the diet of a carnivorous fish. Pp. 127-143 in Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology, vol. 1., J. E. Halver and K. Tiews, eds. Berlin: Heenemann GmbH.

Shimeno, D., M. Takeda, S. Takayama, A. Fukui, H. Sasaki, and H. Kajiyama. 1981. Adaptation of hepatopancreatic enzymes to dietary carbohydrates in carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47:71-77.


Takeda, M., S. Shimeno, H. Hosokawa, H. Kajiyama, and T. Kaisyo. 1975. The effect of dietary calorie to protein ratio on the growth, feed conversion, and body composition of young yellowtail. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 41:443-447.

Takeuchi, T., T. Watanabe, and C. Ogino. 1979. Availability of carbohydrate and lipid as dietary energy sources for carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 45:977-982.


Wilson, R. P., and W. E. Poe. 1987. Apparent inability of channel catfish to utilize dietary mono- and disaccharides as energy sources. J. Nutr. 117:280-285.

Minerals

Agrawal, N. K., and C. L. Mahajan. 1981. Effect of ascorbic acid deficiency on the uptake of iodine by thyroid and non-thyroid tissues of an air-breathing freshwater fish Channa punctatus Bloch. J. Fish Biol. 18:411-416.

Andrews, J. W., T. Murai, and C. Campbell. 1973. Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus on growth, food conversion, bone ash and haematocrit levels of catfish. J. Nutr. 103:766-771.

Ashley, L. M.1972. Nutritional pathology. Pp. 439-537 in Fish Nutrition, J. E. Halver, ed. New York: Academic Press.


Basulto, S.1976. Induced saltwater tolerance in connection with inorganic salts in the feeding of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquaculture 8:45-55.

Bell, J. G., and C. B. Cowey. 1989. Digestibility and bioavailability of dietary selenium from fishmeal, selenite, selenomethionine and selenocystine in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 81:61-68.

Bell, J. G., C. B. Cowey, J. W. Adron, and A. M. Shanks. 1985. Some effects of vitamin E and selenium deprivation on tissue enzyme levels and indices of tissue peroxidation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ). Br. J. Nutr. 53:149-157.

Bell, J. G., B. J. S. Pirie, J. W. Adron, and C. B. Cowey. 1986. Some effects of selenium deficiency on glutathione peroxidase (EC1.11.1.9.) activity and tissue pathology in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Br. J. Nutr. 55:305-311.

Bell, J. G., C. B. Cowey, J. W. Adron, and B. J. S. Pirie. 1987. Some effects of selenium deficiency on selenium levels and selenium-dependent tissue peroxidation in Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 65:43-54.

Berg, A. 1968. Studies on the metabolism of calcium and strontium in freshwater fish. 1. Relative contribution of direct and intestinal absorption. Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol. Dott. Maroco Marchi 23:161-196.

Bowser, P. R., R. B. Landy, G. A. Wooster, and J. G. Babish. 1988. Efficacy of elevated fluoride for the control of Renibacterium salmoninarum infection in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 19:1-6.


Cowey, C. B., D. Knox, J. W. Adron, S. George, and B. Pirie. 1977. The production of renal calcinosis by magnesium deficiency in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Br. J. Nutr. 38:127-135.

Crichton, M. I. 1935. Scale resorption in salmon and sea trout. Salmon Fish. Edimb. 4:1-8.


Dabrowska, H., K.-D. Gunther, and K. Meyer-Burgdorff. 1989. Interaction between dietary protein and magnesium level in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 76:277-291.

Desjardins, L. M., B. D. Hicks, and J. W. Hilton. 1987. Iron catalyzed oxidation of trout diets and its effect on the growth and physiological response of rainbow trout. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 3:173-182.


Friedman, L., and S. I. Shibko. 1972. Nonnutrient components of the diet. Pp. 182-255 in Fish Nutrition, J. E. Halver, ed. New York: Academic Press.


Garrod, D. J., and B. S. Newell. 1958. Ring formation in Tilapia esculentia. Nature 181:1411-1412.

Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1983. Dietary zinc requirement of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 114:630-635.

Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1984a. Studies on the manganese requirement of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture 41:85-92.

Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1984b. Zinc supplementation of practical channel catfish diets. Aquaculture 41:31-36.

Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1984c. Dietary selenium requirement of fingerling channel catfish. J. Nutr. 114:627-633.

Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1986a. Characterization of iron deficiency and the dietary iron requirement of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture 52:191-198.

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Gatlin, D. M., III, and R. P. Wilson. 1986b. Dietary copper requirement of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture 54: 277-285.

Gatlin, D. M., III, E. H. Robinson, W. E. Poe, and R. P. Wilson. 1982. Magnesium requirement of fingerling channel catfish and signs of magnesium deficiency. J. Nutr. 112: 1181-1187.

Gatlin, D. M., III, H. F. Phillips, and E. L. Torrans. 1989. Effects of various levels of dietary copper and zinc on channel catfish. Aquaculture 76: 127-134.

Gregory, L. A., and J. G. Eales. 1975. Factors contributing to high plasma iodide in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell). Can. J. Zool. 53: 267-277.

Hardy, R. W., and K. D. Shearer. 1985. Effect of dietary calcium phosphate and zinc supplementation on whole body zinc concentration of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 181-184.

Hardy, R. W., C. V. Sullivan, and K. M. Koziol. 1987. Absorption, body distribution, and excretion of dietary zinc by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 3: 133-143.

Higgs, D. A., and J. G. Eales. 1978. Radiothyroxine kinetics in yearling brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchell), on different levels of dietary intake. Can. J. Zool. 56: 80-85.

Hilton, J. W., and P. V. Hodson. 1983. Effect of increased dietary carbohydrate on selenium metabolism and toxicity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Nutr. 113: 1241-1248.

Hilton, J. W., P. V. Hodson, and S. J. Slinger. 1980. The requirement and toxicity of selenium in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Nutr. 110: 2527-2535.

Hodson, P. V., and J. W. Hilton. 1983. The nutritional requirements and toxicity to fish of dietary and waterborne selenium. Environ. Biogeochem. Ecol. (Stockholm) 35: 335-340.

Houston, A. H. 1985. Erythrocyte magnesium in freshwater fishes. Magnesium 4: 106-128.

Hunt, D. W. C., and J. G. Eales. 1979. Iodine balance rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri and effects of testosterone propionate. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36: 282-285.


Ichii, T., and Y. Mugiya. 1983. Effects of dietary deficiency in calcium on growth and calcium uptake from the aquatic environment in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 74A: 259-262.

Ichikawa, R. 1953. Absorption of fish scale caused by starvation. Rec. Oceanogr. Works Jpn. 1: 101-104.

Ikeda, Y., H. Ozaki, and K. Uematsu. 1973. Effect of enriched diet with iron in culture of yellowtail. J. Tokyo Univ. Fish. 59: 91-99.

