BOEM (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management). 2012. Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts: Environmental Assessment. OCS EIS/EA BOEM 2012-070. U.S. Department of the Interior, BOEM, Office of Renewable Energy Programs.

BOEM. 2014. Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Massachusetts Revised Environmental Assessment. OCS EIS/EIA BOEM 2014-603. U.S. Department of the Interior, BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs.

BOEM 2018. Vineyard Wind Offshore Wind Energy Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement. OCS EIS/EA BOEM 2018-060. U.S. Department of the Interior.

BOEM. 2023. Mayflower Wind Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement. OCS EIS/EA BOEM 2023-0011. U.S. Department of the Interior. https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/state-activities/Mayflower_DEIS_Vol_I_WEB_508.pdf.

BOEM and NOAA (Bureau of Ocean Energy Management and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). 2022. Draft BOEM and NOAA Fisheries North Atlantic Right Whale and Offshore Wind Strategy. https://www.boem.gov/environment/protecting-north-atlantic-right-whales-during-offshore-wind-energy-development.

Brink, K. H. 2016. continental shelf baroclinic instability. Part I: Relaxation from upwelling or downwelling. Journal of Physical Oceanography 46(2):551-568.

Brink, K. H., and H. Seo. 2016. Continental shelf baroclinic instability. Part II: Oscillating wind forcing. Journal of Physical Oceanography 46:569-582.

Broström, G. 2008. On the influence of large wind farms on the upper ocean circulation. Journal of Marine Systems 74(1):585-591.

Burkhard, B., S. Opitz, H. J. Lenhart, K. Ahrendt, S. Garthe, B. Mendel and W. Windhorst. 2011. Ecosystem based modeling and indication of ecological integrity in the German North Sea – case study offshore wind farms. Ecological Indicators 11(1):168–174.

Cai, C., Y.-O. Kwon, Z. Chen, and P. Fratantoni. 2021. Mixed layer depth climatology over the northeast U.S. continental shelf (1993–2018). Continental Shelf Research 231:104611.

Capet, X., J. C. McWilliams, M. J. Molemaker, and A. F. Shchepetkin. 2008. Mesoscale to submesoscale transition in the California Current System. Part I: Flow structure, eddy flux, and observational tests. Journal of physical oceanography, 38(1), pp.29-43.

Carpenter, J. R., L. Merckelbach, U. Callies, S. Clark, L. Gaslikova, and B. Baschek. 2016. Potential impacts of offshore wind farms on North Sea stratification. PLoS ONE 11(8).

Cazenave, P. W., R. Torres, and J. I. Allen. 2016. Unstructured grid modeling of offshore wind farm impacts on seasonally stratified shelf seas. Progress in Oceanography 145:25-41.

Chakrabarti, A., Q. Chen, H. D. Smith, and D. Liu. 2016. Large eddy simulation of unidirectional and wave flows through vegetation. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 142(8):1-18.

Chen, C., H. Huang, R. C. Beardsley, Q. Xu, R. Limeburner, G. W. Cowles, Y. Sun, J. Qi, and H. Lin. 2011. Tidal dynamics in the Gulf of Maine and New England shelf: An application of FVCOM. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 116(C12):C12010.

Chen, C., R. C. Beardsley, J. Qi, and H. Lin. 2016. Use of Finite-Volume Modeling and the Northeast Coastal Ocean Forecast System in Offshore Wind Energy Resource Planning. U.S. Department of the Interior, BOEM, Office of Renewable Energy Programs.

Chen, C., Zhao, L., He, P., Beardsley, C. R., Gallager, S., Stokesbury, K, 2021a. Assessing potential impacts of offshore wind facilities on regional sea scallop larval and early juvenile transports. A short report for the 2021 Scallop RSA Share Day, May 6 and 12, 2021,19 pp.

Chen, Z., Y.-O. Kwon, K. Chen, P. Fratantoni, G. Gawarkiewicz, T. M. Joyce, T. J. Miller, J. A. Nye, V. S. Saba, and B. C. Stock. 2021b. Seasonal prediction of bottom temperature on the northeast U.S. continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126:e2021JC017187.

Chen, K., and R. He. 2010. Numerical investigation of the Middle Atlantic Bight shelf break frontal circulation using a high-resolution ocean hindcast model. Journal of Physical Oceanography 40(5):949-964.

Chen, K., G. G. Gawarkiewicz, S. J. Lentz, and J. M. Bane. 2014a. Diagnosing the warming of the Northeastern U.S. Coastal Ocean in 2012: A linkage between the atmospheric jet stream variability and ocean response. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119(1):218-227.

Chen, K., R. He, B. S. Powell, G. G. Gawarkiewicz, A. M. Moore, and H. G. Arango. 2014b. Data assimilative modeling investigation of Gulf Stream warm core ring interaction with continental shelf and slope circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 119(9):5968-5991.

Chen, Q., W. Wu, and L. Zhu. 2018. Recent developments in numerical modeling of coastal hydrodynamics and sediment transport. Pp.145-198 in Advances in Coastal Hydraulics, V. Panchang and J. M. Kaihatu, eds. World Scientific.

Christiansen, M. B., and C. B. Hasager. 2005. Wake effects of large offshore wind farms identified from satellite SAR. Remote Sensing of Environment 98(2-3):251-268.

Christiansen, N., U. Daewel, B. Djath, and C. Schrum. 2022. Emergence of large-scale hydrodynamic structures due to atmospheric offshore wind farm wakes. Frontiers in Marine Science 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.818501.

Christiansen, N., J. R. Carpenter, U. Daewel, N. Suzuki, and C. Schrum. 2023. The large-scale impact of anthropogenic mixing by offshore wind turbine foundations in the shallow North Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1178330.

Churchfield, M., S. Lee, and P. Moriarty. 2012. Overview of the Simulator for Wind Farm Application (SOWFA). National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

Chust, G., C. Castellani, P. Licandro, L. Ibaibarriaga, Y. Sagarminaga, and X. Irigoien. 2014. Are Calanus spp. shifting poleward in the North Atlantic? A habitat modelling approach. ICES Journal of Marine Science 71(2):241-253.

Coolen, J. W. P., B. van der Weide, J. Cuperus, M. Blomberg, G. W. N. M. Van Moorsel, M. A. Faasse, O. G. Bos, S. Degraer, and H. J. Lindeboom. 2018. Benthic biodiversity on old platforms, young wind farms, and rocky reefs. ICES Journal of Marine Science 77(3):1250-1265.

