Abell 2218, 51-52

Acceleration, and gravity, 39-40, 53

Adelberger, Eric, 64

AIGO (Australian International Gravitational Observatory), 183-184

Albert Einstein Institute, 181

Allegro, 107, 108

Altair, 71

American Institute of Physics, 102

American Physical Society, 37

Anderson, Philip, 139

Andromeda galaxy, 108

Apollo missions, 92, 211

Aquila constellation, 78

Archytas, 12

Arecibo Observatory, 76-78, 81, 83

Argonne National Laboratory, 94, 103

Aristotle, 12, 13, 172

Armstrong, John, 210

As Time Goes By, 225

Atomic clocks, 54-55, 64, 116, 118-119, 209

Atomic fountain, 119

Auriga, 107

Australian National University, 183

Baade, Walter, 72

Bar detectors, 89

Allegro, 107, 108

amplifiers, 99, 107

Auriga, 107

bar materials, 97, 106, 107-108

calibration, 101

Earth as resonant bar, 92, 97

Explorer, 107, 108

frequency range, 96, 107, 123

groups developing, 96-97, 103-104

interference/error sources, 97, 100-103, 106, 108

interpretation of response, 9-10, 102, 112

isolation and suspension system, 93

limitations, 123

linked piezoelectric transducers, 104

long-distance masses, 105

Nautilus, 107, 108

network, 107-108

Niobe, 107

piezoelectric crystal receivers, 92, 93

principle, 9, 93

second-generation, 106

sensitivity, 104-105, 106, 108-109, 113

size of, 93, 99-100, 123

spherical, 108-109, 172-173

superconducting instrumentation, 106

supercooled bars, 97-98, 105-106, 107, 123, 127, 177

type of signal registered by, 98

Bardon, Marcel, 136

Barish, Barry, 68, 143-144, 156, 162, 186

Basov, Nikolai, 91

BATSE (Burst and Transient Source Experiment), 113

Beckedorff, David, 61

Bell Burnell, Jocelyn, 70-71, 72, 86

Bell Laboratories, 96, 99

Bender, Peter, 210-212

BeppoSAX satellite, 201

Berkeley, George, 16

Bertotti, Bruno, 206

Bhawal, Biplab, 163-164

Big Bang, 3, 63, 130, 203-204, 220

Billing, Heinz, 176

Billingsley, GariLynn, 151-152

Binary star systems

gravitational waves from, 81-82, 93, 96, 173, 177, 188

pulsars, 74-75, 78-85, 177

white dwarf collisions, 220

x-ray, 188, 193

Black Death, 13

Black holes, 3, 5, 116, 191

colliding, 88, 108, 149, 166, 188, 193, 194, 194-198, 216

Cygnus X-1, 193

evidence of, 188, 192, 194, 218

formation/source, 196-197, 200, 201

gamma-ray bursts, 113

general theory of relativity and, 60-62, 197-198

gravitational field, 53

gravitational waves, 68, 88, 93, 96, 108, 165, 166, 188, 193, 194-195, 197-198, 208

