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Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.

CHAPTER 19

Case Study: Montana US-287

19.1 Route Description

This route extends from 1.0 mile south of the small rural town of Townsend to the center of East Helena, Montana. US-287 serves as an important connection between Helena and I-90. This section of US-287 is approximately 30 miles in length.

The highest posted speed limit is 70 mi/h for the rural parts of the corridor (majority distance by length) and the lowest posted speed limit is 25 mi/h in the town of Townsend. The route is shown in Figure 19.1.

19.2 LOS

Segmentation

This route mainly consists of two-lane highway segments—passing constrained, passing zones, and two stretches of passing lanes. Unlike the other case study routes, this route contains an AWSC intersection, in the town of Townsend.

The facility segmentation, in the northbound direction, for this route was performed based on the change in cross section, change in passing restrictions, and change in the posted speed limit. This resulted in a total of 38 segments, including two passing lane segments, seven segments (with different speed limits) through the town of Townsend, two signal-controlled intersections, two multilane highway segments, and one AWSC intersection in Townsend. The remaining segments are two-lane highways (with passing or no-passing restrictions).

The final segmentation is shown in Table 19.1. The total length is 30.934 mi.

Townsend is a small rural town on US Highway 287, about 32 miles southeast of Helena. The total population of Townsend is 2,080 people (according to 2020 census data). The stretch of road through the town of Townsend comprises eight segments as indicated in Table 19.2 (starting at the southeast end of the town).

The stretch of road through the town of Townsend is approximately 1.9 miles in length, as shown in Figure 19.2.

The speed limits are 45, 35, and 25 mi/h entering the town and in the reverse order exiting the town. The roadway characteristics through the town are as follows:

  • One lane in the analysis direction.
  • Two-way left-turn lane in the center.
  • AWSC intersection.
  • No curb or gutter at the beginning of town, and then curb on both sides (starts at E-street).
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Montana US-287 study route boundaries
Source: Map data from [©OpenStreetMap](https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright).

Figure 19.1. Montana US-287 study route boundaries.
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.

Table 19.1. Final segmentation for Montana US-287 study route.

Segment IDHwy Segment TypeTwo-Lane Segment Type# Directional LanesLength (ft)Grade (%)Vertical Align Class# Horizontal CurvesPosted Speed (mi/h)
1Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained11,515<21R>3,000 ft70
2Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone12,670<21R>3,000 ft55
3Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained1530<21R>3,000 ft55
4Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained1530<21R>3,000 ft45
5Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained12,650<21R>3,000 ft45
6Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained11,580<21R>3,000 ft35
7Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained1530<21R>3,000 ft25
8AWSCNA185<21R>3,000 ft25
9Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained1965<21R>3,000 ft25
10Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained11,580<21R>3,000 ft35
11Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained12,100<21R>3,000 ft45
12Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained13,170<21R>3,000 ft55
13Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone15,500<21R>3,000 ft70
14Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained13,700<21R>3,000 ft70
15Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone19,500<21R>3,000 ft70
16Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained14,225<21R>3,000 ft70
17Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone15,280<21R>3,000 ft70
18Two-Lane HighwayPassingLane212,670<21R>3,000 ft70
19Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained11,056<21R>3,000 ft70
20Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone113,730<21R>3,000 ft70
21Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained14,225<21R>3,000 ft70
22Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone14,225<21R>3,000 ft55
23Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained13,170<21R>3,000 ft70
24Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone113,728<21R>3,000 ft70
25Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained14,750<21R>3,000 ft70
26Two-Lane HighwayPassingLane27,400<21R>3,000 ft55
27Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained13,700<21R>3,000 ft70
28Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone14,750<21R>3,000 ft70
29Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained11,590<21R>3,000 ft70
30Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone12,100<21R>3,000 ft55
31Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained13,170<21R>3,000 ft70
32Two-Lane HighwayPassingZone119,536<21R>3,000 ft70
33Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained14,752<21R>3,000 ft40
34Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained15,800<21R>3,000 ft55
35Signalized IntersectionNA2120<21R>3,000 ft45
36Multilane HighwayNA23,580<21R>3,000 ft45
37Signalized IntersectionNA2120<21R>3,000 ft45
38Multilane HighwayNA23,050<21R>3,000 ft55
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.

Table 19.2. Segments through Townsend, Montana (US-287).

