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Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

APPENDIX B

Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data

B.1 AASHTO Single-Unit Loads

Specialized hauling vehicles (SHVs) are single-unit trucks with closely spaced multiple axles. The number of axles is typically from four to seven and can be loaded up to 80-kip gross vehicle weight (GVW) without violating federal bridge formula even though they have short wheelbases.

In accordance with SHRP 2 Report: S2-R19B-RW-1, 32 WIM sites were selected (Modjeski and Masters, Inc. et al. 2015).

There are 32 WIM sites from 19 states, including Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, Wisconsin, California, Florida, and Mississippi.

Lou et al. (2019) developed an algorithm to identify SHVs from the WIM data, as shown in Figure B-1. The algorithm consists of filtering out the erroneous and car readings, filtering out the overweight trucks, and screening the SHV traffic fleet based on the truck configurations (i.e., truck length and weight). Using the algorithm, the SHV’s traffic fleet is screened out from the qualified vehicle fleet. The statistics are summarized in Table B-1.

The load effects of SHVs are normalized by AASHTO’s single-unit family. However, owing to an insufficient number of seven-axle SHVs, the live load extrapolation was performed for four-axle, five-axle, and six-axle SHVs only.

The statistical live load model consists of the mean maximum bias factor (λ), V of the maximum load effects, and the distribution type of the maximum load effects.

The load effects are calculated for span lengths of 30 ft, 60 ft, 80 ft, 120 ft, and 200 ft. Figure B-3 through Figure B-7 show the normal probability paper (NPP) of the SHV gross vehicle weight (GVW) and the load effect ratios for five WIM sites (randomly selected for demonstration purposes).

The live load extrapolations were performed in two approaches, extrapolations using all SHVs’ load and the maximum daily loads, both plotted in the NPP. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was selected for different WIM sites and different span lengths due to its better performance than the Chi-Square test. Based on the analysis of goodness of fit, normal distribution can be used to describe all data, while generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution can be used to describe daily maximum data. However, the GEV extrapolations for some span lengths are not able to envelop the maximum observed values. In addition, the normal extrapolation gives more stable results. Therefore, the team decided to use the normal extrapolation.

Page 210 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

***Figure B-1. Algorithm for identifying SHVs.***

Table B-1. SHV counts from each WIM site.

Source	Site ID	QV #	SHV4 #	SHV5 #	SHV6 #
FHWA Data	AR2	1675235	59	13	0
	AZ1	35572	5	0	0
	AZ2	1430424	11	8	0
	CO2	343580	1	0	0
	DE1	201673	50	0	0
	IL6	854013	24	1	0
	IN6	185263	14	17	0
	KS2	477905	40	0	0
	LA1	85692	10	0	0
	MD5	328770	166	4	0
	ME5	366488	4	0	0
	MN5	55538	104	68	0
	NM1	117095	1	0	0
	NM5	608275	0	0	0
	PA6	1495705	13	0	0
	TN6	1622282	97	1	0
	VA1	259180	83	18	0
	WI1	226908	52	165	0
NCHRP Data	CA_AEB	837667	17	2	0
	CA_AWB	943147	51	11	0
	CA_Bow	651090	16	2	0
	CA_LAN	4092484	1351	6036	1
	CA_LAS	4661287	1469	1404	0
	CA_Lodi	2273143	59	15	0
	FL_I10	1641480	90	14	0
	FL_I95	2112518	4234	91	2
	FL_US29	389164	761	1	0
	MI_I10	1965022	132	69	5
	MI_I55R	1333268	38	128	0
	MI_I55U	1232223	36	95	0
	MI_US49	1225138	200	102	0
	MI_US61	159299	6	13	0

Page 211 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

The load effect extrapolations were done for various return periods and different simulated ADTTs. The return periods included 1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 6 months, 1 year, 5 years, 50 years, 75 years, and 100 years; the ADTTs include 250, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000, and 10,000. After the load extrapolation for each site, the mean, V, and distribution types of the maximum load effects were determined for the reliability analysis, as tabulated in Table B-2 through Table B-46.

Table B-2. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 250.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.81	0.06	0.84	0.07	0.86	0.07	0.87	0.07	0.86	0.08
2 weeks	0.86	0.05	0.88	0.06	0.91	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.92	0.06
1 month	0.87	0.04	0.90	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.94	0.04	0.94	0.05
2 months	0.89	0.04	0.91	0.05	0.94	0.04	0.95	0.04	0.96	0.04
6 months	0.91	0.04	0.94	0.04	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	0.99	0.04
1 year	0.92	0.03	0.95	0.03	0.97	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.01	0.04
5 years	0.95	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04
50 years	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.10	0.05
75 years	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.07	0.05	1.10	0.06
100 years	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.07	0.05	1.11	0.06

Table B-3. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.84	0.05	0.86	0.07	0.88	0.06	0.89	0.06	0.89	0.07
2 weeks	0.89	0.04	0.91	0.05	0.93	0.04	0.95	0.04	0.96	0.05
1 month	0.90	0.04	0.93	0.04	0.95	0.04	0.97	0.04	0.98	0.04
2 months	0.92	0.03	0.94	0.04	0.96	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.00	0.04
6 months	0.94	0.03	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.04
1 year	0.95	0.03	0.97	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.04
5 years	0.97	0.03	1.00	0.02	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05
50 years	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05	1.12	0.06
75 years	1.00	0.04	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.09	0.05	1.12	0.06
100 years	1.01	0.04	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.09	0.05	1.13	0.07

Table B-4. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.85	0.05	0.88	0.06	0.90	0.05	0.91	0.05	0.91	0.06
2 weeks	0.91	0.04	0.93	0.04	0.95	0.04	0.97	0.04	0.99	0.04
1 month	0.92	0.03	0.95	0.04	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.04
2 months	0.93	0.03	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.04
6 months	0.95	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04
1 year	0.96	0.03	0.99	0.02	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.04
5 years	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.10	0.05
50 years	1.01	0.04	1.04	0.03	1.06	0.04	1.09	0.05	1.13	0.07
75 years	1.01	0.04	1.04	0.04	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.06	1.14	0.07
100 years	1.02	0.04	1.04	0.04	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.06	1.14	0.07

Page 212 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-5. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.87	0.05	0.89	0.06	0.91	0.05	0.93	0.05	0.93	0.05
2 weeks	0.92	0.03	0.94	0.04	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.04
1 month	0.93	0.03	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.04
2 months	0.95	0.03	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.04
6 months	0.96	0.03	0.99	0.02	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.04
1 year	0.97	0.03	1.00	0.02	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05
5 years	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.07	0.05	1.11	0.06
50 years	1.02	0.04	1.04	0.04	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.06	1.14	0.07
75 years	1.02	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.06	1.15	0.07
100 years	1.02	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.06	1.15	0.07

Table B-6. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.88	0.04	0.90	0.05	0.93	0.05	0.94	0.04	0.95	0.05
2 weeks	0.93	0.03	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.04
1 month	0.95	0.03	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.04
2 months	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.02	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.04
6 months	0.97	0.03	1.00	0.02	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05
1 year	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.04	1.09	0.05
5 years	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05	1.12	0.06
50 years	1.02	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.06	1.15	0.07
75 years	1.03	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.05	1.11	0.06	1.16	0.08
100 years	1.03	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05	1.12	0.06	1.16	0.08

Table B-7. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 250.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.80	0.08	0.87	0.06	0.89	0.06	0.88	0.06	0.87	0.08
2 weeks	0.85	0.07	0.91	0.05	0.93	0.04	0.93	0.05	0.93	0.06
1 month	0.87	0.06	0.93	0.04	0.94	0.04	0.95	0.04	0.95	0.05
2 months	0.88	0.06	0.94	0.04	0.96	0.04	0.97	0.04	0.97	0.05
6 months	0.91	0.05	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.00	0.04
1 year	0.92	0.05	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.02	0.04
5 years	0.96	0.04	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.06	0.04
50 years	0.99	0.05	1.03	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.04	1.10	0.05
75 years	1.00	0.05	1.03	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.04	1.11	0.05
100 years	1.00	0.05	1.04	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05	1.11	0.06

Table B-8. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 1,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.82	0.07	0.89	0.05	0.91	0.05	0.91	0.06	0.90	0.07
2 weeks	0.88	0.06	0.94	0.04	0.95	0.04	0.96	0.04	0.97	0.05
1 month	0.90	0.06	0.95	0.04	0.97	0.03	0.98	0.04	0.99	0.04
2 months	0.91	0.05	0.97	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.01	0.04
6 months	0.94	0.05	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.04
1 year	0.95	0.04	1.00	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.05	0.04
5 years	0.98	0.04	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.04	1.06	0.04	1.09	0.05
50 years	1.01	0.05	1.04	0.04	1.06	0.05	1.09	0.05	1.12	0.06
75 years	1.01	0.05	1.05	0.04	1.06	0.05	1.10	0.05	1.13	0.06
100 years	1.02	0.05	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.05	1.10	0.05	1.13	0.06

Page 213 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-9. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 2,500.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.84	0.07	0.91	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.92	0.06
2 weeks	0.90	0.05	0.96	0.03	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.04	0.99	0.04
1 month	0.92	0.05	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.04
2 months	0.93	0.05	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.03	0.04
6 months	0.96	0.04	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.06	0.04
1 year	0.97	0.04	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.04
5 years	0.99	0.05	1.03	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.04	1.10	0.05
50 years	1.02	0.05	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.05	1.10	0.05	1.14	0.07
75 years	1.02	0.06	1.06	0.05	1.07	0.05	1.11	0.06	1.14	0.07
100 years	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.05	1.08	0.05	1.11	0.06	1.15	0.07

Table B-10. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 5,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.86	0.07	0.92	0.04	0.94	0.04	0.94	0.05	0.94	0.05
2 weeks	0.92	0.05	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.01	0.04
1 month	0.93	0.05	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.03	0.04
2 months	0.95	0.04	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04
6 months	0.97	0.04	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.04
1 year	0.98	0.04	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.04	1.06	0.04	1.09	0.05
5 years	1.00	0.05	1.04	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05	1.11	0.06
50 years	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.05	1.08	0.05	1.11	0.06	1.15	0.07
75 years	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.05	1.08	0.05	1.12	0.06	1.15	0.07
100 years	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.05	1.08	0.05	1.12	0.06	1.16	0.07

Table B-11. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 10,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.87	0.06	0.93	0.04	0.95	0.04	0.96	0.04	0.96	0.05
2 weeks	0.93	0.05	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.03	0.04
1 month	0.95	0.04	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04
2 months	0.96	0.04	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.07	0.04
6 months	0.98	0.04	1.02	0.03	1.03	0.04	1.06	0.04	1.09	0.05
1 year	0.99	0.05	1.03	0.04	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.04	1.10	0.05
5 years	1.01	0.05	1.04	0.04	1.06	0.05	1.09	0.05	1.12	0.06
50 years	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.05	1.08	0.05	1.12	0.06	1.16	0.07
75 years	1.04	0.06	1.07	0.05	1.08	0.06	1.12	0.06	1.16	0.07
100 years	1.04	0.06	1.07	0.05	1.09	0.06	1.13	0.06	1.16	0.08