mass, 57, 166, 196

neutron star merger, 166

NSF Grand Challenge, 197-198

origin of term, 62

properties, 195, 219

rotation, 56, 195, 219

signal characteristics, 149, 195-196

supermassive, 57, 108, 197, 208, 217-219

Bohr, Niels, 57-58, 60, 111

Bolyai, János, 19

Bose speaker, 116

Braginsky, Vladimir, 64, 96-97, 99, 128-129, 130, 212

Brans, Carl, 65

Brans-Dicke theory, 63-66, 96

Brillet, Alain, 174

Bronx High School of Science, 75

Brookhaven National Laboratory, 163

Brownian motion, 30-31

Browning, Robert, 1

Calculus, invention of, 13, 16

California Institute of Technology, 52, 63, 95, 180, 190

Bridge Building, 152-153

general relativity research, 128, 191

gravity wave program, 130, 131-133, 136, 141, 151, 222-223

laser interferometer prototype, 131-133, 135-136, 139, 151, 157, 161

LIGO, 2, 136, 140, 144, 151, 152-153, 161, 163

millimeter-wave radio astronomy array, 138, 143

optical lab, 223-224

Palomar telescope, 138, 141

pulsar research, 72

quasar research, 191

Synchrotron Laboratory, 222

Cambridge University (England), 70

Cardiff University, 101

Carleton College, 83

Case School of Applied Science, 27

Cassini mission, 210

Celestial coordinates, 78

Celestial distance measurements, 200, 211

Center for Relativity, 197-198

CERN (European Center for Nuclear Research), 107, 109, 174

Cerro Tololo Observatory, 100

Chandra X-Ray Observatory, 192, 213

Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan, 192

Chapman, Philip, 123, 126

Chomsky, Noam, 115

COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite, 130, 135, 169, 204

Cold fusion, 96

Coles, Mark, 2-3

Collins, Harry, 101

Color, theory of, 13

Colwell, Rita, 3

Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, 113

Computer applications

black-hole collision simulation, 198

gravitational wave analysis, 93, 161-162, 198

LIGO simulations, 159-160

orbital simulation, 75

pulsar detection, 76-78, 85

Conservation of angular momentum, 57, 73

Contact, 189

Cooper Union, 75

Copernicus, 37-38

Cornell University, 81

Corning, 152

Cosmic microwave background, 63, 130, 149, 167, 204, 220

Cosmic rays, 108, 127, 188

Cosmic strings, 191, 205, 221

Crab Nebula, 79

CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) , 152

Cygnus X-1, 193

Danzmann, Karsten, 179-180, 181, 182-183, 213

Data analysis, 160-164, 181

Deep Space Network, 208

Democritus, 12

Dicke, Robert, 63-66, 67, 119, 120, 124, 163, 191,

Disturbed storm-time factor, 100

Domain walls, 205

Douglass, David, 99, 102, 104

Dragging, 55-57, 81, 199-200, 216

Drever, Ronald

Caltech gravity wave program, 130, 131-133, 136, 141, 151, 222-223

expertise, 130

Glasgow gravity wave program, 95, 103, 104, 127-128, 130, 131, 177

gravitational redshift detectors, 127

inertia experiments, 126-127

laser power recycling, 133, 178

LIGO construction, 130, 136, 137, 138, 141-142, 144, 156, 165

personal characteristics, 137, 142

space-based detectors, 212

on Weber's findings, 105

Weiss and, 137

Dyson, Freeman, 90, 191, 198-199

Earth

gravitational radiation, 68

internal gravity gradients, 223

magnetic field, 73, 100

as resonant bar, 92, 97

tides, 150

Eddington, Arthur, 37-38, 48-49, 50, 52, 69

Edgerton, Harold, 116

Einstein, Albert.

See also General theory of relativity; Special theory of relativity

appearance and demeanor, 29

collaborators, 41-42, 43, 47, 57

as college student, 28, 30, 34

on common sense, 38

conversations with Newton, 16, 46

and electromagnetism, 28-29, 30

gravitational radiation concept, 68-69

professional life, 30, 39, 59, 89

speed of light, 23, 28

superstardom/mystique, 4, 49-50, 139, 140, 225

thought experiments, 23, 39-40

youth, 23, 29-30, 39

Electricity, 25

Electromagnetic radiation, 26, 73, 188, 189

Electromagnetism, 8

Faraday's experiments, 26

Maxwell's field equations, 26, 28-29, 89

Newtonian mechanics and, 30

Ørsted's experiments, 25-26

Electron Tube Research Conference, 91

Elements, The, 17-18

Elieson, Steve, 153

Ether, luminiferous

light propagation in, 25, 32

motion of Earth through, 27

wind, 27, 28, 34

Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture, 129

Euclid, 17

European Space Agency, 50, 208, 213, 214

Event horizon, 60, 206

Explorer (bar detector), 107, 108

Fabry-Perot interferometer, 127-128, 138

Fairbank, William, 95, 97-98, 106

Faller, James, 211, 212

Faraday, Michael, 26

Fifth Cambridge Conference on Relativity, 102

Finn, Sam, 188, 198

FitzGerald, George, 28, 32

Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory, 73

Florence, Ronald, 141

Folkner, William, 213

Forward, Robert L., 92-93, 122-123, 124-126, 161, 177

Fowler, William, 191

Franklin, Cecil, 155

Frequency range

bar detectors, 96, 107, 123

laser interferometer detectors, 124, 149, 178

LIGO, 149, 216

space-based detectors, 209, 210, 216

Fulton, Robert, 2

Fused silica mirrors, 132, 152, 165, 177, 184

Galaxies

clusters, 51-52

colliding, 217, 219

gravitational lensing, 51, 52

FSC 10214+4724, 52

MCG 6-30-15, 206

Galilei, Galileo, 8, 13, 15, 24, 92, 171-172

Galileo probe, 208

Gamma rays

bursts, 113, 162, 200-201

detectors, 113, 185

frequency shift, 54

Gamow, George, 190

Garwin, Richard, 102, 137

Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 18-19, 20, 21

General Optics, 152

General theory of relativity

alternative theories, 63-66

applications, 6

and black holes, 60-62, 197-198

corrections to calculations, 83

and dragging (gravitomagnetism), 55-57

equation, 44, 69

evidence for, 5, 6

gravity and, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 45-47, 51-53, 69, 197-198