Crowe, L. M., M. W. Brown, P. J. Corkeron, P. K. Hamilton, C. Ramp, S. Ratelle, A. S. M. Vanderlaan, and T. V. N. Cole. 2021. In plane sight: A mark-recapture analysis of North Atlantic right whales in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Endangered Species Research 46:227-251.

Daewel, U., N. Akhtar, N. Christiansen, and C. Schrum. 2022. Offshore wind farms are projected to impact primary production and bottom water deoxygenation in the North Sea. Communications Earth & Environment 3(1):292.

Davies, K. T. A., and S. W. Brillant. 2019. Mass human-caused mortality spurs federal action to protect endangered North Atlantic right whales in Canada. Marine Policy 104:157-162.

Davies, K. T. A., T. Ross, and C. T. Taggart. 2013. Tidal and subtidal currents affect deep aggregations of right whale prey, Calanus spp., along a shelf-basin margin. Marine Ecology Progress Series 479:263-282.

Davies, K. T. A., C. T. Taggart, and R. K. Smedbol. 2014. Water mass structure defines the diapausing copepod distribution in a right whale habitat on the Scotian Shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series 497:69-85.

Davies, K. T. A., A. S. M. Vanderlaan, R. K. Smedbol, and C. T. Taggart. 2015. Oceanographic connectivity between right whale critical habitats in Canada and its influence on whale abundance indices during 1987-2009. Journal of Marine Systems 150:80-90.

Davies, K. T. A., M. W. Brown, P. K. Hamilton, A. R. Knowlton, C. T. Taggart, and A. S. M. Vanderlaan. 2019. Variation in North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis occurrence in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, over three decades. Endangered Species Research 39:159-171.

Davis, G. E., M. F. Baumgartner, J. M. Bonnell, J. Bell, C. Berchok, J. Bort Thornton, S. Brault, G. Buchanan, R. A. Charif, D. Cholewiak, C. W. Clark, P. Corkeron, J. Delarue, K. Dudzinski, L. Hatch, J. Hildebrand, L. Hodge, H. Klinck, S. Kraus, B. Martin, D. K. Mellinger, H. Moors-Murphy, S. Nieukirk, D. P. Nowacek, S. Parks, A. J. Read, A. N. Rice, D. Risch, A. Širović, M. Soldevilla, K. Stafford, J. E. Stanistreet, E. Summers, S. Todd, A. Warde, and S. M. Van Parijs. 2017. Long-term passive acoustic recordings track the changing distribution of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) from 2004 to 2014. Scientific Reports 7(1):13460.

De Borger, E., E. Ivanov, A. Capet, U. Braeckman, J. Vanaverbeke, M. Grégoire, and K. Soetaert. 2021. Offshore windfarm footprint of sediment organic matter mineralization processes. Frontiers in Marine Science 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.632243.

De Mesel, I., F. Kerckhof, A. Norro, B. Rumes, and S. Degraer. 2015. Succession and seasonal dynamics of the epifauna community on offshore wind farm foundations and their role as stepping stones for non-indigenous species. Hydrobiologia 756(1):37-50.

Degraer, S., D. A. Carey, J. W. P. Coolen, Z. L. Hutchison, F. Kerckhof, B. Rumes, and J. Vanaverbeke. 2020. Offshore wind farm artificial reefs affect ecosystem structure and functioning: A synthesis._Oceanography 33(4):48-57.

DeLorenzo Costa, A., E. G. Durbin, and C. A. Mayo. 2006. Variability in the nutritional value of the major copepods in Cape Cod Bay (Massachusetts, USA) with implications for right whales. Marine Ecology 27(2):109-123.

Djath, B., and J. Schulz-Stellenfleth. 2019. Wind speed deficits downstream offshore wind parks–A new automised estimation technique based on satellite synthetic aperture radar data. Meteorologische Zeitschrift 28(6):499-515.

DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). 2015. Wind Vision Report. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/WindVision_Report_final.pdf.

Dorrell, R. M., C. J. Lloyd, B. J. Lincoln, T. P. Rippeth, J. R. Taylor, C. C. P. Caulfield, J. Sharples, J. A. Polton, B. D. Scannell, D. M. Greaves, R. A. Hall, and J. H. Simpson. 2022. Anthropogenic Mixing in Seasonally Stratified Shelf Seas by Offshore Wind Farm Infrastructure. Frontiers in Marine Science 9.

Durbin, E. G., R. G. Campbell, M. C. Casas, M. D. Ohman, B. Niehoff, J. Runge, and M. Wagner. 2003. Interannual variation in phytoplankton blooms and zooplankton productivity and abundance in the Gulf of Maine during winter. Marine Ecology Progress Series 254:81-100.

Duin, M. 2019. Effects of Wind Farms at the North Sea on Meteorological Conditions in the Netherlands. M.Sc. thesis, Wageningen University and Research, Netherlands.

Epsilon Associates, Inc. 2019. Construction and Operations Plan. Volume III, Text, Vineyard Wind Project. https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities/vineyard-wind-1/.

Epsilon Associates, Inc. 2020. Construction and Operations Plan. Volume III, Appendices Vineyard Wind Project Appendix III-I, Navigational Risk Assessment. https://www.boem.gov/renewable-energy/state-activities/vineyard-wind-construction-and-operations-plan-volume-iii.

Fewings, M., and S. Lentz. 2011. Summertime cooling of the shallow continental shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research 116: C07015.

Fischereit, J., K. Schaldemose Hansen, X. G. Larsén, M. P. van der Laan, P. E. Réthoré, and J. P. Murcia Leon. 2021. Comparing and validating intra-farm and farm-to-farm wakes across different mesoscale and high-resolution wake models. Wind Energy Science 7:1069-1091.

Fitch, A. C., J. B. Olson, J. K. Lundquist, J. Dudhia, A. K. Gupta, J. Michalakes, and I. Barstad. 2012. Local and mesoscale impacts of wind farms as parameterized in a mesoscale NWP model. Monthly Weather Review 140:3017–3038.

Förster, J. 2018. Assessment of Policy Options for Ecosystem-Based Adaptation in Melekeok State, Republic of Palau: An Assessment from a Perspective of the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB). Leipzig: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research.

