References
Acevedo-Garcia, D., C. Noelke, N. McArdle, N. Sofer, E. F. Hardy, M. Weiner, M. Baek, N. Huntington, R. Huber, and J. Reece. 2020. Racial and ethnic inequities in children’s neighborhoods: Evidence from the new Child Opportunity Index 2.0. Health Affairs (Millwood) 39(10):1693–1701.
AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). 2021. Strength, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats Analysis. https://digital.ahrq.gov/health-it-tools-and-resources/evaluation-resources/workflow-assessment-health-it-toolkit/all-workflow-tools/swot-analysis (accessed October 20, 2023).
Alberga, A. S., B. J. Pickering, K. Alix Hayden, G. D. C. Ball, A. Edwards, S. Jelinski, S. Nutter, S. Oddie, A. M. Sharma, and S. Russell-Mayhew. 2016. Weight bias reduction in health professionals: A systematic review. Clinical Obesity 6(3):175–188.
Alberga, A. S., I. Y. Edache, M. Forhan, and S. Russell-Mayhew. 2019. Weight bias and health care utilization: A scoping review. Primary Health Care Research and Development 20(e116):1–14.
Aldrich, T., and B. Hackley. 2010. The impact of obesity on gynecologic cancer screening: An integrative literature review. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 55(4):344–356.
Apovian, C. M., L. J. Aronne, D. H. Bessesen, M. E. McDonnell, M. H. Murad, U. Pagotto, D. H. Ryan, and C. D. Still. 2015. Pharmacological management of obesity: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 100(2):342–362.
Association for Size Diversity and Health. 2020. About Health at Every Size. https://asdah.org/health-at-every-size-haes-approach (accessed September 15, 2023).
Austin, S. B., and T. K. Richmond. 2022. It’s time to retire BMI as a clinical metric. Medpage Today. https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/second-opinions/101296 (accessed October 20, 2023).
Baig, K., S. B. Dusetzina, D. D. Kim, and A. A. Leech. 2023. Medicare Part D coverage of antiobesity medication—challenges and uncertainty ahead. New England Journal of Medicine 388(11):961–963.
Bailey, Z. D., N. Krieger, M. Agénor, J. Graves, N. Linos, and M. T. Bassett. 2017. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. Lancet 389:1453–1463.
Blayney, D. W. 2008. Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Journal of Oncology Practice 4(2):53.
Blüher, M. 2020. Metabolically healthy obesity. Endocrine Reviews 41(3):bnaa004.
Bosy-Westphal, A., and M. J. Müller. 2021. Diagnosis of obesity based on body composition–associated health risks—Time for a change in paradigm. Obesity Reviews. 22(S2):e13190.
Braveman, P., E. Arkin, T. Orleans, D. Proctor, and A. Plough. 2017. What is health equity? And what difference does a definition make? Princeton, NJ: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Bronfenbrenner, U. 1979. The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brown, A., and S. W. Flint. 2021. Preferences and emotional response to weight-related terminology used by healthcare professionals to describe body weight in people living with overweight and obesity. Clinical Obesity 11(5):e12470.
Caban, A. J., D. J. Lee, L. E. Fleming, O. Gómez-Marín, W. LeBlanc, and T. Pitman. 2005. Obesity in U.S. workers: The National Health Interview Survey, 1986 to 2002. American Journal of Public Health 95(9):1614–1622.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2020. BRFSSPrevalenceandTrendsData. https://nccd.cdc.gov/BRFSSPrevalence/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=DPH_BRFSS.ExploreByTopic&irbLocationType=StatesAndMMSA&islClass=CLASS14&islTopic=TOPIC09&islYear=2020&rdRnd=62773 (accessed October 20, 2023).
CDC. 2022. Prevalence of Diagnosed Diabetes. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/diagnosed-diabetes.html (accessed October 20, 2023).
CDC, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. 2023. State Physical Activity and Nutrition (SPAN) Program. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/span-1807/ (accessed October 20, 2023).
