The column headers of the table are Region or Agency, Time Period, Strategies, Goal: Success of Strategies, Communication to Public, Goal: Change in Customer Perception, Reference, and Details. The data given in the table row-wise are as follows: U. S. Transit Agencies (e.g., MTA, LA Metrolink): 2015-2024; Enhanced surveillance; community outreach; mobile reporting apps; Varies by agency; generally positive; Digital and traditional media, community forums; Increased safety perceptions and trust; https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2023-12-08/los-angeles-metro police-safety-ambassadors; https://thesource.metro.net/2022/10/27/results-of-our-2022-customer experience-survey/; LA Metro has successfully trained and deployed nearly 300 ambassadors on the metro bus and rail system. Ambassadors are available 7 days a week to help customers, working 14–16-hour shifts: 6 a.m.–10 p.m. weekdays and 8 a.m.–10 p.m. weekends. They wear green polo shirts and vests for identification and carry devices like cell phones or iPads to connect customers with resources and report maintenance and safety concerns via the Transit Watch app. Public feedback has been mostly positive; riders have said they appreciate the presence of the ambassadors. In addition to helping customers navigate the system, the ambassadors have helped report sexual harassment, criminal activity, and other issues important to riders. On several occasions, ambassadors have helped summon emergency medical assistance for riders in distress (Sotero 2023a). To help make its system safer for riders, Metrolink is launching specialized anti-trafficking training for its employees and an ad campaign on noticing the signs of trafficking in transit spaces. Row 2: SEPTA (Philadelphia, PA); 2015–2024; SCOPE program with social workers, enhanced surveillance, and support for unhoused riders; staff training in de-escalation; partnering with social workers and connecting to resources like shelters, food pantries, healthcare, organizations; Transit Watch app High positive feedback regarding involvement of social workers and various support services Reduced assaults on employees Increased rider satisfaction; Community outreach, Digital platforms, Engage with ~4,300 individuals who have unique safety concerns; Improved safety perceptions Enhanced support for riders who have unique safety concerns Safer transit environment; https://www.phillyvoice.com/septa-crime-police-officers-safety-broad street-market-Frankford/; https://www.iseptaphilly.com/blog/scopedeployments; https://wwww.septa.org/safety/scope/scope-partnerships/; https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/97182-septa-adds-transit guides-to-improve-passenger-safety; The effectiveness of SEPTA's safety initiatives, particularly the SCOPE program, is still being evaluated. Researchers from Drexel and Temple Universities plan to study the SCOPE program to assess its impact. SEPTA will also monitor data to gauge the program’s success. SCOPE, which includes expanded outreach services to individuals dealing with homelessness and addiction and advocating for more shelter beds and low income housing units, is part of SEPTA's efforts to address safety concerns and improve the experience for all riders. Row 3: BART (San Francisco Bay Area, CA); 2019-2023; Not One More Girl campaign; Increased patrols and enhanced police presence; Sexual harassment prevention; Community involvement; Changes in BART's code of conduct; Public resource list; Robust camera network; Highly effective; Improved rider safety perception by 36 percent; Improved suspect identification suspects leading to more arrests; Social media; Public campaigns; Extensive community and youth involvement with over 300 community members, 100 youth, and multiple organizations; Digital media; Public announcements; Significant increase in safety awareness; Safer transit environment; Empowerment of youth and community members; https://www.bart.gov/guide/safety/gbv/campaign; https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2022/news20220418-0; https://analytics.bart.gov/guide/safety/gbv/data; https://sf.streetsblog.org/2023/11/07/are-bart-safety-initiatives-starting to-pay-off; According to the survey, 65 percent of respondents are more aware of sexual harassment and other types of violence, 59 percent know what to do if they witness harassment, and 36 percent felt safer riding BART after learning about the initiative; Not One More Girl is a community-led initiative that aims to redefine what safety means