joke, 53-54

and light deflection, 39-41, 44, 47-49, 51-52, 54

LURE test, 211

main significance of, 47

Mercury's orbit and, 42-43, 44, 47, 76, 81

Poincaré and, 28

problem in interpreting results, 69-70

pulsar experiments, 81-86

radar experiments, 51, 62

rebirth of, 62

reference frame, 41-42, 45

Riemannian curvature and, 21-22, 41, 44

and space-time concept, 4, 44

starlight deflection experiments, 48

Strong Equivalence Principle, 211

technology for testing, 5-6, 119, 207

time in gravitational field, 52-53

German University in Prague, 39, 41

GEO, 179-180

GEO 600, 172, 180-183, 213

Geometry

Euclidean, 17-18

imaginary, 20

negative curvature, 19, 21

non-Euclidean, 18-21, 41

positive curvature, 20-21

Gertsenshtein, Mikhail E., 122

Giazotto, Adalberto, 173, 174-176

Gibbons, Gary, 98

Global Positioning System, 6, 55

Globular clusters, 196-197

Goldenberg, H. Mark, 66

Grail Project, 108-109

Gran Sasso, 143

Gravimeter, 92, 119

Gravitation,

Gravitational constant, 120

Gravitational fields

black holes, 53

clocks in, 41, 52-53

Gravitational lenses, 5, 51-52, 112, 205

Gravitational mass, equivalence to inertial mass, 64

Gravitational Physics,

Gravitational redshift, 54-55, 58, 119, 127

Gravitational wave detectors.

See also Bar detectors;

Laser interferometers;

LIGO

first-detection ground rules, 184-186

international network of, 172-173, 180-186

Gravitational waves

alternative theories, 63-66, 120

audio frequency range, 161, 188, 189, 195-196, 197, 199-200, 207, 219

background (primordial), 203-206

from binary star systems, 81-82, 93, 96, 173, 177, 188, 198-201

from black holes, 68, 88, 93, 96, 108, 165, 166, 188, 193, 194, 219

corrections to calculations, 83

defined, 3, 67-68

detection, 68, 81-83;

see also Gravitational wave detectors

Einstein's concept, 68-69

electromagnetic radiation compared, 188

evidence of, 8, 70-71, 100,

information conveyed by, 3, 200, 201, 204-205, 219

and light waves, 121n, 188

from neutron stars, 81-82, 93, 95, 96, 98, 108, 161, 166, 173, 188, 193, 198-201

peak-to-peak span, 161, 175, 208

properties, 7, 9-10, 69, 84, 90, 120, 188, 189

from pulsars, 81-83, 95, 96, 108, 162, 163, 173

from Sanduleak -69º 202, 6-7

strength of (strain), 68, 69, 87-88, 98, 99, 100, 129, 132, 134, 157, 165, 180, 184

from supernovas, 68, 69, 88, 90, 94, 96, 105, 108, 109, 149, 162, 166, 173, 174, 188-189, 194, 201-202