Segment IDHwy Segment TypeTwo-Lane Segment Type# Directional LanesLength (ft)Grade (%)Vertical Align ClassPosted Speed (mi/h)
1Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained15300145
2Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained12,6500145
3Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained11,5800135
4Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained15300125
5AWSCNA1850125
6Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained19650125
7Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained11,5800135
8Two-Lane HighwayPassingConstrained12,1000145
  • Sidewalk on the east side of the roadway only.
  • Numerous driveways and access roads within the town limits.
  • 25 mi/h zone in Townsend is about 0.32 miles (1,700 ft) long.

For the AWSC intersection (Segment 8), the upstream and downstream influence areas are initially calculated per Equation (2.5) and Equation (2.6), respectively. However, because of the low posted speed limit in this location, the practical braking and acceleration distance equations govern Equation (2.7) and Equation (2.8). For the signal-controlled intersections (Segments 35 and 37), the upstream influence area is calculated per Equation (2.1) and the downstream influence area per Equation (2.2).

The resulting influence area values are as follows:

  • Segment 8, upstream influence area = 151 ft (0.0286 mi), downstream influence area = 125 ft (0.0237 mi).
  • Segment 35, upstream influence area = 1,220 ft (0.2309 mi), downstream influence area = 1906 ft (0.2077 mi).
  • Segment 37, upstream influence area = 643 ft (0.1218 mi), downstream influence area = 1,114 ft (0.2110 mi).

Traffic Data

Traffic data were obtained from the Montana DOT (MDOT) Traffic Data Portal. Traffic sensor coverage of the area is shown in Figure 19.3.

Detector data from the study route are summarized in Table 19.3.

The assignment of volumes to segments is given in Table 19.4.

Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
US-287 stretch through Townsend
Source: Map data ©2022 Google.

Figure 19.2. US-287 stretch through Townsend.
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Traffic data sensors on US-287—Townsend route
Figure 19.3. Traffic data sensors on US-287—Townsend route.
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.

Table 19.3. US-287 Townsend route traffic data.

Sensor No.Sensor IDAADT (veh/day)K (%)D (%)Truck (%)Directional Demand (veh/h)Opposing Demand (veh/h)
104-1-0114,381116010289193
204-1-0106,86312606494329
304-1-0097,53111606497331
404-1-0087,16911606473315
504-1-0026,43111607424283
6W-1016,53712547471314
7A-0027,05511546419357
825-7B-00211,4459604618412
925-7B-02414,01310638883518
1025-7B-01917,196106371,083636

Table 19.4. Volume assignment to segment number(s) as measured from a given traffic data sensor number.

Sensor No.Corresponding Segment(s) for Volume
11–2
23–7
38–10
411–12
513–16
617–30
731–33
834–35
936–37
1038

Results

The segment LOS results are shown in Tables 19.5 and 19.6.

The facility LOS results are shown in Table 19.7.

Discussion

The overall facility LOS, based on a LOS score of 1.58, is B. This is indicative of very good operations of the overall facility. This conclusion is further corroborated by an average facility speed of 65.8 mi/h and an average FFS delay of 7.8%. Further, LOS at the segment level indicates that all segments operate at LOS C or better except for three segments in the rural town of Townsend

Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.

Table 19.5. US-287 segment LOS analysis results, Part 1.