Fortune, S. M. E., A. W. Trites, C. A. Mayo, D. A. S. Rosen, and P. K. Hamilton. 2013. Energetic requirements of North Atlantic right whales and the implications for species recovery. Marine Ecology Progress Series 478:253-272.

Floeter, J., J. E. E. van Beusekom, D. Auch, U. Callies, J. Carpenter, T. Dudeck, S. Eberle, A. Eckhardt, D. Gloe, K. Hänselmann, M. Hufnagl, S. Janßen, H. Lenhart, K. O. Möller, R. P. North, T. Pohlmann, R. Riethmüller, S. Schulz, S. Spreizenbarth, A. Temming, B. Walter, O. Zielinski, and C. Möllmann. 2017. Pelagic effects of offshore wind farm foundations in the stratified North Sea. Progress in Oceanography 156:154-173.

Floeter, J., T. Pohlmann, A. Harmer, and C. Möllmann. 2022. Chasing the offshore wind farm wind-wake-induced upwelling/downwelling dipole. Frontiers in Marine Science 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.884943.

Frank, K. T., B. Petrie, J. S. Choi, and W. C. Leggett. 2005. Ecology: Trophic cascades in a formerly cod-dominated ecosystem. Science 308(5728):1621-1623.

Friedland, K. D., R. E. Morse, J. P. Manning, D. C. Melrose, T. Miles, A. G. Goode, D. C. Brady, J. T. Kohut, and E. N. Powell. 2020. Trends and change points in surface and bottom thermal environments of the US Northeast Continental Shelf Ecosystem. Fisheries Oceanography 29(5):396-414.

Friedland, K. D., N. R. Record, D. E. Pendleton, W. M. Balch, K. Stamieszkin, J. R. Moisan, and D. C. Brady. 2023. Asymmetry in the rate of warming and the phenology of seasonal blooms in the Northeast US Shelf Ecosystem. ICES Journal of Marine Science 80(4):775-786.

Fringer, O. B., M. Gerritsen, and R. L. Street. 2006. An unstructured-grid, finite-volume, nonhydrostatic, parallel coastal ocean simulator. Ocean Modelling 14(3):139-173.

Fu, L. L. 2009. Pattern and velocity of propagation of the global ocean eddy variability, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 114:C11017.

Ganju, N. K., S. J. Lentz, A. R. Kirincich, and J. T. Farrar. 2011. Complex mean circulation over the inner shelf south of Martha’s Vineyard revealed by observations and a high-resolution model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 116(C10).

Ganley, L. C., S. Brault, and C. A. Mayo. 2019. What we see is not what there is: Estimating North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis local abundance. Endangered Species Research 38:101-113.

Gavrilchuk, K., V. Lesage, S. M. E. Fortune, A. W. Trites, and S. Plourde. 2021. Foraging habitat of North Atlantic right whales has declined in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, and may be insufficient for successful reproduction. Endangered Species Research 44:113-136.

Gawarkiewicz, G., and A. J. Plueddemann. 2020. Scientific rationale and conceptual design of a process-oriented shelfbreak observatory: The OOI Pioneer Array. Journal of Operational Oceanography 13(1):19-36.

Gawarkiewicz, G., K. Chen, J. Forsyth, F. Bahr, A. M. Mercer, A. Ellertson, P. Fratantoni, H. Seim, S. Haines, and L. Han. 2019. Characteristics of an advective marine heatwave in the Middle Atlantic Bight in early 2017. Frontiers in Marine Science 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00712.

Gawarkiewicz, G., P. Fratantoni, F. Bahr, and A. Ellertson. 2022. Increasing frequency of mid-depth salinity maximum intrusions in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(7).

Ge, J., J. Yi, J. Zhang, X. Wang, C. Chen, L. Yuan, B. Tian, and P. Ding. 2021. Impact of vegetation on lateral exchanges in a salt marsh-tidal creek system. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 126(8).

Geyer, B., R. Weisse, P. Bisling, and J. Winterfeldt. 2015. Climatology of North Sea wind energy derived from a model hindcast for 1958–2012. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 147:18-29.

Glasby, T. M., S. D. Connell, M. G. Holloway, and C. L. Hewitt. 2007. Nonindigenous biota on artificial structures: Could habitat creation facilitate biological invasions? Marine Biology 151(3):887-895.

Golbazi, M., C. L. Archer, and S. Alessandrini. 2022. Surface impacts of large offshore wind farms. Environmental Research Letters 17(6).

Green, R. H. 1979. Sampling Design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Greene, C. H., and A. J. Pershing. 2000. The response of Calanus finmarchicus populations to climate variability in the Northwest Atlantic: Basin-scale forcing associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(6):1536-1544.

Greene, C. H., and A. J. Pershing. 2004. Climate and the conservation biology of North Atlantic right whales: The right whale at the wrong time? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2(1):29-34.

Greene, C. H., E. Meyer-Gutbrod, B. C. Monger, L. P. McGarry, A. J. Pershing, I. M. Belkin, P. S. Fratantoni, D. G. Mountain, R. S. Pickart, A. Proshutinsky, R. Ji, J. J. Bisagni, S. M. A. Hakkinen, D. B. Haidvogel, J. Wang, E. Head, P. Smith, P. C. Reid, and A. Conversi. 2013. Remote climate forcing of decadal-scale regime shifts in Northwest Atlantic shelf ecosystems. Limnology and Oceanography 58(3):803-816.

Grieve, B. D., J. A. Hare, and V. S. Saba. 2017. Projecting the effects of climate change on Calanus finmarchicus distribution within the U.S. Northeast Continental Shelf. Scientific Reports 7(1):6264.

Gronholz, A., U. Gräwe, A. Paul, and M. Schulz. 2017. Investigating the effects of a summer storm on the North Sea stratification using a regional coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Ocean Dynamics 67:211-235.

Harden, B. E., G. G. Gawarkiewicz, and M. Infante. 2020. Trends in physical properties at the southern New England shelf break. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(2):e2019JC015784.

Hasager, C. B., A. Mouche, M. Badger, F. Bingöl, I. Karagali, T. Driesenaar, A. Stoffelen, A. Peña, and N. Longépé. 2015. Offshore wind climatology based on synergetic use of Envisat ASAR, ASCAT and QuikSCAT. Remote Sensing of Environment 156:247-263.

Hayes, S. A., E. Josephson, K. Maze-Foley, P. E. Rosel, J. McCordic, and J Wallace, eds. 2023. US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments 2022. NOAA Tech Memo NMFS NE 304. U.S. Department of Commerce.