for passengers on BART. To date (2023), there have been two phases of this award-winning work. BART’s Communications Department and Art Program Manager partnered with external organizations, including the Alliance for Girls, Betti Ono, Black Girls Brilliance, and the Unity Council’s Latinx Mentorship and Achievement Program, to engage local girls about their experiences on BART and to develop campaign materials for BART’s first sexual harassment prevention campaign. Row 4: CTA (Chicago, IL); 2022-2023; Increased police presence; Security technology; K-9 teams Mixed results; Public announcements; Digital media; Social Media; Moderate improvement; Quarterly survey from December 2023 showed improvement: https://www.transitchicago.com/assets /1/6/2023_Q4_Customer_Survey_Results.pdf; Since implementing the Meeting the Moment action plan in August 2022, CTA has conducted several quarterly surveys; https://www.transitchicago.com/meetingthemoment/ CTA has deployed 2-person teams with K-9 units and installed video monitors in customer assistance booths. CTA has invested 2 million dollars to expand social service engagement efforts for those seeking shelter on the system or struggling with mental health or substance abuse; https://www.transitchicago.com/cta-begins-deploying-new-k-9-teams-on rail-system/; These initiatives have resulted in a decrease in overall transit crime and violent crime. According to the Chicago Police Department, which provides law enforcement in the CTA system, crimes decreased across the board during the month of August; overall transit crime down 12 percent year-to-date and 35 percent compared to August 2022; violent crime down 16 percent year-to-date and 13 percent compared to August 2022; https://www.transitchicago.com/security/#priority; https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/press release/53070591/Chicago-transit-authority-cta-measurable-progress made-during-first-year-of-ctas-meeting-the-moment-action-plan. Row 5: MBTA (Boston, MA); 2009-2023; See Something, Say Something campaign; CCTV; Good effectiveness; Traditional and digital media; Increased public vigilance achieved truly outstanding results; MBTA earned the 2009 award for their first-in-the-nation outreach and public safety plan regarding inappropriate sexual behavior on public transportation, which has achieved positive results; https://www.mbta.com/news/2016-11-02/mbta-launches-new-anti sexual-harassment-campaign; https://barcc.org/blog/details/barcc-mbta-and-partners-launch campaign-against-sexual-harassment; https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/press release/12276822/massachusetts-bay-transportation-authority-mbta mbta-launches-new-anti-sexual-harassment-campaign; https://www.mbta.com/news/2009-11-02/mbta-honored-its%20groundbreaking-anti-harassment-campaign; https://www.mbta.com/news/2023-04-03/mbta-publishes-3-year-safety improvement-plan; https://www.mbta.com/transit-police#anti-sexual-harassment; https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/press release/12276822/massachusetts-bay-transportation-authority-mbta mbta-launches-new-anti-sexual-harassment-campaign. Row 6: Metro Transit (Minneapolis St. Paul, MN); 2023; Full-time police and community service officers; Transit Ambassador program; Real-time reporting apps; Blank; Social media; Customer service; Blank; https://www.metrotransit.org/public safety#:~:text=The%20Safety%20%26%20Security%20Action%20Plan,Training%20and%20supporting%20employees; The Safety & Security Action Plan summarizes the steps Metro Transit is taking to improve public safety on transit. The plan identifies 40-plus actions focused on three areas of work: 1. improving conditions on the system; 2. training and supporting employees; 3. engaging customers and partners; Survey: https://metrocouncil.org/Council Meetings/Committees/Committee-of-the-Whole/2023/11-01-23/Q3-2023 SSAP-Update-v-10-30-23.aspx. Row 7: TriMet (Portland, O R); 2020; Community based safety programs; Advanced technology Varying success; Digital platforms; Public forums; Moderate to significant safety perception increase; https://blog.trimet.org/2020/11/20/reimagining-public-safety-security on-transit-recommendations-and-what-comes-next/; https://trimet.org/publicsafety/background.htm#:~:text=Gathered%20a %20committee%20of%20regional,informed%20safety%20efforts; https://trimet.org/publicsafety/pdf/public-safety-board-presentation november-19-2020.pdf; dart. Row 8: WMATA (Washington, DC); 2012; Increased surveillance; Emergency response teams Positive