Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition (2024)
Chapter: Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered
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Appendix A
Next Chapter: Appendix B: Acronym/Initialism List
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
Appendix A
U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered
TABLE A-1 U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered
| Document | Year | Overview (Taken from Document/Source) |
|---|---|---|
| WHITE HOUSE/INTERAGENCY | ||
| Interim National Security Strategic Guidance | 2021 | Presents President Biden’s vision for how America will engage with the world among shifting global dynamics. Departments and agencies are directed to align their actions with this guidance, even as they begin work on a National Security Strategy (NSS). There is no explicit mention of chemical weapons or chemical terrorism. |
| National Security Strategy | 2017 | Organized around four pillars of effort, the first of which is “Protect the American People, the Homeland, and the American Way of Life.” A goal within this pillar is to defend against weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threats, and priority actions are identified. |
| National Strategy for Counterterrorism of the United States of America | 2018 | Describes the United States government (USG) approach to countering nonstate WMD threats, emphasizing the need for continuous pressure against WMD-capable terrorist groups, enhanced security for dangerous materials throughout the world, and increased burden sharing among our foreign partners. Outlines five strategic objectives that emphasize prevention, deterrence, detection, identification, and response. |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
| Document | Year | Overview (Taken from Document/Source) |
|---|---|---|
| Presidential Policy Directive (PPD)-8: National Preparedness | 2011 | Aims at strengthening the security and resilience of the United States through systematic preparation for the threats that pose the greatest risk to the security of the nation, including acts of terrorism, cyberattacks, pandemics, and catastrophic natural disasters. Under this directive, the Secretary of Homeland Security is responsible for coordinating domestic all-hazards preparedness efforts of federal departments and agencies in consultation with other levels of government, nongovernmental organizations, private sector partners, and the public. |
| PPD-21: Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience | 2013 | Outlines a national effort to strengthen and maintain secure, functioning, and resilient critical infrastructure. The chemical industry is designated as the first of 16 national critical infrastructure sectors. |
| Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD)-4: National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction | 2002 | Outlines three pillars of effort to counter the threat of WMDs: counterproliferation to combat WMD use; strengthened nonproliferation to combat WMD proliferation; and consequence management to respond to WMD use. The Strategy also details four “cross-cutting enabling functions” to be pursued: intelligence collection and analysis on WMD, delivery systems, and related technologies; research and development to improve our ability to respond to evolving threats; bilateral and multilateral cooperation; and targeted strategies against hostile states and terrorists. |
| HSPD-5: Management of Domestic Incidents | 2003 | Establishes a single, comprehensive national incident management system to enhance the ability of the United States to manage domestic incidents. This directive gives the Secretary of Homeland Security responsibility for managing domestic incidents, including incidents related to chemical terrorism. |
| HSPD-9: Defense of U.S. Agriculture and Food | 2004 | Establishes a national policy to defend the agriculture and food system against terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. |
| HSPD-18: Medical Countermeasures Against Weapons of Mass Destruction | 2007 | Describes the principles from which national guidance is derived for addressing the challenges presented by the diverse chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) threat spectrum, optimizing the investments necessary for medical countermeasures development, and ensuring that USG activities significantly enhance domestic and international response and recovery capabilities. Outlines the chemical threats for which the development of targeted medical countermeasures might be warranted. |
| National Strategy for CBRNE Standards | 2011 | Describes the need for chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and high yield explosives (CBRNE) standards. The Strategy specifies high-level goals, identifies lead activities to accomplish these goals, and provides the foundation to bridge current gaps. It establishes a structure to facilitate the coordination of CBRNE investments and activities among agency leaders, program managers, the research and testing community, and the private sector. |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
| Document | Year | Overview (Taken from Document/Source) |
|---|---|---|
| DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE | ||
| U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (USAMRDC) Handbook | 2023 | Establishes how each direct reporting agency unit works both internally and within the command structure to deliver emerging science and cutting-edge material to U.S. soldiers. Reporting agencies include the Chemical Biological Radiation and Nuclear Defense Research Coordinating Office Chemical Biological Defense Program (CBDP) (https://mrdc.amedd.army.mil/assets/docs/media/USAMRDC-Handbook.pdf) |
