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Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles (2015)

Chapter: Appendix S: NHTSA's Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Technologies and Estimated Costs of Technologies

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Previous Chapter: Appendix R: Impact of Low Carbon Fuels to Achieve Reductions in GHG Emissions (California LCFS 2007 Alternative Fuels and Cleaner Fossil Fuels CNG, LPG)

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Suggested Citation: "Appendix S: NHTSA's Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Technologies and Estimated Costs of Technologies." National Research Council. 2015. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21744.

Appendix S

NHTSA’s Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Technologies and Estimated Costs of Technologies

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TABLE S.1 NHTSA’s Estimated Fuel Consumption Reduction Effectiveness of Technologies


Percent Incremental Fuel Consumption Reductions: NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC	Large Car V6 DOHC	Large Light Truck V8 OHV

Spark Ignition Engine Technologies	Abbreviation	Avg	Avg	Avg	Relative To

Source: NHTSA RIA

Low Friction Lubricants - Level 1	LUB1	0.7	0.8	0.7	Baseline
Engine Friction Reduction - Level 1	EFR1	2.6	2.7	2.4	Baseline
Low Friction Lubricants and Engine Friction Reduction - Level 2	LUB2_EFR2	1.3	1.4	1.2	Previous Tech
VVT- Intake Cam Phasing	ICP	2.6	2.7	2.5	Baseline for DOHC
VVT- Dual Cam Phasing	DCP	2.5	2.7	2.4	Previous Tech
Discrete Variable Valve Lift	DVVL	3.6	3.9	3.4	Previous Tech
Continuously Variable Valve Lift	CVVL	1.0	1.0	0.9	Previous Tech
Cylinder Deactivation (V6-DOHC, V8-OHV)	DEACD	NA	0.7	5.5	Previous Tech
Variable Valve Actuation (CCP + DVVL)	VVA	NA	NA	3.2	Baseline for OHV
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection	SGDI	1.5	1.5	1.5	Previous Tech
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 1 - 18 bar BMEP 33%DS	TRBDS1	8.3	7.8	7.3	Previous Tech
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 2 - 24 bar BMEP 50%DS	TRBDS2	3.5	3.7	3.4	Previous Tech
Cooled EGR Level 1 - 24 bar BMEP, 50% DS	CEGR1	3.5	3.5	3.6	Previous Tech
Cooled EGR Level 2 - 27 bar BMEP, 56% DS	CEGR2	1.4	1.4	1.2	Previous Tech

Diesel Engine Technologies

Source: EPA/NHTSA TSD

Advanced Diesel (Ref: Decision Trees)	ADSL	29.4	30.5	29.0	Baseline

Transmission Technologies

Source: NHTSA RIA

Improved Auto. Trans. Controls/Externals (ASL-1 & Early TC Lockup)	IATC	3.0	3.1	2.9	Previous Tech
6-speed Transmission with Improved Internals (Rel to 4 sp AT)	NUATO	2.0	2.0	2.1	Previous Tech
6-speed DCT (Rel to 4 sp AT) (Dry, Wet is 1% Lower)	DCT	4.1	3.8	3.8	Previous Tech
8-speed Transmission (Auto or DCT)	8SPD	4.6	4.6	5.3	Previous Tech
High Efficiency Gearbox (Auto or DCT)	HETRANS	2.7	2.6	3.7	Previous Tech
Shift Optimizer (ASL-2)	SHFTOPT	4.1	4.3	3.9	Previous Tech
Secondary Axle Disconnect	SAX	1.4	1.3	1.6	Baseline

Electrified Accessories Technologies

Source: NHTSA RIA

Electric Power Steering	EPS	1.3	1.1	0.8	Baseline
Improved Accessories - Level 1 (70% Eff Alt, Elec. Water Pump and Fan)	IACC1	1.2	1.0	1.6	Baseline
Improved Accessories - Level 2 (Mild regen alt strategy, Intelligent cooling)	IACC2	2.4	2.6	2.2	Previous Tech

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Percent Incremental Fuel Consumption Reductions: NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC	Large Car V6 DOHC	Large Light Truck V8 OHV