Cherian, S., G. D. Lopaschuk, and E. Carvalho. 2012. Cellular cross-talk between epicardial adipose tissue and myocardium in relation to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Physiology—Endocrinology and Metabolism 303(8):E937–49.
Clark, S., A. Rene, W. M. Theurer, and M. Marshall. 2002. Association of body mass index and health status in firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 44(10):940–946.
CMS (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services). 2011. National Coverage Determination: Intensive Behavioral Therapy for Obesity. https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncd.aspx?NCDId=353 (accessed October 20, 2023).
Deloitte Access Economics, Dove, and STRIPED (Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders: A Public Health Incubator). 2022. The Real Cost of Beauty Ideals. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/striped/wp-content/uploads/sites/1267/2022/10/Real-Cost-of-Beauty-Report-10-4-22.pdf (accessed October 20, 2023).
Eisenberg, D., S. A. Shikora, E. Aarts, A. Aminian, L. Angrisani, R. V. Cohen, M. De Luca, S. L. Faria, K. P. S. Goodpaster, A. Haddad, J. M. Himpens, L. Kow, M. Kurian, K. Loi, K. Mahawar, A. Nimeri, M. O’Kane, P. K. Papasavas, J. Ponce, J. S. A. Pratt, A. M. Rogers, K. E. Steele, M. Suter, and S. N. Kothari. 2022. American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO): Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Surgery for Obesity and Related Disease 18(12):1345–1356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2022.08.013.
Eknoyan, G. 2008. Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) —The average man and indices of obesity. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 23(1):47–51.
Flegal, K. M., C. L. Ogden, J. A. Yanovski, D. S. Freedman, J. A. Shepherd, B. I. Graubard, and L. G. Borrud. 2010. High adiposity and high body mass index–for-age in U.S. children and adolescents overall and by race-ethnic group, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91(4):1020–1026.
Frei, F. X., and A. Morriss. 2020. Begin with trust. Harvard Business Review, May–June 2020. https://hbr.org/2020/05/begin-with-trust (accessed August 10, 2023).
Garvey, W. T., A. J. Garber, J. I. Mechanick, G. A. Bray, S. Dagogo-Jack, D. Einhorn, G. Grunberger, Y. Handelsman, C. H. Hennekens, D. L. Hurley, J. McGill, P. Palumbo, G. Umpierrez, and the AACE Obesity Scientific Committee. 2014. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on the 2014 advanced framework for a new diagnosis of obesity as a chronic disease. Endocrine Practice 20(9):977–989.
Garvey, W. T., J. I. Mechanick, E. M. Brett, A. J. Garber, D. L. Hurley, A. M. Jastreboff, K. Nadolsky, R. Pessah-Pollack, R. Plodkowski, and Reviewers of the AACE/ACE Obesity Clinical Practice Guidelines. 2016. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocrine Practice 22(Suppl 3):1–203.
Garvey, W. T., and J. I. Mechanick. 2020. Proposal for a scientifically-correct and medically-actionable disease classification system (ICD) for obesity. Obesity 28(3):484–492.
Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce. 2018. Shifts in Employment Share for All Industries. https://cew.georgetown.edu/cew-reports/manufacturingstates/ (accessed October 20, 2023).
Grants.gov. 2018. CDC-RFA-DP18-1807: State Physical Activity and Nutrition Program: Department of Health and Human Services: Centers for Disease Control—NCCDPHP. https://www.grants.gov/web/grants/view-opportunity.html?oppId=299540 (accessed October 20, 2023).
Green, B. L., P. A. Saunders, E. Power, P. Dass-Brailsford, K. B. Schelbert, E. Giller, L. Wissow, A. Hurtado-de-Mendoza, and M. Mete. 2015. Trauma-informed medical care: A CME communication training for primary care providers. Family Medicine 47(1):7–14.
