Previous Chapter: 8 Conclusion
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Mitigation Strategies for Deterring Transit Assaults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29204.

References

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  16. Transit Advisory Committee for Safety. (2015). Preventing and Mitigating Transit Worker Assaults in the Bus and Rail Transit Industry. FTA, U.S. DOT. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/Final_TRACS_Assaults_Report_14-01_07_06_15_pdf_rv6.pdf.
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Mitigation Strategies for Deterring Transit Assaults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29204.
  1. Liggett, R., A. Loukaitou-Sideris, and H. Iseki. (2001). Bus stop–environment connection: Do characteristics of the built environment correlate with bus stop crime? Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1760(1), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.3141/1760-03.
  2. Clarke, R. V. G., and J. E. Eck. (2007). Understanding Risky Facilities. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
  3. Cozens, P. M. (2002). Sustainable urban development and crime prevention through environmental design for the British city: Towards an effective urban environmentalism for the 21st century. Cities, 19(2), 129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-2751(02)00008-2.
  4. Cozens, P. M., G. Saville, and D. Hillier. (2005). Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): A review and modern bibliography. Property Management, 23(5), 328–356. https://doi.org/10.1108/02637470510631483.
  5. Ceccato V., and A. Newton. (2015). Safety and Security in Transit Environments: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137457653.
  6. Fakhrahmad, S. M., A. Soltani, and M. Roosta. (2022). Assessment of travelersʼ fear of crime in intercity bus terminals: The case of Karandish terminal of Shiraz. Journal of Transportation Security, 15(1–2), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12198-022-00244-y.
  7. Countermeasures Assessment and Security Experts, LLC, and Transportation Resource Associates, Inc. (2018). TCRP Research Report 193: Tools and Strategies for Eliminating Assaults Against Transit Operators, Volume 2: User Guide. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. https://doi.org/10.17226/25114.
  8. National Transit Database. (n.d.). Safety and Security (S&S) Event Details. FTA, U.S. DOT. https://www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/data-product/safety-and-security-ss-event-details.
  9. FTA. (2022). Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Fact Sheet: Public Transportation Safety Program. U.S. DOT.
  10. FTA. (n.d.). General Directive 24-1: Required Actions Regarding Assaults on Transit Workers. https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations-and-programs/safety/general-directive-24-1-required-actions-regarding-assaults-transit.
  11. FTA. (2025). Responses to General Directive 24-1: Required actions regarding assaults on transit workers. U.S. Department of Transportation.
  12. FTA. (2022). FTA Final Rule: Public Transportation Agency Safety Plans. U.S. DOT. https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations-and-guidance/safety/transit-safety-oversight-tso.
  13. FTA. (2001). Bus and Bus Stop Designs Related to Perceptions of Crime. U.S. DOT. https://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/usdot/2001-bus-and-bus-stop-designs-related-to-perceptions-of-crime.pdf.
  14. FTA. (2008). Security Manpower Planning Model: Instruction Manual. U.S. DOT. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/SMPM_Instruction_Manual.pdf.
  15. FTA. (2011). Immediate actions for transit employees: Protecting against life-threatening emergencies—A resource document for transit agencies. U.S. DOT. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/IA_Update_Final%281%29.pdf.
  16. FTA. (2023). NTI Assault Awareness and Prevention for Transit Operators Course. U.S. DOT. https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations-and-programs/safety/nti-assault-awareness-and-prevention-transit-operators-course.
  17. FTA. (2023). Developing Community-Based Public Safety Programs for Transit Webinar. U.S. DOT. https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations-and-programs/safety/developing-community-based-public-safety-programs-transit-webinar.
  18. APTA. (2010/2020). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) for Transit Facilities. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/APTA-SS-SIS-RP-007-10_Rev1.pdf.
  19. APTA. (2010). Bus Stop Design and Placement Security Considerations. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/APTA-SS-SIS-RP-008-10_R1.pdf.
  20. APTA. (2012). Security Awareness Training for Transit Employees. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/APTA-SS-SRM-RP-005-12_R1.pdf.
  21. APTA. (2023). Transit Agency Workplace Violence Prevention, Response, and Recovery Recommended Practice. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/APTA-SS-ISS-RP-005-23.pdf.
  22. STV Inc. (2025). Valley Metro selects STV to assess environmental design across rail system. https://stvinc.com/news/valley-metro-selects-stv-to-assess-environmental-design-across-rail-system/.
  23. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority. (2022). Leading the Way: SEPTAʼs Coordinated Response to Safety and Security. SCOPE Program. https://wwww.septa.org/safety/scope/.
  24. Smith, C. L., and D. J. Brooks. (2013). Chapter 4—Built Environment. In C. L. Smith & D. J. Brooks (Eds.), Security Science (pp. 81–103). Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394436-8.00004-7.