He, R., and J. L. Wilkin. 2006. Barotropic tides on the southeast New England shelf: A view from a hybrid data assimilative modeling approach. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 111(C8).

Hirche, H. J. (1987). Temperature and plankton: II. Effect on respiration and swimming activity in copepods from the Greenland Sea. Marine Biology 94(3), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00428240

Hirche, H. J. 1996. Diapause in the marine copepod, Calanus finmarchicus—A review. Ophelia 44(1-3):129-143.

Houghton, R. W., R. Schlitz, R. C. Beardsley, B. Butman, and J. L. Chamberlin. 1982. The Middle Atlantic Bight Cold Pool: Evolution of the temperature structure during summer 1979. Journal of Physical Oceanography 12(10):1019-1029.

Hu, K., Q. Chen, and H. Wang. 2015. A numerical study of vegetation impact on reducing storm surge by wetlands in a semi-enclosed estuary. Coastal Engineering 95:66-76.

Hudak, C., K. Stamieszkin, and C. A. Mayo. 2023. North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) prey selection in Cape Cod Bay. Endangered Species Research 51:15-29.

Hutchison, Z. L., M. L. Bartley, S. Degraer, P. English, A. Khan, J. Livermore, B. Rumes, and J. W. King. 2020a. Offshore wind energy and benthic habitat changes lessons from Block Island Wind Farm. Oceanography 33(4):58-69.

Hutchison, Z. L., M. L. Bartley, P. English, J. King, S. Grace, B. Kresning, C. Baxter, K. Ampela, M. Deakos, and A. Khan. 2020b. Benthic and Epifaunal Monitoring During Wind Turbine Installation and Operation at the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island—Project Report. Final Report to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Office of Renewable Energy Programs. BOEM 2020-044, Volumes 1 and 2.

Incze, L. S., D. Hebert, N. Wolff, N. Oakey, and D. Dye. 2001. Changes in copepod distributions associated with increased turbulence from wind stress. Marine Ecology Progress Series 213:229-240.

Janssen, J. H. M., S. van Laar, M. J. de Rooij, J. Kuha, and Z. Bakk. 2018. The detection and modeling of direct effects in latent class analysis. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 26(2):280-290.

Jensen, B., S. Carstensen, and E. D. Christensen. 2018. Mixing of stratified flow around bridge piers in steady current. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 144(8):04018041.

Ji, R., C. Davis, C. Chen, and R. Beardsley. 2009. Life history traits and spatiotemporal distributional patterns of copepod populations in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384:187-205.

Ji, R., C. J. Ashjian, R. G. Campbell, C. Chen, G. Gao, C. S. Davis, G. W. Cowles, and R. C. Beardsley. 2012. Life history and biogeography of Calanus copepods in the Arctic Ocean: An individual-based modeling study. Progress in Oceanography 96:40-56.

Ji, R., Z. Feng, B. T. Jones, C. Thompson, C. Chen, N. R. Record, and J. A. Runge. 2017. Coastal amplification of supply and transport (CAST): A new hypothesis about the persistence of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine. ICES Journal of Marine Science 74(7):1865-1874.

Ji, R., J. A. Runge, C. S. Davis, and P. H. Wiebe. 2022. Drivers of variability of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine: Roles of internal production and external exchange. ICES Journal of Marine Science 79(3):775-784.

Jiang, M., M. Brown, J. Turner, R. Kenney, C. Mayo, Z. Zhang, and M. Zhou. 2007. Springtime transport and retention of Calanus finmarchicus in Massachusetts and Cape Cod Bays, USA, and implications for right whale foraging. Marine Ecology-progress Series 349:183-197.

Johnson, TL, J. van Berkel, L. O. Mortensen, M. A. Bell, I. Tiong, B. Hernandez, D. B. Snyder, F. Thomsen, and O. S. Petersen. 2021. Hydrodynamic Modeling, Particle Tracking and Agent-Based Modeling of Larvae in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Bight. Lakewood, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.

Kanarska, Y., A. Shchepetkin, and J. C. McWilliams. 2007. Algorithm for non-hydrostatic dynamics in the Regional Oceanic Modeling System. Ocean Modelling 18(3):143-174.

Kenney, R., C. Mayo, and H. Winn. 2001. Migration and foraging strategies at varying spatial scales in western North Atlantic right whales: A review of hypotheses. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management (October, Special Issue 2):251-260.

Kirincich, A. R., S. J. Lentz, F. J. Thomas, and N. K. Ganju. 2013. The spatial structure of tidal and mean circulation over the inner shelf South of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. Journal of Physical Oceanography 43(9):1940-1958.

Kishi, M. J., M. Kashiwai, D. M. Ware, B. A. Megrey, D. L. Eslinger, F. E. Werner, M. Noguchi-Aita, T. Azumaya, M. Fujii, S. Hashimoto, D. Huang, H. Iizumi, Y. Ishida, S. Kang, G. A. Kantakov, H.-C. Kim, K. Komatsu, V. V. Navrotsky, S. L. Smith, K. Tadokoro, A. Tsuda, O. Yamamura, Y. Yamanaka, K. Yokouchi, N. Yoshie, J. Zhang, Y. I. Zuenko, and V. I. Zvalinsky. 2007. NEMURO—a lower trophic level model for the North Pacific marine ecosystem. Ecological Modelling 202(1–2):12-25.

Knowlton, A. R., P. K. Hamilton, M. K. Marx, H. M. Pettis, and S. D. Kraus. 2012. Monitoring North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis entanglement rates: A 30 yr retrospective. Marine Ecology Progress Series 466:293-302.

Krumhansl, K. A., E. J. H. Head, P. Pepin, S. Plourde, N. R. Record, J. A. Runge, and C. L. Johnson. 2018. Environmental drivers of vertical distribution in diapausing Calanus copepods in the Northwest Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography 162:202-222.

Lai, Z., C. Chen, G. W. Cowles, and R. C. Beardsley. 2010. A nonhydrostatic version of FVCOM: 1. Validation experiments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 115(C11).

Lefaible, N., L. Colson, U. Braeckman, and T. Moens. 2019. Evaluation of turbine-related impacts on macrobenthic communities within two offshore wind farms during the operational phase. Pp 47-64 in Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Marking a Decade of Monitoring, Research and Innovation, S. Degraer, R. Brabant, B. Rumes, and L. Vigin, eds. Brussels, Belgium: Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.