Table B-12. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 250.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.87	0.12	0.88	0.06	0.88	0.06	0.86	0.08	0.85	0.09
2 weeks	0.97	0.09	0.92	0.05	0.93	0.05	0.93	0.06	0.92	0.07
1 month	1.01	0.08	0.93	0.05	0.95	0.05	0.95	0.05	0.95	0.06
2 months	1.04	0.07	0.95	0.04	0.96	0.04	0.97	0.05	0.97	0.05
6 months	1.08	0.06	0.97	0.04	0.99	0.04	1.01	0.04	1.01	0.05
1 year	1.11	0.06	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.04	1.04	0.05
5 years	1.18	0.06	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.08	0.05
50 years	1.24	0.07	1.04	0.03	1.08	0.04	1.12	0.06	1.14	0.07
75 years	1.25	0.08	1.05	0.03	1.09	0.05	1.12	0.06	1.14	0.07
100 years	1.26	0.08	1.05	0.03	1.09	0.05	1.13	0.06	1.15	0.07

Page 214 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-13. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.92	0.10	0.90	0.06	0.90	0.06	0.89	0.07	0.88	0.08
2 weeks	1.03	0.08	0.95	0.04	0.96	0.04	0.97	0.05	0.97	0.05
1 month	1.07	0.07	0.96	0.04	0.98	0.04	0.99	0.04	1.00	0.05
2 months	1.10	0.06	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.01	0.04	1.02	0.05
6 months	1.14	0.06	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.06	0.05
1 year	1.17	0.06	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.06	0.04	1.08	0.05
5 years	1.22	0.07	1.03	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.10	0.05	1.12	0.06
50 years	1.28	0.08	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.05	1.14	0.06	1.16	0.07
75 years	1.29	0.09	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.05	1.15	0.07	1.17	0.08
100 years	1.29	0.09	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.05	1.15	0.07	1.17	0.08

Table B-14. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.96	0.09	0.91	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.92	0.06	0.91	0.07
2 weeks	1.07	0.07	0.97	0.04	0.99	0.04	1.00	0.04	1.00	0.05
1 month	1.11	0.06	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.04	1.03	0.05
2 months	1.13	0.06	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.04	1.05	0.05
6 months	1.17	0.06	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.08	0.05
1 year	1.20	0.06	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05	1.10	0.05
5 years	1.24	0.07	1.04	0.03	1.08	0.04	1.12	0.06	1.14	0.07
50 years	1.30	0.09	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.05	1.15	0.07	1.18	0.08
75 years	1.31	0.09	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.06	1.16	0.07	1.18	0.08
100 years	1.31	0.10	1.08	0.04	1.12	0.06	1.16	0.07	1.19	0.09

Table B-15. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.99	0.09	0.93	0.05	0.94	0.05	0.94	0.06	0.94	0.06
2 weeks	1.10	0.06	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.04	1.03	0.05
1 month	1.13	0.06	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.04	1.05	0.05
2 months	1.16	0.06	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.04	1.07	0.05
6 months	1.20	0.06	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05	1.10	0.05
1 year	1.22	0.07	1.03	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.10	0.05	1.12	0.06
5 years	1.26	0.08	1.05	0.03	1.09	0.05	1.13	0.06	1.15	0.07
50 years	1.31	0.10	1.08	0.04	1.12	0.06	1.16	0.07	1.19	0.09
75 years	1.32	0.10	1.08	0.04	1.12	0.06	1.17	0.08	1.19	0.09
100 years	1.33	0.10	1.08	0.04	1.13	0.06	1.17	0.08	1.20	0.09

Table B-16. Four-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	1.02	0.08	0.94	0.04	0.95	0.04	0.96	0.05	0.96	0.06
2 weeks	1.13	0.06	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.04	1.05	0.05
1 month	1.16	0.06	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.04	1.07	0.05
2 months	1.18	0.06	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.05	1.09	0.05
6 months	1.22	0.07	1.03	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.10	0.05	1.12	0.06
1 year	1.24	0.07	1.04	0.03	1.08	0.04	1.11	0.06	1.13	0.06
5 years	1.28	0.08	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.05	1.14	0.06	1.16	0.07
50 years	1.33	0.10	1.08	0.04	1.13	0.06	1.17	0.08	1.20	0.09
75 years	1.33	0.10	1.09	0.05	1.13	0.06	1.18	0.08	1.20	0.09
100 years	1.34	0.11	1.09	0.05	1.13	0.06	1.18	0.08	1.21	0.09

Page 215 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-17. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 250.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.63	0.14	0.78	0.06	0.83	0.06	0.87	0.07	0.88	0.07
2 weeks	0.71	0.12	0.83	0.05	0.88	0.05	0.91	0.05	0.92	0.05
1 month	0.73	0.12	0.85	0.05	0.89	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.94	0.05
2 months	0.76	0.11	0.86	0.05	0.90	0.05	0.93	0.05	0.95	0.05
6 months	0.80	0.11	0.89	0.05	0.93	0.05	0.96	0.04	0.98	0.04
1 year	0.82	0.11	0.91	0.06	0.94	0.04	0.97	0.04	0.99	0.04
5 years	0.88	0.11	0.94	0.06	0.97	0.04	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03
50 years	0.94	0.11	0.97	0.07	1.00	0.05	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.03
75 years	0.95	0.12	0.98	0.07	1.00	0.05	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.03
100 years	0.95	0.12	0.98	0.07	1.00	0.05	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.03

Table B-18. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.67	0.13	0.81	0.05	0.85	0.06	0.89	0.06	0.90	0.06
2 weeks	0.75	0.11	0.86	0.05	0.90	0.05	0.93	0.05	0.95	0.05
1 month	0.78	0.11	0.88	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.95	0.04	0.97	0.04
2 months	0.81	0.11	0.90	0.05	0.93	0.05	0.96	0.04	0.98	0.04
6 months	0.85	0.11	0.92	0.06	0.95	0.04	0.98	0.04	1.00	0.04
1 year	0.87	0.11	0.93	0.06	0.96	0.04	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03
5 years	0.91	0.11	0.96	0.06	0.99	0.04	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03
50 years	0.97	0.12	0.99	0.07	1.01	0.05	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.04
75 years	0.97	0.12	1.00	0.07	1.02	0.05	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.04
100 years	0.98	0.13	1.00	0.07	1.02	0.05	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.04

Table B-19. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.69	0.12	0.82	0.05	0.87	0.05	0.90	0.06	0.92	0.06
2 weeks	0.79	0.11	0.88	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.95	0.04	0.97	0.04
1 month	0.82	0.11	0.90	0.05	0.93	0.04	0.97	0.04	0.99	0.04
2 months	0.84	0.11	0.92	0.06	0.95	0.04	0.98	0.04	1.00	0.04
6 months	0.87	0.11	0.94	0.06	0.97	0.04	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03
1 year	0.90	0.11	0.95	0.06	0.98	0.04	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03
5 years	0.94	0.11	0.97	0.07	1.00	0.05	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.03
50 years	0.98	0.13	1.00	0.07	1.02	0.05	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.04
75 years	0.99	0.13	1.01	0.08	1.03	0.05	1.06	0.04	1.09	0.04
100 years	1.00	0.13	1.01	0.08	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.04	1.09	0.04

Table B-20. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.72	0.12	0.84	0.05	0.88	0.05	0.91	0.05	0.93	0.05
2 weeks	0.81	0.11	0.90	0.05	0.93	0.04	0.96	0.04	0.99	0.04
1 month	0.84	0.11	0.92	0.06	0.95	0.04	0.98	0.04	1.00	0.04
2 months	0.86	0.11	0.93	0.06	0.96	0.04	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03
6 months	0.90	0.11	0.95	0.06	0.98	0.04	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03
1 year	0.91	0.11	0.96	0.06	0.99	0.04	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03
5 years	0.95	0.12	0.98	0.07	1.00	0.05	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.03
50 years	1.00	0.13	1.01	0.08	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.04	1.09	0.04
75 years	1.00	0.13	1.01	0.08	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.04
100 years	1.01	0.14	1.02	0.08	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.04

Page 216 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-21. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.74	0.12	0.86	0.05	0.90	0.05	0.93	0.05	0.94	0.05
2 weeks	0.84	0.11	0.91	0.06	0.95	0.04	0.98	0.04	1.00	0.04
1 month	0.86	0.11	0.93	0.06	0.96	0.04	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03
2 months	0.88	0.11	0.94	0.06	0.97	0.04	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03
6 months	0.91	0.11	0.96	0.06	0.99	0.04	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03
1 year	0.93	0.11	0.97	0.06	0.99	0.05	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.03
5 years	0.97	0.12	0.99	0.07	1.01	0.05	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.04
50 years	1.01	0.14	1.02	0.08	1.03	0.06	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.04
75 years	1.02	0.14	1.02	0.08	1.04	0.06	1.07	0.05	1.10	0.05
100 years	1.02	0.14	1.02	0.08	1.04	0.06	1.07	0.05	1.11	0.05

Table B-22. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 250.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.72	0.12	0.84	0.05	0.86	0.05	0.87	0.06	0.88	0.07
2 weeks	0.77	0.10	0.88	0.05	0.90	0.04	0.92	0.05	0.93	0.06
1 month	0.79	0.10	0.89	0.04	0.91	0.04	0.93	0.04	0.94	0.05
2 months	0.80	0.09	0.90	0.04	0.93	0.04	0.94	0.04	0.96	0.05
6 months	0.83	0.08	0.92	0.04	0.95	0.03	0.97	0.04	0.98	0.04
1 year	0.85	0.08	0.93	0.03	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.04
5 years	0.88	0.06	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03
50 years	0.93	0.06	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.07	0.03
75 years	0.93	0.06	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.03	1.07	0.03
100 years	0.94	0.06	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.03	1.08	0.03

Table B-23. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 1,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.74	0.11	0.86	0.05	0.88	0.05	0.89	0.05	0.90	0.06
2 weeks	0.80	0.09	0.90	0.04	0.92	0.04	0.94	0.04	0.96	0.05
1 month	0.82	0.09	0.91	0.04	0.94	0.03	0.96	0.04	0.97	0.04
2 months	0.84	0.08	0.93	0.04	0.95	0.03	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.04
6 months	0.86	0.07	0.94	0.03	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03
1 year	0.88	0.06	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03
5 years	0.91	0.06	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.03
50 years	0.95	0.06	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.03	1.09	0.03
75 years	0.96	0.07	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.03	1.09	0.04
100 years	0.96	0.07	1.01	0.04	1.03	0.03	1.07	0.03	1.10	0.04

Table B-24. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 2,500.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.76	0.11	0.87	0.05	0.90	0.05	0.91	0.05	0.92	0.06
2 weeks	0.82	0.09	0.92	0.04	0.94	0.03	0.96	0.04	0.98	0.04
1 month	0.84	0.08	0.93	0.03	0.95	0.03	0.98	0.03	0.99	0.04
2 months	0.86	0.07	0.94	0.03	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03
6 months	0.88	0.06	0.96	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03
1 year	0.90	0.06	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03
5 years	0.93	0.06	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.07	0.03
50 years	0.96	0.07	1.01	0.04	1.03	0.04	1.07	0.03	1.10	0.04
75 years	0.97	0.07	1.01	0.04	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.04	1.10	0.04
100 years	0.97	0.07	1.02	0.04	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.04