| DoD Strategy for Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction (CWMD) | 2014 | Represents the DoD’s response to the WMD threat. Specifies desired end states, prescribes priority objectives, delineates a strategic approach for achieving those objectives, and outlines the countering WMD activities and tasks necessary for success. Presents four priority objectives to define a comprehensive response to the WMD challenge and focus on shaping the environment, cooperating with partners, and prioritizing early action. |
| DoD Directive (DoDD) 5160.05E: Roles and Responsibilities Associated with the Chemical and Biological Defense Program | 2017, rev. 2019 | Establishes policy and assigns responsibilities associated with the CBDP research, development, and acquisition of CBRD capabilities required to support CWMD missions as set forth in the DoD Strategy for CWMD and DoDD 2060.02. Designates and defines the role of the Secretary of the Army as the DoD Executive Agent for the CBDP. |
| DoD Instruction (DoDI) 3020.52: DoD Installation Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Yield Explosive (CBRNE) Preparedness Standards | 2012 | Implements policy, assigns responsibilities, and prescribes procedures to establish and implement a program for a global DoD installation hazard response to manage the consequences of a CBRNE incident. It provides guidance for the establishment of a CBRNE preparedness program for emergency responders at all DoD installations. |
| DoDI 2000.21: DoD Support to International Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Incidents | 2016, rev. 2017 | Establishes policy and assigns responsibilities for DoD support to the USG response to international CBRN incidents. Policy states that DoD will conduct international CBRN-response operations to protect U.S. citizens, deter the use of WMD, minimize hazards and effects of CBRN incidents, and alleviate effects of such incidents. |
| Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction (CJCSI) 3125.01D: Defense Response to Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Incidents in the Homeland | 2015, current as of 202 | Provides the CJCS policy guidance and operational instructions for DoD response to CBRN incidents in the homeland. |
| CJCSI 3214.01E: Defense Support for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Incidents on Foreign Territory | 1 2015, current as of 2021 | Provides guidance for assistance provided by U.S. military resources in support of USG objectives to prepare for and respond to CBRN incidents that occur on or impact foreign territory. |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
| Document | Year | Overview (Taken from Document/Source) |
|---|---|---|
| Description of the National Military Strategy | 2018 | Unclassified summary of the Strategy which provides the Joint Force a framework for protecting and advancing U.S. national interests. The Strategy implements the policy and strategy direction provided in the 2017 National Security Strategy, the 2018 National Defense Strategy, the Defense Planning Guidance, and other documents. Articulates a continuum of strategic direction to frame global integration into three strategy horizons to meet the challenges of the existing and future security environment. |
| National Military Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction | 2006 | Defines a strategic end state, military strategic objectives, and the missions and means to achieve them. Provides a framework to the DoD on which to base deliberate planning, coordination activities, operations, and capabilities development. |
| Chemical and Biological Defense Program (CBDP) Strategic Plan | 2008 | Guides the actions of the CBDP and outlines the strategic priorities to accomplish four overarching goals over the next 10 to 15 years. One such goal is: “Define and develop future capabilities to increase significantly our ability to dissuade, deter, defend against, and defeat any future adversary in any CBRN threat environment.” |
| CBDP Annual Report to Congress, Public Summary | 2021 | Assesses and evaluates the DoD Fiscal Year 2020 chemical and biological defense efforts and overall readiness to fight and win in a chemically and biologically-contaminated environment. |
| CBDP Annual Report to Congress | 2018 | Focuses on the readiness of the DoD to respond to current and emerging threats and highlights important collaborations, research, and development activities to address novel threats. Highlighted are opportunities to strengthen the readiness of the Joint Force to operate in a contaminated environment. |
| Commander’s Handbook for Strategic Communication and Communication Strategy | 2009 | Predoctrinal document on strategic communication (SC) and development of communication strategy at all levels of command. Provides fundamental principles and best practices as a bridge between current practice in the field and migration into doctrine. As such, it is a useful tool for identifying to improve/strengthen interagency communication and coordination in preventing, countering, and responding to WMDT involving chemical threats. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA525371.pdf |
| DTRA-JSTO eBook | N/A | Outlines the mission, strategy, and capabilities of Defense Threat Reduction Agency Joint Science and Technology Office (DTRA JSTO). Describes the CBDP and DTRA JSTO’s role in supporting disruptive scientific and technological advancements to protect the warfighter and the nation. |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
| Document | Year | Overview (Taken from Document/Source) |
|---|---|---|
| DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY | ||
| National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP): Partnering for Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience | 2013 | Guides the national effort to manage risk to the nation’s critical infrastructure. Presents an integrated approach with partnerships among owners and operators; federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial (FSLTT) governments; regional entities; nonprofit organizations; and academia to manage the risks from significant threats and hazards to physical and cyber critical infrastructure. The approach addresses the need to identify, deter, detect, disrupt, and prepare for threats and hazards to the nation’s critical infrastructure. |