Gu, J. K., L. E. Charles, K. M. Bang, C. C. Ma, M. E. Andrew, J. M. Violanti, and C. M. Burchfiel. 2014. Prevalence of obesity by occupation among U.S. workers: The National Health Interview Survey 2004–2011. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56(5):516–528.
Guo, F., D. R. Moellering, and W. T. Garvey. 2014. The progression of cardiometabolic disease: Validation of a new cardiometabolic disease staging system applicable to obesity. Obesity 22(1):110–118.
Hadjiyannakis, S., A. Buchholz, J.-P. Chanoine, M. M. Jetha, L. Gaboury, J. Hamilton, C. Birken, K. M. Morrison, L. Legault, T. Bridger, S. R. Cook, J. Lyons, A. M. Sharma, and G. D. C. Ball. 2016. The Edmonton Obesity Staging System for Pediatrics: A proposed clinical staging system for paediatric obesity. Paediatrics & Child Health 21(1):21–26.
Hadjiyannakis, S., Q. Ibrahim, J. Li, G. D. C. Ball, A. Buchholz, J. K. Hamilton, I. Zenlea, J. Ho, L. Legault, A-M. Laberge, L. Thabane, M. Tremblay, and K. M. Morrison. 2019. Obesity class versus the Edmonton Obesity Staging System for Pediatrics to define health risk in childhood obesity: Results from the CANPWR cross-sectional study. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health 3(6):398–407.
Hahn, S. L., K. A. Borton, and K. R. Sonneville. 2018. Cross-sectional associations between weight-related health behaviors and weight misperception among U.S. adolescents with overweight/obesity. BMC Public Health 18(1):1–8.
Hales, C. M., C. D. Fryar, M. D. Carroll, D. S. Freedman, and C. L. Ogden. 2018. Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in U.S. youth and adults by sex and age, 2007–2008 to 2015–2016. Journal of the American Medical Association 319(16):1723–1725.
Hamman, R. F., R. R. Wing, S. L. Edelstein, J. M. Lachin, G. A. Bray, L. Delahanty, M. Hoskin, A. M. Kriska, E. J. Mayer-Davis, X. Pi-Sunyer, J. Regensteiner, B. Venditti, and J. WylieRosett, for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. 2006. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care 29(9):2102–2107.
Hampl, S. E., S. G. Hassink, A. C. Skinner, S. C. Armstrong, S. E. Barlow, C. F. Bolling, K. C. Avila Edwards, I. Eneli, R. Hamre, M. M. Joseph, D. Lunsford, E. Mendonca, M. P. Michalsky, N. Mirza, E. R. Ochoa, M. Sharifi, A. E. Staiano, A. E. Weedn, S. K. Flinn, J. Lindros, and K. Okechukwu. 2023. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. Pediatrics 151(2):e2022060640.
Haqq, A. M., M. Kebbe, Q. Tan, M. Manco, and X. R. Salas. 2021. Complexity and stigma of pediatric obesity. Child Obesity 17(4):229–240.
Haynes, A., I. Kersbergen, A. Sutin, M. Daly, and E. Robinson. 2018. A systematic review of the relationship between weight status perceptions and weight loss attempts, strategies, behaviours and outcomes. Obesity Reviews 19(3):347–363.
Hazzard, V. M., S. L. Hahn, and K. R. Sonneville. 2017. Weight misperception and disordered weight control behaviors among U.S. high school students with overweight and obesity: Associations and trends, 1999–2013. Eating Behaviors 26:189–195.
Healthcare Bluebook. 2023. https://www.healthcarebluebook.com/ui/home (accessed October 20, 2023).
Healthy People 2030. n.d. Browse Objectives. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives (accessed October 20, 2023).
HHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). 2001. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44206/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK44206.pdf (accessed October 20, 2023).
Huizinga, M. M., S. N. Bleich, M. C. Beach, J. M. Clark, and L. A. Cooper. 2010. Disparity in physician perception of patients’ adherence to medications by obesity status. Obesity 18(10):1932–1937.