Hybrid Technologies	Abbreviation	Avg	Avg	Avg	Relative To

Source: EPA/NHTSA TSD, except as noted

Stop-Start (12V Micro-Hybrid) (RIA)	MHEV	2.1	2.2	2.1	Previous Tech
Integrated Starter Generator (RIA)	ISG	6.5	6.5	3.0	Previous Tech
Strong Hybrid - P2 - Level 2 (Parallel 2 Clutch System)	SHEV2-P2	33.6	34.5	30.1	All SI Technogies
Strong Hybrid - PS - Level 2 (Power Split System)	SHEV2-PS	33.0	32.0	33.0	Baseline for DOHC
Plug-in Hybrid - 40 mile range (w/charger & labor)	PHEV40	65.1	69.5	68.5	Baseline
Electric Vehicle - 75 miles (w/charger & labor)	EV75	87.2	87.0	NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle - 100 mile (w/charger & labor)	EV100	87.2	87.0		Baseline
Electric Vehicle - 150 mile (w/charger & labor)	EV150	87.2	87.0		Baseline

Vehicle Technologies

Source: NHTSA RIA

Mass Reduction Relative to Previous Mass Reduction^a
Mass Reduction - Level 1 (0 - 1.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR1	0.5	0.5	0.5	Baseline
Mass Reduction - Level 2 (1.5% - 7.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR2	2.1	2.1	2.1	Previous MR
Mass Reduction - Level 3 (7.5% - 10%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR3	0.9	0.9	0.9	Previous MR
Mass Reduction - Level 4 (10% - 15%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR4	2.6	2.6	2.6	Previous MR
Mass Reduction - Level 5 (15% - 20%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR5	2.6	2.6	2.6	Previous MR
Mass Reduction Relative to Baseline^a
0 - 5% Mass Reduction	MR5	1.75	1.75	1.75	Baseline
0 - 10% Mass Reduciton	MR10	3.50	3.50	3.50	Baseline
0 - 15% Mass Reduction	MR15	7.65	7.65	7.65	Baseline
0 - 20% Mass Reduction	MR20	10.20	10.20	10.20	Baseline
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 1 (10% reduction in rolling resistance)	ROLL1	1.9	1.9	1.9	Baseline
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 2 (20% reduction in rolling resistance)	ROLL2	2.0	2.0	2.0	Previous Tech
Low Drag Brakes	LDB	0.8	0.8	0.8	Baseline
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 1	AERO1	2.3	2.3	2.3	Baseline
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 2	AERO2	2.5	2.5	2.5	Previous Tech

^a 3.5% FC reduction for every 10% mass reduction - Under 10%; 5.1% FC reduction for every 10% mass reduction - Over 10%; without engine downsizing.

NOTE: Midsize car: 3500 lbs, large car: 4500 lbs, large light truck: 5500 lbs.

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TABLE S.2a NHTSA’s Estimated 2017 Costs of Technologies (2010 dollars)


2017 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC		Large Car V6 DOHC		Large Light Truck V8 OHV

Spark Ignition Engine Technologies	Abbreviation	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	Relative To

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Low Friction Lubricants - Level 1	LUB1	3	4	3	4	3	4	Baseline
Engine Friction Reduction - Level 1	EFR1	48	59	71	89	95	118	Baseline
Low Friction Lubricants and Engine Friction Reduction - Level 2	LUB2_EFR2	51	63	75	92	99	122	Previous Tech
VVT- Intake Cam Phasing	ICP	37	46	74	93	37	46	Baseline
VVT- Dual Cam Phasing	DCP	31	49	72	112		NA	Previous Tech
Discrete Variable Valve Lift	DVVL	116	163	168	236	240	338	Previous Tech
Continuously Variable Valve Lift	CVVL	58	81	151	212	108	151	Previous Tech
Cylinder Deactivation (V6-DOHC, V8-OHV)	DEACD		NA	139	196	157	220	Previous Tech
Variable Valve Actuation (CCP + DVVL)	VVA		NA		NA	296	416	Baseline for OHV
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection	SGDI	192	277	290	417	348	501	Previous Tech
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 1 - 18 bar BMEP 33%DS	TRBDS1	288	482	-129	248	942	1,339	Previous Tech
V6 to I4 and V8 to V6				-455*	-120*	841*	1,212*
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 2 - 24 bar BMEP 50%DS	TRBDS2	182	262	182	262	308	442	Previous Tech
I4 to I3		-92*	26*
Cooled EGR Level 1 - 24 bar BMEP, 50% DS	CEGR1	212	305	212	305	212	305	Previous Tech
Cooled EGR Level 2 - 27 bar BMEP, 56% DS	CEGR2	364	525	364	525	614	885	Previous Tech
V6 to I4						-524*	-300*