Page 217 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-25. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 5,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.78	0.10	0.88	0.04	0.91	0.04	0.92	0.05	0.93	0.05
2 weeks	0.84	0.08	0.93	0.04	0.95	0.03	0.98	0.03	0.99	0.04
1 month	0.86	0.07	0.94	0.03	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03
2 months	0.88	0.07	0.95	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03
6 months	0.90	0.06	0.97	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03
1 year	0.91	0.06	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.03
5 years	0.94	0.06	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.03	1.08	0.03
50 years	0.97	0.07	1.02	0.04	1.04	0.04	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.04
75 years	0.98	0.08	1.02	0.04	1.04	0.04	1.08	0.04	1.11	0.04
100 years	0.98	0.08	1.02	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.04	1.11	0.04

Table B-26. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 10,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.79	0.10	0.89	0.04	0.92	0.04	0.94	0.04	0.95	0.05
2 weeks	0.86	0.07	0.94	0.03	0.96	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03
1 month	0.88	0.07	0.95	0.03	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.02	0.03
2 months	0.89	0.06	0.96	0.03	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03
6 months	0.91	0.06	0.98	0.03	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.03
1 year	0.92	0.06	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.06	0.03
5 years	0.95	0.06	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.03	1.09	0.03
50 years	0.98	0.08	1.02	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.04	1.11	0.04
75 years	0.98	0.08	1.03	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.08	0.04	1.12	0.04
100 years	0.99	0.08	1.03	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.09	0.04	1.12	0.05

Table B-27. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 250.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.82	0.14	0.86	0.06	0.88	0.06	0.88	0.07	0.88	0.08
2 weeks	0.90	0.12	0.90	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.93	0.06	0.94	0.07
1 month	0.92	0.11	0.91	0.05	0.94	0.05	0.95	0.05	0.95	0.06
2 months	0.95	0.10	0.92	0.04	0.95	0.05	0.96	0.05	0.97	0.06
6 months	0.99	0.09	0.94	0.04	0.97	0.04	0.99	0.04	1.00	0.05
1 year	1.01	0.08	0.95	0.04	0.98	0.04	1.01	0.04	1.02	0.04
5 years	1.07	0.06	0.98	0.04	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.05	0.03
50 years	1.13	0.07	1.00	0.04	1.04	0.03	1.08	0.03	1.10	0.04
75 years	1.14	0.08	1.01	0.04	1.04	0.03	1.08	0.03	1.10	0.04
100 years	1.14	0.08	1.01	0.04	1.05	0.03	1.09	0.03	1.11	0.04

Table B-28. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.86	0.13	0.88	0.05	0.90	0.06	0.91	0.07	0.91	0.07
2 weeks	0.95	0.10	0.92	0.04	0.95	0.05	0.96	0.05	0.97	0.06
1 month	0.97	0.09	0.93	0.04	0.96	0.04	0.98	0.05	0.99	0.05
2 months	1.00	0.09	0.95	0.04	0.97	0.04	1.00	0.04	1.01	0.05
6 months	1.04	0.07	0.96	0.04	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.04	1.03	0.04
1 year	1.06	0.06	0.97	0.04	1.01	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.03
5 years	1.11	0.06	0.99	0.04	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.03	1.08	0.03
50 years	1.16	0.09	1.02	0.04	1.05	0.03	1.10	0.04	1.12	0.04
75 years	1.17	0.09	1.02	0.04	1.06	0.03	1.10	0.04	1.12	0.04
100 years	1.17	0.10	1.02	0.04	1.06	0.03	1.10	0.04	1.13	0.05

Page 218 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-29. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.89	0.12	0.89	0.05	0.92	0.05	0.92	0.06	0.93	0.07
2 weeks	0.98	0.09	0.94	0.04	0.97	0.04	0.98	0.05	0.99	0.05
1 month	1.01	0.08	0.95	0.04	0.98	0.04	1.00	0.04	1.01	0.04
2 months	1.03	0.07	0.96	0.04	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.04	1.03	0.04
6 months	1.07	0.06	0.98	0.04	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.05	0.03
1 year	1.09	0.06	0.99	0.04	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.03	1.07	0.03
5 years	1.13	0.07	1.00	0.04	1.04	0.03	1.08	0.03	1.10	0.04
50 years	1.18	0.10	1.02	0.05	1.06	0.03	1.11	0.04	1.13	0.05
75 years	1.18	0.10	1.03	0.05	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.04	1.14	0.05
100 years	1.19	0.11	1.03	0.05	1.07	0.04	1.12	0.04	1.14	0.05

Table B-30. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.91	0.12	0.90	0.05	0.93	0.05	0.94	0.06	0.94	0.06
2 weeks	1.00	0.08	0.95	0.04	0.98	0.04	1.00	0.04	1.01	0.04
1 month	1.03	0.07	0.96	0.04	0.99	0.03	1.02	0.04	1.03	0.04
2 months	1.05	0.07	0.97	0.04	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04
6 months	1.09	0.06	0.98	0.04	1.02	0.03	1.05	0.03	1.07	0.03
1 year	1.11	0.06	0.99	0.04	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.03	1.08	0.03
5 years	1.14	0.08	1.01	0.04	1.05	0.03	1.09	0.03	1.11	0.04
50 years	1.19	0.11	1.03	0.05	1.07	0.04	1.12	0.04	1.14	0.05
75 years	1.20	0.11	1.03	0.05	1.07	0.04	1.12	0.04	1.14	0.05
100 years	1.20	0.12	1.04	0.05	1.08	0.04	1.12	0.05	1.15	0.05

Table B-31. Five-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.93	0.11	0.92	0.04	0.94	0.05	0.95	0.05	0.96	0.06
2 weeks	1.03	0.07	0.96	0.04	0.99	0.03	1.01	0.04	1.03	0.04
1 month	1.05	0.07	0.97	0.04	1.00	0.03	1.03	0.03	1.05	0.04
2 months	1.07	0.06	0.98	0.04	1.01	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.06	0.03
6 months	1.10	0.06	0.99	0.04	1.03	0.03	1.06	0.03	1.08	0.03
1 year	1.12	0.07	1.00	0.04	1.04	0.03	1.07	0.03	1.09	0.03
5 years	1.16	0.09	1.02	0.04	1.05	0.03	1.10	0.04	1.12	0.04
50 years	1.20	0.12	1.04	0.05	1.08	0.04	1.12	0.05	1.15	0.05
75 years	1.21	0.12	1.04	0.05	1.08	0.04	1.13	0.05	1.15	0.06
100 years	1.21	0.12	1.04	0.05	1.08	0.04	1.13	0.05	1.16	0.06

Table B-32. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 250.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.37	0.03	0.46	0.09	0.47	0.13	0.47	0.16	0.48	0.18
2 weeks	0.45	0.02	0.54	0.08	0.55	0.11	0.57	0.13	0.58	0.15
1 month	0.47	0.02	0.57	0.07	0.58	0.10	0.60	0.12	0.61	0.14
2 months	0.50	0.02	0.60	0.07	0.61	0.09	0.63	0.11	0.64	0.13
6 months	0.54	0.01	0.65	0.06	0.67	0.08	0.68	0.10	0.70	0.11
1 year	0.58	0.01	0.68	0.06	0.70	0.07	0.72	0.09	0.74	0.10
5 years	0.67	0.00	0.78	0.04	0.80	0.05	0.83	0.05	0.85	0.06
50 years	0.80	0.03	0.91	0.00	0.95	0.00	0.99	0.01	1.01	0.01
75 years	0.82	0.03	0.94	0.00	0.98	0.01	1.01	0.02	1.04	0.02
100 years	0.83	0.04	0.95	0.01	0.99	0.02	1.03	0.02	1.06	0.03

Page 219 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-33. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.41	0.03	0.50	0.09	0.51	0.12	0.52	0.15	0.53	0.17
2 weeks	0.50	0.02	0.59	0.07	0.61	0.09	0.63	0.11	0.64	0.13
1 month	0.53	0.01	0.63	0.06	0.65	0.09	0.66	0.10	0.67	0.12
2 months	0.56	0.01	0.66	0.06	0.68	0.08	0.70	0.09	0.71	0.10
6 months	0.61	0.01	0.72	0.05	0.74	0.06	0.77	0.07	0.78	0.08
1 year	0.65	0.00	0.76	0.04	0.79	0.05	0.81	0.06	0.83	0.06
5 years	0.75	0.02	0.86	0.02	0.90	0.02	0.93	0.02	0.95	0.02
50 years	0.86	0.04	0.98	0.02	1.03	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.10	0.05
75 years	0.88	0.05	1.00	0.02	1.05	0.03	1.09	0.05	1.12	0.06
100 years	0.89	0.05	1.01	0.02	1.06	0.04	1.10	0.05	1.13	0.06

Table B-34. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.43	0.02	0.53	0.08	0.54	0.11	0.55	0.14	0.56	0.15
2 weeks	0.53	0.01	0.63	0.06	0.65	0.08	0.67	0.10	0.68	0.11
1 month	0.57	0.01	0.67	0.06	0.69	0.07	0.71	0.09	0.73	0.10
2 months	0.60	0.01	0.71	0.05	0.73	0.06	0.75	0.08	0.77	0.09
6 months	0.67	0.00	0.77	0.04	0.80	0.05	0.83	0.05	0.85	0.06
1 year	0.71	0.01	0.82	0.03	0.85	0.03	0.88	0.04	0.90	0.04
5 years	0.80	0.03	0.91	0.00	0.95	0.00	0.99	0.01	1.01	0.01
50 years	0.90	0.05	1.02	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.06	1.14	0.07
75 years	0.92	0.06	1.04	0.03	1.09	0.05	1.13	0.06	1.16	0.07
100 years	0.93	0.06	1.05	0.03	1.10	0.05	1.14	0.07	1.17	0.08

Table B-35. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.46	0.02	0.55	0.08	0.57	0.10	0.58	0.13	0.59	0.15
2 weeks	0.57	0.01	0.67	0.06	0.69	0.08	0.71	0.09	0.72	0.10
1 month	0.60	0.01	0.71	0.05	0.73	0.06	0.75	0.08	0.77	0.09
2 months	0.64	0.00	0.75	0.04	0.78	0.05	0.80	0.06	0.82	0.07
6 months	0.71	0.01	0.82	0.03	0.85	0.03	0.88	0.04	0.90	0.04
1 year	0.75	0.02	0.86	0.02	0.90	0.02	0.93	0.02	0.95	0.02
5 years	0.83	0.04	0.95	0.01	0.99	0.02	1.03	0.02	1.06	0.03
50 years	0.93	0.06	1.05	0.03	1.10	0.05	1.14	0.07	1.17	0.08
75 years	0.94	0.06	1.06	0.04	1.11	0.06	1.16	0.08	1.19	0.09
100 years	0.95	0.06	1.07	0.04	1.12	0.06	1.17	0.08	1.20	0.09