Segment IDHwy Segment TypeTwo-Lane Segment Type# Directional LanesLength (mi)Effective Length Upstream (mi)Effective Length Downstream (mi)Adj. Length (mi)Posted Speed (mi/h)Directional Volume (veh/h)Opposing Volume (veh/h)PHFDirectional Truck %Analysis Flow Rate (veh/h/ln)Analysis Flow Rate (pc/h/ln)Vertical Align ClassFree-Flow Speed (mi/h)Free-Flow Travel Time (s)Avg Speed (mi/h)Avg Travel Time (s)
1TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.28690.2869702891930.956.00304.2179.6012.9877.1113.39
2TwoLaneHwyPassingZone10.50570.5057552891930.956.00304.2162.5029.1360.9429.87
3TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.10040.1004554943290.953.60520.0162.585.7859.866.04
4TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.10040.1004454943290.953.40520.0151.197.0648.907.39
5TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.50190.5019454943290.953.60520.0151.1835.348.8836.97
6TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.29920.2992354943290.953.60520.0139.7827.0837.9228.40
7TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.10040.0718254943290.955.00520.0128.339.1226.919.61
8AWSCIntersection10.01610.02860.02370.0523254970.953.00523.227.506.845.7232.92
9TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.18280.1752254973310.956.00523.2128.3022.2926.8723.47
10TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.29920.2992354973310.956.00523.2139.7027.1337.8428.47
11TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.39770.3977454733150.956.00497.9151.1028.0248.8629.30
12TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.60040.6004554733150.956.00497.9162.5034.5859.8336.13
13TwoLaneHwyPassingZone11.04171.0417704242830.954.20446.3179.6647.0876.9748.72
14TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.7010.701704242830.954.20446.3179.6631.6876.5432.97
15TwoLaneHwyPassingZone11.7991.799704242830.954.20446.3179.6681.376.9584.17
16TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.80.8704243610.954.20446.3179.6636.1576.5337.63
17TwoLaneHwyPassingZone111704713140.954.20495.8179.6645.1976.7546.91
18TwoLaneHwyPassingLane22.42.4704713140.954.20495.8179.66108.4679.36108.87
18Faster Lane1.68299.479.7080.53107.30
18Slower Lane8.00196.479.5077.58111.37
19TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.20.2704713140.954.20495.8179.669.0476.389.43
20TwoLaneHwyPassingZone12.62.6704713140.954.20495.8179.66117.576.72122.00
21TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.80.8704713140.954.20495.8179.6636.1576.3537.72
22TwoLaneHwyPassingZone10.80.8554713140.954.20495.8162.5646.0460.2347.81
23TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.60.6704713140.954.20495.8179.6627.1276.3628.29
24TwoLaneHwyPassingZone12.62.6704713140.954.20495.8179.66117.576.72122.00
25TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.90.9704713140.954.20495.8179.6640.6776.3542.44
26TwoLaneHwyPassingLane21.4021.402554713140.954.20495.8162.5680.6862.1481.22
26Faster Lane1.68299.462.6063.3179.72
26Slower Lane8.00196.462.4060.3683.62
27TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.7010.701704713140.954.20495.8179.6631.6876.3633.05
28TwoLaneHwyPassingZone10.90.9704713140.954.20495.8179.6640.6776.7542.21
29TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.3010.301704713140.954.20495.8179.6613.676.3814.19
30TwoLaneHwyPassingZone10.3980.398554713140.954.20495.8162.5622.960.2523.78
31TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.60.6704193570.953.60441.1179.6827.1176.5828.21
32TwoLaneHwyPassingZone13.73.7704663570.953.60490.5179.68167.1776.73173.59
33TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained10.90.9704663100.953.60490.5179.6840.6676.3942.42
34TwoLaneHwyPassingConstrained11.0980.8671556184120.952.40650.5162.6249.8559.5452.43
35SigIntersection20.02270.23090.20770.43864571112.40680.049.5031.929.7952.99
36MultilaneHwy20.6780.3712458410.952.00885.3463.952.5025.4652.5025.46
37SigIntersection20.02270.12180.2110.33284588314.80783.049.5024.225.6946.62
38MultilaneHwy20.57770.38945510800.952.001136.8592.352.5026.752.5026.70

that were found to operate at LOS D. These three segments have a posted speed limit of 25 mi/h. Notably, the maximum d/c of 0.781 occurs at the AWSC intersection located within Townsend. The signal-controlled intersections in East Helena operate at LOS C, whereas the segments of multilane highway have densities of 8.8 veh/mi/ln and 11.3 veh/mi/ln with LOS A and B, respectively. The LOS Constancy of the facility is 0.479. This relatively low value suggests minimal variability or fluctuations in the LOS from one segment to another along the facility.

Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.

Table 19.6. US-287 segment LOS analysis results, Part 2.