symmetrical, 202

tracing signal source, 95-96, 103, 124, 173, 183

Gravitomagnetism, 55-57

Graviton, 174

Gravity

and acceleration, 39-41, 53

force of, 13-14, 53

Galileo's experiments, 171-172

general theory of relativity and, 38-39, 41-42, 44, 45-47, 51-53, 69, 197-198

and light, 5, 39-41, 44, 45, 47-49, 51-52, 54

Mach's principle, 64-65, 126

Newton's laws of, 5, 13-14, 15-16, 17, 41-42, 45, 48

and space-time curvature, 41, 44-46

Gravity Probe A, 56

Gravity Probe B, 56-57

Gravity waves. See Gravitational waves

Gretarsson, Andri, 168

Grossman, Marcel, 41-42

Gyroscope experiment, 56-57

Hale, George, 223

Hale telescope, 223-224

Halley, Edmond, 13

Hamilton, William, 106-107

Hanford Nuclear Reservation, 145-146, 149

Harpedonaptai, 17

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 54

Harvard University, 70, 71, 126-127

Jefferson Physical Laboratory, 54

Harwit, Martin, 167

Haverford College, 74

Hawking, Stephen, 98, 206

Haystack observatory, 51

Heraeus, 152

Hertz, Heinrich, 27, 89

Hewish, Antony, 70, 71, 86

Hinckfuss, Ian, 11

Hipparcos satellite, 50

Hoffman, Banesh, 47

Hough, James, 128, 180, 181, 213

Hoyle, Fred, 191

Hubble, Edwin, 58

Hubble Space Telescope, 155, 168, 213

Hughes Aircraft Research Laboratories, 92-93

Hughes-Drever experiments, 126

Hughes Laser Interferometer Gravitational Radiation Antenna, 123-126

Hughes, Vernon, 126

Hulse, Russell, 75-81, 83

Hulse-Taylor binary, 78-79, 81-82, 83, 84, 85, 164, 188, 199

Hydrogen bomb, 58, 102

Hydrogen maser clock, 54-55

IBM, 96, 102

Inertia, 37, 64, 126-127

Inflationary universes, 5

Institute for Advanced Study, 57, 89-90

Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 109, 173, 174, 175

Io, light speed experiments, 24, 25

Isaacson, Richard, 131, 136

Isolation and suspension systems

fused silica wires, 182

for laser interferometers, 128, 132, 133, 175, 176, 177, 182

for LIGO, 153-154, 166, 168

magnetic levitation, 222

for resonant bar antennas, 93

VIRGO super attenuator, 175, 176

Jansky, Karl, 95

Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 137, 210, 213, 214

Johnson, Warren, 106-107

Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, 97, 128, 210-211

Kafka, Peter, 103

Keck telescopes, 52, 168

Kepler, Johannes, 187-188, 201

Kinematics, 12

Landau, Lev, 72

Large Magellanic Cloud, 6-7, 109, 133, 201

Laser Gravitational-wave Observatory in Space (LAGOS), 212-213

Laser gyroscopes, 133

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. See LISA

Laser interferometers, 97.

See also LIGO;

Space-based interferometers

AIGO, 183-184

alignment, 124

Caltech prototype, 131-133, 135-136, 139, 151, 157, 161

frequency range, 124, 178

GEO 600, 172, 180-183

German prototype, 177-180

Hughes Laser Interferometer Gravitational Radiation Antenna, 123-126

laser power, 132, 177

mirrors/test mass, 132-133, 177, 183, 184

MIT prototype, 134, 136, 177

noise/interference sources, 123-124, 125, 127-128, 138, 177, 178, 183

NSF funding, 131

observatory design, 123-124, 132

power recycling, 133, 156-157, 178

principle, 121, 182

prototype, 124-126

sensitivity, 122, 125, 130, 132, 133, 177, 178-179, 182

setup, 121-123

signal recycling, 182, 184

size of instruments, 130-131, 172, 173, 177, 178-179, 181, 183

stabilization, 128, 132, 133, 175, 176, 177, 182

strain, 132, 134, 180, 184

TAMA 300, 183

timing of events, 125

vacuum system, 132, 181-182

VIRGO, 172-176, 182, 216

Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory. See LIGO

Lasers, 64, 91, 97

amplification for space, 214-215

argon-ion, 156

power recycling, 133, 156-157, 178

solid-state infrared, 156-157, 158

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 204

Lazzarini, Albert, 160, 161, 162

Leaning tower of Pisa, 171-172

Legnaro National Laboratories, 107

Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 16

Lense, Josef, 56

Lense-Thirring effect, 55-57

Levine, James, 102

Levine, Judah, 97

Libbrecht, Kenneth, 65, 66, 163, 165

Light. See also Speed of light;

Stars mass of, 34

particles (photons), 30, 157

propagation in luminiferous ether, 25

visible, 26-27

Light waves

gravity and, 5, 39-41, 44, 45, 47-49, 51-52, 54

gravitational waves and, 121n, 188

redshift, 54, 58

LIGO, 113

Barish and, 143-144, 156, 162

beam tubes, 154-155, 221

blue-ribbon panels, 137, 139-140

Caltech-MIT collaboration, 136

comparison of findings, 149-150

control system, 157-159

costs/budget, 138-139, 143, 150-151, 153, 160-161

criticisms/opposition, 137, 139, 169

data analysis, 160-164

diagnostic probes, 159

distance between observatories, 148-149

Drever and, 130, 136, 137, 138, 141-142, 144, 156, 165, 222

event tracking, 160

expected rates of detections, 166

feasibility study, 135-136

frequencies, 149, 216

initiation and shakedown, 168-169, 221

instrumentation, 2, 9

interferometers, 138, 140, 147-148, 149, 157-159

internal conflicts, 137, 141-142, 144

lasers, 148, 156-157, 158, 160, 166, 189

length of arms, 148, 163, 173, 181, 182, 199

Louisiana (Livingston) facility, 2, 8, 115, 140, 147, 148, 154-155, 169

mirrors, 150, 151-154, 158-159, 161, 165-167, 168

noise/interference, 148-149, 150, 152, 153-154, 155-156, 157, 159, 160, 164, 166, 167-168