Ishak, M. M., and A. M. Dollar. 1968. Studies on manganese uptake in Tilapia mossambica and Salmo gairdneri. 1. Growth and survival of Tilapia mossambica in response to manganese. Hydrobiologia 31: 572-584.


Jeng, S. S., and L. T. Sun. 1981. Effects of dietary zinc levels on zinc concentrations in tissues of common carp. J. Nutr. 111: 134-140.


Kawatsu, H. 1972. Studies on the anemia of fish. 5. Dietary iron deficient anemia in brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. 22: 59-67.

Ketola, H. G. 1975. Requirement of Atlantic salmon for dietary phosphorus. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104: 548-551.

Ketola, H. G. 1979. Influence of dietary zinc on cataracts in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Nutr. 109: 965-969.

Knox, D., C. B. Cowey, and J. W. Adron. 1981a. Studies on the nutrition of salmonid fish. The magnesium requirement of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Br. J. Nutr. 45: 137-148.

Knox, D., C. B. Cowey, and J. W. Adron. 1981b. The effect of low dietary manganese intake on rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Br. J. Nutr. 46: 495-501.

Knox, D., C. B. Cowey, and J. W. Adron. 1982. Effects of dietary copper and copper:zinc ratio on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Aquaculture 27: 111-119.

Knox, D., C. B. Cowey, and J. W. Adron. 1984. Effects of dietary zinc intake upon copper metabolism in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri ). Aquaculture 40: 199-207.


Lall, S. P. 1989. The minerals. Pp. 210-257 in Fish Nutrition, 2d ed., J. E. Halver, ed. New York: Academic Press.

Lall, S. P., and F. J. Bishop. 1977. Studies on mineral and protein utilization by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) grown in sea water. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. 688: 1-16.

Lall, S. P., and J. A. Hines. 1987. Iron and copper requirement of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) grown in sea water. Paper presented at the International Symposium on Feeding and Nutrition of Fish, Bergen, Norway, August 23-27, 1987.

Lall, S. P., W. D. Paterson, J. A. Hines, and N. J. Adams. 1985. Control of bacterial kidney disease in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. by dietary modification. J. Fish. Dis. 8: 113-124.

Lanno, R. P., S. J. Slinger, and J. W. Hilton. 1985. Maximum tolerable and toxicity levels of dietary copper in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Aquaculture 49: 257-268.

Leloup, J. 1970. Le mecanismes de regulation de l'iodouremie et leur controle endocrinien chez les teleosteens en eau douce. Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. Ser. A. Zool. 62: 1-108.

Limsuwan, T., and R. T. Lovell. 1981. Intestinal synthesis and absorption of vitamin B12 in channel catfish. J. Nutr. 111:2125-2132.

Lovell, R. T. 1978. Dietary phosphorus requirement of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107: 617-621.


Marine, D.1914. Further observations and experiments on goiter in brook trout. J. Exp. Med. 19:70-75.

McClain, W. R., and D. M. Gatlin, III. 1988. Dietary zinc requirement of Oreochromis aureus and effects of dietary calcium and phytate on zinc bioavailability. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 19:103-108.

Miller, D. W., R. J. Vetter, and G. J. Atchison. 1980. Effect of temperature and dissolved oxygen on uptake and retention of 54Mn in fish. Health Phys. 38: 221-225.

Moss, M. L.1963. The biology of acellular bone. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 74: 337-350.

Mugiya, Y., and N. Watabe. 1977. Studies on fish scale resorption-II. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 57A: 197-202.

Murray, M. W., and J. W. Andrews. 1979. Channel catfish: The absence of an effect of dietary salt on growth. Prog. Fish-Cult. 41:155-156.


Nose, T., and S. Arai. 1976. Recent advances on studies on mineral nutrition of fish in Japan. Pp. 584-590 in Advances in Aquaculture, T. V. R. Pillay and W. A. Dill, eds. Farnam, England: Fishing News.

Nose, T., and S. Arai. 1979. Summary on amino acid requirements of carp. Pp. 145-156 in Finfish Nutrition and Fish feed Technology, J. E. Halver and K. Tiews, eds. Berlin: Heenemann GmbH.


Ogino, C., and J. Y. Chiou. 1976. Mineral requirements in fish. 2. Magnesium requirements of carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 42:71-75.

Ogino, C., and H. Takeda. 1976. Mineral requirements in fish. 3. Calcium and phosphorus requirements of carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 42:793-799.

Ogino, C., and H. Takeda. 1978. Requirements of rainbow trout for dietary calcium and phosphorus. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44:1019-1022.

Ogino, C., and G. Y. Yang. 1978. Requirement of rainbow trout for dietary zinc. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44:1015-1018.

Ogino, C., and G. Y. Yang. 1979. Requirement of carp for dietary zinc. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 45:967-969.

Ogino, C., and G. Y. Yang. 1980. Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for dietary manganese and copper. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46:455-458.

Ogino, C., F. Takashima, and J. Y. Chiou. 1978. Requirement of rainbow trout for dietary magnesium. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44:1105-1108.

Ogino, C., L. Takeuchi, H. Takeda, and T. Watanabe. 1979. Availability of dietary phosphorus in carp and rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 45:1527-1532.

Onishi, T., M. Suzuki, and M. Takeuchi. 1981. Change in carp hepatopancreatic

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enzyme activities with dietary phosphorus levels. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47: 353-357.

Phillips, A. M., H. A. Podoliak, H. A. Poston, D. L. Livingston, R. F. Dumas and R. W. Thoesen. 1959. Cortland Hatchery Rep. 28: 17-21.

Poppe, T. T., T. Hastein A. Froslie, N. Koppang, and G. Norheim. 1986. Nutritional aspects of haemorrhagic syndrome (''Hitra disease") in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Dis. Aquat. Organisms 1: 155-162.

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Richardson, N. L., D. A. Higgs, R. M. Beames, and J. R. McBride. 1985. Influence of dietary calcium, phosphorus, zinc and sodium phytate level on cataract incidence, growth and histopathology in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). J. Nutr. 115: 553-567.

Robinson, E. H., S. D. Rawles, P. B. Brown, H. E. Yette, and L. W. Greene. 1986. Dietary calcium requirement of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), reared in calcium-free water. Aquaculture 53: 263-270.

Robinson, E. H., D. LaBomascus, P. B. Brown, and T. L. Linton. 1987. Dietary calcium and phosphorus requirements of Oreochromis aureus reared in calcium-free water. Aquaculture 64: 267-276.

Roeder, M., and R. H. Roeder. 1966. Effect of iron on the growth rate of fishes. J. Nutr. 90: 86-90.

Rostruck, J. T., A. L. Pope, H. E. Ganther, A. B. Swanson, D. G. Hafeman, and W. G. Hoekstra. 1973. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 179: 588-590.


Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1973. Effect of dietary calcium/phosphorus ratio upon growth, feed efficiency and blood serum Ca and P level in red sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 39: 343-348.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1976a. Requirement of red sea bream for dietary Fe-I. Rep. Fish. Res. Lab. Kyushu Univ. 3: 53-58.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1976b. Requirement of red sea bream for dietary Ca. Rep. Fish. Res. Lab. Kyushu Univ. 3: 59-64.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1978a. Effect of dietary phosphorus level on chemical composition of red sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44: 227-229.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1978b. Requirement of red sea bream for dietary Na and K. J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ. 23: 79-84.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1978c. Requirement of red sea bream for dietary iron. II. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44: 223-225.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1978d. Iron deficiency symptoms of carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 44: 1157-1160.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1979a. Availabilities of phosphorus compounds as dietary phosphorus sources for red sea bream. J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univ. 23: 177-184.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1979b. Requirement of red sea bream for dietary Mg. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 45: 57-60.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1979c. Availabilities of three iron compounds as dietary iron sources for red sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 45: 231-235.

Sakamoto, S., and Y. Yone. 1980. A principal source of deposited lipid in phosphorus deficient red sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 1227-1230.

Salman, N. A., and F. B. Eddy. 1988. Effect of dietary sodium chloride on growth, food intake and conversion efficiency in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Aquaculture 70: 131-144.

Satoh, S., H. Yamamoto, T. Takeuchi, and T. Watanabe. 1983a. Effect of growth and mineral composition of carp of deletion of trace elements or magnesium from fishmeal diet. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 49: 431-435.

Satoh, S., H. Yamamoto, T. Takeuchi, and T. Watanabe. 1983b. Effect on growth and mineral composition of rainbow trout of deletion of trace elements or magnesium from fishmeal diet. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 49: 425-429.

Satoh, S., T. Takeuchi, and T. Watanabe. 1987. Availability of rainbow trout of zinc contained in white fishmeal and various zinc compounds. Bull. Jpn. Sci. Fish. 53: 595-599.

Satoh, S., W. Poe, and R. P. Wilson. 1989. Effect of supplemental phytate and/or tricalcium phosphate on weight gain feed efficiency and zinc content in vertebrae of channel catfish. Aquaculture 80: 155-161.

Shearer, K. D. 1988. Dietary potassium requirements of juvenile chinook salmon. Aquaculture 73: 119-130.

Shearer, K. D. 1989. Whole body magnesium concentration as an indicator of magnesium status in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture 77: 201-210.

Shearer, K. D., and T. Asgard. 1990. Availability of dietary magnesium to rainbow trout as determined by apparent retention. Aquaculture 86: 51-61.

Shearer, K. D. and T. Asgard. 1992. The effect of water-borne magnesium on the dietary magnesium requirement of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 9: 387-392.

Shim, K. F., and S. H. Ng. 1988. Magnesium requirement of the guppy Poecilia reticulata Peters. Aquaculture 73: 131-142.

Simkiss, K. 1974. Calcium metabolism of fish in relation to ageing. Pp. 1-12 in The Proceedings of an International Symposium of the Ageing of Fish, T. B. Bagenal, ed. Old Woking, U.K.: Unwin Brothers.

Simmons, D. J. 1970. Calcium and skeletal tissue physiology in teleost fishes. Cin. Orthop. 76: 244-280.

Srivastava, A. K., and S. J. Agrawal. 1983. Changes induced in manganese in fish testes. Experimentia 39: 1309-1310.

Syed, M. A., and T. L. Coombs. 1982. Copper metabolism in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 63: 281-296.


Tacon, A. G. J., and M. M. Beveridge. 1982. Effects of dietary trivalent chromium on rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Nutr. Rep. Int. 25: 49-56.

Takeda, H., and Y. Shimma. 1977. Effects of toxic amounts of dietary zinc on the growth and body components of rainbow trout at two levels of calcium. Bull. Fresh. Fish. Res. 27: 103-109.

Takeuchi, M., and J. Nakazoe. 1981. Effect of dietary phosphorus on lipid content and its composition in carp. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47: 347-352.

Takeuchi, T., T. Watanabe, C. Ogino, M. Satio, K. Nishimura, and T. Nose. 1981. Effects of low protein-high calorie diets and deletion of trace elements from a fishmeal diet on reproduction of rainbow trout. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 47: 645-654.

Tiews, K., M. Manthey, and H. Koops. 1982. The carry-over of fluoride from krill meal pellets into rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Arch. Fisch Wiss. 32: 39-42.


Walker, R. L., and P. O. Fromm. 1976. Metabolism of iron by normal and iron deficient rainbow trout. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 55A: 311-318.

Watanabe, T., A. Murakami, L. Takeuchi, T. Nose, and C. Ogino. 1980. Requirement of chum salmon held in freshwater for dietary phosphorus. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 46: 361-367.

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Wekell, J. C., K. D. Shearer, and E. J. Gauglitz, Jr. 1986. Zinc supplementation of trout diets: Tissue indicators of body zinc status. Prog. Fish-Cult. 48: 205-212.

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Yamamoto, H., S. Satoh, T. Takeuchi, and T. Watanabe. 1983. Effects on rainbow trout of deletion of manganese or trace elements from fishmeal diet. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 49: 287-293.

Yone, Y., and N. Toshima. 1979. The utilization of phosphorus in fishmeal by carp and black sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 45: 753-756.

Zaugg, W. S., and L. R. McLain. 1969. Inorganic salt effects on growth, salt water adaptation, and gill ATPase of Pacific salmon. Pp. 293-306 in Fish in Research, W. W. Neuhaus and J. E. Halver, eds. New York: Academic Press.

Vitamins

Adron, J. W., D. Knox, C. B. Cowey, and G. T. Ball. 1978. Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The pyridoxine requirement of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Br. J. Nutr. 40: 261-268.

Agrawal, N. K., and C. L. Mahajan. 1980. Nutritional deficiency disease in an Indian major carp, Cirrhina mrigala Hamilton, due to avitaminosis C during early growth. J. Fish Dis. 3: 231-248.

Amezaga, M. R., and D. Knox. 1990. Riboflavin requirements in on-growing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 88: 87-98.

Andrews, J. W., and T. Murai. 1974. Studies on the vitamin C requirements of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. Nutr. 105: 557-561.

Andrews, J. W., and T. Murai. 1978. Dietary niacin requirements of channel catfish. J. Nutr. 108: 1508-1511.

Andrews, J. W., and T. Murai. 1979. Pyridoxine requirements of channel catfish. J. Nutr. 109: 533-537.

Andrews, J. W., T. Murai, and J. W. Page. 1980. Effects of dietary cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol on catfish. Aquaculture 19: 49-54.