| National Incident Management System (NIMS) | 2017 | NIMS guides all levels of government, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector to work together to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from incidents. https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_nims_doctrine-2017.pdf |
| HHS Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management Response Guidance | Planning, medical response, and decontamination guidance for conventional chemicals and chemical warfare agents. | |
| Goals of the documents: | ||
| Enable first responders, first receivers, other healthcare providers, and planners to plan for, respond to, recover from, and mitigate the effects of mass-casualty incidents involving chemicals; | ||
| provide a comprehensive, user-friendly, web-based resource that is also downloadable in advance, so that it would be available during an event if the internet is not accessible; goals above are from the above top-level document found at https://chemm.hhs.gov/index.html. | ||
| Similarly, 2015–2018 HHS/BARDA released the Primary Response Incident Scene Management (PRISM) Guidance documents. | ||
| PRISM Volume 1: Strategic guidance relevant to senior incident commanders, https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/BARDA/Documents/PRISM%20Volume%201_Strategic%20Guidance%20Second%20Edition.pdf | ||
| PRISM Volume 2: Reviews the processes involved in mass patient disrobe and decontamination, the rationale that underpins each process, and guidance for first responder training/exercising. https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/media/36873/prism-volume-2.pdf | ||
| PRISM Volume 3: The tactical guidance mass patient disrobe and decontamination which aims to provide all federal, and STLL first responders with a simple, readily accessible guide to critical aspects of the incident response processes. https://www.medicalcountermeasures.gov/BARDA/Documents/PRISM%20Volume%203__Operational%20Guidance%20Second%20Edition.pdf | ||
| CDC Chemical Emergency Guidance for the General Public. https://www.cdc.gov/chemicalemergencies/index.html | ||
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
| Document | Year | Overview (Taken from Document/Source) |
|---|---|---|
| CLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS | No Information | |
| National Security Presidential Memo/NSPM36 | ||
| National Defense Strategy | 2022 & 2023 | |
| United States Global Campaign to Deter the Use of Chemical Weapons by State and Not-State Actors |
TABLE A-2 List of Organizations that Briefed the Committee
| Federal Agency | Organization | Acronym | Briefer |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States House of Representatives | House Armed Services Committee | Shannon Green | |
| DoD | Office of the Secretary of Defense (Policy) | OSD(P) | Robert Thompson |
| DoD | Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Joint Science and Technology Office | DTRA JSTO | Ronald K. Hann, Jr. |
| DoD | Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense | JPEO-CBRND | Daniel J. McCormick |
| DoD | Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Defense Programs | OASD, NCB, or CBD | Ian Watson |
| DoD | U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center | CCDC CBC | Robert Kristovich and Joy Ginter |
| DoD | U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense | USAMRICD | |
| DoD | 20th Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosives Command | 20th CBRNE Command | |
| Pentagon Briefings | Under Secretary of Defense for Policy, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense | DASD | DASD Watson, IC Participants |
| DHS | Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office and Chemical Coordination Group | CWMD & CCG | Mark Kirk |
| DHS | Federal Emergency Management Agency | FEMA | Lito Ignacio |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
| Federal Agency | Organization | Acronym | Briefer |
|---|---|---|---|
| DHS | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency and Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards | CISA & CFATS | Annie Hunziker and Kelly Murray |
| DoD | Defense Threat Reduction Agency Cooperative Threat Reduction | DTRA, CTR | Pat Becker and Michelle Nalabandian Scott |
| DHS | Chemical Security Analysis Center | CSAC | Shannon Fox |
| FBI | Weapons of Mass Destruction Directorate | WMDD | Todd Savage |
| FBI | Chemical Biological Countermeasures Unit | CBCU | Scott Sharp |
| FBI | Intelligence Analysis Section | Mathew Hendley and Patrick McNellis | |
| FBI | Laboratory Division | Doug Anders | |
| NIH/NIAID | Chemical Countermeasures Research Program | NIAID, CCRP | David Yeung |
| DHHS | Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority | BARDA | Judy Laney |
| NCTC | Weapons of Mass Destruction Counter Terrorism Group | WMD-CT | Thomas Breske |
| DoD | United States Special Operations Command | SOCOM | Ruth Berglin, Alissa Ackley, and Justin Gorkowski |
| State Department | The Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation | ISN | Michael Wipper, Allison Tolbert, Costa Nicolaidis, and Kaitlyn Hudson |
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
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Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
Suggested Citation:
"Appendix A: U.S. Government Strategies and Other Documents Considered." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Chemical Terrorism: Assessment of U.S. Strategies in the Era of Great Power Competition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
doi: 10.17226/27159.
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