Lehoux, C., S. Plourde, and V. Lesage. 2020. Significance of Dominant Zooplankton Species to the North Atlantic Right Whale Potential Foraging Habitats in the Gulf of St. Lawrence: a Bio-energetic Approach. Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat.

Leiter, S. M., K. M. Stone, J. L. Thompson, C. M. Accardo, B. C. Wikgren, M. A. Zani, T. Cole, R. D. Kenney, C. A. Mayo, and S. D. Kraus. 2017. North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis occurrence in offshore wind energy areas near Massachusetts and Rhode Island, USA. Endangered Species Research 34:45-59.

Lentz, S. J. 2003. A climatology of salty intrusions over the continental shelf from Georges Bank to Cape Hatteras. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 108(C10).

Lentz, S. J. 2022. Interannual and seasonal along-shelf current variability and dynamics: Seventeen years of observations from the southern New England inner shelf. Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(12):2923-2933.

Li, Y., P. S. Fratantoni, C. Chen, J. A. Hare, Y. Sun, R. C. Beardsley, and R. Ji. 2015. Spatiotemporal patterns of stratification on the Northwest Atlantic shelf. Progress in Oceanography 134:123-137.

Ma, G., J. T. Kirby, S. F. Su, J. Figlus, and F. Shi. 2013. Numerical study of turbulence and wave damping induced by vegetation canopies. Coastal Engineering 80:68-78.

Maar, M., K. Bolding, J. K. Petersen, J. L. S. Hansen, and K. Timmermann. 2009. Local effects of blue mussels around turbine foundations in an ecosystem model of Nysted off-shore wind farm, Denmark. Journal of Sea Research 62(2):159-174.

Marshall, S. M., A. P. Orr. 1972. The Biology of a Marine Copepod, 1st ed.: Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Mayo, C. A., and M. K. Marx. 1990. Surface foraging behaviour of the North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, and associated zooplankton characteristics. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68(10):2214-2220.

McKinstry, C. A. E., A. J. Westgate, and H. N. Koopman. 2013. Annual variation in the nutritional value of stage V Calanus finmarchicus: Implications for right whales and other copepod predators. Endangered Species Research 20(3):195-204.

Medina-Lopez, E., D. McMillan, J. Lazic, E. Hart, S. Zen, A. Angeloudis, E. Bannon, J. Browell, S. Dorling, R. M. Dorrell, R. Forster, C. Old, G. S. Payne, G. Porter, A. S. Rabaneda, B. Sellar, E. Tapoglou, N. Trifonova, I. H. Woodhouse, and A. Zampollo. 2021. Satellite data for the offshore renewable energy sector: Synergies and innovation opportunities. Remote Sensing of Environment 264:112588.

Meise, C. J., and J. E. O’Reilly. 1996. Spatial and seasonal patterns in abundance and age-composition of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine and on Georges Bank: 1977–1987. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 43(7):1473-1501.

MERCINA (Marine Ecosystem Responses to Climate in the North Atlantic) Working Group. 2004. Supply-side ecology and the response of zooplankton to climate-driven changes in North Atlantic Ocean circulation. Oceanography 17(3):60-71.

MERCINA Working Group. 2012. Recent Arctic climate change and its remote forcing of Northwest Atlantic shelf ecosystems. Oceanography 25(3):208-213.

Methratta, E. T. 2020. Monitoring fisheries resources at offshore wind farms: BACI vs. BAG designs. ICES Journal of Marine Science 77(3):890-900.

Methratta, E. T., A. Hawkins, B. R. Hooker, A. Lipsky, and J. A. Hare. 2020. Offshore wind development in the Northeast US shelf large marine ecosystem: Ecological, human, and fishery management dimensions. Oceanography 33(4):16-27.

Meyer-Gutbrod, E. L., and C. H. Greene. 2014. Climate-associated regime shifts drive decadal-scale variability in recovery of North Atlantic right whale population. Oceanography 27(3):148-153.

Meyer-Gutbrod, E. L., C. H. Greene, P. J. Sullivan, and A. J. Pershing. 2015. Climate-associated changes in prey availability drive reproductive dynamics of the North Atlantic right whale population. Marine Ecology Progress Series 535:243-258.

Meyer-Gutbrod, E. L., C. H. Greene, and K. T. Davies. 2018. Marine species range shifts necessitate advanced policy planning: The case of the North Atlantic right whale. Oceanography 31(2):19-23.

Meyer-Gutbrod, E. L., C. H. Greene, K. T. A. Davies, and D. G. Johns. 2021. Ocean regime shift is driving collapse of the North Atlantic right whale population. Oceanography 34(3):22-31.

Meyer-Gutbrod, E. L., K. T. A. Davies, C. L. Johnson, S. Plourde, K. A. Sorochan, R. D. Kenney, C. Ramp, J. F. Gosselin, J. W. Lawson, and C. H. Greene. 2022. Redefining North Atlantic right whale habitat-use patterns under climate change. Limnology and Oceanography 68:S71-S86.

Michaud, J., and C. T. Taggart. 2007. Lipid and gross energy content of North Atlantic right whale food, Calanus finmarchicus, in the Bay of Fundy. Endangered Species Research 3(1):77-94.

Miles, J., T. Martin, and L. Goddard. 2017. Current and wave effects around windfarm monopile foundations. Coastal Engineering 121:167-178.

Miles, T., S. Murphy, J. Kohut, S. Borsetti, and D. Munroe. 2021. Offshore wind energy and the Mid-Atlantic cold pool: A review of potential interactions. Marine Technology Society Journal 55(4):72-87.

Miller, C. B., J. A. Crain, and C. A. Morgan. 2000. Oil storage variability in Calanus finmarchicus. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57(6):1786-1799.

Moody, J., B. Butman, R. Beardsley, W. Brown, P. Daifuku, D. Mayer, H. Mofjeld, B. Petrie, S. Ramp, and P. Smith. 1984. Atlas of Tides and Tidal Current Observations on the Northeast Continental Shelf and Slope of North America. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1611. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Moore, M. J., T. K. Rowles, D. A. Fauquier, J. D. Baker, I. Biedron, J. W. Durban, P. K. Hamilton, A. G. Henry, A. R. Knowlton, and W. A. McLellan. 2021. Assessing North Atlantic right whale health: Threats, and development of tools critical for conservation of the species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 143:205-226.