Aoe, H., and I. Masuda. 1967. Water-soluble vitamin requirements of carp. 2. Requirements for p-aminobenzoic acid and inositol. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 33: 674-680.

Aoe, H., I. Masuda, T. Saito, and T. Takada. 1967a. Water-soluble vitamin requirements of carp. 5. Requirement for folic acid. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 33: 1068-1071.

Aoe, H., I. Masuda, and T. Takada. 1967b. Water-soluble vitamin requirements of carp. 3. Requirement for niacin. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 33: 681-685.

Aoe, H., I. Masuda, T. Saito, and A. Komo. 1967c. Water-soluble vitamin requirements of carp. 1. Requirement for vitamin B2. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 33: 355-360.

Aoe, H., I. Masuda, T. Mimura, T. Saito, and A. Komo. 1968. Requirement of young carp for vitamin A. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 34: 959-964.

Aoe, H., I. Masuda, T. Mimura, T. Saito, A. Komo, and S. Kitamura. 1969. Water-soluble vitamin requirements for carp. 6. Requirements for thiamin and effects of antithiamins. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 35: 459-465.

Arai, S., T. Nose, and Y. Hashimoto. 1972. Qualitative requirements of young eels, Anguilla japonica, for water-soluble vitamins and their deficiency symptoms. Bull. Freshwater Res. Lab. Tokyo 22: 69-83.


Barnett, B. J., C. Y. Cho, and S. J. Slinger. 1982a. Relative biopotency of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol and the role of and requirement for vitamin D in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Nutr. 112: 2011-2019.

Barnett, B. J., G. Jones, C. Y. Cho, and S. J. Slinger. 1982b. The biological activity of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1,25-dehydroxycholecalciferol for rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Nutr. 112: 2020-2026.

Bell, J. G., C. B. Cowey, J. W. Adron, and A. M. Shanks. 1985. Some effects of vitamin E and selenium deprivation on tissue enzyme levels and indices of tissue peroxidation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) . Br. J. Nutr. 53: 149-157.

Blazer, V. S., and R. E. Wolke. 1984a. The effects of-tocopherol on the immune response and non-specific resistance factors of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Aquaculture 37: 1-9.

Blazer, V. S., and R. E. Wolke. 1984b. Effect of diet on the immune response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41: 1244-1247.

Blomhoff, R., M. H. Green, and K. R. Norum. 1992. Vitamin A: Physiological and biochemical processing Annu. Rev. Nutr. 12: 37-57.

Braekkan, O. R., O. Ingebrigoten, and H. Myklestead. 1969. Interconversion of vitamins A and A2 in fishes. Int. Z. Vitaminforech. 39: 123-130.

Brandt, T. M., C. W. Doyoe, and P. A. Seib. 1985. Alternate sources of vitamin C for channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 47: 55-59.

Brown, P. B. 1988. Vitamin D requirement of juvenile channel catfish reared in calcium-free water. Ph.D. dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.

Brunson, M. W., H. R. Robinette, P. R. Bowser, and T. L. Wellborn. 1983. Nutritional gill disease associated with starter feeds for channel catfish fry. Prog. Fish-Cult. 45: 119-120.

Burtle, G. J., and R. T. Lovell. 1989. Lack of response of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to dietary myo-inositol. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 218-222.


Castledine, A. J., C. Y. Cho, S. J. Slinger, B. Hicks, and H. S. Bayley. 1978. Influence of dietary biotin level on growth, metabolism and pathology of rainbow trout. J. Nutr. 108: 698-711.

Cho, C. Y., and B. Woodward. 1990. Dietary pantothenic acid requirements of young rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FASEB J. 4: 3747 (abstr.).

Coates, J. A., and J. E. Halver. 1958. Water-soluble vitamin requirements of silver salmon. Special Scientific Report Fisheries 281. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

Comacho, A. S. 1978. Characterization of thamine deficiency in channel catfish fed heated and nonheated catfish processing waste. Ph.D. dissertation. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

Cowey, C. B., and B. Woodward. 1993. The dietary requirement of young rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) for folic acid. J. Nutr. 123: 1594-1600.

Cowey, C. B, J. W. Adron, and D. Knox. 1975. Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The thiamin requirement of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. Br. J. Nutr. 34: 383-390.

Cowey, C. B., J. W. Adron, M. J. Walton, J. Murray, A. Youngson, and D. Knox. 1981. Tissue distribution, uptake and requirement for a α-tocopherol of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed diets with a minimal content of unsaturated fatty acids. J. Nutr. 111: 1556-1567.

Cowey, C. B., J. W. Adron, and A. Youngson. 1983. The vitamin E requirement of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) given diets containing polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish oil. Aquaculture 30: 85-93.


Dabrowski, K. 1990. Ascorbic acid status in the early life of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus L.). Aquaculture 84: 61-70.

Dabrowski, K., and G. Kock. 1989. Absorption and interaction with minerals of ascorbic acid and ascorbic sulfate in digestive tract of rainbow trout. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 1952-1957.

Dabrowski, K., S. Hinterleitner, C. Sturmbauer, N. El-Fiky, and W. Wieser. 1988. Do carp larvae require vitamin C? Aquaculture 72: 295-306.

Dabrowski, K., H. Segner, R. Dallinger, S. Hinterleitner, C. Sturmbauer, and W. Wieser. 1989. Rearing of roach larvae; the vitamin C, minerals interrelationship and nutrition-related histology of the liver and intestine. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 62: 188-202.

Dabrowski, K., D. Lackner, and C. Doblander. 1990. Utilization of ascorbic sulfate in rainbow trout. Effect of dietary ascorbate on the tissue ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, ascorbic sulfate and ascorbic sulfate sulfahydrolase. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1518-1525.

Draper, H. H., and A. S. Csallany. 1969. A simplified hemolysis test for vitamin E deficiency. J. Nutr. 98: 390-394.

Duncan, P. L., and R. T. Lovell. 1991. Effect of folic acid on growth, survival and hematology in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

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Twenty-second Annual Conference of the World Aquaculture Society, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 16-20, 1991.

Dupree, H. K. 1966. Vitamins essential for growth of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.Technical Paper No. 7. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

Dupree, H. K. 1968. Vitamin E requirement of channel catfish. Pp. 220-222 in Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1967. Resource Publication No. 77. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

Dupree, H. K. 1970. Dietary requirement of vitamin A acetate and beta carotene. Pp. 148-150 in Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1969. Resource Publication No. 88. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.

Durve, V. S., and R. T. Lovell. 1982. Vitamin C and disease resistance in channel catfish. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39: 948-951.

Eckhert, C. D., and A. R. Kemmerer. 1974. Effect of vitamin A and methionine on growth and amino acid composition of body protein in rainbow trout fingerlings. J. Nutr. 104: 865-870.