Segment ID% FollowersDensity (pc/mi/ln)Density (veh/mi/ln)Follower Density (veh/mi/ln)Adj. Follower Density (veh/mi/ln)Avg. Threshold Delay (s/veh)Avg. Threshold Delay (%)Avg. Free-Flow Speed Delay (s/veh)Avg. Free-Flow Speed Delay (%)LOSLOS ValueDemand/CapacityAvailable Capacity (veh/h)Momentum (vol x speed)Vehicle Miles TraveledVehicle Hours TraveledVehicle Hours of Delay
136.93.91.51.5000.43.2A0.730.1791,39623,458.287.301.1300.035
237.651.91.9000.72.6A0.940.1791,39618,539.6153.802.5200.063
3578.755000.34.5C2.240.3061,18031,128.852.200.8700.038
460.110.66.46.4000.34.7C2.280.3061,18025,42852.201.0700.048
558.210.66.26.2001.74.7C2.240.3061,18025,416.8261.005.3400.240
661.513.78.48.4001.34.9C2.690.3061,18019,718.7155.604.1000.192
762.119.31212000.55.3D3.40.3061,18013,992.937.301.3900.070
825.4371.126.1381.1D3.110.7811472,990.527.304.7803.790
962.219.512.112.1001.25.3D3.420.3081,17714,058.991.703.4100.172
1061.613.88.58.5001.34.9C2.70.3081,17719,795.3156.504.1400.194
1157.710.25.95.9001.34.6C2.180.2931,20224,326.2198.004.0500.178
1253.58.34.54.5001.54.5C2.110.2931,20229,787.6298.905.0000.214
1342.15.82.42.4001.63.5B1.220.2631,25434,351.1464.906.0400.204
14445.82.62.6001.34.1B1.280.2631,25434,159.6312.904.0900.160
1542.75.82.52.5002.93.5B1.240.2631,25434,342.5802.9010.4300.355
1643.75.82.62.6001.54.1B1.280.2631,25434,157.9357.104.6700.183
1745.26.52.92.9001.73.8B1.460.2921,20438,051.5495.806.4600.236
1823.36.20.70.7000.40.4A0.360.1651,00439,345.71,189.9015.0000.057
1826.93.71718.598.924-0.087
1817.92.50.5471.316.0750.149
1949.56.53.22.6000.44.3B1.290.2921,20437,868.399.201.3000.053
2046.16.532.6004.53.8B1.310.2921,20438,038.31289.1016.8000.620
2146.66.532.7001.64.3B1.350.2921,20437,854.6396.605.1900.216
2250.38.24.13.7001.83.9B1.870.2921,20429,863.6396.606.5800.245
2347.26.53.12.8001.24.3B1.390.2921,20437,858.7297.503.9000.161
2446.16.532.8004.53.8B1.390.2921,20438,038.31289.1016.8000.620
2546.46.532.8001.84.3B1.420.2921,20437,852.7446.205.8400.243
2628.481.11.1000.50.7A0.560.1651,00430,810.7695.1011.1900.074
2632.54.71.5419.786.630-0.071
2622.23.30.7275.324.5610.151
2746.86.532.4001.44.3B1.220.2921,20437,856.6347.504.5500.189
2845.36.52.92.5001.53.8B1.230.2921,20438,053.1446.205.8100.212
29496.53.22.7000.64.3B1.350.2921,20437,866.6149.201.9500.081
3051.98.24.33.7000.93.8B1.850.2921,20429,871.9197.303.2800.121
31445.82.52.2001.14B1.110.2591,25933,775.4264.603.4600.134
32466.42.92.7006.43.8B1.370.2891,20937,638.41,814.9023.6500.876
3346.16.432.8001.84.3B1.40.2891,20937,468.9441.505.7800.239
3460.210.96.66.6002.65.2C2.640.3831,04938,733.2564.109.4700.466
3517.95121.166.1C2.070.4678420,260.4298.2010.0103.985
368.80000A0.80.2263,02746,476.3328.606.2600.000
372075.122.492.7C2.160.5563920,118.5260.6010.1404.877
3811.31.24.800B1.040.2892,79859,684.2442.708.4300.000
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.

Table 19.7. US-287 facility analysis results.

Performance MeasureValue
Free-Flow Travel Time (s)1,571.8
Avg. Travel Time (s)1,693.79
Avg. Speed (mi/h)65.75
Vehicle Miles Traveled (veh-mi)15,660.32
Vehicle Hours Traveled (veh-h)244.907
Delay (veh-h)19.839
Avg. Free-Flow Speed Delay (s/veh)122.02
Avg. Free-Flow Speed Delay (%)7.8
Avg. Threshold Delay (s/veh)64.52
Avg. Threshold Delay (%)4.1
LOS Score (Weighted Travel Time)1.493
LOS Constancy0.479
LOS Adjustment Factor1.056
LOS Score (Weighted Travel Time and Adjusted)1.577
Maximum d/c0.781
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 256
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 257
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 258
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 259
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 260
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 261
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 262
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 263
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 264
Suggested Citation: "19 Case Study: Montana US-287." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Reliability and Quality of Service Evaluation Methods for Rural Highways: A Guide. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27895.
Page 265
Next Chapter: Appendix: Mitigation Strategies
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