Hunger, J. M., and B. Major. 2015. Weight stigma mediates the association between BMI and self-reported health. Health Psychology 34(2):172.
IOM (Institute of Medicine). 2012. Accelerating progress in obesity prevention: Solving the weight of the nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
James, W. P. 2008. WHO recognition of the global obesity epidemic. International Journal of Obesity 32(Suppl7):S120-6.
Jensen, M. D., D. H. Ryan, C. M. Apovian, J. D. Ard, A. G. Comuzzie, K. A. Donato, F. B. Hu, V. S. Hubbard, J. M. Jakicic, R. F. Kushner, C. M. Loria, B. E. Millen, C. A. Nonas, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, J. Stevens, V. J. Stevens, T. A. Wadden, B. M. Wolfe, and S. Z. Yanovski. 2013. AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults. Circulation 63(25):2985–3023.
Kirk, S. F. L., X. Ramos Salas, A. S. Alberga, and S. Russell-Mayhew. 2020. Canadian Adult Obesity Clinical Practice Guidelines: Reducing Weight Bias in Obesity Management, Practice and Policy. https://obesitycanada.ca/guidelines/weightbias (accessed August 9, 2023).
Kling, H. E., X. Yang, S. E. Messiah, K. L. Arheart, D. Brannan, and A. J. Caban-Martinez. 2016. Opportunities for increased physical activity in the workplace: The Walking Meeting (WaM) pilot study, Miami, 2015. Preventing Chronic Disease 13(E83).
Kling, H., K. Santiago, L. Benitez, N. Schaefer Solle, and A. J. Caban-Martinez. 2020. Characterizing objective and self-reported levels of physical activity among Florida firefighters across weight status category: A cross-sectional pilot study. Workplace Health and Safety 68(11):513–518.
Kuk, J. L., C. I. Ardern, T. S. Church, A. M. Sharma, R. Padwal, X. Sui, and S. N. Blair. 2011. Edmonton Obesity Staging System: Association with weight history and mortality risk. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 36(4):570–576.
Kumanyika, S. 2017. Getting to equity in obesity prevention: A new framework. NAM Perspectives. Discussion Paper, National Academy of Medicine, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.31478/201701c.
Kumanyika, S. K. 2019. A framework for increasing equity impact in obesity prevention. American Journal of Public Health 109:1350–1357.
Kyle, T. K., and R. M. Puhl. 2014. Putting people first in obesity. Obesity 22(5):1211.
Kyle, T. K., E. J. Dhurandhar, and D. B. Allison. 2016. Regarding obesity as a disease: Evolving policies and their implications. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 45(3):511–520.
MacInnis, C. C., A. S. Alberga, S. Nutter, J. H. Ellard, and S. Russell-Mayhew. 2020. Regarding obesity as a disease is associated with lower weight bias among physicians: A cross-sectional survey study. Stigma and Health 5(1):114–122.
Martin, A. B., M. Hartman, J. Benson, A. Catlin, and National Health Expenditure Accounts Team. 2023. National health care spending in 2021: Decline in federal spending outweighs greater use of health care: Study examines national health care expenditures in 2021. Health Affairs 42(1):6–17.
Martin, C. B., K. A. Herrick, N. Sarafrazi, and C. L. Ogden. 2018. Attempts to lose weight among adults in the United States, 2013–2016. NCHS Data Brief, no 313. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
Martin, C. B., B. Stierman, J. A. Yanovski, C. M. Hales, N. Sarafrazi, and C. L. Ogden. 2022. Body fat differences among U.S. youth aged 8–19 by race and Hispanic origin, 2011–2018. Pediatric Obesity 17(7):e12898.
Mechanick, J. I., D. L. Hurley, and W. T. Garvey. 2017. Adiposity-based chronic disease as a new diagnostic term: The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Position Statement. Endocrine Practice 23(3):372–378.
Miller, D. P., Jr., J. G. Spangler, M. Z. Vitolins, S. W. Davis, E. H. Ip, G. S. Marion, and S. J. Crandall. 2013. Are medical students aware of their anti-obesity bias? Academic Medicine 88(7):978–982.