El Naggar, G. O., and R. T. Lovell. 1991. L-Ascorbyl-2-monophosphate has equal antiscorbutic acitivity as L-ascorbic acid but L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate is inferior to L-ascorbic acid for channel catfish. J. Nutr. 121: 1622-1626.


Gatlin, D. M., III, W. E. Poe, and R. P. Wilson. 1986. Effects of singular and combined dietary deficiencies of selenium and vitamin E on fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). J. Nutr. 116: 1061-1067.

George, J. C., B. J. Barnett, C. Y. Cho, and S. J. Slinger. 1981. Vitamin D3 and muscle function in the rainbow trout. Cytobios 31: 7-18.

Goswami, U. C. 1984. Metabolism of cryptoxanthin in freshwater fish. Br. J. Nutr. 25: 575-581.

Grant, B. F., P. A. Seib, M. L. Liao, and J. A. Corpron. 1989. Polyphosphorylated L-ascorbic acid: A stable form of vitamin C for aquaculture feeds. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 20: 143-157.


Halver, J. E. 1957. Nutrition of salmonids fishes. 4. Water-soluble vitamin requirements of chinook salmon. J. Nutr. 62: 225-243.

Halver, J. E. 1972. The vitamins. Pp. 29-103 in Fish Nutrition, J. E. Halver, ed. New York: Academic Press.

Halver, J. E., ed. 1989. Fish Nutrition. New York: Academic Press.

Halver, J. E., L. M. Ashley, and R. R. Smith. 1969. Ascorbic acid requirements of coho salmon and rainbow trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 90: 762-771.

Halver, J. E., R. R. Smith, B. M. Tolbert, and E. M. Baker. 1975. Utilization of ascorbic acid in fish. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 258: 81-102.

Hardy, R. W., J. E. Halver, and E. L. Brannon. 1979. Effect of dietary protein level on the pyridoxine requirement and disease resistance of chinook salmon. Pp. 253-260 in Finfish Nutrition and Fish feed Technology, vol. 1., J. E. Halver and K. Tiews, eds. Berlin: Heeneman GmbH.

Hashimoto, Y., S. Arai, and T. Nose. 1970. Thiamin deficiency symptoms experimentally induced in the eel. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 36: 791-797.

Heikkila, R. E., and L. Manzino. 1987. Ascorbic acid, redox cycling, lipid peroxidation, and the binding of dopamine receptor antagonists. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 498: 63-76.

Hepher, B. 1988. Vitamins. Pp. 224-234 in Nutrition of Pond Fishes. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hilton, J. W., and H. W. Ferguson. 1982. Effect of excess Vitamin D3 on calcium metabolism in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish. Biol. 21: 373-379.

Hilton, J. W., C. Y. Cho, and S. J. Slinger. 1977. Factors affecting the stability of supplemental ascorbic acid in practical trout diets. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34: 683-687.

Hilton, J. W., C. Y. Cho, and S. J. Slinger. 1978. Effect of graded levels of supplemental ascorbic acid in practical diets fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 431-436.

Holub, B. J., B. Bregeron, and T. Woodward. 1982. The effect of inositol deficiency on the hepatic neutral lipid and phospholipid composition of rainbow trout. J. Nutr. 112(6): xxi.

Hosokawa, H. 1989. The vitamin requirements of fingerling yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Ph.D. dissertation, Kochi University, Japan.

Hughes, S. G. 1984. Effect of excess dietary riboflavin on growth of rainbow trout. J. Nutr. 114: 1660-1663.

Hughes, S. G., G. L. Rumsey, and J. G. Nichum. 1981a. Riboflavin requirement of fingerling rainbow trout. Prog. Fish-Cult. 43: 167-172.

Hughes, S. G., R. C. Riis, J. G. Nichum, and G. L. Rumsey. 198lb. Biomicroscopic and histologic pathology of the eye in riboflavin deficient rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Cornell Vet. 71: 269-279.

Hung, S. S. O. 1989. Choline requirement of hatchery-produced juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). Aquaculture 78: 183-194.

Hung, S. S. O., C. Y. Cho and S. J. Slinger. 1980. Measurement of oxidation in fish oil and its effect on vitamin E nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 37: 1248-1253.

Hung, S. S. O., C. Y. Cho, and S. J. Slinger. 1981. Effect of oxidized fish oil, DL--tocopheryl acetate and ethoxyquin supplementation on the vitamin E nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) fed practical diets. J. Nutr. 111: 648-657.


Ikeda, S. 1985. The vitamin. Pp. 43-53 in Fish Feeds, Y. Yone, ed. Tokyo: Koseisha-Koseikaku (in Japanese).

Ikeda, S., Y. Ishibashi, O. Murata, T. Nasu, and T. Harada. 1988. Qualitative requirements of the Japanese parrotfish for water-soluble vitamins. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 54: 2029-2035.


John, M. J., and C. L. Mahajan. 1979. The physiological response of fishes to deficiency of cyanocobalamin and folic acid. J. Fish Biol. 14: 127-133.

John, T. M., J. C. Gorge, J. W. Hilton, and S. J. Slinger. 1979. Influence of dietary ascorbic acid on plasma lipid levels in the rainbow trout. Int. J. Vit. Res. 49: 400-405.

Jurss, K. 1978. Effect of pyridoxine deficiency and starvation on activities of aminotransferase in liver and muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Zool. Jahrb. Physiol. 82: 141-149.

Jurss, K., and L. Jonas. 1981. Electron microscopic and biochemical investigations on the pyridoxine deficiency of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Zool. Jahrb. Physiol. 85: 181-196.


Karges, R. G., and B. Woodward. 1984. Development of lamellar epithelial hyperplasia in gills of pantothenic acid-deficient rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J. Fish. Biol. 25: 57-62.

Kashiwada, K., S. Teshima, and A. Kanazawa. 1970. Studies on the production of B vitamins by intestinal bacteria of fish. 5. Evidence of the production of vitamin B12 by microorganisms in the intestinal canal of carp, Cyprinus carpio.Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 36: 421-424.

Kashiwada, K., A. Kanazawa, and S. Teshima. 1971. Studies on the production of B vitamins by intestinal bacteria. 6. Production of folic acid by intestinal bacteria of carp. Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ. 20: 185-189.

Katsuyama, M., and T. Matsuno. 1988. Carotenoid and vitamin A and metabolism of carotenoids, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin astaxanthin zeaxanthin lutein and tunaxanthin in tilapia Tilapia nilotica. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 90B: 134-139.

Ketola, H. G. 1976. Choline metabolism and nutritional requirement of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). J. Anim. Sci. 43: 474-477.

Kissil, G. W., C. B. Cowey, J. W. Adron, and R. H. Richards. 1981. Pyridoxine requirements of the gilthead bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture 23: 243-255.

Kitamura, S., S. Ohara, T. Suwa, and K. Nakagawa. 1965. Studies on vitamin requirements of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. 1. On the ascorbic acid. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 31: 818-826.

