Abalone

Haliotis spp.

Largemouth bass

Micropterus salmoides

Atlantic salmon

Salmo salar

Milkfish

Chanos chanos

Atlantic silverside

Menidia menidia

Mossambique tilapia

Oreochromis mossambica

Ayu

Plecoglossus altivelis

Nile tilapia

Oreochromis nilotica

Bighead carp

Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

Oriental weatherfish

Misgurnus anguillcaudatus

Black sea bream

Mylio macrocephalus

Pacific salmon

Oncorhynchus spp.

Blue tilapia

Oreochromis aurea

Pike

Esox lucius

Bluegill

Lepomis machrochirus

Pink salmon

Oncorhynchus gorbuscha

Brook trout

Salvelinus fontinalis

Plaice (American)

Hippoglossoides platessoides

Brown trout

Salmo trutta linnaeus

Platyfish (southern)

Xiphophorus maculatus

Catfish

Schilbeades mollis

Pollock

Pollachius virens

Channel catfish

Ictalurus punctatus

Puffer (marbled)

Sphoeroides dorsalis

Chinook salmon

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha

Rainbow trout

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Chum salmon

Oncorhynchus keta

Red sea bream

Pagellus bogaraveo

Cod

Gadus morhua

Roach

Rutilus rutilus

Coho salmon

Oncorhynchus kisutch

Sablefish

Anoplopoma fimbria

Common carp

Cyprinus carpio

Sea bass (European bass)

Morone labrax

Estuary grouper

Epinephelus striatus

Silver carp

Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Fancy red carp

Cyprinus carpio

Skate

Raja spp.

Giant sea perch

Archoplites interruptus

Skipjack tuna

Katsuwonus pelamis

Gilthead (sea) bream

Sparus auratus

Smallmouth bass

Micropterus dolomieu

Goldfish

Carassius auratus

Snakehead

Channa striata

Grass carp

Ctenopharyngodon idella

Sockeye salmon

Oncorhynchus nerka

Grey mullet

Mugil cephalus

Striped bass

Morone saxatilis

Guppy

Poecilia reticulata

Striped jack

Longirostris delicatissimus

Haddock

Melanogrammus aeglefinus

Sturgeon

Acipenser spp.

Hake

Merluccius bilinearis

Sunfish(redbreast)

Lepomis auritus

Herring

Clupea harengus

Swordtail (green)

Xiphophorus helleri

Indian catfish

Heteropneustes fossilis

Turbot

Scophthalmus maximus

Indian major carp

White bass

Morone chrysops

Catla catla

Whitefish

Coregonus spp.

Labeo rohita

White sturgeon

Acipenser transmontanus

Japanese (blue) parrotfish

Scarus coeruleus

Winter flounder

Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Japanese eel

Anguilla japonica

Yellowtail

Seriola lalandi

Lake trout

Salvelinus namaycush

Zillii's tilapia

Tilapia zillii

Methionine

Cataracts

Tryptophan

Scoliosis, cataracts, fin erosion, deranged mineral metabolism

Lysine

Fin erosion, mortality

Calcium

Reduced growth

Reduced growth, anorexia

Reduced growth, poor feed conversion and bone mineralization

Reduced growth, anorexia, poor feed conversion

Magnesium (Mg)

Reduced growth, anorexia, sluggishness, nephrocalcinosis, cataracts, degeneration of muscle fibers and epithelial cells of pyloric caeca and gill filaments, skeletal deformity, reduced bone mineralization, reduced bone Mg concentration

Reduced growth, anorexia, sluggishness, mortality, reduced bone Mg concentration

Reduced growth, anorexia

Reduced growth, anorexia, sluggishness, convulsions, cataracts, mortality, reduced bone Mg concentration

Phosphorus

Reduced growth, poor food conversion and bone mineralization

Reduced growth, poor food conversion and bone mineralization

Reduced growth, anorexia

Reduced growth, poor bone mineralization, skeletal and cranial deformity, increased visceral fat

Poor feed conversion and mineralization, curved and enlarged spongy vertebrae

Potassium

Anorexia, convulsion, tetany, mortality

Copper (Cu)

Reduced liver Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase and heart cytochrome c oxidase activity

Reduced growth and reduced heart cytochrome c, oxidase activity

Iodine

Thyroid hyperplasia

Iron

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Reduced growth, poor feed conversion

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Selenium

Muscular dystrophy, exudative diathesis, reduced glutathione peroxidase activity

Reduced growth, reduced glutathione peroxidase activity

Reduced growth, anemia, cataracts

Zinc (Zn)

Reduced growth, short-body dwarfism, cataracts, fin erosion, mortality

Reduced growth, anorexia, reduced bone Ca and Zn concentration, low serum Zn

Reduced growth, anorexia, cataracts, fin and skin erosion, mortality

Reduced growth, anorexia, loss of equilibrium, mortality

A

Skin depigmentation, exophthalmia, eyes and lens displacement, corneal thinning, retinal degeneration, edema, ascites