Diesel Engine Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Advanced Diesel	ADSL	2,059	2,965	2,522	3,631	2,886	4,145	Baseline

Transmission Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Improved Auto. Trans. Controls/Externals (ASL-1 & Early TC Lockup)	IATC	50	63	50	63	50	63	Previous Tech
6-speed Transmission with Improved Internals (Rel to 4 sp AT)	NUATO	-13	-9	-13	-9	-13	-9	Previous Tech
6-speed DCT (Rel to 4 sp AT) (Dry, Wet is 1% Lower)	DCT	-146	-114	-146	-114	-146	-114	Previous Tech
8-speed Transmission (Auto or DCT)	8SPD	56	80	56	80	56	80	Previous Tech
High Efficiency Gearbox (Auto or DCT)	HETRANS	202	251	202	251	202	251	Previous Tech
Shift Optimizer (ASL-2)	SHFTOPT	1	2	1	2	1	2	Previous Tech
Secondary Axle Disconnect	SAX	78	98	78	98	78	98	Baseline

Electrified Accessories Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Electric Power Steering	EPA	87	109	87	109	87	109	Baseline
Improved Accessories - Level 1 (70% Eff Alt, Elec. Water Pump and Fan)	IACC1	71	89	71	89	71	89	Baseline
Improved Accessories - Level 2 (Mild regen alt strategy, Intelligent cooling)	IACC2	43	54	43	54	43	54	Previous Tech

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2017 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC		Large Car V6 DOHC		Large Light Truck V8 OHV

Hybrid Technologies	Abbreviation	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	Relative To

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Stop-Start (12V Micro-Hybrid)	SS	287	401	325	454	356	498	Previous Tech
Integrated Starter Generator	MHEV	1,087	1,634	1,087	1,634	1,087	1,634	Baseline
Strong Hybrid - P2 - Level 2 (Parallel 2 Clutch System)	SHEV2-P2	2,463	3,976	2,908	4,696	2,947	4,753	All SI Technogies
Strong Hybrid - PS - Level 2 (Power Split System) (Ref: Ricardo, 2011)	SHEV2-PS	3,139	4,990	3,396	5,398	5,023	8,146	Baseline for DOHC
Plug-in Hybrid - 40 mile range (w/charger & labor)	PHEV40	13,193	19,089	17,854	26,052		NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle - 75 miles (w/charger & labor)	EV75	14,812	21,136	19,275	27,849		NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle - 100 mile (w/charger & labor)	EV100	16,831	24,024	21,123	30,492		NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle - 150 mile (w/charger & labor)	EV150	22,257	31,784	26,193	37,744		NA	Baseline

Vehicle Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Mass Reduction Relative to Previous Mass Reduction
Mass Reduction - Level 1 (0 - 1.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR1	3	4	4	5	5	6	Baseline
Mass Reduction - Level 2 (1.5% - 7.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR2	82	102	105	131	129	160	Previous Tech
Mass Reduction - Level 3 (7.5% - 10%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR3	67	82	86	106	105	130	Previous Tech
Mass Reduction - Level 4 (10% - 15%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR4	189	263	243	338	297	413	Previous Tech
Mass Reduction - Level 5 (15% - 20%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR5	264	367	340	472	415	577	Previous Tech