Table B-36. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.48	0.02	0.58	0.07	0.60	0.10	0.61	0.12	0.62	0.13
2 weeks	0.60	0.01	0.70	0.05	0.73	0.07	0.75	0.08	0.77	0.09
1 month	0.64	0.00	0.75	0.04	0.78	0.05	0.80	0.06	0.82	0.07
2 months	0.68	0.00	0.79	0.04	0.82	0.04	0.85	0.05	0.87	0.05
6 months	0.75	0.02	0.86	0.02	0.90	0.02	0.93	0.02	0.95	0.02
1 year	0.79	0.03	0.90	0.01	0.94	0.00	0.97	0.00	1.00	0.00
5 years	0.86	0.04	0.98	0.02	1.03	0.03	1.07	0.04	1.10	0.05
50 years	0.95	0.06	1.07	0.04	1.12	0.06	1.17	0.08	1.20	0.09
75 years	0.96	0.07	1.09	0.04	1.14	0.07	1.18	0.09	1.22	0.10
100 years	0.97	0.07	1.10	0.05	1.15	0.07	1.20	0.09	1.23	0.10

Page 220 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-37. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 250.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.39	0.09	0.46	0.14	0.47	0.16	0.48	0.18	0.48	0.20
2 weeks	0.49	0.06	0.56	0.11	0.57	0.13	0.57	0.15	0.58	0.16
1 month	0.52	0.06	0.59	0.10	0.60	0.12	0.61	0.14	0.61	0.15
2 months	0.56	0.05	0.62	0.10	0.63	0.11	0.64	0.13	0.65	0.14
6 months	0.61	0.03	0.68	0.08	0.69	0.09	0.70	0.11	0.71	0.11
1 year	0.66	0.02	0.72	0.07	0.73	0.08	0.74	0.09	0.75	0.10
5 years	0.77	0.00	0.83	0.04	0.84	0.04	0.85	0.05	0.86	0.06
50 years	0.94	0.06	1.00	0.02	1.01	0.02	1.02	0.02	1.03	0.02
75 years	0.96	0.07	1.02	0.03	1.04	0.03	1.05	0.03	1.06	0.03
100 years	0.98	0.07	1.04	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.04	1.08	0.04

Table B-38. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 1,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.44	0.08	0.51	0.13	0.52	0.15	0.53	0.17	0.53	0.18
2 weeks	0.55	0.05	0.62	0.10	0.63	0.11	0.64	0.13	0.64	0.14
1 month	0.59	0.04	0.66	0.09	0.67	0.10	0.68	0.11	0.68	0.12
2 months	0.63	0.03	0.70	0.08	0.71	0.09	0.72	0.10	0.72	0.11
6 months	0.70	0.01	0.77	0.06	0.78	0.07	0.79	0.08	0.79	0.08
1 year	0.75	0.00	0.82	0.04	0.83	0.05	0.84	0.06	0.85	0.06
5 years	0.87	0.04	0.93	0.00	0.95	0.00	0.96	0.01	0.97	0.01
50 years	1.02	0.09	1.08	0.06	1.09	0.06	1.11	0.06	1.12	0.06
75 years	1.04	0.09	1.10	0.07	1.12	0.07	1.13	0.07	1.14	0.07
100 years	1.06	0.10	1.11	0.07	1.13	0.07	1.15	0.07	1.16	0.07

Table B-39. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 2,500.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.48	0.07	0.55	0.12	0.55	0.14	0.56	0.15	0.57	0.16
2 weeks	0.60	0.04	0.67	0.08	0.68	0.10	0.69	0.11	0.69	0.12
1 month	0.65	0.03	0.71	0.07	0.72	0.08	0.73	0.10	0.74	0.10
2 months	0.69	0.02	0.75	0.06	0.77	0.07	0.77	0.08	0.78	0.09
6 months	0.77	0.00	0.83	0.04	0.84	0.04	0.85	0.05	0.86	0.06
1 year	0.82	0.02	0.88	0.02	0.90	0.03	0.91	0.03	0.92	0.04
5 years	0.94	0.06	1.00	0.02	1.01	0.02	1.02	0.02	1.03	0.02
50 years	1.07	0.10	1.12	0.08	1.14	0.08	1.16	0.08	1.17	0.08
75 years	1.09	0.11	1.14	0.08	1.16	0.08	1.18	0.09	1.19	0.09
100 years	1.10	0.11	1.15	0.09	1.17	0.09	1.19	0.09	1.20	0.09

Table B-40. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 5,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.51	0.06	0.57	0.11	0.58	0.13	0.59	0.14	0.59	0.15
2 weeks	0.64	0.03	0.71	0.07	0.72	0.09	0.73	0.10	0.73	0.11
1 month	0.69	0.02	0.75	0.06	0.77	0.07	0.77	0.08	0.78	0.09
2 months	0.74	0.00	0.80	0.05	0.81	0.05	0.82	0.06	0.83	0.07
6 months	0.82	0.02	0.88	0.02	0.89	0.03	0.91	0.03	0.91	0.04
1 year	0.87	0.04	0.93	0.00	0.95	0.00	0.96	0.01	0.97	0.01
5 years	0.98	0.07	1.04	0.04	1.05	0.04	1.07	0.04	1.08	0.04
50 years	1.10	0.11	1.15	0.09	1.17	0.09	1.19	0.09	1.20	0.09
75 years	1.12	0.12	1.17	0.09	1.19	0.10	1.21	0.10	1.22	0.10
100 years	1.13	0.12	1.18	0.10	1.20	0.10	1.22	0.11	1.23	0.11

Page 221 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-41. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 10,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.54	0.05	0.61	0.10	0.61	0.12	0.62	0.13	0.63	0.14
2 weeks	0.69	0.02	0.75	0.06	0.76	0.07	0.77	0.08	0.78	0.09
1 month	0.74	0.00	0.80	0.05	0.81	0.05	0.82	0.06	0.83	0.07
2 months	0.79	0.01	0.85	0.03	0.86	0.04	0.88	0.04	0.88	0.05
6 months	0.87	0.03	0.93	0.00	0.95	0.01	0.96	0.01	0.97	0.01
1 year	0.92	0.05	0.98	0.02	1.00	0.02	1.01	0.01	1.02	0.01
5 years	1.02	0.09	1.08	0.06	1.09	0.06	1.11	0.06	1.12	0.06
50 years	1.13	0.12	1.18	0.10	1.20	0.10	1.22	0.11	1.23	0.11
75 years	1.14	0.13	1.20	0.10	1.22	0.11	1.24	0.11	1.25	0.12
100 years	1.16	0.13	1.21	0.11	1.23	0.11	1.25	0.12	1.26	0.12

Table B-42. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 250.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.51	0.10	0.49	0.14	0.49	0.17	0.49	0.19	0.49	0.21
2 weeks	0.59	0.09	0.57	0.11	0.58	0.14	0.58	0.16	0.59	0.17
1 month	0.62	0.08	0.60	0.11	0.61	0.13	0.62	0.15	0.62	0.16
2 months	0.65	0.08	0.63	0.10	0.64	0.12	0.65	0.14	0.65	0.14
6 months	0.70	0.08	0.69	0.09	0.70	0.10	0.71	0.12	0.71	0.12
1 year	0.74	0.07	0.72	0.08	0.74	0.09	0.75	0.10	0.76	0.11
5 years	0.84	0.06	0.82	0.05	0.85	0.06	0.86	0.06	0.87	0.06
50 years	0.99	0.03	0.98	0.00	1.01	0.01	1.03	0.01	1.04	0.01
75 years	1.01	0.03	1.00	0.01	1.03	0.02	1.06	0.02	1.07	0.02
100 years	1.03	0.02	1.01	0.02	1.05	0.02	1.07	0.03	1.09	0.03

Table B-43. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.55	0.09	0.53	0.13	0.53	0.16	0.53	0.18	0.54	0.19
2 weeks	0.65	0.08	0.63	0.10	0.64	0.12	0.65	0.14	0.65	0.15
1 month	0.68	0.08	0.66	0.09	0.68	0.11	0.69	0.12	0.69	0.13
2 months	0.72	0.08	0.70	0.08	0.71	0.10	0.72	0.11	0.73	0.12
6 months	0.78	0.07	0.76	0.07	0.78	0.08	0.79	0.09	0.80	0.09
1 year	0.83	0.06	0.81	0.05	0.83	0.06	0.85	0.07	0.85	0.07
5 years	0.93	0.04	0.92	0.02	0.95	0.02	0.97	0.02	0.98	0.02
50 years	1.06	0.01	1.05	0.03	1.09	0.04	1.11	0.05	1.13	0.05
75 years	1.08	0.01	1.07	0.04	1.11	0.05	1.14	0.06	1.15	0.06
100 years	1.09	0.01	1.08	0.04	1.12	0.05	1.15	0.06	1.16	0.07

Table B-44. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.58	0.09	0.56	0.12	0.57	0.14	0.57	0.16	0.57	0.17
2 weeks	0.69	0.08	0.67	0.09	0.68	0.11	0.69	0.12	0.70	0.13
1 month	0.73	0.07	0.71	0.08	0.73	0.09	0.74	0.11	0.74	0.11
2 months	0.77	0.07	0.75	0.07	0.77	0.08	0.78	0.09	0.79	0.10
6 months	0.84	0.06	0.82	0.05	0.85	0.06	0.86	0.06	0.87	0.06
1 year	0.89	0.05	0.87	0.03	0.90	0.04	0.91	0.04	0.92	0.04
5 years	0.99	0.03	0.98	0.00	1.01	0.01	1.03	0.01	1.04	0.01
50 years	1.10	0.00	1.09	0.05	1.13	0.06	1.16	0.07	1.18	0.08
75 years	1.12	0.00	1.11	0.05	1.15	0.07	1.18	0.08	1.20	0.08
100 years	1.13	0.00	1.12	0.06	1.16	0.07	1.19	0.08	1.21	0.09

Page 222 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-45. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias V
1 day	0.61	0.09	0.59	0.11	0.59	0.14	0.60	0.15	0.60	0.16
2 weeks	0.73	0.07	0.71	0.08	0.72	0.10	0.73	0.11	0.74	0.11
1 month	0.77	0.07	0.75	0.07	0.77	0.08	0.78	0.09	0.79	0.10
2 months	0.81	0.06	0.80	0.06	0.82	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.08
6 months	0.89	0.05	0.87	0.04	0.90	0.04	0.91	0.04	0.92	0.04
1 year	0.93	0.04	0.92	0.02	0.95	0.02	0.97	0.02	0.98	0.02
5 years	1.03	0.02	1.01	0.02	1.05	0.02	1.07	0.03	1.09	0.03
50 years	1.13	0.00	1.12	0.06	1.16	0.07	1.19	0.08	1.21	0.09
75 years	1.15	0.00	1.14	0.06	1.18	0.08	1.21	0.09	1.23	0.10
100 years	1.16	0.01	1.15	0.06	1.19	0.08	1.22	0.10	1.24	0.10

Table B-46. Six-axle SHV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.64	0.08	0.62	0.10	0.62	0.13	0.63	0.14	0.63	0.15
2 weeks	0.77	0.07	0.75	0.07	0.77	0.08	0.78	0.09	0.78	0.10
1 month	0.81	0.06	0.80	0.06	0.82	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.08
2 months	0.86	0.06	0.84	0.04	0.87	0.05	0.88	0.05	0.89	0.06
6 months	0.93	0.04	0.92	0.02	0.94	0.02	0.96	0.02	0.97	0.02
1 year	0.98	0.03	0.96	0.00	0.99	0.00	1.01	0.00	1.03	0.00
5 years	1.06	0.01	1.05	0.03	1.09	0.04	1.11	0.05	1.13	0.05
50 years	1.16	0.01	1.15	0.06	1.19	0.08	1.22	0.10	1.24	0.10
75 years	1.17	0.01	1.16	0.07	1.21	0.09	1.24	0.10	1.26	0.11
100 years	1.18	0.01	1.17	0.07	1.22	0.09	1.25	0.11	1.27	0.12

B.2 FAST Act Emergency Vehicles

Lou et al. (2021) developed an algorithm to identify emergency vehicles (EVs) from the WIM data, as shown in Figure B-2. The algorithm consists of filtering out the erroneous and car readings and identifying EV traffic fleet based on the axle spacings and weights. The potential EV fleet is screened based on the typical EV configurations provided by Emergency Vehicle Size and Weight Regulation Guideline (Fire Apparatus Manufacturers’ Association 2017), which is also the basis for FHWA to develop the FAST Act EV2 and EV3 (FHWA 2016). Table B-47 shows the counts of EV2 and EV3 from each WIM site.