Morison, J. R., J. W. Johnson, and S. A. Schaaf. 1950. The force exerted by surface waves on piles. Journal of Petroleum Technology 2:149-154.

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). 2015. Offshore Wind Farms Make Wakes. https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/89063/offshore-wind-farms-make-wakes.

NMFS (National Fisheries Service). 2023. Fisheries Economics of the United States, 2020. Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/SPO-236A. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration.

NOAA NDBC (National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration National Data Buoy Center). 2017. [Water quality monitoring data file]. http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov/historical_data.shtml.

O’Brien, O., D. E. Pendleton, L. C. Ganley, K. R. McKenna, R. D. Kenney, E. Quintana-Rizzo, C. A. Mayo, S. D. Kraus, and J. V. Redfern. 2022. Repatriation of a historical North Atlantic right whale habitat during an era of rapid climate change. Scientific Reports 12(1):12407.

Ohman, M. D., and J. A. Runge. 1994. Sustained fecundity when phytoplankton resources are in short supply: Omnivory by Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Limnology and Oceanography 39(1):21-36.

Orphanides, C., and H. Walsh. 2022. Right Whales & Offshore Wind: NEFSC Research. Presentation at 2022 North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium Annual Meeting. October 25-26, 2022. New Bedford, Massachusetts. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCECnAl6Eu2CCwkE_gU5HpVA.

Paskyabi, M. B. 2015. Offshore wind farm wake effect on stratification and coastal upwelling. Energy Procedia 80:131-140.

Paskyabi, M. B., and I. Fer. 2012. Upper ocean response to large wind farm effect in the presence of surface gravity waves. Energy Procedia 24:245-254.

Patrician, M. R., and R. D. Kenney. 2010. Using the continuous plankton recorder to investigate the absence of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) from the Roseway Basin foraging ground. Journal of Plankton Research 32(12):1685-1695.

Pedersen, M. M. A. M. Forsting, P. van der Laan, R. Riva, L. A. Alcayaga Romàn, J. Criado Risco, M. Friis-Møller, J. Quick, J. P. Schøler Christiansen, R. Valotta Rodrigues, B. T. Olsen, and P.-E. Réthoré. 2023. PyWake 2.5.0: An Open-Source Wind Farm Simulation Tool. DTU Wind, Technical University of Denmark.

Pendleton, D. E., A. J. Pershing, M. W. Brown, C. A. Mayo, R. D. Kenney, N. R. Record, and T. V. N. Cole. 2009. Regional-scale mean copepod concentration indicates relative abundance of North Atlantic right whales. Marine Ecology Progress Series 378:211-225.

Pendleton, D. E., P. J. Sullivan, M. W. Brown, T. V. N. Cole, C. P. Good, C. A. Mayo, B. C. Monger, S. Phillips, N. R. Record, and A. J. Pershing. 2012. Weekly predictions of North Atlantic right whale Eubalaena glacialis habitat reveal influence of prey abundance and seasonality of habitat preferences. Endangered Species Research 18(2):147-161.

Pendleton, D. E., M. W. Tingley, L. C. Ganley, K. D. Friedland, C. Mayo, M. W. Brown, B. E. McKenna, A. Jordaan, and M. D. Staudinger. 2022. Decadal-scale phenology and seasonal climate drivers of migratory baleen whales in a rapidly warming marine ecosystem. Global Change Biology 28(16):4989-5005.

Perry, R. L., and W. D. Heyman. 2020. Considerations for offshore wind energy development effects on fish and fisheries in the United States: A review of existing studies, new efforts, and opportunities for innovation. Oceanography 33(4):28-37.

Pershing, A., and A. Kemberling. 2023. Zooplankton Dynamics in the NW Atlantic. Presentation at Public Information Gathering Session, Virtual. June 27.

Pershing, A., N. Record, B. Monger, D. Pendleton, and W. La. 2009. Model-based estimates of Calanus finmarchicus abundance in the Gulf of Maine. Marine Ecology Progress Series 378:227-243.

Pershing, A. J., M. A. Alexander, C. M. Hernandez, L. A. Kerr, A. L. Bris, K. E. Mills, J. A. Nye, N. R. Record, H. A. Scannell, J. D. Scott, G. D. Sherwood, and A. C. Thomas. 2015. Slow adaptation in the face of rapid warming leads to collapse of the Gulf of Maine cod fishery. Science 350(6262):809-812.

Pettis, H. M., R. M. Pace III, R. S. Schick, and P. K. Hamilton. 2021. North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium 2021 Annual Report Card. North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium. https://hdl.handle.net/1912/29595.

Pettis, H. M., R. M. III Pace, and P. K Hamilton. 2022. North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium 2022 Annual Report Card. North Atlantic Right Whale Consortium. https://hdl.handle.net/1912/66099.

Platis, A., S. K. Siedersleben, J. Bange, A. Lampert, K. Bärfuss, R. Hankers, B. Cañadillas, R. Foreman, J. Schulz-Stellenfleth, B. Djath, T. Neumann, and S. Emeis. 2018. First in situ evidence of wakes in the far field behind offshore wind farms. Scientific Reports 8(1):2163.

Plourde, S., C. Lehoux, C. L. Johnson, G. Perrin, and V. Lesage. 2019. North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and its food: (I) A spatial climatology of Calanus biomass and potential foraging habitats in Canadian waters. Journal of Plankton Research 41(5):667-685.

Prairie, J. C., K. R. Sutherland, K. J. Nickols, and A. M. Kaltenberg. 2012. Biophysical interactions in the plankton: A cross-scale review. Limnology and Oceanography: Fluids and Environments 2(1):121-145.

Quintana-Rizzo, E., S. Leiter, T. V. N. Cole, M. N. Hagbloom, A. R. Knowlton, P. Nagelkirk, O. O’Brien, C. B. Khan, A. G. Henry, P. A. Duley, L. M. Crowe, C. A. Mayo, and S. D. Kraus. 2021. Residency, demographics, and movement patterns of North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis in an offshore wind energy development area in southern New England, USA. Endangered Species Research 45:251-268.

Raghukumar, K., C. Chartrand, G. Chang, L. Cheung, and J. Roberts. 2022. Effect of floating offshore wind turbines on atmospheric circulation in California. Frontiers in Energy Research 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2022.863995.