Kitamura, S., T. Suwa, S. Ohara, and K. Nakagawa. 1967a. Studies on vitamin requirements of rainbow trout. 3. Requirement for vitamin A and deficiency symptoms. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 33: 1126-1131.

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Kitamura, S., T. Suwa, S. Ohara, and K. Nakagawa. 1967b. Studies on vitamin requirements of rainbow trout. 2. The deficiency symptoms of fourteen kinds of vitamin. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 33: 1120-1125.

Lall, S. P., and D. E. M. Weerakoon. 1990. Vitamin B6 requirement of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). FASEB J. 4: 3749 (abstr.).

Lall, S. P., G. Olivier, J. A. Hines, and H. W. Ferusonn. 1988. The role of vitamin E in nutrition and immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Bull. Aqua. Assoc. Can. 88-2: 76.

Lall, S. P., G. Olivier, D. E. M. Weerakoon, and J. A. Hines. 1990. The effect of vitamin C deficiency and excess on immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Pp. 427-441 in Proceedings of the Fish Nutrition Meeting, Toba, Japan, M. Takeda and T. Watanabe, eds. Tokyo: Japan Translation Center.

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Lehmitz, R., and L. Spannhof. 1977. Transketolase activity and thiamin deficiency in the kidney of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, fed raw herring. Arch. Tierenaehr. 27: 287-295.

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Lovell, R. T., and Y. P. Li. 1978. Essentiality of vitamin D in diets of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107: 809-811.

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Lovell, R. T., and T. Limsuwan. 1982. Intestinal synthesis and dietary nonessentiality of vitamin B12 for Tilapia nilotica. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 111: 485-490.

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Murai, T., and J. W. Andrews. 1977. Vitamin K and anticoagulant relationships in catfish diets. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 43: 785-794.

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Ogino, C. 1967. B vitamin requirements of carp. 2. Requirements for riboflavin and pantothenic acid. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 33: 351-354.

Ogino, C., N. Uki, T. Watanabe, Z. Iida, and K. Ando. 1970a. B vitamin requirements of carp. 4. Requirement of choline. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 36: 1140-1146.

Ogino, C., T. Watanabe, J. Kakino, N. Iwanaga, and M. Mizuno. 1970b. B vitamin requirements of carp. 3. Requirement for biotin. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 36: 734-740.

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Poston, H. A. 1964. Effect of dietary vitamin K and sulfaguanidine on blood coagulation time, microhematocrit, and growth of immature brook trout. Prog. Fish-Cult. 26: 59-64.

Poston, H. A. 1967. Effect of dietary L-ascorbic acid on immature brook trout. Pp. 45-51 in Fisheries Research Bulletin No 31. Albany, N.Y.: State of New York Conservation Department.

Poston H. A. 1969a. Effects of massive doses of vitamin D3 fingerling brook trout. Pp. 45-50 in Fisheries Research Bulletin No. 32. Albany, N.Y.: State of New York Conservation Department.

Poston, H. A. 1969b. The effect of excess levels of niacin on the lipid metabolism of fingerling brook trout. Pp. 9-12 in Fisheries Research Bulletin No. 32. Albany, N.Y.: State of New York Conservation Department.

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Poston, H. A. 1976a. Relative effect of two dietary water-soluble analogues of menaquinone on coagulation and packed cell volume of blood of lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 1791-1793.

Poston, H. A. 1976b. Optimum level of dietary biotin for growth, feed utilization, and swimming stamina of fingerling lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 1803-1806.

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Poston, H. A., and R. N. DiLorenzo. 1973. Tryptophan conversion to niacin in the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 144: 110-112.

Poston, H. A., and D. L. Livingston. 1969. Effects of massive doses of dietary vitamin E on fingerling brook trout. Pp. 6-12 in Fisheries Research Bulletin No. 33. Albany, N.Y.: State of New York Conservation Department.

Poston, H. A., and D. L. Livingston. 1971. The influence of dietary levels of protein and vitamin A on the liver vitamin A level, lipid metabolism, and growth of brook trout. Pp. 27-34 in Fisheries Research Bulletin No. 34. Albany, N.Y.: State of New York Conservation Department.

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Poston, H. A., and M. J. Wolfe. 1985. Niacin requirement for optimum growth, feed conversion and protection of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, from ultraviolet-B-irradiation. J. Fish. Dis. 8: 451-460.

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Poston, H. A., G. F. Combs, Jr., and L. Leibovitz. 1976. Vitamin E and selenium interrelations in the diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): gross, histological and biochemical deficiency signs. J. Nutr. 106: 892.

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OTHER DIETARY COMPONENTS

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Adams, M. A., P. B. Johnsen, and Z. Hong-Qi. 1988. Chemical enhancement of feeding for the herbivorous fish Tilapia zilli. Aquaculture 72: 95-107.

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Davies, S. J. 1988. The role of dietary fibre in fish nutrition. Pp. 219-249 in Recent Advances in Aquaculture, J. F. Muir and R. R. Roberts, eds. London: Croom Helm.

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Donaldson, E. M., and G. A. Hunter. 1983. Induced final maturation, ovulation, and spermiation in cultured fish. Pp. 351-403 in Fish Physiology, vol. 9B, W. S. Hoar, D. J. Randall, and E. M. Donaldson, eds. New York: Academic Press.


Edwards, D. J., E. Austreng, S. Risa, and T. Gjedrem. 1977. Carbohydrate in rainbow trout diet. 1. Growth of fish of different families fed diets containing different proportions of carbohydrate. Aquaculture 11: 31-38.


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Gannam, A. L., and R. T. Lovell. 1991a. Effects of feeding 17 alpha-methyltestosterone, 11-ketotesterone, 17 beta-estradiol and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine to channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture 92: 377-388.

Gannam, A. L., and R. T. Lovell. 1991b. Growth and bone development in channel catfish fed 17- -methyltestosterone in production ponds. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 22: 95-100.

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Hata, M., and M. Hata. 1973. Carotenoid pigments in goldfish. 5. Conversion of zeaxanthin to astaxanthin . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 38: 339-343.

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Hicks, B. D., and J. R. Geraci. 1984. A histological assessment of damage in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, fed rations containing erythromycin. J. Fish Dis. 7: 457-465.

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Higgs, D. A., J. R. Markert, M. D. Plotnikoff, J. R. McBride, and B. F. Dosanjh. 1985. Development of nutritional and environmental strategies for maximizing growth and survival of juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Aquaculture 47: 113-130.

Hilton, J. W., J. L. Atkinson, and S. J. Slinger. 1983. Effect of dietary fiber on the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 81-85.

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Hublou, W. F., J. Wallis, T. B. Mckee, D. K. Law, R. O. Sinnhuber, and T. C. Yu. 1959. Development of moist pellet diet. Oregon Fish Comm. Res. Briefs 7(1): 28-56.