The procedures to develop the live load statistics are the same as those described previously. For EVs, the development of the statistical live load model considered two loading scenarios: (1) single EV loading event and (2) multiple presence (MP) loading event. However, for the

***Figure B-2. Algorithm for identifying EVs.***

Page 223 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-47. EV counts from each WIM site.

Source	Site ID	Qualified Truck #	EV2 #	EV3 #
FHWA Data	AR2	1675235	146	612
	AZ1	35572	40	371
	AZ2	1430424	472	1403
	CO2	343580	34	450
	DE1	201673	403	1872
	IL6	854013	92	667
	IN6	185263	74	516
	KS2	477905	174	583
	LA1	85692	150	1073
	MD5	328770	362	1856
	ME5	366488	410	1032
	MN5	55538	64	141
	NM1	117095	139	594
	NM5	608275	346	1017
	PA6	1495705	169	1580
	TN6	1622282	136	779
	VA1	259180	233	551
	WI1	226908	90	304
NCHRP Data	CA_AEB	837667	180	133
	CA_AWB	943147	502	1063
	CA_Bow	651090	92	649
	CA_LAN	4092484	945	3884
	CA_LAS	4661287	820	6392
	CA_Lodi	2273143	801	2134
	FL_I10	1641480	1707	3537
	FL_I95	2112518	23	1262
	FL_US29	389164	2216	4623
	MI_I10	1965022	212	649
	MI_I55R	1333268	1642	7270
	MI_I55U	1232223	635	3043
	MI_US49	1225138	11	765
	MI_US61	159299	37	224

single EV loading event, due to the fidelity of the proposed filtering criteria, the load effects of any EV candidates should fall within a certain range, which is less or equal to the load effects of the FAST Act EVs (i.e., load effect ratio is equal or less than 1.0). In contrast, the MP scenario in which an EV passes through a bridge together with other random trucks can go beyond 1.0 because the weight of the non-EV truck is essentially a random variable. This study analyzed two MP scenarios: (1) an EV and an unrestricted legal load traveling on the same lane, and (2) an EV and an unrestricted legal load traveling side-by-side.

The same 32 WIM sites were used to analyze the live load statistics of the single EV loading event. However, to identify the MP events from WIM data, the timestamp of each vehicle needed to be accurate to 0.01s. None of the 32 WIM systems satisfies this requirement. Due to this constraint, another eight WIM sites from New York were deployed for the MP cases.

For the two-lane loaded side-by-side event, the girder distribution factors were determined based on 131 existing steel girder bridges collected by the NCHRP Project 12-26 (1991). The NPP is used to extrapolate the maximum load effect for a 5-year return period. From the NPP, it is observed that for all the sites, the upper 50% tail of the load effects generally followed a straight line, indicating that a normal distribution can be used to describe the upper-tail data.

The final live load statistical models were taken as the governing value from (1) a single EV loading event, (2) an EV traveling with an unrestricted legal load on the same lane, and (3) an EV and an unrestricted legal load traveling side-by-side. Generally, on a short span (e.g., 30 ft), the single EV loading event governs; on a long span (e.g., 120 ft, 200 ft), the single-lane MP event governs.

Figure B-8 through Figure B-12 show the NPP for five sites (randomly selected). Table B-48 through Table B-77 present the live load statistics developed for different return periods and ADTTs.

Page 224 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

***Figure B-3. FHWA site MN5 SHV NPP.***

Page 225 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

***Figure B-4. FHWA site WI1 SHV NPP.***

Page 226 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

***Figure B-5. NCHRP site CA_LAS SHV NPP.***

Page 227 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

***Figure B-6. NCHRP site MI_I10 SHV NPP.***

Page 228 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

***Figure B-7. NCHRP site MI_US49 SHV NPP.***

Page 229 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Page 230 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Page 231 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

***Figure B-10. NCHRP site CA-AEB EV NPP.***

Page 232 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

***Figure B-11. NCHRP site CA-AWB EV NPP.***

Page 233 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

***Figure B-12. NCHRP site MI-I10 EV NPP.***

Page 234 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-48. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 250.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.47	0.17	0.46	0.16	0.48	0.15	0.49	0.14	0.49	0.14
2 weeks	0.61	0.13	0.58	0.12	0.59	0.11	0.60	0.11	0.63	0.29
1 month	0.65	0.12	0.62	0.11	0.66	0.06	0.64	0.10	0.74	0.27
2 months	0.69	0.10	0.65	0.10	0.73	0.06	0.67	0.09	0.83	0.25
6 months	0.74	0.09	0.70	0.08	0.83	0.08	0.76	0.26	0.98	0.21
1 year	0.77	0.09	0.73	0.08	0.89	0.09	0.85	0.22	1.07	0.18
5 years	0.83	0.08	0.81	0.07	1.00	0.11	1.02	0.15	1.25	0.14
50 years	0.90	0.09	0.93	0.08	1.13	0.14	1.23	0.14	1.45	0.13
75 years	0.91	0.10	0.95	0.08	1.15	0.14	1.26	0.15	1.48	0.13
100 years	0.92	0.10	0.96	0.08	1.16	0.15	1.28	0.15	1.50	0.13

Table B-49. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.54	0.15	0.52	0.14	0.54	0.13	0.55	0.13	0.55	0.12
2 weeks	0.68	0.11	0.65	0.10	0.73	0.06	0.66	0.09	0.82	0.25
1 month	0.72	0.10	0.68	0.09	0.80	0.07	0.72	0.28	0.93	0.22
2 months	0.75	0.09	0.71	0.08	0.86	0.08	0.80	0.24	1.02	0.20
6 months	0.80	0.08	0.75	0.08	0.94	0.10	0.93	0.19	1.15	0.16
1 year	0.82	0.08	0.79	0.07	0.99	0.11	1.00	0.16	1.22	0.15
5 years	0.87	0.09	0.89	0.07	1.08	0.13	1.15	0.13	1.37	0.13
50 years	0.93	0.11	0.99	0.08	1.20	0.16	1.33	0.17	1.55	0.14
75 years	0.94	0.11	1.01	0.09	1.21	0.16	1.35	0.18	1.57	0.14
100 years	0.95	0.11	1.02	0.09	1.23	0.16	1.37	0.18	1.59	0.14

Table B-50. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.59	0.14	0.57	0.12	0.58	0.12	0.59	0.11	0.59	0.11
2 weeks	0.73	0.09	0.69	0.09	0.81	0.07	0.73	0.27	0.95	0.21
1 month	0.76	0.09	0.72	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.82	0.23	1.05	0.19
2 months	0.79	0.08	0.74	0.08	0.93	0.09	0.91	0.20	1.13	0.17
6 months	0.83	0.08	0.80	0.07	1.00	0.11	1.02	0.15	1.24	0.15
1 year	0.85	0.09	0.85	0.07	1.05	0.12	1.09	0.14	1.31	0.14
5 years	0.90	0.09	0.93	0.08	1.13	0.14	1.23	0.14	1.45	0.13
50 years	0.95	0.11	1.03	0.09	1.24	0.17	1.39	0.19	1.61	0.14
75 years	0.96	0.12	1.05	0.09	1.25	0.17	1.41	0.20	1.63	0.15
100 years	0.97	0.12	1.06	0.10	1.27	0.17	1.43	0.21	1.65	0.15

Page 235 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-51. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.63	0.12	0.60	0.11	0.62	0.06	0.62	0.10	0.68	0.28
2 weeks	0.76	0.09	0.72	0.08	0.87	0.08	0.82	0.24	1.04	0.19
1 month	0.79	0.08	0.74	0.08	0.93	0.09	0.91	0.20	1.13	0.17
2 months	0.81	0.08	0.78	0.07	0.98	0.10	0.98	0.17	1.20	0.15
6 months	0.85	0.09	0.85	0.07	1.04	0.12	1.09	0.14	1.31	0.14
1 year	0.87	0.09	0.89	0.07	1.08	0.13	1.15	0.13	1.37	0.13
5 years	0.92	0.10	0.96	0.08	1.16	0.15	1.28	0.15	1.50	0.13
50 years	0.97	0.12	1.06	0.10	1.27	0.17	1.43	0.21	1.65	0.15
75 years	0.98	0.12	1.07	0.10	1.28	0.18	1.45	0.21	1.68	0.15
100 years	0.99	0.12	1.08	0.10	1.29	0.18	1.47	0.22	1.69	0.16

Table B-52. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.66	0.11	0.63	0.10	0.69	0.06	0.65	0.10	0.78	0.26
2 weeks	0.79	0.08	0.74	0.08	0.92	0.09	0.90	0.20	1.12	0.17
1 month	0.81	0.08	0.78	0.07	0.98	0.10	0.98	0.17	1.20	0.15
2 months	0.84	0.08	0.82	0.07	1.02	0.11	1.05	0.14	1.27	0.14
6 months	0.87	0.09	0.89	0.07	1.08	0.13	1.15	0.13	1.37	0.13
1 year	0.89	0.09	0.92	0.08	1.12	0.14	1.21	0.14	1.43	0.13
5 years	0.93	0.11	0.99	0.08	1.20	0.16	1.33	0.17	1.55	0.14
50 years	0.99	0.12	1.08	0.10	1.29	0.18	1.47	0.22	1.69	0.16
75 years	0.99	0.13	1.09	0.10	1.31	0.19	1.49	0.23	1.72	0.16
100 years	1.00	0.13	1.10	0.11	1.32	0.19	1.51	0.24	1.73	0.16

Table B-53. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 250.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.45	0.16	0.49	0.14	0.49	0.14	0.49	0.14	0.49	0.14
2 weeks	0.58	0.12	0.60	0.11	0.61	0.10	0.61	0.11	0.78	0.29
1 month	0.62	0.11	0.64	0.10	0.69	0.10	0.64	0.10	0.88	0.27
2 months	0.65	0.10	0.67	0.09	0.76	0.10	0.71	0.31	0.98	0.24
6 months	0.70	0.09	0.71	0.08	0.87	0.10	0.84	0.27	1.12	0.21
1 year	0.73	0.08	0.73	0.08	0.94	0.10	0.93	0.24	1.21	0.19
5 years	0.78	0.08	0.83	0.08	1.06	0.10	1.11	0.18	1.38	0.17
50 years	0.84	0.08	0.96	0.07	1.20	0.10	1.32	0.17	1.57	0.18
75 years	0.85	0.09	0.98	0.06	1.22	0.10	1.35	0.18	1.60	0.18
100 years	0.86	0.09	1.00	0.06	1.23	0.10	1.37	0.18	1.62	0.19