NSF/federal funding, 135-137, 138-139, 140, 143, 151, 185

optics laboratory, 152-153

principle, 9-10

public education, 147

Scientific Collaboration, 151, 165

second-generation instrumentation, 165-168, 199, 202

sensitivity, 139, 148, 149, 157, 165, 182

simulations, 159-160

site characteristics, 148-149

slogan, 3

staffing, 140

strain, 157, 165, 184

suspension and seismic isolation, 153-154, 166, 168

tone, 153, 161

Thorne and, 136, 137-138, 165, 189, 190

types of events detectable, 149-150, 162, 164, 166

vacuum system, 115, 147, 154-156, 189

Vogt and, 137-138, 140, 142-143, 144

volume of observable space, 199

Washington state (Hanford) facility, 8, 115, 143, 145-147, 148, 149, 169, 221

Weiss and, 115, 117, 135-137, 138, 155, 169

LINE, 213

Linsay, Paul, 135-136

LISA,, 213-217, 219-220

Little Green Men (LGM), 71

Livingston, Edward, 2

Lobachevsky, Nikolai, 19, 20

Lock-in amplifier, 64, 65-66

Lorentz, Hendrik, 28, 31, 32, 58

Louisiana State University, 96, 106, 107, 127

Lucretius, 12

Lunar Ranging Experiment (LURE), 210, 211, 212

Mach, Ernst, 55, 64, 126

Mach's principle, 64-65, 126

Magie, William, 37

Magnetic coils, 150

Magnetic fields

Earth's, 73, 100

and gravitational wave detection, 100

strength of, 73

from thunderstorms, 150

Magnetic monopoles, 143, 186, 205

Magnetism, 25-26

Majid, Walid, 163

Manhattan Project, 58, 59-60

Mars, 51

Mars Observer, 208

Masers, 64, 91

Mass

of black holes, 57, 166, 196, 197

gravitational, 64

of light, 34

speed of light and, 34

Mass-energy, 44

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2, 4, 123, 128, 167, 189

Building

laser interferometry prototype, 134, 136, 177

LIGO, 136, 140, 157

Research Laboratory for Electronics, 134

Matter, 11, 189

Matzner, Richard, 197-198

Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und Astrophysik, 176

Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 178, 179, 180

Maxwell, James Clerk, 26, 27-28

Maxwell's field equations, 26, 28-29, 89

McDonald Observatory, 211

Meers, Brian, 182

Mercury

orbital motion, 42-43, 44, 47, 76, 81

perihelion, 42, 43, 65

radar signal delays, 51

Metrical field, 22, 44

Michelson, Albert A., 27-28, 34, 147

Michelson interferometer, 27-28, 121, 127, 138, 147-148

Microwave energy, 91

Microwave radiometer, 64

Milky Way, 8, 74, 78, 95-96, 105, 149, 166, 183, 196, 218

Miller, Larry, 124

Minkowski, Hermann, 34-35, 41

Minuteman missile program, 190

Mirrors

fused silica, 132, 152, 165, 177, 184

LIGO design, 150, 151-154, 158-159, 161, 165-167, 168

sapphire, 165-167, 184

suspension systems, 177

supercooled, 183

supermirrors, 135-136, 178

Misner, Charles, 6, 81, 192

Monopoles, 144

Montagu, Ashley, 53-54

Montana State University, 63

Moon (Luna), gravimeter on, 92

Morley, Edward, 27-28, 34, 147

Morrison, Philip, 102

Moscow State University, 97

Moss, Gaylord, 124-125

Mount Wilson telescope, 223

Muon particles, 34

Music of the spheres, 187-188, 189

NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, 62

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 56, 112, 113, 114, 123, 126, 129-130, 213

Binary Neutron Star Grand Challenge, 200

committee on relativity experiments, 129

COBE satellite, 130, 135, 169

Deep Space Network, 208

Mars Observer, 208

National Astronomical Observatory (Japan), 183

National Bureau of Standards, 210, 212

National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 71

National Research Council, 197

National Science Foundation, 3, 74-75, 79, 110, 131, 191

Binary Black Hole Grand Challenge, 197-198

LIGO funding, 135-137, 138-139, 140, 143, 151, 185

Nautilus, 107, 108

Neodymium YAG, 156-157

Neptune, discovery, 17

Neutrino detectors, 164, 185, 188

Neutron stars, 3, 5, 192.

See also Pulsars

audio frequency signal, 199-200, 202

binary, 8, 74-75, 81, 84, 113, 161, 169, 188, 198-201, 216, 217

black hole merger, 166

boiling, 202

collision, 84, 96, 108, 149, 164, 166, 198-201

deformations, 202-203

electromagnetic wave emissions, 73

defined, 9

formation of, 7, 72, 201, 203

gravitational field, 53, 199

gravitational waves, 81-82, 93, 95, 96, 98, 108, 161, 166, 169, 188, 193, 198-199

magnetic field, 73

mass, 84, 166

size, 84-85

“sloshing,”