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Guiney, P. D., and R. E. Peterson. 1980. Distribution and elimination of a polychlorinated biphenyl after acute exposure in yellow perch and rainbow trout. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9: 667-674.


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Hardy, R. W., and C. V. Sullivan. 1983. Canola meal in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) production diets. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 281-286.

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Hendricks, J. D., T. P. Putnam, and R. O. Sinnhuber. 1979. Effect of dietary dieldrin on aflatoxin B1 carcinogenesis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 2: 719-728.

Hendricks, J. D., R. O. Sinnhuber, P. M. Loveland, N. E. Powlowski, and J. E. Nickson. 1980. Hepatocarcinogenicity of glandless cottonseeds and cottonseed oil to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Science 208: 309-311.

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Higgs, D. A., U. H. M. Fagerlund, J. R. McBride, M. D. Plotnikoff, B. S. Dosanjh, J. R. Markert, and J. Davidson. 1983. Protein quality of altex canola meal for juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) considering dietary protein and 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine content. Aquaculture 34: 213-238.

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Iijima, M., and K. Zama. 1979. Influence of oxidized lipids on the lipid metabolism in the fish. 2. Absorption and metabolism of palmitic acid-14C in carp fed with oxidized lipids. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 30: 84-91.

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Ketola, H. G. 1975. Mineral supplementation of diets containing soybean meal as a source of protein for rainbow trout. Prog. Fish-Cult. 37: 73-75.

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DIGESTIBILITY AND ABSORPTION

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Smith, B. W., and R. T. Lovell. 1971. Digestibility of nutrients in semipurified rations by channel catfish in stainless troughs. Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 25: 425-459.

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Smith, R. R. 1971. A method for determination of digestibility and metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for finish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 33: 132-134.

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DIET FORMULATION AND PROCESSING

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Lovell, R. T. 1984. Use of Soybean Products in Aquaculture Diets. Animal Nutrition Research Highlights. St. Louis, Mo.: American Soybean Association.

Lovell, R. T. 1989. Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.


Mohsen, A. A. 1989. Substituting animal protein sources into corn-soybean meal catfish diets. M.S. thesis. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

Mohsen, A. A., and R. T. Lovell. 1990. Partial substitution of soybean meal with animal protein sources in diets for channel catfish. Aquaculture 90: 303-311.


Nose, T., and S. Arai. 1976. Recent advances in mineral nutrition of fish in Japan. Proceedings of the FAO Technology Conference on Aquaculture, Kyoto, Japan.


Popma, T. J. 1982. Digestibility of selected feedstuffs and naturally

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occurring algae by tilapia. Ph.D. dissertation. Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.

Robinson, E. H. 1991. A practical guide to nutrition, feeds and feeding of catfish. Miss. Agric. Forestry Exp. Sta. Bull. 979.


Smith, R. R. 1976. Metabolizable energy of feedstuffs for trout. Feedstuffs 48: 16-21.


Wilson, R. P. 1991. Handbook of Nutrient Requirements of Finish. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Wilson, R. P., and W. E. Poe. 1985. Apparent digestibility of protein and energy in common feed ingredients by channel catfish. Prog. Fish-Cult. 4: 154-158.

Wilson, R. P., E. H. Robinson, and W. E. Poe. 1981. Apparent and true availability of amino acids from common feed ingredients for channel catfish. J. Nutr. 111: 923-929.

FEEDING PRACTICES

Andrews, J. W., and J. W. Page. 1975. Effects of frequency of feeding on culture of catfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104: 317-321.

Austreng, E., B. Grisdale-Helland, S. J. Helland, and T. Storebakken. 1988. Farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. Livestock Prod. Sci. 19: 369-378.


Baragi, V., and R. T. Lovell. 1986. Digestive enzyme activities in striped bass from first feeding through larva development. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115: 478-484.

Brandt, T. M. 1991. Temperate basses, Morone spp., and black basses, Micropterees spp. Pp. 161-168 in Handbook of Nutrient Requirements of Finfish, R. P. Wilson, ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Bremer, H. 1980. Some investigations on the relationship between the feeding behavior and the secretory mode of exocrine pancreas of the hybrid sturgeon (Huso huso × Ancipenser ruthenus) (in German). Zool. Jahrb. Anat. 104: 69-76.

Bryant, P. L., and A. J. Matty. 1980. Optimisation of Artemia feeding rate for carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae. Aquaculture 21: 203-212.

Bryant, P. L., and A. J. Matty. 1981. Adaptation of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae to artificial diets. Optimum feeding rate and adaptation age for commercial diet. Aquaculture 23: 275-286.


Charlon, N., and P. Bergot. 1984. Rearing system for feeding fish larvae on dry diets. Trial with carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae. Aquaculture 41: 1-9.

Charlon, N., H. Durante, A. M. Escaffre, and P. Bergot. 1986. Alimentation artificielle des larves de carpe (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture 54: 83-88.

Cho, C. Y. 1990. Fish nutrition, feeds, and feeding: With special emphasis on salmonid aquaculture. Food Rev. Int. 6: 333-357.

Cho, C. Y. 1992. Feeding systems for rainbow trout and other salmonids with reference to current estimates of energy and protein requirements . Aquaculture 100: 107-123.

Clawson, J. 1990. Fatty acid enhancement of brine shrimp nauplii for striped bass larvae. M.S. thesis. Auburn University, Alabama.

Collie, N. L., and J. J. Stevens. 1985. Hormonal effects on L-proline transport in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) intestine. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 59: 399-409.


Dabrowski, K., 1984a. The feeding of fish larvae. Present state of the art and perspectives. Reprod. Nutr. Develop. 24: 807-833.

Dabrowski, K., 1984b. Influence of initial weight during the change from live to compound feed on the survival and growth of four cyprinids. Aquaculture 40: 27-40.

Dabrowski, K., 1986. Ontogenetical aspects of nutritional requirements in fish. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 85A: 639-655.

Dabrowski, K. and R. Bardega. 1984. Mouth-size and recommendation of feed size preferences in three cyprinid fish. Aquaculture 40: 41-46.

Dabrowski, K., and P. Poczyczynski. 1988a. Mass rearing of coregonid larvae and juveniles on dry diet. Aquaculture 69: 307-316.

Dabrowski, K., and P. Poczyczynski. 1988b. Intensive rearing of common carp and grass carp larvae exclusively on dry diets. Aquaculture 69: 317-332.

Dabrowski, K., P. Bergot, and S. Kaushik. 1984. Rearing of coregonid larvae using dry and live food. Preliminary data. Aquaculture 41: 11-20.

Dabrowski, K., S. Kaushik, and B. Fauconneau. 1985. Rearing of sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) larvae. I. Feeding trial. Aquaculture 43: 185-192.