Alternative Format for Comparison to NRC Estimates

0 - 2.5% Mass Reduction	MR2.5	4	5	5	6	6	7
2.5 - 5% Mass Reduction		34	42	44	54	53	66	Previous MR
0 - 5% Mass Reduction	MR5	38	47	49	60	59	74	Baseline
5 - 10% Mass Reduction		113	140	146	181	178	221	Previous MR
0 - 10% Mass Reduction	MR10	151	187	194	241	237	294	Baseline
10 - 15% Mass Reduction		189	262	243	337	297	412	Previous MR
0 - 15% Mass Reduction	MR15	340	450	437	578	534	707	Baseline
15 - 20% Mass Reduction		264	367	340	472	415	577	Previous MR
0 - 20% Mass Reduction	MR20	604	817	777	1050	949	1,284	Baseline

Mass Reduction Relative to Baseline - Cost per lb.

0 - 1% Mass Reduction	MR1	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.05	Baseline
0 - 5% Mass Reduction	MR5	0.22	0.27	0.22	0.27	0.22	0.27	Baseline
0 - 10% Mass Reduction	MR10	0.43	0.54	0.43	0.54	0.43	0.54	Baseline
0 - 15% Mass Reduction	MR15	0.65	0.86	0.65	0.86	0.65	0.86	Baseline
0 - 20% Mass Reduction	MR20	0.86	1.17	0.86	1.17	0.86	1.17	Baseline
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 1 (10% reduction in rolling resistance)	ROLL1	5	7	5	7	5	7	Baseline
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 2 (20% reduction in rolling resistance)	ROLL2	58	66	58	66	58	66	Previous Tech
Low Drag Brakes	LDB	59	74	59	74	59	74	Baseline
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 1	AERO1	39	49	39	49	39	49	Baseline
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 2	AERO2	117	164	117	164	117	164	Previous Tech

NOTE: Midsize car: 3500 lbs, large car: 4500 lbs, large light truck: 5500 lbs.

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TABLE S.2b NHTSA’s Estimated 2020 Costs of Technologies (2010 dollars)


2020 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC		Large Car V6 DOHC		Large Light Truck V8 OHV

Spark Ignition Engine Technologies	Abbreviation	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	Relative To

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Low Friction Lubricants – Level 1	LUB1	3	4	3	4	3	4	Baseline
Engine Friction Reduction – Level 1	EFR1	48	57	71	85	95	113	Baseline
Low Friction Lubricants and Engine Friction Reduction – Level 2	LUB2_EFR2	51	65	75	96	99	127	Previous Tech
VVT– Intake Cam Phasing	ICP	35	42	70	84	70	84	Baseline
VVT– Dual Cam Phasing	DCP	29	42	67	97	67	97	Previous Tech
Discrete Variable Valve Lift	DVVL	109	144	158	209	226	298	Previous Tech
Continuously Variable Valve Lift	CVVL	55	72	142	187	101	134	Previous Tech
Cylinder Deactivation (V6–DOHC, V8–OHV)	DEACD		NA	131	173	147	195	Previous Tech
Variable Valve Actuation (CCP + DVVL)	VVA		NA		NA	280	368	Baseline for OHV
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection	SGDI	181	244	273	367	328	442	Previous Tech
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 1 – 18 bar BMEP 33%DS	TRBDS1	271	415	–122	159	877	1,172	Previous Tech
V6 to I4 and V8 to V6				–432*	–173*	779*	1,065*
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 2 – 24 bar BMEP 50%DS	TRBDS2	172	292	172	251	289	491	Previous Tech
I4 to I3		–89*	19*
Cooled EGR Level 1 – 24 bar BMEP, 50% DS	CEGR1	199	292	199	292	199	292	Previous Tech
Cooled EGR Level 2 – 27 bar BMEP, 56% DS	CEGR2	343	502	343	503	579	847	Previous Tech
V6 to I4						–522*	–305*

Diesel Engine Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Advanced Diesel Technologies	ADSL	1,938	2,612	2,374	3,200	2,716	3,661	Baseline