spin, 72-73, 133, 203

white dwarf stars paired with, 85

Newton, Isaac, 4, 13-17, 89

Newton's laws

absolute rest frame, 25

failure of, 17

of gravity, 5, 13-14, 15-16, 17, 41-42, 45, 48

of motion, 14-15

space concepts in, 14-15, 16-17, 23

time concepts, 15, 23, 32

NIKHEF (Nuclear Physics and High Energy Physics Institute), 108

Niobe, 107

Niobium, 106-107

Nobel Prizes, 28, 63, 64, 75, 85-86, 91, 184

Noise/interference

for bar detectors, 97, 100-103, 106, 108

for laser interferometers, 123-124, 125, 127-128, 138, 177

and interpretation of response, 102, 112

and isolation and suspension system, 93, 175

LIGO, 148-149, 150, 152, 153-154, 155-156, 157, 159, 160, 164, 166, 167-168

shot noise, 157, 159, 164, 178

for space-based detectors, 209-210

supercooled bars and, 97-98, 105-106, 107, 123, 127

thermal noise, 97, 152, 153, 159, 166, 167-168, 183, 223

Nordtvedt, Kenneth, 63

Norton, John, 41

Nuclear fission, general theory of, 57-58, 60

Occulting disk, 66

Ocean waves, interferometer interference from, 150

OMEGA, 213

One, Two, Three, Infinity, 190

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 59-60, 61, 89-90

Ørsted, Hans Christian, 25-26

Ostriker, Jeremiah, 206

Oxford University, 127

Palomar telescope, 138, 141, 169

Parallax measurements, 20

Parallel axiom, 17-18, 20

Particle accelerators, 116, 138, 156, 200, 222

Pennsylvania State University, 165, 188

Penzias, Arno, 63

Perihelion, 42, 43, 65

Photons, 30, 157

Piezoelectric crystal receivers, 92

Piezoelectric transducers, 104

Planetary probes, 6

Plutonium, 145

Poincaré, Henri, 28, 31, 68n

Portegeis Zwart, Simon, 196

Porter, Cole, 49-50

Pound, Robert, 54, 58, 127, 128

Press, William, 99, 212

Principia, 13, 15

Princeton Applied Research, 65

Princeton University, 37, 58, 62, 63, 84, 119, 128, 134, 163, 167, 191, 192, 210

Palmer Physical Laboratory, 59

Plasma Physics Laboratory, 85

Principe expedition, 48-49

Prokhorov, Aleksandr, 91

Prussian Academy of Sciences, 39, 43

Pulsars, 5, 62, 188.

See also Neutron stars

binary, 74-75, 78-85, 177

computer applications, 76-78, 85

dispersion range, 76

fastest, 79

frequency speed, 71, 76, 79

gamma-ray bursts, 113

general relativity and, 81-86

gravitational waves, 81-83, 95, 96, 108, 162, 163, 173, 177

mass, 74

Milky Way, 74, 78

period measurements, 79-80

PSR 1913+16, 78-79, 81-82, 83, 84, 85

radio pulse detection, 71-72, 73-74, 205

signal characteristics, 149

source of, 202

in Tucanae

Pustovoit, V. I., 122

Pythagorean theorem, 187

Pythagoreans, 187-188

Quality factor, 152, 165-166

Quantum mechanics, 30, 111-112

Quasars, 5, 8, 50, 57, 70, 188, 191, 205, 218, 224

Raab, Fred, 146, 147, 221

Radar, 115

signal delays, 51, 62

Radio galaxies, 74, 219

Radio telescopes

arrays, 6, 8, 50, 70, 76

largest, 76

millimeter-wave array, 138, 143

pulsar detection, 71, 73, 205

submillimeter, 151

student-built, 74, 75

Radio waves, 27, 50, 95.

See also Pulsars

Rebka, Glen, 54, 58

Redshift, 54-55, 58, 119, 127

Reductio ad absurdum technique, 18

Relativity.

See also General theory of relativity;

Special theory of relativity

measurement, 34

Research Electro-Optics, 152

Richstone, Douglas, 218

Riemann, Bernhard, 20-21

Riemannian curvature, 20-22, 41, 44

Riemannian geometry, 41, 44

Riemannian manifold, 35, 41

Römer, Ole, 24, 25

Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society of London, 49

Saccheri, Girolamo, 18

Sagan, Carl, 189-190

SAGITTARIUS, 213

Sagittarius constellation, 78, 96

Sandeman, John, 183-184

Sanders, Gary, 162-163, 185-186

Sanduleak -69º 202, 6-7

Sapphire mirrors, 165-167, 184

Saulson, Peter, 69-70, 87, 110, 121n, 135-136, 141, 167-168

Schilling, Roland, 176, 177-178, 179

Schutz, Bernard, 181, 213

Schwarzschild, Karl, 60

Schweikart, Ferdinand, 19

Sensitivity

of laser interferometers, 122, 125, 130, 132, 133, 177, 178-179, 182

of LIGO, 139, 148, 149, 157, 165, 182

of resonant bar antennas, 104-105, 106, 108-109, 113

signal recycling and, 182

size of instrument and, 182

Seventh International Conference on

General Relativity and

Gravitation, 103

Sfera Project, 109

Shapiro, Irwin, 51, 62

Shoemaker, David, 140

Shot noise, 157, 159, 164, 178

Silicon dioxide-tantalum pentoxide coating, 152

Silk, Joseph, 139

Singularities, 60, 192, 206

Smoot, George, 204

Snider, Joseph, 54

Snyder, Hartland, 60

Sobral expedition, 48, 49

Solar eclipse experiments, 48-49, 50, 52

Solar wind, 208, 209, 210

Soldner, J., 48n

Sommerfeld, Arnold, 44

Space.