Page 236 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-54. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 1,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.52	0.14	0.55	0.13	0.55	0.12	0.55	0.12	0.61	0.30
2 weeks	0.65	0.10	0.66	0.09	0.76	0.10	0.70	0.32	0.97	0.25
1 month	0.68	0.09	0.69	0.08	0.83	0.10	0.79	0.29	1.07	0.22
2 months	0.71	0.08	0.72	0.08	0.90	0.10	0.88	0.26	1.16	0.20
6 months	0.75	0.08	0.77	0.09	0.99	0.10	1.01	0.21	1.28	0.18
1 year	0.77	0.08	0.81	0.08	1.04	0.10	1.09	0.19	1.36	0.17
5 years	0.82	0.08	0.92	0.07	1.15	0.10	1.24	0.17	1.50	0.17
50 years	0.88	0.09	1.03	0.06	1.27	0.11	1.42	0.19	1.67	0.19
75 years	0.89	0.09	1.05	0.06	1.29	0.11	1.45	0.20	1.69	0.20
100 years	0.89	0.10	1.06	0.06	1.30	0.11	1.47	0.21	1.71	0.20

Table B-55. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 2,500.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.56	0.13	0.59	0.11	0.59	0.11	0.59	0.11	0.73	0.29
2 weeks	0.69	0.09	0.70	0.08	0.85	0.10	0.81	0.28	1.09	0.22
1 month	0.72	0.08	0.73	0.08	0.92	0.10	0.91	0.25	1.19	0.20
2 months	0.74	0.08	0.75	0.09	0.98	0.10	0.99	0.22	1.26	0.18
6 months	0.78	0.08	0.83	0.08	1.06	0.10	1.11	0.19	1.38	0.17
1 year	0.80	0.08	0.87	0.08	1.10	0.10	1.18	0.17	1.44	0.17
5 years	0.84	0.08	0.96	0.07	1.20	0.10	1.32	0.17	1.57	0.18
50 years	0.90	0.10	1.07	0.06	1.31	0.11	1.48	0.21	1.73	0.21
75 years	0.91	0.10	1.08	0.06	1.33	0.11	1.51	0.22	1.75	0.21
100 years	0.91	0.10	1.09	0.06	1.34	0.11	1.53	0.22	1.77	0.21

Table B-56. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 5,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.60	0.12	0.62	0.10	0.65	0.10	0.63	0.10	0.83	0.28
2 weeks	0.71	0.08	0.73	0.08	0.91	0.10	0.90	0.25	1.18	0.20
1 month	0.74	0.08	0.75	0.09	0.98	0.10	0.99	0.22	1.26	0.18
2 months	0.77	0.08	0.80	0.09	1.03	0.10	1.07	0.20	1.34	0.18
6 months	0.80	0.08	0.87	0.08	1.10	0.10	1.18	0.17	1.44	0.17
1 year	0.82	0.08	0.92	0.07	1.15	0.10	1.24	0.17	1.50	0.17
5 years	0.86	0.09	1.00	0.06	1.23	0.10	1.37	0.18	1.62	0.19
50 years	0.91	0.10	1.09	0.06	1.34	0.11	1.53	0.22	1.77	0.21
75 years	0.92	0.10	1.11	0.06	1.36	0.11	1.55	0.23	1.79	0.22
100 years	0.92	0.11	1.12	0.06	1.37	0.12	1.57	0.24	1.81	0.22

Page 237 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-57. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 10,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.63	0.10	0.65	0.10	0.72	0.10	0.66	0.33	0.92	0.26
2 weeks	0.74	0.08	0.75	0.07	0.97	0.10	0.98	0.22	1.26	0.18
1 month	0.77	0.08	0.80	0.09	1.03	0.10	1.07	0.20	1.34	0.18
2 months	0.79	0.08	0.85	0.08	1.08	0.10	1.14	0.18	1.40	0.17
6 months	0.82	0.08	0.91	0.07	1.14	0.10	1.24	0.17	1.50	0.17
1 year	0.84	0.08	0.95	0.07	1.18	0.10	1.30	0.17	1.55	0.18
5 years	0.88	0.09	1.03	0.06	1.27	0.11	1.42	0.19	1.67	0.19
50 years	0.92	0.11	1.12	0.06	1.37	0.12	1.57	0.24	1.81	0.22
75 years	0.93	0.11	1.13	0.06	1.39	0.12	1.59	0.24	1.83	0.23
100 years	0.94	0.11	1.14	0.06	1.40	0.12	1.61	0.25	1.85	0.23

Table B-58. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 250.

Negative Moment	30	ft	60	ft	80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.53	0.16	0.67	0.24	0.80	0.08	0.73	0.45	0.80	0.27
2 weeks	0.67	0.12	0.87	0.21	1.13	0.11	1.08	0.38	1.22	0.28
1 month	0.72	0.11	0.95	0.21	1.24	0.11	1.19	0.35	1.35	0.26
2 months	0.76	0.10	1.02	0.20	1.33	0.12	1.30	0.31	1.46	0.24
6 months	0.81	0.10	1.14	0.19	1.48	0.12	1.46	0.25	1.64	0.20
1 year	0.84	0.09	1.23	0.18	1.56	0.12	1.56	0.22	1.74	0.18
5 years	0.91	0.10	1.41	0.14	1.72	0.12	1.77	0.18	1.95	0.17
50 years	0.98	0.11	1.64	0.12	1.90	0.13	2.00	0.23	2.19	0.20
75 years	0.99	0.11	1.68	0.12	1.93	0.13	2.04	0.24	2.23	0.21
100 years	1.00	0.11	1.70	0.12	1.95	0.13	2.06	0.25	2.25	0.21

Table B-59. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.60	0.14	0.77	0.22	0.96	0.09	0.91	0.41	1.01	0.28
2 weeks	0.75	0.11	1.01	0.20	1.32	0.12	1.29	0.32	1.45	0.24
1 month	0.79	0.10	1.10	0.20	1.43	0.12	1.40	0.28	1.57	0.22
2 months	0.82	0.10	1.18	0.19	1.51	0.12	1.50	0.24	1.68	0.19
6 months	0.87	0.09	1.31	0.16	1.63	0.12	1.65	0.19	1.84	0.17
1 year	0.90	0.09	1.39	0.14	1.70	0.12	1.74	0.18	1.93	0.17
5 years	0.95	0.10	1.56	0.11	1.83	0.12	1.91	0.20	2.10	0.18
50 years	1.02	0.12	1.75	0.14	2.00	0.13	2.12	0.27	2.31	0.23
75 years	1.03	0.12	1.78	0.14	2.02	0.13	2.15	0.28	2.35	0.23
100 years	1.04	0.12	1.80	0.15	2.04	0.13	2.17	0.29	2.37	0.24

Page 238 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-60. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.65	0.13	0.84	0.22	1.08	0.10	1.04	0.39	1.16	0.28
2 weeks	0.80	0.10	1.11	0.20	1.45	0.12	1.42	0.27	1.60	0.21
1 month	0.83	0.09	1.20	0.18	1.54	0.12	1.53	0.23	1.71	0.19
2 months	0.86	0.09	1.29	0.17	1.61	0.12	1.63	0.20	1.81	0.17
6 months	0.91	0.10	1.41	0.14	1.72	0.12	1.76	0.18	1.95	0.17
1 year	0.93	0.10	1.49	0.12	1.78	0.12	1.84	0.18	2.03	0.17
5 years	0.98	0.11	1.64	0.12	1.90	0.13	2.00	0.23	2.19	0.20
50 years	1.04	0.12	1.81	0.15	2.05	0.13	2.19	0.30	2.39	0.24
75 years	1.05	0.13	1.84	0.16	2.08	0.14	2.21	0.31	2.42	0.25
100 years	1.06	0.13	1.86	0.17	2.09	0.14	2.24	0.32	2.44	0.26

Table B-61. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.69	0.12	0.91	0.21	1.18	0.11	1.14	0.36	1.28	0.27
2 weeks	0.83	0.09	1.20	0.19	1.53	0.12	1.52	0.23	1.70	0.19
1 month	0.86	0.09	1.29	0.17	1.61	0.12	1.63	0.20	1.81	0.17
2 months	0.89	0.09	1.37	0.15	1.68	0.12	1.72	0.18	1.90	0.17
6 months	0.93	0.10	1.49	0.12	1.78	0.12	1.84	0.18	2.03	0.17
1 year	0.95	0.10	1.56	0.11	1.83	0.12	1.91	0.20	2.10	0.18
5 years	1.00	0.11	1.70	0.12	1.95	0.13	2.06	0.25	2.25	0.21
50 years	1.06	0.13	1.86	0.17	2.09	0.14	2.24	0.32	2.44	0.26
75 years	1.07	0.13	1.88	0.17	2.12	0.14	2.26	0.34	2.47	0.26
100 years	1.07	0.13	1.90	0.18	2.13	0.14	2.28	0.35	2.49	0.27

Table B-62. Two-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.73	0.11	0.98	0.21	1.28	0.12	1.24	0.33	1.39	0.25
2 weeks	0.86	0.09	1.28	0.17	1.61	0.12	1.62	0.20	1.80	0.17
1 month	0.89	0.09	1.37	0.15	1.68	0.12	1.72	0.18	1.90	0.17
2 months	0.92	0.10	1.44	0.13	1.74	0.12	1.80	0.18	1.98	0.17
6 months	0.95	0.10	1.56	0.11	1.83	0.12	1.91	0.20	2.10	0.18
1 year	0.97	0.11	1.62	0.11	1.89	0.12	1.98	0.22	2.17	0.20
5 years	1.02	0.12	1.75	0.14	2.00	0.13	2.12	0.27	2.31	0.23
50 years	1.07	0.13	1.90	0.18	2.13	0.14	2.28	0.35	2.49	0.27
75 years	1.08	0.14	1.92	0.19	2.15	0.14	2.31	0.36	2.52	0.28
100 years	1.09	0.14	1.94	0.19	2.17	0.14	2.33	0.37	2.54	0.28

Page 239 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-63. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 250.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.48	0.15	0.51	0.14	0.52	0.14	0.53	0.14	0.53	0.13
2 weeks	0.64	0.11	0.65	0.10	0.66	0.10	0.67	0.10	0.67	0.09
1 month	0.69	0.10	0.69	0.09	0.69	0.09	0.70	0.09	0.71	0.09
2 months	0.72	0.09	0.72	0.08	0.72	0.08	0.73	0.08	0.74	0.08
6 months	0.77	0.08	0.76	0.08	0.77	0.08	0.77	0.07	0.78	0.07
1 year	0.80	0.08	0.78	0.07	0.79	0.07	0.80	0.07	0.80	0.07
5 years	0.85	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.86	0.09
50 years	0.92	0.08	0.89	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.98	0.09
75 years	0.93	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.91	0.08	0.91	0.08	1.00	0.10
100 years	0.94	0.08	0.91	0.08	0.91	0.08	0.92	0.08	1.02	0.10