Minnesota Department of Health. 2021. SWOT Analysis. https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/practice/resources/phqitoolbox/swot.html#:~:text=More%20information-,What%20is%20a%20SWOT%20analysis%3F,weaknesses%2C%20opportunities%2C%20and%20threats (accessed October 20, 2023).
Mylod, D., and T. H. Lee. 2023. Giving hope as a high reliability function of health care. Journal of Patient Experience 10:1–3.
NCQA (National Committee for Quality Assurance). 2023. Adult BMI Assessment. https://www.ncqa.org/hedis/measures/adult-bmi-assessment (accessed October 20, 2023).
OAC (Obesity Action Coalition). 2023. Weight Bias Program. https://www.obesityaction.org/weightbias/#:~:text=The%20OAC%27s%20Weight%20Bias%20Program,tools%20to%20make%20a%20difference (accessed October 20, 2023).
Obesity Medicine Association. 2017. Definition of Obesity. https://obesitymedicine.org/definition-of-obesity (accessed October 20, 2023).
OCEANS (Outreach, Community, Engagement, Advocacy, Non-Discriminatory Support). 2023. @oceanslifestyles. https://www.instagram.com/oceanslifestyles/?hl=en (accessed October 20, 2023).
Ogden, C. L., C. D. Fryar, C. B. Martin, D. S. Freedman, M. D. Carroll, Q. Gu, and C. M. Hales. 2020. Trends in obesity prevalence by race and Hispanic origin—1999–2000 to 2017–2018. Journal of the American Medical Association 324(12):1208–1210.
O’Keeffe, M., S. W. Flint, K. Watts, and F. Rubino. 2020. Knowledge gaps and weight stigma shape attitudes toward obesity. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology 8(5):363–365.
O’Rahilly, S. 2021. “Treasure your exceptions”—Studying human extreme phenotypes to illuminate metabolic health and disease: The 2019 Banting Medal for Scientific Achievement Lecture. Diabetes 70(1):29–38.
Padwal, R. S., N. M. Pajewski, D. B. Allison, and A. M. Sharma. 2011. Using the Edmonton Obesity Staging System to predict mortality in a population-representative cohort of people with overweight and obesity. Canadian Medical Association Journal 183(14):E1059–E1066.
Peretti, J. 2013. Fat profits: How the food industry cashed in on obesity. The Guardian, August 7. https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/aug/07/fat-profits-food-industry-obesity (accessed October 20, 2023).
Phelan, S. M., D. J. Burgess, M. W. Yeazel, W. L. Hellerstedt, J. M. Griffin, and M. van Ryn. 2015. Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obesity Reviews 16(4): 319–326.
Poston, W. S. C, C. K. Haddock, S. A. Jahnke, N. Jitnarin, B. C. Tuley, and S. N. Kales. 2011. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, and substandard fitness in a population-based firefighter cohort. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53(3):266–273.
Puhl, R. M. 2020. What words should we use to talk about weight? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies examining preferences for weight-related terminology. Obesity Reviews 21:e13008.
Puhl, R. M., and Heuer, C.A. 2009. The stigma of obesity: A review and update. Obesity 17(5):941–964.
Puhl, R., and Y. Suh. 2015. Health consequences of weight stigma: Implications for obesity prevention and treatment. Current Obesity Reports 4(2):182–190.
Puhl, R. M., M. S. Himmelstein, S. C. Armstrong, and E. Kingsford. 2017. Adolescent preferences and reactions to language about body weight. International Journal of Obesity 41(7):1062–1065.
Puhl, R. M., M. S. Himmelstein, and D. M. Quinn. 2018. Internalizing weight stigma: Prevalence and sociodemographic considerations in U.S. adults. Obesity 26(1):167–175.
Puhl, R. M., L. M. Lessard, G. D. Foster, and M. I. Cardel. 2022. Patient and family perspectives on terms for obesity. Pediatrics 150(6):e2022058204.