See also Void

absolute, 16, 23, 32

contraction of, 32

esoteric concepts, 11-13

Euclidean, 17, 21

metrical field, 22, 44

negative curvature, 19, 21

Newton's concepts, 14-15, 16-17

positive curvature, 20-21

theological concepts, 12, 16-17

Space-based gravity wave detectors

atomic clocks in, 209

chances for success, 218, 220

events detectable by, 207, 216-218

frequency, 209, 210, 216, 219

LAGOS, 212-213

laser interferometers, 210, 213-215

LISA, 213-218, 219-220

noise/interference, 209-210, 212, 217

OMEGA, 213-214

orbit, 212, 213-214

principle, 208, 209

spacecraft as, 208-209, 210, 212

sensitivity, 210

test masses, 214, 216

Spaceborne clocks, 6, 209

Space-time

black holes and, 195, 197

concept, 4-5, 34-35

curvature, 41, 44-46, 58

dragging, 55-57, 81, 199-200, 216

electromagnetic waves and, 189

at event horizon, 60

expansion of, 8

general relativity and, 4, 44

gravity and, 41, 44-47, 55-57

gyroscope experiment, 56-57

ripples, see Gravitational waves

rotation, 55-57

warping, 44-45, 48, 51-52, 55-57, 60, 120

Special theory of relativity

equation, 34

four-dimensional nature, 35

frame of reference, 29, 31, 32, 33

gravity and, 38-39

mathematical arguments, 31

Minkowski's reinterpretation, 34-35, 41

physicists' reactions to, 31, 35, 37

speed of light, 31, 32, 33

time, 31-32, 33, 34-35

Speed of light

early measurements, 23-24, 26-27

gravitational waves from matter approaching, 68, 188

laser measurements, 97

and mass, 34

special theory of relativity, 31, 32, 33, 37

through matter, 32 n

in vacuum, 32, 71, 121n

Spherical bar detectors, 108-109, 172-173

Stanford Linear Accelerator, 163

Stanford University, 95, 96, 106, 127, 165, 179

Stars

collapse, 60

collisions, 68

gravitational radiation, 68

light deflection, 43-44, 45, 48-50, 51-52

parallax measurements on, 20

white dwarf, 85

Stebbins, R. Tucker, 97, 212-213, 214, 216

Steinhardt, Paul, 204

Strain, 68, 69, 87-88, 98, 99, 100, 129, 132, 134, 157, 165, 180, 184, 210

Strong Equivalence Principle, 211

Sun (Sol)

oblateness measurements, 65-66

Superconducting instrumentation, 106

Superconducting Super Collider (superconducting supercollider), 143, 144, 151, 159, 162

Supercooled bars, 97-98, 105-106, 107, 123, 127, 177

Supernovas, 3

gamma-ray bursts, 113

gravitational waves, 68, 69, 88, 90, 94, 96, 105, 108, 109, 149, 162, 166, 173, 174, 188-189, 193, 201-202

Milky Way, 105, 149

neutron stars, 72, 79, 201, 202

1987A, 109, 133, 150, 201, 202

Sanduleak -69º 202, 6-7

signal characteristics, 149, 202

strain, 217

white dwarf collisions, 220

Signal recycling, 182, 184

Syracuse University, 69-70, 165, 167

TAMA 300, 183

Taylor, Joseph, 70, 71-72, 73-75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85-86, 87, 177

Telescopes, 8

Texas Symposia on Relativistic Astrophysics, 83-84, 100

Thermal noise, 97, 152, 153, 159, 166, 167-168, 183, 223

Thiokol Chemical Company, 190

Thirring, Hans, 56

Thorne, Kip

bets, 206

black hole/neutron star research, 63, 191, 192, 193-194, 195, 197, 199, 200

and Braginsky, 128-129, 130

cosmic strings, 191

and Drever, 130-131

and experimentalists, 192-193

general relativity work, 62, 63, 128, 191, 192-193

on Gertsenshtein, 122

Gravitation, 6, 81, 130, 139, 192-193

gravitational wave research, 82-83, 95, 99, 128-130, 173, 189, 190, 193-194

laser interferometry research, 130

LIGO construction, 136, 137-138, 165, 189, 190

personal background, 190-191

rocket engine design, 190

space-based detectors, 212

and Weber, 95, 99, 129

and Weiss, 129-130, 135, 189

wormhole theory, 189-190

Thunderstorms, 150

Tidal actuators, 150

Tilav, Serap, 164

Time.