Transmission Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Improved Auto. Trans. Controls/Externals (ASL–1 & Early TC Lockup)	IATC	46	57	46	57	46	57	Previous Tech
6–speed Transmission with Improved Internals (Rel to 4 sp AT)	NUATO	–12	–9	–12	–9	–12	–9	Previous Tech
6–speed DCT (Rel to 4 sp AT) (Dry, Wet is 1% Lower)	DCT	–137	–89	–137	–89	–137	–89	Previous Tech
8–speed Transmission (Auto or DCT)	8SPD	53	71	53	71	53	71	Previous Tech
High Efficiency Gearbox (Auto or DCT)	HETRANS	184	233	184	233	184	233	Previous Tech
Shift Optimizer (ASL–2)	SHFTOPT	1	2	1	2	1	2	Previous Tech
Secondary Axle Disconnect	SAX	73	89	73	89	73	89	Baseline

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2020 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC		Large Car V6 DOHC		Large Light Truck V8 OHV

Electrified Accessories Technologies	Abbreviation	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	Relative To

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Electric Power Steering	EPA	82	100	82	100	82	100	Baseline
Improved Accessories – Level 1 (70% Eff Alt, Elec. Water Pump and Fan)	IACC1	69	81	69	81	69	81	Baseline
Improved Accessories – Level 2 (Mild regen alt strategy, Intelligent cooling)	IACC2	40	50	40	50	40	50	Previous Tech

Hybrid Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Stop–Start (12V Micro–Hybrid)	SS	261	346	296	392	325	430	Previous Tech
Integrated Starter Generator	MHEV	1,008	1,491	1,008	1,491	1,008	1,491	Baseline
Strong Hybrid – P2 – Level 2 (Parallel 2 Clutch System)	SHEV2–P2	2,295	3,394	2,410	4,008	2,744	4,068	All SI Technogies
Strong Hybrid – PS – Level 2 (Power Split System)	SHEV2–PS	2,954	4,084	3,196	4,418	4,824	6,668	Baseline for DOHC
Plug–in Hybrid – 40 mile range (w/charger & labor)	PHEV40	9,763	14,608	13,172	19,881	NA	NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle – 75 miles (w/charger & labor)	EV75	10,189	16,175	13,310	21,446	NA	NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle – 100 mile (w/charger & labor)	EV100	11,482	18,283	14,492	23,374	NA	NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle – 150 mile (w/charger & labor)	EV150	14,954	23,946	17,737	28,666	NA	NA	Baseline

Vehicle Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Mass Reduction Relative to Previous Mass Reduction
Mass Reduction – Level 1 (0 – 1.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR1	3	3	3	4	4	5	Baseline
Mass Reduction – Level 2 (1.5% – 7.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR2	76	90	97	116	119	141	Previous Tech
Mass Reduction – Level 3 (7.5% – 10%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR3	60	72	78	92	95	113	Previous Tech
Mass Reduction – Level 4 (10% – 15%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR4	173	241	223	310	272	378	Previous Tech
Mass Reduction – Level 5 (15% – 20%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR5	242	336	311	432	380	528	Previous Tech

Alternative Format for Comparison to NRC Estimates

0 – 1% Mass Reduction	MR1	3	4	4	5	5	6	Baseline
1 – 5% Mass Reduction		31	37	40	47	49	58	Previous MR
0 – 5% Mass Reduction	MR5	34	41	44	53	54	64	Baseline
5 – 10% Mass Reduction		103	123	133	158	162	193	Previous MR
0 – 10% Mass Reduction	MR10	137	164	177	210	216	257	Baseline
10 – 15% Mass Reduction		172	239	221	307	270	375	Previous MR

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2020 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC		Large Car V6 DOHC		Large Light Truck V8 OHV

	Abbreviation	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	Relative To

0 – 15% Mass Reduction	MR15	309	402	398	517	486	632	Baseline
15 – 20% Mass Reduction		241	334	309	430	378	525	Previous MR
0 – 20% Mass Reduction	MR20	550	737	707	947	864	1,158	Baseline

Mass Reduction Relative to Baseline – Cost per lb.