feedback; Public announcements; Digital media; Improved safety perceptions; https://www.wmata.com/rider-guide/safety/; https://www.wmata.com/about/news/New-Metro-campaign-aims-to STOP-harassment.cfm; https://www.collectiveactiondc.org/our-work/wmata-anti-sexual harassment-campaign/. Row 9: RTD (Denver, CO); 2013; Safety Ambassador Program; Real-time reporting; Elevators remain open; Blank; Social media; Community outreach; Blank; https://www.rtd-denver.com/about-rtd/our-priorities; https://www.metro-magazine.com/10149223/denvers-rtd-adopts-new strategic-plan; https://transweb.sjsu.edu/sites/default/files/1136-6-transit-media-public opinion.pdf; https://www.rtd-denver.com/community/news/rtd-to-expand-elevator program-after-pilot-shows-a-clear-reduction-in-reports-of-illegal activities-maintenance-calls. Row 10: MTS (San Diego, CA); 2020-2024; Enhanced security patrols; Public awareness campaigns; Generally positive; Multichannel communication; Increased public trust and safety; MTS provides the following links on their website: Take Rape Aggression Defense (R.A.D.) classes with the police department; Take self-defense classes at UC–San Diego Recreation. https://rmp.ucsd.edu/_files/CSSACPresentationDec-16-20.pdf. Row 11: DART (Dallas, T X); 2023; Increased police presence; Security technology upgrades; Blank; Traditional and digital media; Blank; https://dartdaily.dart.org/home/dart-enhances-security-focus-with-contract%20security-officers-july-2023; Studies by Claypool (2005) and Weisburd et al. (2015) didn't directly assess the effectiveness of these strategies in enhancing a sense of security among riders, but they do indicate a proactive approach by DART in addressing transit security concerns. Row 12: Valley Metro (Phoenix, A Z); 2024; Community engagement initiatives; Safety training for staff Blank; Public forums; Social media; Blank; A study on the effectiveness of an advanced rider training course found that such training can positively influence traffic behavior without leading to overconfidence. This finding suggests that targeted training programs, like those for staff at Valley Metro, could enhance safety practices and potentially improve rider experience. https://www.valleymetro.org/transit-education; Boele-Vos and de Craen (2015) performed a randomized controlled evaluation study of the effects of a one-day advanced rider training course. Row 13: GCRTA (Cleveland, OH); 2022; Transit ambassadors; Crisis intervention specialists; GCRTA’s Transit Police; Blank; Public outreach; Digital platforms; Blank; GCRTA has shifted from traditional security measures to more community-oriented strategies; https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/press release/21279923/greater-cleveland-regional-transit-authority-rta-gcrta launches-transit-ambassador-program; https://www.riderta.com/strategicplan/background; https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety security/article/21286894/2022-transit-safety-security-report. Row 14: MTA (New York, N Y); 2022-2024; Additional 1,200 officers; Technology upgrades; Improved station lighting: https://new.mta. info/press release/mta announces plan-system wide-safety upgrade brighter-led lighting-every subway; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzZrzWq%20HMDA; Improved surveillance; Increased felony arrests; Media campaigns and press releases; Online reporting tools; Outreach events; Increased sense of security among riders; Increased awareness and reporting of sexual harassment; One of M T A’s notable efforts is conducting biannual customer satisfaction surveys, which solicit detailed feedback from customers on their experience, including service reliability, station cleanliness, and personal security. These surveys have revealed that overall satisfaction with personal security on trains has increased for both the Long Island and Metro-North Railroads since the spring of 2022. For subway customers, safety and security remain top concerns, but the perception of conditions has improved since the spring 2022 survey. The surveys have been instrumental in guiding MTA to focus on areas that significantly impact the customer experience; https://www.masstransitmag.com/rail/press release/53026234/metropolitan-transportation-authority-ny-mta-mtas-bi annual-customer-satisfaction-survey-shows-perception-of-the-authority remains-high; A Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) survey to help transit operators combat street harassment was administered on December 14, 2023. The survey was developed in