Raghukumar, K., T. Nelson, M. Jacox, C. Chartrand, J. Fiechter, G. Chang, L. Cheung, and J. Roberts. 2023. Projected cross-shore changes in upwelling induced by offshore wind farm development along the California coast. Communications Earth and Environment 4(1):116.

Record, N. R., A. J. Pershing, J. A. Runge, C. A. Mayo, B. C. Monger, and C. Chen. 2010. Improving ecological forecasts of copepod community dynamics using genetic algorithms. Journal of Marine Systems 82(3):96-110.

Record, N. R., J. A. Runge, D. E. Pendleton, W. M. Balch, K. T. A. Davies, A. J. Pershing, C. L. Johnson, K. Stamieszkin, R. Ji, Z. Feng, S. D. Kraus, R. D. Kenney, C. A. Hudak, C. A. Mayo, C. Chen, J. E. Salisbury, and C. R. S. Thompson. 2019. Rapid climate-driven circulation changes threaten conservation of endangered North Atlantic right whales. Oceanography 32(2):62-169.

Rennau, H., S. Schimmels, and H. Burchard. 2012. On the effect of structure-induced resistance and mixing on inflows into the Baltic Sea: A numerical model study. Coastal Engineering 60:53-68.

Reubens, J. T., F. Pasotti, S. Degraer, and M. Vincx. 2013. Residency, site fidelity and habitat use of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) at an offshore wind farm using acoustic telemetry. Marine Environmental Research 90:128-135.

Reubens, J. T., M. De Rijcke, S. Degraer, and M. Vincx. 2014. Diel variation in feeding and movement patterns of juvenile Atlantic cod at offshore wind farms. Journal of Sea Research 85:214-221.

Reygondeau, G., and G. Beaugrand. 2011. Future climate-driven shifts in distribution of Calanus finmarchicus. Global Change Biology 17(2):756-766.

Roarty, H., S. Glenn, J. Brodie, L. Nazzaro, M. Smith, E. Handel, J. Kohut, T. Updyke, L. Atkinson, W. Boicourt, W. Brown, H. Seim, M. Muglia, H. Wang, and D. Gong. 2020. Annual and seasonal surface circulation over the Mid-Atlantic Bight continental shelf derived from a decade of high frequency radar observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(11):e2020JC016368.

Robinson, K. L., S. Sponaugle, J. Y. Luo, M. R. Gleiber, and R. K. Cowen. 2021. Big or small, patchy all: Resolution of marine plankton patch structure at micro- to submesoscales for 36 taxa. Science Advances 7(47):eabk2904.

Ross, C. H., J. A. Runge, J. J. Roberts, D. C. Brady, B. Tupper, and N. R. Record. 2023. Estimating North Atlantic right whale prey based on Calanus finmarchicus thresholds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 703:1-16.

Runge, J. A., S. Plourde, P. Joly, B. Niehoff, and E. Durbin. 2006. Characteristics of egg production of the planktonic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, on Georges Bank: 1994-1999. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 53(23-24):2618-2631.

Saba, V. S., S. M. Griffies, W. G. Anderson, M. Winton, M. A. Alexander, T. L. Delworth, J. A. Hare, M. J. Harrison, A. Rosati, G. A. Vecchi, and R. Zhang. 2016. Enhanced warming of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean under climate change. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121(1):118-132.

Schimmels, S. 2007. Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Circular Cylinders on Mixing and Entrainment in Natural Density Currents. Doctoral Thesis, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany.

Schofield, O., R. Chant, B. Cahill, R. Castelao, D. Gong, A. Kahl, J. Kohut, M. Montes-Hugo, R. Ramadurai, P. Ramey, X. U. Yi, and S. Glenn. 2008. The decadal view of the Mid-Atlantic Bight from the COOLroom: Is our coastal system changing? Oceanography 21(4):108-117.

Schultze, L. K. P., L. M. Merckelbach, and J. R. Carpenter. 2017. Turbulence and mixing in a shallow shelf sea from underwater gliders. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122(11):9092-9109.

Schultze, L. K. P., L. M. Merckelbach, J. Horstmann, S. Raasch, and J. R. Carpenter. 2020. Increased mixing and turbulence in the wake of offshore wind farm foundations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(8):e2019JC015858.

Seidov, D., A. Mishonov, and R. Parsons. 2021. Recent warming and decadal variability of Gulf of Maine and slope water. Limnology and Oceanography 66(9):3472-3488.

Shearman, R. K., and S. J. Lentz. 2003. Dynamics of mean and subtidal flow on the New England shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 108(C8):3281.

Shearman, R. K., and S. J. Lentz. 2004. Observations of tidal variability on the New England shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 109(C6): C06010.

Silber, G. K., A. Dangerfield, J. Smith, D. Reeb, J. J. Levenson. 2023. Offshore Wind Energy Development and North Atlantic Right Whales. Report No.: BOEM 2023-051. Sterling, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.

Silver, A., A. Gangopadhyay, G. Gawarkiewicz, P. Fratantoni, and J. Clark. 2023. Increased Gulf Stream warm core ring formations contributes to an observed increase in salinity maximum intrusions on the Northeast Shelf. Scientific Reports 13(1):7538.

Simard, Y., N. Roy, S. Giard, and F. Aulanier. 2019. North Atlantic right whale shift to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 2015, revealed by long-term passive acoustics. Endangered Species Research 40:271-284.

Slavik, K., C. Lemmen, W. Zhang, O. Kerimoglu, K. Klingbeil, and K. W. Wirtz. 2019. The large-scale impact of offshore wind farm structures on pelagic primary productivity in the southern North Sea. Hydrobiologia 845(1):35-53.

Sorochan, K. A., S. Plourde, R. Morse, P. Pepin, J. Runge, C. Thompson, and C. L. Johnson. 2019. North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) and its food: (II) Interannual variations in biomass of Calanus spp. on western North Atlantic shelves. Journal of Plankton Research 41(5):687-708.

Sorochan, K. A., S. Plourde, M. F. Baumgartner, and C. L. Johnson. 2021. Availability, supply, and aggregation of prey (Calanus spp.) in foraging areas of the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). ICES Journal of Marine Science 78(10):3498-3520.

Stegert, C., R. Ji, N. Li, and C. S. Davis. 2011. Processes controlling seasonality and spatial distribution of Centropages typicus: A modeling study in the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank region. Journal of Plankton Research 34(1):18-35.