  25. Bay Area Rapid Transit. (2023). Not One More Girl: Phase 1. https://www.bart.gov/guide/safety/gbv/campaign.
  26. King County Metro. (2022). Metro Unveils New Anti-Harassment Campaign. https://kingcountymetro.blog/2022/10/28/metro-unveils-new-anti-harassment-campaign/.
  27. Bay Area Rapid Transit. (2023). Safety and Security. https://www.bart.gov/guide/safety.
  28. FTA. (2017). Report to Congress on Innovative Safety and Security Technology Solutions for Alternative Transportation Facilities. U.S. DOT. https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/research-innovation/64041/ftareportno0108.pdf.
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Mitigation Strategies for Deterring Transit Assaults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29204.
  1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority–New York City Transit. (2024). Selected Aspects of Safety and Security in Subway Facilities (Report 2022-S-20). Office of the New York State Comptroller. https://www.osc.ny.gov/files/state-agencies/audits/pdf/sga-2024-22s20.pdf.
  2. Chicago Transit Authority. (2024). CTA Leverages Extensive Security Camera Network to Pilot Gun Detection Technology. https://www.transitchicago.com/cta-leverages-extensive-security-camera-network-to-pilot-gun-detection-technology/.
  3. Partners for Livable Communities. (n.d.). Public Art: More Than Just a “Picture on the Wall”—A Vehicle for Crime Prevention. https://livable.nonprofitsoapbox.com/component/content/article/9-livability-live/474-public-art-more-than-just-a-picture-on-the-wall-a-vehicle-for-crime-prevention#:~:text=A%20public%20art%20work%20can,exposure%20to%20a%20watchful%20eye.
  4. Greenlink. (n.d.). Bus Shelter Art Contest. City of Greenville. https://www.greenvillesc.gov/1790/Bus-Shelter-Art-Contest.
  5. Sacramento Regional Transit District. (2022). SacRT Social Equity Program. https://www.sacrt.com/sacrt-in-the-community/.
  6. Deshais, N. (2025). Metro to resume bus fare inspections: What to expect. Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/transportation/metro-to-resume-fare-inspections-aboard-buses/.
  7. Stalnaker, N. (2025). Working to keep Muni reliable: New fare compliance strategy results in more people paying fares. San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. https://www.sfmta.com/blog/working-keep-muni-reliable-new-fare-compliance-strategy-results-more-people-paying-fares.
  8. Metro Media Relations. (2023). L.A. Metro Celebrates Official Launch of New Ambassador Pilot Program. https://www.metro.net/about/l-a-metro-celebrates-official-launch-of-new-ambassador-pilot-program/.
  9. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. Department of Safety. (2023). Public Transportation Agency Safety Plan. https://www.wmata.com/rider-guide/safety/upload/2024-WMATA-ASP-Fully-Approved.pdf.
  10. Cronin, B., C. Riches, E. Majumdar, C. Thompson, J. Jenkins, J. Weisenford, A. Alexander, and S. Ortiz. (2018). TCRP Research Report 199: Transit Technical Training, Volume 2: Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Implementing Best and Innovative Training. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board. https://doi.org/10.17226/25158.
  11. Bye, P., and D. Matherly. (2024). TCRP Synthesis 173: Transit Exclusion Policies in Public Transportation Systems. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/27474.
  12. King County Metro. (2023). Metro Night Owls Offer ‘Night Stop’ Service, Too. You Choose Your Stop! https://kingcounty.gov/depts/transportation/metro/travel-options/bus/night-owl.
  13. Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority. (2023). Nighttime Courtesy Stop. https://www.capmetro.org/alerts/Active-Service-Alerts/capmetro-new-courtesy-stop-program.
  14. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. (2018). Crime Statistics: Five-Year Crime Report 2013–2017. https://www.wmata.com/about/transit-police/upload/Five-Year-Crime-Report-2013-2017.pdf.
  15. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. (2023). Crime Statistics: Five-Year Crime Report 2018–2022. https://www.wmata.com/about/transit-police/upload/Five-Year-Crime-Report-2018-2022.pdf.
  16. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. (2024). Crime Statistics: Five-Year Crime Report 2019–2023. https://www.wmata.com/about/transit-police/upload/Five-Year-Crime-Report.pdf.
  17. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. (2023). Your Metro, The Way Forward: Strategic Transportation Plan. https://www.wmata.com/initiatives/strategic-plan/.
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Mitigation Strategies for Deterring Transit Assaults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29204.
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Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Mitigation Strategies for Deterring Transit Assaults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29204.
Page 70
Suggested Citation: "References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2025. Mitigation Strategies for Deterring Transit Assaults. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/29204.
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Next Chapter: Appendix A: Focus Group Discussion Guide and Interview Guide
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