Exophthalmia, edema, hemorrhagic kidney, skin depigmentation

Not tested

Skin depigmentation exophthalmia, twisted opercula, hemorrhagic fin and skin

Arrested growth of opercula; dark skin coloration; anemia; hemorrhagic fins, eyes, and liver

Not tested

D

Impaired calcium homeostasis, tetany of skeletal muscle, increased liver lipid

Low bone ash, potassium, and calcium contents

Not tested

Not tested

Not tested

Not tested

E

Skin depigmentation, anemia, ascites, abnormal erythrocytes, muscular dystrophy, edema

Skin depigmentation, exudative diathesis, muscular dystrophy, fatty liver, pancreatic atrophy, ceroid deposition

Not tested

Exophthalmia, lordosis, muscular dystrophy, kidney degeneration, pancreatic degeneration

Dark skin coloration, congested fins and bronchial mantles, spasms

Not tested

K

Prolonged blood clotting, anemia, hemorrhagic gills and eyes

Hemorrhagic skin

Not tested

Not tested

Not tested

Not tested

Thiamin

Nervous disorders, loss of equilibrium, hyperirritability, convulsions, low transketolase activity in erythrocytes and kidney

Dark skin coloration, loss of equilibrium, nervousness

Trunk-winding activity, subcutaneous hemorrhage, congested fins

Nervousness, skin depigmentation, subcutaneous hemorrhage

Dark skin coloration, congested fins and bronchial mantles

Subcutaneous hemorrhage, congested fins

Riboflavin

Lethargy, dark pigmentation, spinal deformities, fin hemorrhage and erosion, photophobia, corneal vascularization, eye hemorrhage, reduced activity of erythrocyte glutathione reductase

Short-body dwarfism

Lethargy, dermatitis, photophobia, fin hemorrhage, abdominal hemorrhage

Emaciation, photophobia, nervousness, hemorrhage of skin and fins, anterior kidney necrosis

Dark skin coloration, cloudy cornea

Poor growth

Pyridoxine

Nervous disorders, anemia, eleptiform convulsions, hyperirritability, erratic spiral swimming, low resistance to handling

Nervous disorders, tetany, erratic swimming, greenish-blue coloration

Nervous disorders, eleptiform convulsions

Nervous disorders, anemia, low hepatopancreatic transferase

Lethargy, eleptiform spasms and convulsions

Poor growth

Pantothenic acid

Clubbed gills, distended operculum, atrophied pancreatic acinar cells, mortality

Emaciation, clubbed gills, eroded epidermis, anemia, mortality

Dermatitis, congested skin, hemorrhagic skin, abnormal swimming

Poor growth, lethargy, exophthalmia, skin hemorrhage

Clubbed gills, mortality

Poor growth, mortality

Niacin

Skin, fin, and colon lesions; photosensitivity; sunburn; abdominal edema; muscular weakness; anemia

Skin and fin lesions, exophthalmia, deformed jaws, anemia, mortality

Abnormal swimming, skin hemorrhage

Skin hemorrhage, mortality

Caudal fin erosion, skin hemorrhage, mortality

Poor growth

Biotin

Degenerative gill lamellae; skin lesions; muscle atrophy; spastic convulsion; reduced hepatic acetyl CoA, carboxylase, and pyruvate carboxylase; lipid infiltration of liver; degeneration of pancreatic acinar cells

Skin depigmentation, hypersensitivity, reduced hepatic pyruvate carboxylase

Abnormal swimming, dark skin coloration

Lethargy, increased number of dermal mucous cells

Lethargy, hemorrhage in gastrointestinal tracts

Not tested

Folate

Lethargy, slow growth, dark skin coloration, anemia

Lethargy, anemia, increased sensitivity to bacterial infection

Dark skin coloration

None detected

Congested fins and bronchial mantles

None detected

B₁₂

Microcytic hypochromic anemia, fragmented erythrocytes

Reduced growth, low hematocrit

Anorexia, poor growth

None detected

Congested fins and bronchial mantles, anemia, morality

Poor growth

Choline

Fatty liver, exopthalmia, extended abdomen, hemorrhagic kidney and intestine

Enlarged liver, hemorrhagic kidney and intestine

White-grey intestine

Fatty liver, vacuolization of hepatic cells

Dark skin

Poor growth, mortality

Inositol

Dark skin coloration, distended abdomen, anemia, fin erosion, reduced activity of cholinesterase and transaminase

None detected

White-grey intestine

Loss of skin mucosa

Lethargy, dark skin coloration

Poor growth

Ascorbic acid

Lethargy, hemorrhagic exophthalmia, intramuscular hemorrhage, distorted gill filaments, lordosis, scoliosis, ascites, anemia

Internal and external hemorrhages, fin erosion, reduced bone collagen, lordosis, scoliosis

Fin and dermal hemorrhages, lower jaw erosion

Poor growth

Skin hemorrhage, dark skin coloration, lordosis, scoliosis, anemia, mortality

Poor growth