The values in the nutrient requirement table (Table 7-1) represent minimum requirements for maximum performance of the fish under experimental conditions. With few exceptions, the data were obtained with small fish and under optimum conditions. Where several values appear in the literature, the value presented in the table represents a consensus of the subcommittee for the most reasonable requirement.
The stated requirements do not include any surpluses. In practice, however, a margin of safety is commonly added to compensate for processing and storage losses, variation in composition and bioavailability of nutrients in feed ingredients, and variation in requirements caused by environmental effects. If higher or lower concentrations of dietary energy or protein than the values listed in the table are used, the other nutrient concentrations should be changed appropriately.
The requirements for amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals were determined with diets containing purified and chemically defined ingredients that are highly digestible to fish; therefore, the values in the table represent near 100 percent bioavailability to the fish. This fact should be considered when formulating diets from natural feedstuffs in which the bioavailability of the nutrients is markedly less than that in the laboratory diets.
TABLE 7-1 Nutrient Requirements for Channel Catfish, Rainbow Trout, Pacific Salmon, Common Carp, and Tilapia as Percentages of Diet, Milligrams per Kilogram of Diet, or International Units (IU) per Kilogram of Diet (as-fed basis)a
|
|
Channel Catfish |
Rainbow Trout |
Pacific Salmon |
Common Carp |
Tilapia |
|
Energy Baseb (kcal DE/kg diet)-> |
3,000 |
3,600 |
3,600 |
3,200 |
3,000 |
|
Protein, crude (digestible), percent |
32 (28) |
38 (34) |
38 (34) |
35 (30.5) |
32 (28) |
|
Amino acids |
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|
Arginine, percent |
1.20 |
1.5 |
2.04 |
1.31 |
1.18 |
|
Histidine, percent |
0.42 |
0.7 |
0.61 |
0.64 |
0.48 |
|
Isoleucine, percent |
0.73 |
0.9 |
0.75 |
0.76 |
0.87 |
|
Leucine, percent |
0.98 |
1.4 |
1.33 |
1.00 |
0.95 |
|
Lysine, percent |
1.43 |
1.8 |
1.70 |
1.74 |
1.43 |
|
Methionine + cystine, percent |
0.64 |
1.0 |
1.36 |
0.94 |
0.90 |
|
Phenylalanine + tyrosine, percent |
1.40 |
1.8 |
1.73 |
1.98 |
1.55 |
|
Threonine, percent |
0.56 |
0.8 |
0.75 |
1.19 |
1.05 |
|
Tryptophan, percent |
0.14 |
0.2 |
0.17 |
0.24 |
0.28 |
|
Valine, percent |
0.84 |
1.2 |
1.09 |
1.10 |
0.78 |
|
n-3 fatty acids, percent |
0.5-1 |
1 |
1-2 |
1 |
— |
|
n-6 fatty acids, percent |
— |
1 |
— |
1 |
0.5-1 |
|
Macrominerals |
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|
Calcium, percent |
R |
1E |
NT |
NT |
R |
|
Chlorine, percent |
R |
0.9E |
NT |
NT |
NT |
|
Magnesium, percent |
0.04 |
0.05 |
NT |
0.05 |
0.06 |
|
Phosphorus, percent |
0.45 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
|
Potassium, percent |
R |
0.7 |
0.8 |
NT |
NT |
|
Sodium, percent |
R |
0.6E |
NT |
NT |
NT |
|
Microminerals |
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|
Copper, mg/kg |
5 |
3 |
NT |
3 |
R |
|
Iodine, mg/kg |
1.1E |
1.1 |
0.6-1.1 |
NT |
NT |
|
Iron, mg/kg |
30 |
60 |
NT |
150 |
NT |
|
Manganese, mg/kg |
2.4 |
13 |
R |
13 |
R |
|
Zinc, mg/kg |
20 |
30 |
R |
30 |
20 |
|
Selenium, mg/kg |
0.25 |
0.3 |
R |
NT |
NT |
|
Fat-soluble vitamins |
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|
A, IU/kg |
1,000-2,000 |
2,500 |
2,500 |
4,000 |
NT |
|
D, IU/kg |
500 |
2,400 |
NT |
NT |
NT |
|
E, IU/kg |
50 |
50 |
50 |
100 |
50 |
|
K, mg/kg |
R |
R |
R |
NT |
NT |
|
Water-soluble vitamins |
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|
Ribolfavin, mg/kg |
9 |
4 |
7 |
7 |
6 |
|
Pantothenic acid, mg/kg |
15 |
20 |
20 |
30 |
10 |
|
Niacin, mg/kg |
14 |
10 |
R |
28 |
NT |
|
Vitamin B12, mg/kg |
R |
0.01E |
R |
NR |
NR |
|
Choline, mg/kg |
400 |
1,000 |
800 |
500 |
NT |
|
Biotin, mg/kg |
R |
0.15 |
R |
1 |
NT |
|
Folate, mg/kg |
1.5 |
1.0 |
2 |
NR |
NT |
|
Thiamin, mg/kg |
1 |
1 |
R |
0.5 |
NT |
|
Vitamin B6, mg/kg |
3 |
3 |
6 |
6NT |
|
|
Myoinsitol, mg/kg |
NR |
300 |
300 |
440 |
NT |
|
Vitamin C, mg/kg |
25-50 |
50 |
50 |
R |
50 |
|
NOTE: These requirements have been determined with highly purified ingredients in which the nutrients are highly digestible, therefore the values presented represent near 100 percent bioavailability. a R, required in diet but quantity not determined; NR, no dietary requirement demonstrated under experimental conditions; NT, not tested; and E, estimated. b Typical energy concentrations in commercial diets. |
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