Table B-64. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.57	0.13	0.59	0.12	0.59	0.12	0.60	0.11	0.61	0.11
2 weeks	0.72	0.09	0.71	0.08	0.72	0.08	0.73	0.08	0.73	0.08
1 month	0.75	0.08	0.74	0.08	0.75	0.08	0.76	0.08	0.76	0.08
2 months	0.78	0.08	0.77	0.08	0.78	0.07	0.78	0.07	0.79	0.07
6 months	0.82	0.08	0.80	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.82	0.07	0.82	0.07
1 year	0.84	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.84	0.09
5 years	0.89	0.08	0.87	0.08	0.87	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.94	0.09
50 years	0.95	0.09	0.92	0.09	0.93	0.09	0.93	0.09	1.05	0.10
75 years	0.96	0.09	0.93	0.09	0.94	0.09	0.94	0.09	1.07	0.10
100 years	0.97	0.09	0.94	0.09	0.94	0.09	0.95	0.09	1.08	0.10

Table B-65. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.63	0.11	0.63	0.10	0.64	0.10	0.65	0.10	0.65	0.10
2 weeks	0.76	0.08	0.75	0.08	0.76	0.08	0.76	0.08	0.77	0.07
1 month	0.79	0.08	0.78	0.07	0.78	0.07	0.79	0.07	0.79	0.07
2 months	0.81	0.08	0.80	0.07	0.80	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.82	0.07
6 months	0.85	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.86	0.09
1 year	0.87	0.08	0.85	0.08	0.86	0.08	0.86	0.07	0.90	0.09
5 years	0.92	0.08	0.89	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.98	0.09
50 years	0.98	0.09	0.94	0.09	0.95	0.09	0.95	0.09	1.09	0.10
75 years	0.99	0.09	0.95	0.09	0.95	0.09	0.96	0.09	1.10	0.11
100 years	0.99	0.09	0.96	0.10	0.96	0.10	0.97	0.10	1.12	0.11

Page 240 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-66. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.66	0.10	0.67	0.09	0.68	0.09	0.68	0.09	0.69	0.09
2 weeks	0.79	0.08	0.77	0.07	0.78	0.07	0.79	0.07	0.79	0.07
1 month	0.81	0.08	0.80	0.07	0.80	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.82	0.07
2 months	0.84	0.07	0.82	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07
6 months	0.87	0.08	0.85	0.08	0.86	0.07	0.86	0.07	0.90	0.09
1 year	0.89	0.08	0.87	0.08	0.87	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.94	0.09
5 years	0.94	0.08	0.91	0.08	0.91	0.08	0.92	0.08	1.02	0.10
50 years	0.99	0.09	0.96	0.10	0.96	0.10	0.97	0.10	1.12	0.11
75 years	1.00	0.09	0.96	0.10	0.97	0.10	0.97	0.10	1.13	0.11
100 years	1.01	0.10	0.97	0.10	0.97	0.10	0.98	0.10	1.14	0.11

Table B-67. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Moment	30	ft	60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.70	0.09	0.70	0.09	0.71	0.08	0.71	0.08	0.72	0.08
2 weeks	0.81	0.08	0.80	0.07	0.80	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.81	0.07
1 month	0.84	0.07	0.82	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07
2 months	0.86	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.85	0.07	0.87	0.09
6 months	0.89	0.08	0.87	0.08	0.87	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.94	0.09
1 year	0.91	0.08	0.89	0.08	0.89	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.97	0.09
5 years	0.95	0.09	0.92	0.09	0.93	0.09	0.93	0.09	1.05	0.10
50 years	1.01	0.10	0.97	0.10	0.97	0.10	0.98	0.10	1.14	0.11
75 years	1.02	0.10	0.98	0.10	0.98	0.10	0.99	0.10	1.16	0.12
100 years	1.02	0.10	0.98	0.10	0.99	0.10	0.99	0.17	1.17	0.12

Table B-68. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 250.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.50	0.15	0.52	0.14	0.53	0.14	0.53	0.13	0.53	0.13
2 weeks	0.64	0.10	0.66	0.10	0.67	0.10	0.67	0.09	0.67	0.09
1 month	0.68	0.09	0.70	0.09	0.70	0.09	0.71	0.09	0.71	0.09
2 months	0.71	0.09	0.73	0.08	0.73	0.08	0.74	0.08	0.74	0.08
6 months	0.75	0.08	0.77	0.07	0.77	0.07	0.78	0.07	0.79	0.12
1 year	0.78	0.08	0.79	0.07	0.80	0.07	0.80	0.07	0.84	0.11
5 years	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.85	0.07	0.95	0.11
50 years	0.89	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.91	0.08	1.07	0.12
75 years	0.90	0.08	0.91	0.08	0.91	0.08	0.92	0.08	1.09	0.12
100 years	0.91	0.08	0.92	0.08	0.92	0.08	0.92	0.08	1.11	0.13

Page 241 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-69. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 1,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.57	0.12	0.60	0.12	0.60	0.11	0.61	0.11	0.61	0.11
2 weeks	0.71	0.09	0.72	0.08	0.73	0.08	0.73	0.08	0.74	0.08
1 month	0.74	0.08	0.75	0.08	0.76	0.08	0.76	0.08	0.77	0.07
2 months	0.76	0.08	0.78	0.07	0.78	0.07	0.79	0.07	0.81	0.12
6 months	0.80	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.82	0.07	0.82	0.07	0.89	0.11
1 year	0.82	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.94	0.11
5 years	0.87	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.88	0.08	1.03	0.12
50 years	0.92	0.09	0.93	0.09	0.93	0.09	0.95	0.13	1.14	0.13
75 years	0.93	0.09	0.94	0.09	0.94	0.09	0.96	0.14	1.15	0.14
100 years	0.94	0.09	0.95	0.09	0.95	0.09	0.98	0.14	1.17	0.14

Table B-70. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 2,500.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.62	0.11	0.65	0.10	0.65	0.10	0.65	0.10	0.66	0.10
2 weeks	0.74	0.08	0.76	0.08	0.76	0.08	0.77	0.07	0.77	0.07
1 month	0.77	0.08	0.79	0.07	0.79	0.07	0.79	0.07	0.83	0.11
2 months	0.79	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.82	0.07	0.88	0.11
6 months	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.85	0.07	0.95	0.11
1 year	0.85	0.08	0.86	0.07	0.86	0.07	0.87	0.07	0.99	0.11
5 years	0.89	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.91	0.08	1.07	0.12
50 years	0.94	0.09	0.95	0.09	0.95	0.09	0.99	0.14	1.17	0.14
75 years	0.95	0.09	0.96	0.09	0.96	0.09	1.00	0.15	1.19	0.14
100 years	0.96	0.09	0.96	0.09	0.97	0.09	1.02	0.15	1.20	0.15

Table B-71. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 5,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.66	0.10	0.68	0.09	0.68	0.09	0.69	0.09	0.69	0.09
2 weeks	0.77	0.08	0.78	0.07	0.79	0.07	0.79	0.07	0.82	0.11
1 month	0.79	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.82	0.07	0.88	0.11
2 months	0.82	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.92	0.11
6 months	0.85	0.08	0.86	0.07	0.86	0.07	0.87	0.07	0.99	0.11
1 year	0.87	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.88	0.08	1.03	0.12
5 years	0.91	0.08	0.92	0.08	0.92	0.08	0.92	0.08	1.11	0.13
50 years	0.96	0.09	0.96	0.09	0.97	0.09	1.02	0.15	1.20	0.15
75 years	0.96	0.10	0.97	0.10	0.98	0.10	1.03	0.16	1.22	0.15
100 years	0.97	0.10	0.98	0.10	0.98	0.10	1.04	0.16	1.23	0.15

Page 242 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-72. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load reaction for ADTT = 10,000.

Reaction	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Reaction	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.69	0.09	0.71	0.08	0.71	0.08	0.72	0.08	0.72	0.08
2 weeks	0.79	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.81	0.07	0.87	0.11
1 month	0.82	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.83	0.07	0.84	0.07	0.92	0.11
2 months	0.84	0.07	0.85	0.07	0.85	0.07	0.86	0.07	0.97	0.11
6 months	0.87	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.88	0.08	0.88	0.08	1.03	0.12
1 year	0.88	0.08	0.89	0.08	0.90	0.08	0.90	0.08	1.06	0.12
5 years	0.92	0.09	0.93	0.09	0.93	0.09	0.95	0.13	1.14	0.13
50 years	0.97	0.10	0.98	0.10	0.98	0.10	1.04	0.16	1.23	0.15
75 years	0.98	0.10	0.99	0.10	0.99	0.10	1.06	0.17	1.24	0.16
100 years	0.98	0.10	0.99	0.10	0.99	0.10	1.07	0.17	1.25	0.16

Table B-73. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 250.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.54	0.14	0.52	0.14	0.53	0.14	0.54	0.14	0.58	0.14
2 weeks	0.70	0.10	0.66	0.10	0.72	0.05	0.71	0.27	0.87	0.14
1 month	0.74	0.09	0.70	0.09	0.79	0.06	0.78	0.25	0.95	0.13
2 months	0.77	0.08	0.73	0.08	0.85	0.06	0.84	0.23	1.03	0.12
6 months	0.81	0.08	0.77	0.07	0.95	0.07	0.95	0.20	1.15	0.12
1 year	0.84	0.08	0.79	0.07	1.01	0.07	1.02	0.18	1.21	0.12
5 years	0.89	0.08	0.88	0.10	1.13	0.07	1.16	0.14	1.35	0.13
50 years	0.96	0.09	1.05	0.06	1.26	0.08	1.32	0.15	1.50	0.16
75 years	0.97	0.09	1.07	0.06	1.28	0.08	1.35	0.16	1.52	0.17
100 years	0.98	0.10	1.09	0.06	1.29	0.08	1.36	0.17	1.54	0.17

Table B-74. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 1,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.62	0.12	0.60	0.12	0.61	0.04	0.61	0.11	0.72	0.14
2 weeks	0.76	0.08	0.72	0.08	0.85	0.06	0.84	0.24	1.03	0.12
1 month	0.80	0.08	0.75	0.08	0.92	0.07	0.91	0.21	1.11	0.12
2 months	0.82	0.08	0.78	0.07	0.98	0.07	0.98	0.19	1.18	0.12
6 months	0.86	0.08	0.81	0.07	1.06	0.07	1.08	0.16	1.27	0.12
1 year	0.89	0.08	0.86	0.10	1.11	0.07	1.14	0.15	1.33	0.13
5 years	0.93	0.09	0.98	0.07	1.21	0.08	1.26	0.14	1.44	0.15
50 years	0.99	0.10	1.13	0.07	1.32	0.08	1.40	0.18	1.57	0.18
75 years	1.00	0.10	1.15	0.08	1.34	0.08	1.42	0.19	1.60	0.19
100 years	1.01	0.10	1.17	0.08	1.35	0.08	1.44	0.19	1.61	0.19