See also Space-time

absolute, 16, 23

contraction of, 32, 33, 53

in gravitational field, 52-53

Newton's universal clock, 15, 16, 32

in special theory of relativity, 31-32, 33, 34-35

Tomorrow Never Dies, 55

Townes, Charles, 91

Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 26

Trimble, Virginia, 111

Tucanae 47, 108

Twente University, 108

Tyson, J. Anthony, 99-100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112, 139

Ulysses, 208

Universal constant, 32

Universal expansion, 58, 64, 204, 220-221

Universe size, 200

University of

Amsterdam, 108

Berlin, 39, 42

California at Irvine, 110

Chicago, 99, 137, 192

Colorado, 165, 211

Delaware, 164

Florida, 165

Glasgow, 95, 103, 104, 126, 127-128, 130, 131, 177, 179, 182

Göttingen, 19, 20

Hannover, 180-181

Leiden, 89, 108

Maryland, 10, 87, 89, 91, 93, 94, 98, 103, 105, 110

Massachusetts at Amherst, 73, 76, 81

Michigan, 165

Oregon, 165

Padua, 8

Pennsylvania, 204

Rochester, 96, 99, 102, 103

Rome, 105-106

Texas at Austin, 197-198

Washington in Seattle, 64

Wisconsin, 164, 165

Zürich, 39, 42

Uranus, orbital motions, 17

U.S. Air Force, 201

U.S. Department of Defense, 134

U.S. Department of Energy, 145, 151

U.S. Navy, Bureau of Ships, 91

Vacuum systems, 115, 132, 147, 154-156, 181-182

Vega, 71

Vela satellites, 201

Venus, radar signals to, 51

Vessot, Robert, 54-55, 119

Viking landers, 51

Virgo cluster, 105, 166, 174, 196, 202

VIRGO detector, 172-176, 182, 216

Vogt, Rochus (Robbie), 137-138, 140, 142-143, 144

Void

continuous three-dimensional, 15

pneuma apeiron concept, 12

von Eötvös, Baron Roland, 64

Walther, Herbert, 179

Washington University at St. Louis, 63

Weber, Joseph, 10, 87, 189

contribution to gravity wave research, 176, 177, 191

correlations with other data, 105-106, 109-110, 113-114, 177

criticisms of, 98-103, 104-105, 129, 135, 185

defense of findings, 100, 101, 103, 105-106, 111-112

expertise, 101

gravitational wave antennas, 89, 90, 92, 93-94, 101-102, 150, 191, 199

gravitational wave observations, 94-95, 96, 127, 176

laser interferometer, 122-123

maser concept, 91, 111

observatory, 112-113

personal background, 90-91, 110-111

quantum mechanics explanation, 111-112

relativity research, 88-89, 91-92

Weisberg, Joel, 83

Weiss, Rainer, 68, 85

atomic clocks, 116, 118, 119

Dicke and, 65, 119, 124

on Einstein, 4

first-detection ground rules, 184-186

as graduate student, 119

gravimeters, 119

gravitational constant measurement, 120

laser interferometry research, 120-121, 123, 128, 131, 134, 177, 212

LIGO construction, 115, 117, 135-137, 138, 155, 169, 221-222

microwave background measurements, 130, 167, 169

at MIT, 115-116, 118, 119-120, 128, 134

NASA committees, 129, 210

personal background, 117-118

personality, 115, 137

space-based detectors, 210

on theorists vs. experimentalists, 116, 189

Thorne and, 129-130, 135, 190

as undergraduate, 116

and Weber, 137

Western Reserve University, 27

Weyl, Hermann, 22

Wheeler, John Archibald, 6, 58-59, 60-62, 67

Gravitation, 6, 81, 130, 139, 192-193

Hanford Nuclear Reservation, 145

personal characteristics, 63

Thorne and, 81, 191, 192-193

Weber and, 89-90, 92, 191

Whitcomb, Stan, 131, 151, 156

Will, Clifford, 5, 55, 63, 64, 207

Wilson, Robert, 63

Wizard of Oz, 196

Wormholes, 189-190

X-ray astronomy, 9, 188, 192, 193, 194, 206

Yale University, 126

Yamamoto, Hiro, 159-160

Zacharias, Jerrold, 118-119

Zapolsky, Harry, 131

Zipoy, David, 93

Zucker, Michael, 150, 157, 158

Zwicky, Fritz, 52, 72