Richmond, T. K., I. B. Thurston, and K. R. Sonneville. 2021. Weight-focused public health interventions—no benefit, some harm. Journal of the American Medical Association Pediatrics 175(3):238–239.
Roser, M. 2020. Why Is Life Expectancy in the U.S. Lower Than in Other Rich Countries? https://ourworldindata.org/us-life-expectancy-low (accessed October 20, 2023).
Rubino, F., R. M. Puhl, D. E. Cummings, R. H. Eckel, D. H. Ryan, J. I. Mechanick, J. Nadglowski, X. Ramos Salas, P. R. Schauer, D. Twenefour, C. M. Apovian, L. J. Aronne, R. L. Batterham, H.-R. Berthoud, C. Boza, L. Busetto, D. Dicker, M. De Groot, D. Eisenberg, S. W. Flint, T. T. Huang, L. M. Kaplan, J. P. Kirwan, J. Korner, T. K. Kyle, B. Laferrère, C. W. le Roux, L. McIver, G. Mingrone, P. Nece, T. J. Reid, A. M. Rogers, M. Rosenbaum, R. J. Seeley, A. J. Torres, and J. B. Dixon. 2020. Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity. Nature Medicine 26(4):485–497.
Rubino, F., R. L. Batterham, M. Koch, G. Mingrone, C. W. le Roux, I. S. Farooqi, N. Farpour-Lambert, E. W. Gregg, and D. E. Cummings. 2023. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology Commission on the Definition and Diagnosis of Clinical Obesity. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 11(4):226–228.
RWJF (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation). 2023. Bridge to health graphic. https://www.rwjf.org/content/dam/rwjf-web/illustrations/RWJFStructuralRacismBridgesSimple1200_675.png# (accessed November 27, 2023).
Sharma, A. M., and R. F. Kushner. 2009. A proposed clinical staging system for obesity. International Journal of Obesity 33(3):289–295.
Smith, D. L., P. C. Fehling, A. Frisch, J. M. Haller, M. Winke, and M. W. Dailey. 2012. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors and obesity in firefighters. Journal of Obesity 2012:908267.
Sonneville, K. R., I. B. Thurston, C. E. Milliren, H. C. Gooding, and T. K. Richmond. 2016a. Weight misperception among young adults with overweight/obesity associated with disordered eating behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders 49(10):937–946.
Sonneville, K. R., I. B. Thurston, C. E. Milliren, R.C. Kamody, H. C. Gooding, and T. K. Richmond. 2016b. Helpful or harmful? Prospective association between weight misperception and weight gain among overweight and obese adolescents and young adults. International Journal of Obesity 40(2):328–332.
Stierman, B., J. Afful, M. D. Carroll, T. C. Chen, O. Davy, S. Fink, C. D. Fryar, Q. Gu, C. M. Hales, J. P. Hughes, Y. Ostchega, R. J. Storandt, and L. A. Akinbami. 2021. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–March 2020 prepandemic data files—Development of files and prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes. National Health Statistics Reports no 158. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics.
Streeter, J., M. Roche, and A. Friedlander. 2021. From Bad to Worse: The Impact of Work-from-Home on Sedentary Behaviors and Exercising. https://longevity.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Sedentary-Brief.pdf (accessed October 20, 2023).
Strings, S. 2019. Fearing the Black body: The racial origins of fat phobia. New York: New York University Press.
TFAH (Trust for America’s Health). 2022. The State of Obesity: Better Policies for a Healthier America. https://www.tfah.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2022ObesityReport_FINAL3923.pdf (accessed October 20. 2023).
TFAH. 2023. The Impact of Chronic Underfunding on America’s Public Health System. https://www.tfah.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/TFAH-2023-PublicHealthFundingFINALc.pdf (accessed October 20, 2023).