Page 243 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-75. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 2,500.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.68	0.10	0.64	0.10	0.69	0.05	0.67	0.27	0.83	0.14
2 weeks	0.80	0.08	0.76	0.08	0.93	0.07	0.93	0.21	1.12	0.12
1 month	0.83	0.08	0.78	0.07	1.00	0.07	1.00	0.18	1.20	0.12
2 months	0.86	0.08	0.81	0.07	1.05	0.07	1.06	0.16	1.26	0.12
6 months	0.89	0.08	0.88	0.10	1.13	0.07	1.16	0.14	1.34	0.13
1 year	0.91	0.08	0.93	0.08	1.17	0.07	1.21	0.14	1.39	0.14
5 years	0.96	0.09	1.05	0.06	1.26	0.08	1.32	0.15	1.50	0.16
50 years	1.01	0.11	1.18	0.08	1.36	0.09	1.45	0.20	1.62	0.19
75 years	1.02	0.11	1.20	0.09	1.38	0.09	1.47	0.21	1.64	0.20
100 years	1.03	0.11	1.21	0.09	1.39	0.09	1.48	0.21	1.66	0.20

Table B-76. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 5,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.71	0.09	0.68	0.09	0.75	0.06	0.74	0.26	0.91	0.13
2 weeks	0.83	0.08	0.78	0.07	0.99	0.07	0.99	0.19	1.19	0.12
1 month	0.86	0.08	0.81	0.07	1.05	0.07	1.06	0.16	1.26	0.12
2 months	0.88	0.08	0.84	0.11	1.10	0.07	1.12	0.15	1.31	0.13
6 months	0.91	0.08	0.93	0.09	1.17	0.07	1.21	0.14	1.39	0.14
1 year	0.93	0.09	0.98	0.07	1.21	0.08	1.26	0.14	1.44	0.15
5 years	0.98	0.10	1.09	0.06	1.29	0.08	1.36	0.17	1.54	0.17
50 years	1.03	0.11	1.21	0.09	1.39	0.09	1.48	0.21	1.66	0.20
75 years	1.04	0.11	1.23	0.10	1.40	0.09	1.50	0.22	1.68	0.21
100 years	1.04	0.11	1.24	0.10	1.41	0.09	1.52	0.23	1.69	0.21

Table B-77. Three-axle EV statistical parameters of live load negative moment for ADTT = 10,000.

Negative Moment	30 ft		60 ft		80 ft		120 ft		200 ft
Negative Moment	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V	Bias	V
1 day	0.75	0.08	0.71	0.08	0.82	0.06	0.81	0.25	0.99	0.13
2 weeks	0.86	0.08	0.80	0.07	1.05	0.07	1.06	0.17	1.25	0.12
1 month	0.88	0.08	0.84	0.11	1.10	0.07	1.12	0.15	1.31	0.13
2 months	0.90	0.08	0.90	0.09	1.14	0.07	1.18	0.14	1.37	0.14
6 months	0.93	0.09	0.98	0.07	1.21	0.08	1.26	0.14	1.44	0.15
1 year	0.95	0.09	1.03	0.06	1.25	0.08	1.31	0.15	1.48	0.16
5 years	0.99	0.10	1.13	0.07	1.32	0.08	1.40	0.18	1.57	0.18
50 years	1.04	0.11	1.24	0.10	1.41	0.09	1.52	0.23	1.69	0.21
75 years	1.05	0.12	1.26	0.11	1.43	0.09	1.53	0.24	1.71	0.21
100 years	1.06	0.12	1.27	0.11	1.44	0.09	1.55	0.24	1.72	0.22

Page 244 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

B.3 Permit Vehicles

The research team developed the live load models for Strength II limit state based on the New Jersey permit records (Lou et al. 2018). More than 208,487 permit vehicle registration records from 2010 to 2015 in New Jersey were used to develop the statistical live loads for reliability analysis. The permit data were filtered for the oversized vehicles using the federal bridge formula. The distribution of GVW is best described as a Type II extreme value distribution (Fréchet) as shown in Figure B-13. Load effects, including simple span positive moment, simple span shear force, and continuous span negative moment are calculated for different span lengths, ranging from 20 ft to 200 ft with an increment of 20 ft. The results can serve as input for the load side when performing reliability calibration. Extrapolation of the simple span positive moment for short span (40 ft), medium span (120 ft), and long span (200 ft) are shown as examples in Figure B-14(a), (b), and (c), respectively. The statistical parameters, including mean and V of bias ratio at the different levels are presented in Table B-78, Table B-79, and Table B-80 for the simple span positive moment, simple span shear, and continuous span negative moment, respectively.

***Figure B-13. GVW distribution of permit records.***

Page 245 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

*Figure B-14. Extrapolation of load effects (a) short span (40 ft) single-span positive moment; (b) medium span (120 ft) single-span positive moment; (c) long span (200 ft) single-span positive moment.*

Page 246 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-78. Statistical parameters of live load for simple span positive moment.

Span length (ft)	75 years		10 years		5 years		1 year
Span length (ft)	λ	V	λ	V	λ	V	λ	V
20	1.39	18%	1.29	18%	1.25	18%	1.17	18%
40	1.43	20%	1.32	20%	1.28	20%	1.19	20%
60	1.32	20%	1.22	20%	1.18	20%	1.10	20%
80	1.19	19%	1.10	19%	1.07	19%	0.99	19%
100	1.19	19%	1.10	19%	1.07	19%	1.00	19%
120	1.25	19%	1.15	19%	1.12	19%	1.05	19%
140	1.30	19%	1.20	19%	1.17	19%	1.09	19%
160	1.33	19%	1.23	19%	1.20	19%	1.12	19%
180	1.36	19%	1.26	19%	1.22	19%	1.14	19%
200	1.38	19%	1.28	19%	1.24	19%	1.16	19%
Max	1.43	20%	1.32	20%	1.28	20%	1.19	20%
Min	1.19	18%	1.10	18%	1.07	18%	0.99	18%
Average	1.31	19%	1.21	19%	1.18	19%	1.10	19%

Table B-79. Statistical parameters of live load for simple span shear.

Span length (ft)	75 years		10 years		5 years		1 year
Span length (ft)	λ	V	λ	V	λ	V	λ	V
20	1.14	18%	1.05	18%	1.03	18%	0.96	18%
40	1.25	20%	1.15	20%	1.12	20%	1.04	20%
60	1.13	19%	1.04	19%	1.01	19%	0.94	19%
80	1.19	20%	1.10	20%	1.07	20%	1.00	20%
100	1.26	20%	1.16	20%	1.13	20%	1.05	20%
120	1.30	20%	1.20	20%	1.16	20%	1.08	20%
140	1.24	20%	1.15	20%	1.12	20%	1.04	20%
160	1.24	19%	1.15	19%	1.11	19%	1.04	19%
180	1.26	20%	1.17	20%	1.13	20%	1.06	20%
200	1.28	20%	1.19	20%	1.15	20%	1.07	20%
Max	1.30	20%	1.20	20%	1.16	20%	1.08	20%
Min	1.13	18%	1.04	18%	1.01	18%	0.94	18%
Average	1.23	19%	1.14	19%	1.10	19%	1.03	19%

Page 247 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Table B-80. Statistical parameters of live load for continuous span negative moment.

Span length (ft)	75 years		10 years		5 years		1 year
Span length (ft)	λ	V	λ	V	λ	V	λ	V
20	1.03	18%	0.96	18%	0.93	18%	0.87	18%
40	1.06	21%	0.97	21%	0.94	21%	0.87	21%
60	1.37	21%	1.26	21%	1.22	21%	1.13	21%
80	1.42	22%	1.30	22%	1.26	22%	1.16	22%
100	1.19	21%	1.10	21%	1.06	21%	0.98	21%
120	1.08	20%	0.99	20%	0.96	20%	0.90	20%
140	1.08	20%	1.00	20%	0.97	20%	0.90	20%
160	1.10	20%	1.01	20%	0.98	20%	0.91	20%
180	1.11	20%	1.03	20%	1.00	20%	0.93	20%
200	1.13	20%	1.04	20%	1.01	20%	0.94	20%
Max	1.42	22%	1.30	22%	1.26	22%	1.16	22%
Min	1.03	18%	0.96	18%	0.93	18%	0.87	18%
Average	1.16	20%	1.06	20%	1.03	20%	0.96	20%

B.4 References

AASHTO. (2018). The Manual for Bridge Evaluation, 3rd ed. Washington, DC.

Fire Apparatus Manufacturers’ Association. Emergency Vehicle Size and Weight Guide. (2017). Ocala, FL. https://www.fama.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/1514564588_5a466bec19c41.pdf.

Load Rating for the FAST Act’s Emergency Vehicles. 2016. FHWA Memorandum, Washington, DC. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/loadrating/161103.cfm.

Lou, P., Gao, D., Nassif, H., and Reddy, M. (2019). Reliability Assessment of Steel Bridges for Specialized Hauling Vehicles. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2673(12), pp. 391–403.

Lou, P., Nassif, H., and Truban, P. (2018). Development of Live Load Model for Strength II Limit State in AASHTO LRFD Design Specifications. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 672(41), pp. 11–23.

Lou, P., Yang, C., and Nassif, H. (2021). Impact of Specialized Hauling Vehicles and Emergency Vehicles on Bridge Load Rating. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2675(10), pp. 1012–1024.

Modjeski and Masters, Inc., University of Nebraska–Lincoln, University of Delaware, and NCS Consultants, LLC. (2015). SHRP 2 Report S-2-R19B-RW-1: Bridges for Service Life Beyond 100 Years: Service Limit State Design, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

Zokaie, T., Imbsen, R. A., and Osterkamp, T. A. (1991). Distribution of Wheel Loads on Highway Bridges. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1290, pp. 119–126.

Page 248 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

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Page 249 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications:

A4A	Airlines for America
AAAE	American Association of Airport Executives
AASHO	American Association of State Highway Officials
AASHTO	American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACI–NA	Airports Council International–North America
ACRP	Airport Cooperative Research Program
ADA	Americans with Disabilities Act
APTA	American Public Transportation Association
ASCE	American Society of Civil Engineers
ASME	American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM	American Society for Testing and Materials
ATA	American Trucking Associations
CTAA	Community Transportation Association of America
CTBSSP	Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program
DHS	Department of Homeland Security
DOE	Department of Energy
EPA	Environmental Protection Agency
FAA	Federal Aviation Administration
FAST	Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015)
FHWA	Federal Highway Administration
FMCSA	Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
FRA	Federal Railroad Administration
FTA	Federal Transit Administration
GHSA	Governors Highway Safety Association
HMCRP	Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program
IEEE	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ISTEA	Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991
ITE	Institute of Transportation Engineers
MAP-21	Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012)
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASAO	National Association of State Aviation Officials
NCFRP	National Cooperative Freight Research Program
NCHRP	National Cooperative Highway Research Program
NHTSA	National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
NTSB	National Transportation Safety Board
PHMSA	Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
RITA	Research and Innovative Technology Administration
SAE	Society of Automotive Engineers
SAFETEA-LU	Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005)
TCRP	Transit Cooperative Research Program
TEA-21	Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998)
TRB	Transportation Research Board
TSA	Transportation Security Administration
U.S. DOT	United States Department of Transportation

Page 250 Bookmark

Suggested Citation: "Appendix B: Live Load Models Based on National Weigh-in-Motion Data and Permit Data." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2024. Load Rating of Segmental Bridges. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/28597.