Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests (1989)

Chapter: Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships

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Suggested Citation: "Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships." National Research Council. 1989. Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1414.
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Page 12 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships." National Research Council. 1989. Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1414.
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Page 13 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships." National Research Council. 1989. Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1414.
Save
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Page 13
Page 14 Cite Bookmark
Suggested Citation: "Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships." National Research Council. 1989. Biologic Markers of Air-Pollution Stress and Damage in Forests. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/1414.
Save
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Page 14
Next Chapter: Using Markers in Surveys and Experimental Studies
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