0 – 1% Mass Reduction	MR1	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.05
0 – 5% Mass Reduction	MR5	0.20	0.23	0.20	0.23	0.20	0.23	Baseline
0 – 10% Mass Reduction	MR10	0.39	0.47	0.39	0.47	0.39	0.47	Baseline
0 – 15% Mass Reduction	MR15	0.59	0.77	0.59	0.77	0.59	0.77	Baseline
0 – 20% Mass Reduction	MR20	0.79	1.05	0.79	1.05	0.79	1.05	Baseline
Low Rolling Resistance Tires – Level 1 (10% reduction in rolling resistance)	ROLL1	5	6	5	6	5	6	Baseline
Low Rolling Resistance Tires – Level 2 (20% reduction in rolling resistance)	ROLL2	46	54	46	54	46	54	Previous Tech
Low Drag Brakes	LDB	59	71	59	71	59	71	Baseline
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction – Level 1	AERO1	37	45	37	45	37	45	Baseline
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction – Level 2	AERO2	110	157	110	157	110	157	Previous Tech

NOTE: Midsize car: 3500 lbs, large car: 4500 lbs, large light truck: 5500 lbs.

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TABLE S.2c NHTSA’s Estimated 2025 Costs of Technologies (2010 dollars)


2025 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC		Large Car V6 DOHC		Large Light Truck V8 OHV

Spark Ignition Engine Technologies	Abbreviation	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	Relative To

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Low Friction Lubricants - Level 1	LUB1	3	4	3	4	3	4	Baseline
Engine Friction Reduction - Level 1	EFR1	48	57	71	85	95	113	Baseline
Low Friction Lubricants and Engine Friction Reduction - Level 2	LUB2_EFR2	51	60	75	89	99	117	Previous Tech
VVT- Intake Cam Phasing	ICP	31	39	63	78	63	78	Baseline
VVT- Dual Cam Phasing	DCP	27	39	61	90	61	90	Previous Tech
Discrete Variable Valve Lift	DVVL	99	133	143	193	204	276	Previous Tech
Continuously Variable Valve Lift	CVVL	49	67	128	174	92	124	Previous Tech
Cylinder Deactivation (V6-DOHC, V8-OHV)	DEACD		NA	118	160	133	180	Previous Tech
Variable Valve Actuation (CCP + DVVL)	VVA		NA		NA	248	336	Baseline for OHV
Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection	SGDI	164	226	246	340	296	409	Previous Tech
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 1 - 18 bar BMEP 33%DS	TRBDS1	245	388	–110	168	788	1,080	Previous Tech
V6 to I4 and V8 to V6				–396*	–142*	700*	983*
Turbocharging and Downsizing Level 2 - 24 bar BMEP 50%DS	TRBDS2	155	214	155	214	261	361	Previous Tech
I4 to I3		–82*	5*
Cooled EGR Level 1 - 24 bar BMEP, 50% DS	CEGR1	180	249	180	249	180	249	Previous Tech
Cooled EGR Level 2 - 27 bar BMEP, 56% DS	CEGR2	310	429	310	428	523	722	Previous Tech
V6 to I4						–453*	-289*

Diesel Engine Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Advanced Diesel	ADSL	1,752	2,420	2,146	2,954	2,455	3,392	Baseline

Transmission Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Improved Auto. Trans. Controls/Externals (ASL-1 & Early TC Lockup)	IATC	42	52	42	52	42	52	Previous Tech
6-speed Transmission with Improved Internals (Rel to 4 sp AT)	NUATO	–11	–8	–11	–8	–11	-8	Previous Tech
6-speed DCT (Rel to 4 sp AT) (Dry, Wet is 1% Lower)	DCT	–124	–77	–124	–77	–124	-77	Previous Tech
8-speed Transmission (Auto or DCT)	8SPD	47	66	47	66	47	66	Previous Tech
High Efficiency Gearbox (Auto or DCT)	HETRANS	163	202	163	202	163	202	Previous Tech
Shift Optimizer (ASL-2)	SHFTOPT	0	0	0	0	0	0	Previous Tech
Secondary Axle Disconnect	SAX	66	82	66	82	66	82	Baseline

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2025 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC		Large Car V6 DOHC		Large Light Truck V8 OHV

Electrified Accessories Technologies	Abbreviation	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	Relative To