Stevens, R. J. A. M., and C. Meneveau. 2017. Flow structure and turbulence in wind farms. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 43(1):311-339.

Stevenson, D., L. Chiarella, D. Stephan, R. N. Reid, K. Wilhelm, J. McCarthy, and M. Pentony. 2004. Characterization of the Fishing Practices and Marine Benthic Ecosystems of the Northeast U.S. Shelf, and an Evaluation of the Potential Effects of Fishing on Essential Fish Habitat. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3481.

Stone, K. M., S. M. Leiter, R. D. Kenney, B. C. Wikgren, J. L. Thompson, J. K. Taylor, and S. D. Kraus. 2017. Distribution and abundance of cetaceans in a wind energy development area offshore of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Journal of Coastal Conservation 21:527-543.

Strub, P. T., and C. James. 2000. Altimeter-derived variability of surface velocities in the California Current System: 2. Seasonal circulation and eddy statistics. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 47(5-6):831-870.

Sun, Y., C. Chen, R. C. Beardsley, D. Ullman, B. Butman, and H. Lin. 2016. Surface circulation in Block Island Sound and adjacent coastal and shelf regions: A FVCOM-CODAR comparison. Progress in Oceanography 143:26-45.

Ter Hofstede, R., F. M. F. Driessen, P. J. Elzinga, M. Van Koningsveld, and M. Schutter. 2022. Offshore wind farms contribute to epibenthic biodiversity in the North Sea. Journal of Sea Research 185:102229.

Tian, R., and C. Chen. 2006. Influence of model geometrical fitting and turbulence parameterization on phytoplankton simulation in the Gulf of Maine. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 53(23-24):2808-2832.

Tian, R., C. Chen, J. Qi, R. Ji, R. C. Beardsley, and C. Davis. 2014. Model study of nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Maine: Patterns and drivers for seasonal and interannual variability. ICES Journal of Marine Science 72(2):388-402.

Turner, J., and E. Weig. 2023. Zooplankton Survey for Regional Fisheries Monitoring in Southern New England Offshore Wind Development. Report No. BOEM 2023-027. Sterling, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management.

Ullman, D. S., and P. C. Cornillon. 1999. Satellite-derived sea surface temperature fronts on the continental shelf off the northeast U.S. coast. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 104(C10):23459-23478.

Umlauf, L., and H. Burchard. 2005. Second-order turbulence closure models for geophysical boundary layers. A review of recent work. Continental Shelf Research 25(7):795-827.

van der Hoop, J. M., A. E. Nousek-McGregor, D. P. Nowacek, S. E. Parks, P. Tyack, and P. T. Madsen. 2019. Foraging rates of ram-filtering North Atlantic right whales. Functional Ecology 33(7):1290-1306.

van der Molen, J., H. C. M. Smith, P. Lepper, S. Limpenny, and J. Rees. 2014. Predicting the large-scale consequences of offshore wind turbine array development on a North Sea ecosystem. Continental Shelf Research 85:60-72.

van Hal, R., A. B. Griffioen, and O. A. van Keeken. 2017. Changes in fish communities on a small spatial scale, an effect of increased habitat complexity by an offshore wind farm. Marine Environmental Research 126:26-36.

van Leeuwen, S., P. Tett, D. Mills, and J. van der Molen. 2015. Stratified and nonstratified areas in the North Sea: Long-term variability and biological and policy implications. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120(7):4670-4686.

Vanhellemont, Q., and K. Ruddick. 2014. Turbid wakes associated with offshore wind turbines observed with Landsat 8. Remote Sensing of Environment 145:105-115.

Visser, A. W., H. Saito, E. Saiz, and T. Kiørboe. 2001. Observations of copepod feeding and vertical distribution under natural turbulent conditions in the North Sea. Marine Biology 138(5):1011-1019.

Volker, P. J., J. Badger, A. N. Hahmann, and S. Ott. 2015. The Explicit Wake Parametrisation V1.0: A wind farm parametrisation in the mesoscale model WRF. Geoscientific Model Development 8(11):3715-3731.

Wang, T., W. Yu, X. Zou, D. Zhang, B. Li, J. Wang, and H. Zhang. 2018. Zooplankton community responses and the relation to environmental factors from established offshore wind farms within the Rudong coastal area of China. Journal of Coastal Research 34(4):843-855.

Ward, S. L., P. E. Robins, A. Owen, J. Demmer, and S. R. Jenkins. 2023. The importance of resolving nearshore currents in coastal dispersal models. Ocean Modelling 183:102181.

Wiebe, P. H., M. F. Baumgartner, N. J. Copley, G. L. Lawson, C. Davis, R. Ji, and C. H. Greene. 2022. Does predation control the diapausing stock of Calanus finmarchicus in the Gulf of Maine? Progress in Oceanography 206:102861.

Wilkin, J. L. 2006. The summertime heat budget and circulation of Southeast New England Shelf waters. Journal of Physical Oceanography 36(11):1997-2011.

Wilson, J. C., and M. Elliott. 2009. The habitat-creation potential of offshore wind farms. Wind Energy 12(2):203-212.

WindEurope. 2022. Financing and investment trends 2021 (p. 40). https://windeurope.org/data-and-analysis/product/financing-and-investment-trends-2021.

Wishner, K. F., E. G. Durbin, A. G. Durbin, M. C. Macaulay, H. E. Winn, and R. D. Kenney. 1988. Copepod patches and right whales in the great south channel off new England. Bulletin of Marine Science 43: 825-844.

Wishner, K. F., J. R. Schoenherr, R. Beardsley, and C. Chen. 1995. Abundance, distribution and population structure of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus in a springtime right whale feeding area in the southwestern Gulf of Maine. Continental Shelf Research 15(4-5):475-507.

Wood, S., J. Purdum, and B. Egan. 2014. Visualization Simulations for Offshore Massachusetts and Rhode Island Wind Energy Area Meteorological Report. U.S. DOI, BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Program.

Xie, S., and C. Archer. 2015. Self-similarity and turbulence characteristics of wind turbine wakes via large-eddy simulation. Wind Energy 18(10):1815-1838.

Zang, Z., Z. G. Xue, K. Xu, C. E. Ozdemir, Q. Chen, S. J. Bentley, and G. Sahin. 2020. A numerical investigation of wave-supported gravity flow during cold fronts over the Atchafalaya shelf. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125:e2019JC015269.