Dabrowski, K., S. Hinterleitner, C. Strumbauer, N. El-Fiky, and W. Wiesser. 1988. Do carp larvae require vitamin C? Aquaculture 72: 295-306.

Dupree, H. K., and J. V. Huner. 1984. Third Report to the Fish Farmers. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service.


Gatesoupe, F. J., and C. Le Millinaire. 1985. Adaptation de la qualité alimentaire des filtreurs-proies aux besoins nutritifs des larves de poissons marins . Coll. Franco-Japenais d'Océanogr. Marseille 8: 51-63.


Halver, J. E. 1989. Fish Nutrition. New York, N.Y.: Academic Press.

Hardy, R. W. 1989. Practical feeding: Salmon and trout. Pp. 185-203 in Nutrition and Feeding of Fish, T. Lovell, ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Hardy, R. W. 1991. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). Pp. 105-122 in Handbook on Nutrient Requirements of Finish, R. P. Wilson, ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Helland, S., T. Storebakken, and B. Grisdale-Helland. 1991. Atlantic salmon (Salmo solar). Pp. 13-22 in Handbook for Nutrient Requirements of Finfish, R. P. Wilson, ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Hepher, B. 1988. Nutrition of Pond Fishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hodson, R., T. Smith, J. McVey, R. Hawell, and N. Davis. 1987. Hybrid Striped Bass Culture: Status and Perspective. University of North Carolina Sea Grant College Publ. UNC-SG-87-03. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.


Inui, Y., M. Tagawa, S. Miwa, and T. Hirano. 1989. Effect of bovine TSH on the tissue thyroxine level and metamorphosis in premetamorphic flounder larvae. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 74: 406-410.


Jauncey, K., and B. Ross. 1982. A Guide to Tilapia Feeds and Feeding. University of Stirling, Scotland: Institute of Aquaculture.


Kanazawa, A. 1986. New developments in fish nutrition. Pp. 9-14 in The First Asian Fisheries Forum, J. L. Maclean, L. B. Dizon, and L. V. Hsillos, eds. Manila, Philippines: Asian Fisheries Society.

Kanazawa, A., S. Koshio, and S. Teshima. 1989. Growth and survival of larval red sea bream Pagrus major and Japanese flounder Paralichthys divaceus fed microbound diets. J. World Aquaculture Soc. 20: 31-37.

Kaushik, S., and K. Dabrowski. 1983. Nitrogen and energy utilization in juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed casein amino acid or protein-free diet. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 23: 741-754.

Klar, G. T., and N. C. Parker. 1989. Evaluation of five commercially prepared diets for striped bass. Prog. Fish-Cult. 51: 115-120.

Kubaryk, J. M. 1980. Effects of diet, feeding schedule, and sex on food consumption, growth and retention of protein and energy by tilapia. Ph.D. dissertation. Auburn University, Alabama.


Lauff, M., and R. Hofer. 1984. Development of proteolytic enzymes in fish and the importance of dietary enzymes. Aquaculture 37: 335-346.

Li, M., and R. T. Lovell. 1991. Comparison of satiate and restricted feeding of channel catfish with various protein concentrations in ponds. Aquaculture 103: 165-175.

Lim, C. 1989. Practical feeds-tilapias. Pp. 163-167 in Nutrition and Feeding of Fish, R. T. Lovell, ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Lovell, R. T. 1979. Factors affecting voluntary feed consumption by channel catfish. Proceedings of the World Symposium on Finfish Nutrition and Feed Technology, Hamburg, Germany, June 20-23, 1978.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2115.

Luquet, P. 1991. Tilapia, Oreochromis spp. Pp. 169-180 in Handbook on Nutrient Requirements of Finfish, R. P. Wilson, ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Mgbenka, B. O., and R. T. Lovell. 1985. Feeding combinations of extruded and pelleted feeds to channel catfish in ponds. Prog. Fish-Cult. 48: 238-241.

Miwa, S., and Y. Inui. 1987. Effect of various doses of thyroxine and triiodothyronine on the metamorphosis of flounder (Paralichthys divaceus). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 67: 356-363.


Reinitz, G. 1983. Relative effect of age, diet, and feeding rate on the body composition of young rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture 35: 19-27.

Rembold, H., and J. Fluchter. 1988. Nutritional factor enabling metamorphosis of coregonid larvae. Finnish Fish. Res. 9: 339-343.

Robinson, E. H. 1991. A practical guide to nutrition, feeds and feeding of catfish. Miss. Agric. Forestry Exp. Sta. Bull. 979.

Robinette, H. R., R. L. Busch, S. H. Newton, C. J. Haskins, S. Davis, and R. R. Stickney. 1982. Winter feeding of channel catfish. Proc. Ann. Conf. S.E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Comm. 36: 563-571.


Sorgeloos, P. 1980. The use of the brine shrimp Artemia in aquaculture. Pp. 25-46 in The Brine Shrimp Artemia. Ecology, Culture and Use in Aquaculture, G. Persoon and P. Sorgeloos, eds. Vol. 3. Wetteren, Belgium: Universa Press.

Specker, J. L. 1988. Preadaptative role of thyroid hormones in larval and juvenile salmon: Growth, the gut and evolutionary considerations. Am. Zool. 28: 337-349.

Stevens, R. E. 1966. Hormone-induced spawning of striped bass for reservoir stocking. Prog. Fish-Cult. 28: 19-28.

Stickney, R. R., and R. T. Lovell, eds. 1977. Nutrition and Feeding of Catfish. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin 218. Auburn, Ala.: Auburn University.

Storebakken, T., and E. Austreng. 1987. Ration levels for salmonids. I. Growth, survival, body composition and feed conversion in Atlantic salmon fry and fingerlings. Aquaculture 60: 189-199.


Tucker, C., and E. H. Robinson. 1991. Channel Catfish Farming Handbook. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Twango, T. K., and H. R. MacCrimmon. 1977. Histogenesis of the oropharyngeal and esophageal mucosa as related to early feeding in rainbow trout. Can. J. Zool. 55: 116-128.


Watanabe, T., C. Kitajima, and S. Fujita. 1983. Nutritional value of live organisms used in Japan for mass propagation of fish: A review. Aquaculture 34: 115-143.

Webster, C. D., and R. T. Lovell. 1990. Response of striped bass larvae to brine shrimp from different sources containing different fatty acid compositions. Aquaculture 90: 49-61.

Winfree, R. A., and R. R. Stickney. 1984. Formulation and processing of hatchery diets for channel catfish. Aquaculture 41: 311-323.

COMPOSITION OF FEED INGREDIENTS

National Research Council. 1979. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

National Research Council. 1982. United States-Canadian Tables of Feed Composition. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

National Research Council. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Suggested Citation: "References." National Research Council. 1993. Nutrient Requirements of Fish. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2115.
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