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Electric Power Steering	EPA	74	92	74	92	74	92	Baseline
Improved Accessories - Level 1 (70% Eff Alt, Elec. Water Pump and Fan)	IACC1	64	75	64	75	64	75	Baseline
Improved Accessories - Level 2 (Mild regen alt strategy, Intelligent cooling)	IACC2	37	45	37	45	37	45	Previous Tech

Hybrid Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Stop-Start (12V Micro-Hybrid)	SS	225	308	255	349	279	383	Previous Tech
Integrated Starter Generator	MHEV	888	1,249	888	1,249	888	1,249	Baseline
Strong Hybrid - P2 - Level 2 (Parallel 2 Clutch System)	SHEV2-P2	2041	2,957	2,410	3,492	2,438	3,531	All SI Technogies
Strong Hybrid - PS - Level 2 (Power Split System)	SHEV2-PS	2671	3,791	2,889	4,101	4,360	6,190	Baseline for DOHC
Plug-in Hybrid - 40 mile range (w/charger & labor)	PHEV40	8325	11,826	11,189	16,066		NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle - 75 miles (w/charger & labor)	EV75	8451	12,226	11,025	16,159		NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle - 100 mile (w/charger & labor)	EV100	9486	13,774	11,971	17,575		NA	Baseline
Electric Vehicle - 150 mile (w/charger & labor)	EV150	12264	17,931	14,567	21,460		NA	Baseline

Vehicle Technologies

Defined by EPA and NHTSA

Mass Reduction Relative to Previous Mass Reduction
Mass Reduction - Level 1 (0 - 1.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR1	3	3	3	4	4	5	Baseline
Mass Reduction - Level 2 (1.5% - 7.5%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR2	67	80	86	103	106	126	Previous Tech
Mass Reduction - Level 3 (7.5% - 10%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR3	53	64	69	82	84	100	Previous Tech
Mass Reduction - Level 4 (10% - 15%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR4	152	196	196	253	239	309	Previous Tech
Mass Reduction - Level 5 (15% - 20%) (Subcompact to Large LT)	MR5	214	275	275	354	336	433	Previous Tech

Alternative Format for Comparison to NRC Estimates

0 - 1% Mass Reduction	MR1	3	4	4	5	5	6
1 - 5% Mass Reduction		28	33	35	42	43	51	Previous MR
0 - 5% Mass Reduction	MR5	31	36	39	47	48	57	Baseline
5 - 10% Mass Reduction		92	109	118	140	144	172	Previous MR
0 - 10% Mass Reduction	MR10	122	146	157	187	192	229	Baseline
10 - 15% Mass Reduction		153	197	197	254	240	310	Previous MR

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2025 Incremental Costs (2010$): NHTSA Estimates (TSD, RIA, Decision Trees)

		Midsize Car I4 DOHC		Large Car V6 DOHC		Large Light Truck V8 OHV

	Abbreviation	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	DMC	TC	Relative To

0 - 15% Mass Reduction	MR15	275	343	354	441	433	539	Baseline
15 - 20% Mass Reduction		214	276	275	355	336	434	Previous MR
0 - 20% Mass Reduction	MR20	489	619	629	796	769	973	Baseline

Mass Reduction Relative to Baseline - Cost per lb.

0 - 1% Mass Reduction	MR1	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.04	Baseline
0 - 5% Mass Reduction	MR5	0.17	0.21	0.17	0.21	0.17	0.21	Baseline
0 - 10% Mass Reduction	MR10	0.35	0.42	0.35	0.42	0.35	0.42	Baseline
0 - 15% Mass Reduction	MR15	0.52	0.65	0.52	0.65	0.52	0.65	Baseline
0 - 20% Mass Reduction	MR20	0.70	0.88	0.70	0.88	0.70	0.88	Baseline
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 1 (10% reduction in rolling resistance)	ROLL1	5	6	5	6	5	6	Baseline
Low Rolling Resistance Tires - Level 2 (20% reduction in rolling resistance)	ROLL2	31	38	31	38	31	38	Previous Tech
Low Drag Brakes	LDB	59	71	59	71	59	71	Baseline
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 1	AERO1	33	41	33	41	33	41	Baseline
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction - Level 2	AERO2	100	135	100	135	100	135	Previous Tech