Thurston, I. B., K. R. Sonneville, C. E. Milliren, R. C. Kamody, H. C. Gooding, and T. K. Richmond. 2017. Cross-sectional and prospective examination of weight misperception and depressive symptoms among youth with overweight and obesity. Prevention Science 18:152–163.
Tomiyama, A. J., D. Carr, E. M. Granberg, B. Major, E. Robinson, A. R. Sutin, and A. Brewis. 2018. How and why weight stigma drives the obesity “epidemic” and harms health. BMC Medicine 16(1):123.
Tondt, J., M. Freshwater, S. Christensen, M. Iliakova, E. Weaver, S. Benson-Davies, C. Younglove, S. Afreen, S. Karjoo, N. Khan, D. Thiara, and C. Whittle. 2023. Obesity Algorithm Slides, Presented by the Obesity Medicine Association. https://obesitymedicine.org/obesity-algorithm-powerpoint (accessed October 20, 2023).
Tylka, T. L., R. A. Annunziato, D. Burgard, S. Daníelsdóttir, E. Shuman, C. Davis, and R. M. Calogero. 2014. The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: Evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. Journal of Obesity. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/983495.
UConn Rudd Center for Food Policy and Health. 2017. Weight Bias: A Policy Brief. https://uconnruddcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2909/2020/07/Weight-Bias-Policy-Brief-2017.pdf (accessed October 20, 2023).
Unger, E. S., I. Kawachi, C. E. Milliren, K. R. Sonneville, I. B. Thurston, H. C. Gooding, and T. K. Richmond. 2017. Protective misperception? Prospective study of weight self-perception and blood pressure in adolescents with overweight and obesity. Journal of Adolescent Health 60(6):680–687.
Venkat Narayan, K. M., D. Kondal, N. Daya, U. P. Gujral, D. Mohan, S. A. Patel, R. Shivashankar, R. M. Anjana, L. R. Staimez, M. K. Ali, H. H. Chang, M. Kadir, D. Prabhakaran, E. Selvin, V. Mohan, and N. Tandon. 2021. Incidence and pathophysiology of diabetes in South Asian adults living in India and Pakistan compared with US Blacks and Whites. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care 9:e001927.
Venkat Narayan, K. M., D. Kondal, L. R. Staimez, R. Mohan Anjana, U. Gujral, M. Deepa, S. A. Patel, M. K. Ali, D. Prabhakaran, H. H. Chang, N. Tandon, and V. Mohan. 2022. Natural history of type 2 diabetes in South Asians: Arrow of time. Diabetes 71(Suppl_1):1193-P.
Ward, Z. J., S. N. Bleich, M. W. Long, and S. L. Gortmaker. 2021. Association of body mass index with health care expenditures in the United States by age and sex. PloS One 16(3):e0247307.
Weight Inclusive Nutrition and Dietetics. 2023. HAES: From a Social Justice “Movement” to a Framework of Care with Veronica Garnett MS RDN, Foundations of WIND Workshop. https://www.weightinclusivenutrition.com/foundations-of-weight-inclusive-care (accessed September 15, 2023).
White House. 2022. Biden–Harris Administration National Strategy on Hunger, Nutrition, and Health. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/White-House-National-Strategy-on-Hunger-Nutrition-and-Health-FINAL.pdf (accessed October 20, 2023).
WHO (World Health Organization). 1995. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry—Report of a WHO Expert Committee. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/37003/WHO_TRS_854.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (accessed October 20, 2023).
Wilding, J. P. H., and S. Jacob. 2021. Cardiovascular outcome trials in obesity: A review. Obesity Reviews 22(1):e13112.
Wilkinson, M. L., A. L. Brown, W. S. C. Poston, C. K. Haddock, S. A. Jahnke, and R. S. Day. 2014. Peer reviewed: Physician weight recommendations for overweight and obese firefighters, United States, 2011–2012. Preventing Chronic Disease 11.
Zeng, Q., N. Li, X. F. Pan, L. Chen, and A. Pan. 2021. Clinical management and treatment of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology 9(6):393–405.