conjunction with a California law that requires California’s 10 largest transit operators to document passenger experiences with harassment using the MTI survey or an equivalent survey and report the findings by the end of 2024; https://www.masstransitmag.com/safety-security/press release/53080604/mineta-transportation-institute-mti-new-mti-survey-to help-transit-operators-combat-street-harassment; New data shows progress on New York subway and transit public safety initiatives. Since the initiatives launched in October 2022, major crime in the subway system is down 16 percent compared to the year before, and crime rates on subways are returning to pre-pandemic levels. Row 15: New York, N Y; 2008, 2015-2017; Increased police patrols and visible presence; See Something, Say Something campaign; Blank; Blank; Enhanced feelings of safety; Potential profiling concerns; https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/12/11/police-pledge-more patrols-after-nyc-transit-atsubway-bombing-but-say-no-more-broader threat-imminen/940309001/; https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/07/nyregion/07see.html; https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-dangers-of-see-something-say something_b_9060958. Row 16: King County Metro (Seattle, W A); 2021– 2024; Antiharassment campaign, It’s OK to Say That’s Not OK, provides education on harassment and offers different reporting options; Blank; Social media; Public campaigns; Improved awareness and responsiveness to harassment; Safety, Security, and Fare Enforcement (SaFE) Reform initiative began in 2021 in response and in support of the declaration of racism as a public health crisis. https://kingcounty.gov/en/dept/metro/about/policies/safe reform-initiative; King County Metro introduced an initiative to increase security presence to enhance rider safety. The agency has more than doubled its transit security officers during the past two years, from 70 to 160, deployed Metro ambassadors to provide customer support, and activated a behavioral health support team to aid customers who are in crisis or need of resources. https://kingcountymetro.blog/2024/03/05/metro-improves safety-with-boosted-security-presence/. Row 17: LA Metro (CA); 2015-2017; Technology adoption, including investing in security cameras; Drug-Free Metro campaign; Public awareness campaigns on safety protocols; Blank; Blank; Specific data on the change in customer perceptions was not available; LA Metro is boosting funding for social services to help address homelessness, drug addiction, and mental health crises that affect the county and the LA Metro system (https://www.metro.net/about/l-a-metro fy24-budget-prioritizes-customer-experience-with-improved-transit system-service-frequency-reliability-cleaning-public-safety/). LA Metro has actively communicated these strategies and their impacts to the public through various channels: LA Metro’s website and social media offer updates on new initiatives, budget allocations, and strategic plans; Public meetings and community engagement provide opportunities for LA Metro to discuss project statuses and updates, including safety improvements; Partnerships with local organizations offer ways to disseminate information on LA Metro’s efforts to tackle social issues affecting transit security; Specific data on the change in customer perceptions was not provided, but the efforts undertaken suggest a strong commitment to improving the overall rider experience and safety, which is critical for enhancing public trust and satisfaction with the transit system; LA Metro’s budget has 290.5 million dollars to improve safety for customers, which constitutes a 3.7 percent increase over last year’s budget. LA Metro has reimagined its approach to public safety and is implementing a combination of Metro ambassadors, transit security officers, contract security, law enforcement, and homeless and mental health outreach teams. LA Metro is also investing in enhanced security cameras, fare gates, lighting, and other security infrastructure to make its system as safe as possible for customers. Row 18: MTS (San Diego, CA); 2023; Ride Check; Blank; Blank; Evaluate Transit Performance; MTS recruited a team of part-time management employees as the “secret shoppers” to discreetly observe the system by riding and reporting their observations. These secret riders will perform a variety of directed and random rides each month and provide candid observations from a rider’s perspective regarding strengths and opportunities for each trip.